going over dissertation word count

How To Reduce Word Count In Your Dissertation, Thesis Or Academics Assignments

(without losing those precious marks).

If you follow some of the advice on this blog, chances are one of your biggest challenges is keeping your academic writing projects within the specified word count limits. It’s a good problem to have (at least compared to having not enough to say), and in this post, I’ll discuss 4 steps to reduce word count without risking losing marks.

First things first – write to think.

Before I get started, it’s worth making an important point regarding writing in general. There are essentially two ways to think about the process of writing :

• Writing as the outcome of thinking – in other words, you think deeply first, construct your argument, and then simply transfer it to paper by way of writing. You do little revising.
• Writing as a form of thinking – in other words, writing helps you flesh out your thinking and develop your arguments. Writing is an iterative process, wherein you might revise numerous times and even rewrite altogether, but this all contributes to a better quality of thinking.

Which side of the fence do you sit on? I’m an avid advocate of the latter perspective and approach – and I’m not alone. Numerous books and journal articles have covered the topic of “writing as thinking”. If the idea interests you, have a look at Henning’s “Finding your way in academic writing.”

In short, putting pen to paper as early as possible (i.e. before you feel “ready”) and then revising as your thoughts develop (as a result of writing) is an excellent way to improve the overall quality of your arguments and academic work. To do this, you cannot constantly fret over word count (at least not while you’re writing). Instead, you need to let the words flow onto paper, and then sort the wheat from the chaff at a later stage. Sure, you need some constraints, but forcing yourself to apply X model within 350 words is going to stifle your flow and limit your depth. Rather let your thoughts flow onto paper, and then trim them down once your thinking is fully fleshed out.

What does this have to do with reducing your word count? It means that word count reduction (particularly, the techniques I’ll cover below) is something you do once you’ve wrapped up your writing, not while you write . Accordingly, all the steps I’ll propose here are to be applied after the fact.

Right, let’s get into it. Follow these 4 steps (in this order) to strategically reduce your word count without losing the “meat” of your assignment/dissertation.

Step 1: Audit for purely descriptive content.

Broadly speaking, content can fall into one of two categories – descriptive or analytical.  Simply put, descriptive content eludes to the “what”, whereas analytical content describes the impact and consequence of the event/factor/situation – in other words, the “so what”. The table below highlights some of the differences between the two:

Ideally, you should try to keep your discussion analytical, rather than descriptive ( read more about this here ). There’s always be a need for some descriptive content, but ideally, this should be limited to only that content which forms the foundation for analytical content. Therefore, the first step of word count reduction is to audit for descriptive content which does not lead to analytical content . In other words, content which is purely descriptive, and is not required to get to the “so what?” content.

Read through your dissertation/thesis/assignment and trim out all content that doesn’t make the analytical cut , or doesn’t form a foundation for analysis. This is your first target – be aggressive with your trimming. Descriptive writing is pure fat and will not earn you marks – kill it!

Step 2: Audit for content which does not contribute towards answering your research question(s).

One of the reasons that it’s so important to set unambiguous research questions in your introduction is that this practice allows you to ringfence the focus of your work. In other words, it helps you to narrow the discussion to only that which is most relevant.

That said, as you write, you will invariably produce a fair deal of content that does not contribute towards your research questions . You’ll naturally digress into an interesting but irrelevant discussion about A, B and C – this might be very intellectually satisfying, but it doesn’t contribute to answering your research question. Therefore, this sort of content is your next target. Re-read your document from start to finish through the lens of your research questions or objectives. That which does not in some way contribute to answering the research question(s) or achieving the objective(s) must go .

Step 3: Audit for overly-detailed section summaries.

A good piece of academic writing should always feature summary paragraphs that link the end of one section/chapter to the beginning of the next. They should do this by summarising the key points of the former to the direction and purpose of the latter. For example:

“In this section, the analysis revealed that the key contributors to the issue included A, B and C. Accordingly, these factors will be analysed in the next chapter.”

By stating this link very clearly, you help the reader (marker) to understand your argument (which is, after all, completely new to them), which in turn helps you earn marks. Therefore, these summary sections are important. However, they can become wordy and repetitive, and you should, therefore, audit them.

Make sure that they are summarising only the absolute highlights of your argument and providing a clear, well-justified link to the next section. Don’t restate your entire chapter. The example above is what you should aim for, namely:

• Key observations/insights/highlights – followed by
• Logical link to next section

If you are extremely over word count, you may even consider removing these sections altogether. After all, it is better to remove summary content than core content. This should, however, be an absolute last resort as doing so can seriously reduce the overall flow of your document and blur the “golden thread” of your argument(s).

Step 4: Audit for wordy, bloated discussion.

This is the easiest of the four steps, and typically what most students look for when trying to reduce word count – but it usually has a comparatively minor impact. Therefore, I’m positioning it as the last step.

Naturally, your dissertation, thesis or assignment document will contain sections which are just plain wordy. This is a result of “writing as thinking” (whether you agree with the approach or not!). Therefore, the last step is to audit for sentences and paragraphs which are just plain wordy and rewrite them more concisely.

Some common trimming opportunities:

• Adjectives and adverbs – although these are sometimes necessary when developing your arguments, they are often just bloat contributors. Additionally, they can create an emotive, subjective tone, which is typically not encouraged in academic writing (where objectivity is essential).
• The word “that” – oftentimes, a sentence can communicate the same point without the inclusion of the word “that”. Use Word’s find function (Ctrl+F) to search for “that” and check where it can be omitted.
• Spaces around mathematical operators – if you’re copying numbers from Excel, chances are there are spaces between mathematical operators which can be removed. For example, p < 0.05 (3 words) can be reduced to p<0.05 (1 word).
• Abbreviate/acronymise repetitive phrases/names – if you’re repeatedly referring to a person(s) or organisation(s) that have multi-word names, create acronyms for them and replace all instances with the acronymised version. For example, “Blue Basket Enterprises” (3 words) can be replaced with “BBE” (1 word). Make sure you introduce the acronym early in the document and consider presenting a list of abbreviations. A word of warning – don’t overuse this tactic, as too many acronyms can make it difficult for the reader to understand what’s going on!

Wrapping up.

There you have it – four steps to reduce your word count without losing your core arguments. To recap, you need to:

• Audit for descriptive (rather than analytical) content.
• Audit for content which doesn’t link to the research question(s)/aim(s).
• Audit for overly detailed section summaries.
• Audit for general wordiness and bloat.

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What to do When You’re Over Word Count

• Sasha Chada
• April 29, 2022

Table of Contents

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You’ve written a great essay, finished editing, and are proud of what you’ve accomplished. It tells the story of you, as a person and scholar, and shows you in a great light. But when you go to put it into the Common App, your essay is over the allotted word count, and won’t fit. What do you do?

The essays you’ll have to write for colleges have a strict word count (generally, some schools use alternate methods, but all restrict your space in some way; Rutgers, for example, counts your letters). This is often a challenge for our students, who either struggle to meet the word count or, more often, struggle to cut their essays to fit it.

In this article, we’ll share tips and tricks for cutting essays to fit into a strict word count, and a few for making sure your essays aren’t too short.

Paring Down

The first thing to be aware of is that strict wordcount edits is one of the final steps when editing an essay. We recommend your essays stay within 20-30 words of the limit if you’re over in draft form, but it’s fine to play with the extra space while drafting. Paying strict attention to your word count while writing can limit your creativity, but you should be tangentially aware of it. If your final draft is more than 100 words over the count, you may need to lose an entire paragraph.

Here’s our quick guide to how much you’ll likely need to cut based on how far you are over the word count:

• 200+ Words over: Long paragraphs, consider reformatting the essay entirely.
• 100+ Words over: Paragraphs, possibly sections of longer paragraphs.
• 50+ Words over: Several sentences, sections of paragraphs.
• 20+ Words over: Sentences.
• Less than 10 words over: Individual words.

Cutting Paragraphs

If you need to cut entire paragraphs, you may need to reconsider the structure of your essay as a whole. Read through each paragraph and determine: a) how it contributes to the essay as a whole, and b) whether it is necessary for the structure of the essay. 

Print out a copy of your essay, and read through it, while writing beside each paragraph what the main point is, and how it builds on the story of the essay. If you can’t answer those questions, you can cut that paragraph without hurting the overall story you’re telling.

If you find that some parts of a paragraph are necessary, but most are extraneous, then cut what isn’t needed, and leave the remainder either as a stand-alone paragraph, or fold it into another paragraph where it will fit well. 

Cutting Sentences

This is similar in some ways to cutting paragraphs, but on a smaller scale. If you’ve done the exercise with paragraphs, you know what each is saying about your journey through the essay, and how it contributes to the overall message. Now, when reading through a single paragraph, see how each sentence within it contributes to what the paragraph is saying.

Does this sentence add necessary detail, advance the audience’s understanding of what you experienced, or share development you underwent? How does this sentence add to the overall story told by the paragraph?

Sentences which add unnecessary details or repeat information you’ve already stated can be cut. Look for redundancies in detail, language, or phrasing; never say the same thing twice in one paragraph. Repeating information lessens its impact when you have limited verbal real estate.

You may only have to cut one sentence, or you may have to cut several through the essay. Either way, this is an easier way to bring an essay down to word count than cutting individual words, as you remove larger pieces at once.

Cutting Words

Oddly, this is the most difficult of the cutting options, because words affect the flow and tempo of a sentence; a well crafted sentence has a natural flow and cadence, and the reader speaks it aloud in their mind. Removing words can interrupt this flow, like a boulder in a stream, which makes choosing how and where to cut words challenging. 

The first thing to look for is redundancies, where several words say the same thing in a sentence. While redundant adjectives can be used to prove a point, unless this is an overarching theme in your essay, these are the first and easiest to cut.

Next, look for places where you use many words which can be rephrased using fewer. This is a difficult concept to grasp just from reading it, so we’ve included some examples below:

• Then I realized what I’d been missing the entire time
• The lessons of the sea, once learnt, are unforgettable.
• I saw two roads diverge before me, each leading to something I desperately wanted.

This is not a good technique to cut many words, but is instead to make the final push, and take an essay that’s almost at the proper word count down to where it needs to be. This should only be done after cutting sentences or paragraphs, as it isn’t a good way to cut more than 5-10 words from an essay.

A final note: If you are using Google Docs to draft your essay, it will count hyphenated words as a single word, whereas the Common App will count them as two. Be aware of this when trying to cut an essay down to size.

What if You’re Under Word Count?

This depends on how far under word count you are. If you’re within 50 words of the limit, you’re fine not exactly meeting the word count, so long as your essay is solid. Don’t disrupt a strong essay by trying to exactly meet a word count.

If you’re more than 100 words under the limit, you should consider the structure of your essay. Have you said everything that needs to be said? Are details clear without being overwhelming? Does your essay transition naturally from one paragraph to the next? Is there anything unclear or under-explained? 

These are all places where adding more detail can help. Your essay should flow naturally, and not leave readers confused at the end of it. Transitions link paragraphs naturally, and shouldn’t be sudden or jarring.

Finally, consider your use of adjectives; can you use more of them to spice up your essay and give it more personality? Adjectives help define the tone and mood of an essay; processions may be somber or lively, victory triumphant or bitter-sweet. Adjectives help convey your emotions and thoughts on what’s being discussed to the reader. Don’t over use them, but including them in key places reinforces the message of the essay.

Final Thoughts

Not every college has strict word count requirements for their essays (notably MIT, though they do ask you to limit excesses of the pen), but the majority do. Making an essay fit within the allotted word count is a challenge, and that’s part of the test colleges set by giving the essays. They want to know you can express yourself, and do it well, and importantly do it concisely. Using a few words to say a lot is a skill, and one that colleges like to see.

If you’re having trouble even starting your essay, check out our article here . We know college essays can be stressful, as they are like nothing else you’ve written before, and unlike anything else you’ll write again. If you want further guidance on college essays, or anything else in the admissions process, schedule a free consultation today. We’re always eager to help students get into the college that’s best for them.

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• How Long Is a PhD Thesis?
• Doing a PhD

It’s no secret that one of the most challenging aspects of a PhD degree is the volume of work that goes into writing your thesis . So this raises the question, exactly how long is a thesis?

Unfortunately, there’s no one size fits all answer to this question. However, from the analysis of over 100 PhD theses, the average thesis length is between 80,000 and 100,000 words. A further analysis of 1000 PhD thesis shows the average number of pages to be 204 . In reality, the actual word count for each PhD thesis will depend on the specific subject and the university it is being hosted by. This is because universities set their own word length requirements, with most found to be opting for around 100,000.

To find out more about how these word limits differ between universities, how the average word count from STEM thesis differ from non-STEM thesis and a more detailed breakdown from the analysis of over 1000 PhDs, carry on reading the below.

Word Count Differences Between Universities

For any PhD student writing a thesis, they will find that their document will be subject to a word limit set by their university. In nearly all cases, the limit only concerns the maximum number of words and doesn’t place any restrictions on the minimum word limit. The reason for this is that the student will be expected to write their thesis with the aim of clearly explaining their research, and so it is up to the student to determine what he deems appropriate.

Saying this, it is well accepted amongst PhD students and supervisors that the absence of a lower limit doesn’t suggest that a thesis can be ‘light’. Your thesis will focus on several years worth of original research and explore new ideas, theories or concepts. Besides this, your thesis will need to cover a wide range of topics such as your literature review, research methodology, results and conclusion. Therefore, your examiners will expect the length of your thesis to be proportional to convey all this information to a sufficient level.

Selecting a handful of universities at random, they state the following thesis word limits on their website:

• University of Edinburgh: 100,000
• University of Exeter: 100,000
• University of Leister: 80,000
• University of Bath: 80,000
• University of Warwick: 70,000

The above universities set upper word limits that apply across the board, however, some universities, such as the University of Birmingham and the University of Sheffield, set different word limits for different departments. For example, the University of Sheffield adopts these limits:

• Arts & Humanities: 75,000
• Medicine, Dentistry & Health: 75,000
• Science: 80,000
• Social Sciences: 75,000-100,000

Although there’s a range of limit, it’s safe to say that the majority fall within the 80,000 to 100,000 bracket.

Word Count Based on Data from past Theses

A poll of 149 postdocs.

In mid-2019, Dr Eva Lantsoght, a published author, academic blogger and Structural Engineering Professor, conducted a poll which asked postgraduate doctoral students to share the length of their final thesis. 149 PostDoc students responded to the survey, with the majority reporting a length falling within the ‘80,000 – 120,000 words’ bracket as seen below.

Analysis of 1000 PhD Theses

Over a three-year time period, Dr Ian Brailsford, a then Postgraduate Learning Adviser at the University of Auckland, analysed 1000 doctoral thesis submitted to his university’s library. The PhD theses which formed the basis of his analysis were produced between 2008 to 2017 and showed:

• Average number of pages = 204
• Median number of pages = 198
• Average number of chapters = 7.6

We should note that the above metrics only cover the content falling within the main body of the thesis. This includes the introduction, literature review, methods section, results chapter, discussions and conclusions. All other sections, such as the title page, abstract, table of contents, acknowledgements, bibliography and appendices were omitted from the count.

Although it’s impossible to draw the exact word count from the number of pages alone, by using the universities recommended format of 12pt Times New Roman and 1.5 lines spacing, and assuming 10% of the main body are figures and footnotes, this equates to an average main body of 52,000 words.

STEM vs Non-STEM

As part of Dr Ian Brailsford’s analysis, he also compared the length of STEM doctorate theses to non-STEM theses. He found that STEM theses tended to be shorter. In fact, he found STEM theses to have a medium page length of 159 whilst non-STEM theses had a medium of around 223 pages. This is a 40% increase in average length!

Can You Exceed the Word Count?

Whilst most universities will allow you to go over the word count if you need to, it comes with the caveat that you must have a very strong reason for needing to do so. Besides this, your supervisor will also need to support your request. This is to acknowledge that they have reviewed your situation and agree that exceeding the word limit will be absolutely necessary to avoid detriment unnecessary detriment to your work.

This means that whilst it is possible to submit a thesis over 100,000 words or more, it’s unlikely that your research project will need to.

How Does This Compare to a Masters Dissertation?

The average Masters dissertation length is approximately 20,000 words whilst a thesis is 4 to 5 times this length at approximately 80,000 – 100,000.

The key reason for this difference is because of the level of knowledge they convey. A Master’s dissertation focuses on concluding from existing knowledge whilst a PhD thesis focuses on drawing a conclusion from new knowledge. As a result, the thesis is significantly longer as the new knowledge needs to be well documented so it can be verified, disseminated and used to shape future research.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

Related Reading

Unfortunately, the completion of your thesis doesn’t mark the end of your degree just yet. Once you submit your thesis, it’s time to start preparing for your viva – the all-to-fun thesis defence interview! To help you prepare for this, we’ve produced a helpful guide which you can read here: The Complete Guide to PhD Vivas.

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• Cookies & Privacy
• GETTING STARTED
• Introduction
• FUNDAMENTALS

Getting to the main article

Choosing your route

Setting research questions/ hypotheses

Assessment point

Building the theoretical case

Setting your research strategy

Data collection

Data analysis

CONSIDERATION ONE

Word count issues.

Most students run out of words when writing up. At the start of the process, especially if you're an undergraduate doing a dissertation for the first time, 10,000, 12,000, or 15,000 words (and up) sound like a lot, but they soon get eaten up. Worst still, they get eaten up in the wrong places, so you have a lop-sided dissertation, with some chapters receiving more focus than they should, whilst others are relatively neglected. Your dissertation guidelines might provide some instructions or recommendations on word count per chapter, but this is not always the case. Since you're likely to run out of words at some point during the writing up process, we'd recommend the following:

Always leave extra words for your Results chapter. This chapter can be concisely written, especially when you know how to summarize data well and make good use of Appendices . However, more often than not, too much is included and it becomes excessively large. The problem is that you can suddenly find the Results chapter becoming 1,000 to 2,000 words too long (sometimes more), and it's very hard to either shorten the chapter or reduce the word count in other chapters. Leaving a little extra in terms of word count for this chapter is advisable, but when it comes down to it, knowing how to write up the Results chapter properly is important and will help you get this right first time.

Don't waste words on peripheral sections within chapters. Every chapter has a number of sections that are useful, and often have to be included to some extent, but (a) can eat into your word count and (b) won't give you lots of extra marks by themselves. Obvious examples include the Chapter Summaries section within the Introduction chapter, as well as necessary components such as Acknowledgements . In the case of Acknowledgements , this is sometimes even included in your word count, despite having no influence on the mark you are awarded, even though you would be expected to include it.

Don't waste words (a) waffling or (b) going off-point in your Literature Review , Research Strategy and Results chapters. Now there is a difference between waffling and going off-point:

Going off-point When writing a dissertation as a student, as opposed to a conference paper or journal as an academic, you have to provide a lot more explanation of possible choices you could have made, rather than simply justifying the choices you made. For example, in the Research Strategy chapter, you'll often be expected to explain the differences between research designs, research methods or sampling strategies that could have been used. This is sometimes the result of a marker needing to know that you have read up about the available options and can demonstrate this by briefly summarising these different components of research strategy. This is what we mean by going off-point , and it can be a real word hog, eating into your available word count. You need to try and avoid this by keeping these sections short, but also focusing on justifications (i.e., why you are using one research method or sampling strategy over another), which when written well, demonstrate your understanding of different components of research strategy, without having to waste words explaining each component in turn.

Waffling Ignoring waffling that comes from laziness - we know this happens! - waffling is often a problem of the Literature Review and Results chapters. Waffling is simply similar to dumping everything you know on the page, which can happen when (a) you don't know the material very well or (b) you're struggling to gauge which content is important and which can be left out, something that is a real challenge for the first-time dissertation student. As a result, you add too much content. This happens a lot in the Literature Review chapter because it is hard to be selective and critical, and in the Results chapter when you don't know (a) what analysis should be included, (b) what can be omitted entirely, and (c) what can be removed and put into the Appendix . In these chapters within the Route #1: Chapter-by-Chapter section of Lærd Dissertation, we help you to avoid this kind of waffling, which not only saves words, but makes your argument much more coherent.

Finally, there can be an obsession with word count when doing marked work. You're doing an essay of 1,500 words or 3,000 words, and you try to use every single word available. This can make sense when you have a small word count and lots of worthwhile things to say in such a small space. However, when taking on a much larger document (i.e., 10,000 words or more), it is not only important what is being said, but also what you leave out. Rather than thinking too hard about word count, focus on making sure that everything being said is worthwhile. All chapters, but especially your Literature Review and Results chapter can lose a lot of quality simply because of three or four unnecessary paragraphs that disrupt the flow and logic of your arguments and results. Despite the added word count of dissertations compared with essays, less can be more.

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• Writing Tips

The Word Limit in Academic Writing (and How to Stick to It)

• 3-minute read
• 24th September 2016

Even the phrase “word limit” can cause panic among students . For some it’s the challenge of writing enough, while others find it hard to stick within the limit given. In either case, it can lead to spending more time worrying about the length of your paper than the content!

But why do college papers come with set word limits? And what should you do to ensure you don’t write too much or too little?

Why Have a Word Limit?

There are two main reasons that academic papers usually come with a word limit:

• Fairness It’s impossible to grade two papers of vastly different lengths (e.g., 20,000 compared to 2,000 words) on the same scale. The word limit makes sure that everyone taking the same class knows what is expected of them.
• Communication Skills As well as testing your knowledge, college papers are about communicating clearly and concisely. Setting a word limit forces you to consider what you’re saying more carefully, helping you to develop your writing skills.

Sticking to the word limit is, therefore, part of being a good academic, since being a long way over or under could suggest you’ve misjudged the scope of the essay topic or that you’re having trouble communicating your ideas.

How to Stick to the Word Limit

Although many colleges give you roughly 10% leeway on the word limit, you should aim for your finished paper to be as close to the suggested word count as possible. If you find yourself writing too much, you can reduce the word count by:

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• Editing out repetition, redundant words and padding phrases
• Cutting down long or unnecessary quotations
• Reducing the number of examples or case studies used (if you’ve included several)
• Using the active voice instead of the passive voice

More generally, you should re-read your work and eliminate anything that isn’t directly related to the question you’re answering. As well as helping you stick to the word limit, this will make your work more focused, which could boost your grades.

How to Increase Your Word Count

If you’re struggling to write enough, the temptation might be to add padding phrases like “in my opinion” or long block quotations until you hit the minimum word count. But this will simply detract from the clarity of your writing.

Instead, the answer is usually to go back over your work and look for things that could be improved with a little additional attention. This might involve:

• Addressing anything from your essay question that you’ve overlooked
• Adding illustrative examples to support a point
• Considering different sources and views on the same issue
• Using short quotations as evidence for your arguments

Moreover, whether you’ve written too much or too little, getting someone else to read your work and offer feedback is a fantastic idea (especially if you ask a professional for help). This will help you to identify areas that could be expanded or cut in the next draft, so eventually you should be able to get your essay to the required length.

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Frequently asked questions

How long is a dissertation.

Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education:

• An undergraduate dissertation is typically 8,000–15,000 words
• A master’s dissertation is typically 12,000–50,000 words
• A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000–100,000 words

However, none of these are strict guidelines – your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation should be.

Frequently asked questions: Dissertation

A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.

It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.

Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.

A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.

Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:

• Plan to attend graduate school soon
• Have a particular topic you’d like to study more in-depth
• Are considering a career in research
• Would like a capstone experience to tie up your academic experience

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:

• A restatement of your research question
• A summary of your key arguments and/or results
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.

For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:

• Important evidence or analysis that wasn’t mentioned in the discussion section and results section
• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion …”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g., “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

A theoretical framework can sometimes be integrated into a  literature review chapter , but it can also be included as its own chapter or section in your dissertation . As a rule of thumb, if your research involves dealing with a lot of complex theories, it’s a good idea to include a separate theoretical framework chapter.

A literature review and a theoretical framework are not the same thing and cannot be used interchangeably. While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work, a literature review critically evaluates existing research relating to your topic. You’ll likely need both in your dissertation .

While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work based on existing research, a conceptual framework allows you to draw your own conclusions, mapping out the variables you may use in your study and the interplay between them.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.

Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.

Definitional terms often fall into the category of common knowledge , meaning that they don’t necessarily have to be cited. This guidance can apply to your thesis or dissertation glossary as well.

However, if you’d prefer to cite your sources , you can follow guidance for citing dictionary entries in MLA or APA style for your glossary.

A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, an index is a list of the contents of your work organized by page number.

The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.

The title page of your thesis or dissertation should include your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date.

Glossaries are not mandatory, but if you use a lot of technical or field-specific terms, it may improve readability to add one to your thesis or dissertation. Your educational institution may also require them, so be sure to check their specific guidelines.

A glossary or “glossary of terms” is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. Your glossary only needs to include terms that your reader may not be familiar with, and is intended to enhance their understanding of your work.

A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, dictionaries are more general collections of words.

An abbreviation is a shortened version of an existing word, such as Dr. for Doctor. In contrast, an acronym uses the first letter of each word to create a wholly new word, such as UNESCO (an acronym for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).

As a rule of thumb, write the explanation in full the first time you use an acronym or abbreviation. You can then proceed with the shortened version. However, if the abbreviation is very common (like PC, USA, or DNA), then you can use the abbreviated version from the get-go.

Be sure to add each abbreviation in your list of abbreviations !

If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .

If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.

A list of abbreviations is a list of all the abbreviations that you used in your thesis or dissertation. It should appear at the beginning of your document, with items in alphabetical order, just after your table of contents .

Your list of tables and figures should go directly after your table of contents in your thesis or dissertation.

Lists of figures and tables are often not required, and aren’t particularly common. They specifically aren’t required for APA-Style, though you should be careful to follow their other guidelines for figures and tables .

If you have many figures and tables in your thesis or dissertation, include one may help you stay organized. Your educational institution may require them, so be sure to check their guidelines.

A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found.

The table of contents in a thesis or dissertation always goes between your abstract and your introduction .

You may acknowledge God in your dissertation acknowledgements , but be sure to follow academic convention by also thanking the members of academia, as well as family, colleagues, and friends who helped you.

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other  academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An  annotated bibliography is a list of  source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a  paper .  

In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.

The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.

In the discussion , you explore the meaning and relevance of your research results , explaining how they fit with existing research and theory. Discuss:

• Your  interpretations : what do the results tell us?
• The  implications : why do the results matter?
• The  limitation s : what can’t the results tell us?

The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.

In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.

Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions.

The results chapter of a thesis or dissertation presents your research results concisely and objectively.

In quantitative research , for each question or hypothesis , state:

• The type of analysis used
• Relevant results in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics
• Whether or not the alternative hypothesis was supported

In qualitative research , for each question or theme, describe:

• Recurring patterns
• Significant or representative individual responses
• Relevant quotations from the data

Don’t interpret or speculate in the results chapter.

To automatically insert a table of contents in Microsoft Word, follow these steps:

• Apply heading styles throughout the document.
• In the references section in the ribbon, locate the Table of Contents group.
• Click the arrow next to the Table of Contents icon and select Custom Table of Contents.
• Select which levels of headings you would like to include in the table of contents.

Make sure to update your table of contents if you move text or change headings. To update, simply right click and select Update Field.

All level 1 and 2 headings should be included in your table of contents . That means the titles of your chapters and the main sections within them.

The contents should also include all appendices and the lists of tables and figures, if applicable, as well as your reference list .

Do not include the acknowledgements or abstract in the table of contents.

The abstract appears on its own page in the thesis or dissertation , after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .

An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 200–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.

In a thesis or dissertation, the acknowledgements should usually be no longer than one page. There is no minimum length.

The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis , directly after the title page and before the abstract .

Yes, it’s important to thank your supervisor(s) in the acknowledgements section of your thesis or dissertation .

Even if you feel your supervisor did not contribute greatly to the final product, you must acknowledge them, if only for a very brief thank you. If you do not include your supervisor, it may be seen as a snub.

In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics.

Then you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you during the process.

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Thesis word count and format

Three months ago you considered whether you required a restriction to the access of your thesis, and you submitted your ‘Approval of Research Degree Thesis Title’ form. You’ve now finished writing up your thesis and it’s time to submit. We require your thesis to be presented and formatted in a certain way, so it’s important you read through the requirements below, before submitting your thesis. Find out more about thesis submission policy  (.pdf)

The completed thesis should be saved in PDF format. Once saved, please review the file to ensure all pages are displayed correctly.

Page layout

• Double line spacing should be used for everything except quotations, footnotes, captions to plates etc.
• It is desirable to leave 2.5cm margins at the top and bottom of the page.
• The best position for the page number is at the top right 1.3cm below the top edge.
• The fonts of Arial or Times New Roman should be used throughout the main body of the thesis, in the size of no less than 12 and no greater than 14

Illustrations (Graphs, diagrams, plates, computer printout etc.)

Illustrations embedded within the thesis should be formatted, numbered and titled accordingly:

a) Illustration upright - Caption at the bottom, Illustration number immediately above the

Illustration.

b) Illustration sideways - Caption at right-hand side with Illustration number above it.

Numbers for graphs, diagrams and maps are best located in the bottom right hand corner.

For further advice, please consult your supervisor.

Word counts

The following word counts are the maximum permitted for each level of award*:

What's excluded from the word count

*In all cases above, the word count includes quotations but excludes appendices, tables (including tables of contents), figures, abstract, references, acknowledgements, bibliography and footnotes (as long as the latter do not contain substantive argument). Please note these are word limits, not targets.

Specific requirements

For degrees which involve Practice as Research (PaR), no less than 50% of the research output should be the written thesis. The written thesis for PaR degrees may be comprised of a range of written elements including, but not limited to, a critical review, a portfolio, and/or a statement on theoretical discourse or methodology.

**In cases of practice-based PhD’s or MPhil’s these suggested word counts may be different. It is normally expected that the written component would comprise no less than 50% of the overall output.

Each copy of the thesis should contain a summary or abstract not exceeding 300 words.

As an example, see how the  layout of your title page (.pdf) should be.

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UK Dissertation Word Count Breakdown

Table of Contents

Dissertation Word Count and Breakdown – How to Stick to the Word Limit Easily

One of the biggest challenges students face when writing a dissertation is managing the word count. Many end up either writing too much or too little.

To avoid this, it’s important to know how many words each chapter of your dissertation should have from the start. With a clear understanding of the dissertation word count breakdown, you can plan your writing schedule and avoid last-minute surprises.

The word limit for dissertations is set by your university. This varies depending on whether you’re writing an undergraduate , master’s, or PhD dissertation . For example, a masters dissertation word count is often between 10,000 and 15,000 words, but some dissertations can be as long as 30,000 words. The undergraduate dissertation word count is usually shorter, while PhD dissertations are longer.

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But despite the total dissertation word count allotted, the main problem begins when students have to break down that word ratio into the headings of the dissertation . Here they make the common error of writing more words for a section that can be explained in less count and less count for a section that deserves more words.

How to Stay Within the Dissertation Word Count

A common solution is to use a dissertation word count breakdown calculator available online. These tools allow you to enter your degree level and overall word count, giving you an estimated breakdown for each section.

However, not all online tools are accurate. So, it’s essential to find a reliable calculator that provides correct word distribution. Here’s a quick guide on how to allocate your dissertation word count UK properly.

Dissertation Word Count Breakdown

If you’re working with a 10,000-word dissertation, here’s a recommended word count breakdown for each section:

• Introduction (10% – 1000 words) : The introduction sets the stage for your research. It explains why your topic matters and what you aim to achieve. You should dedicate about 10% of your total word count to this section.
• Literature Review (25% – 2500 words) : The literature review is a critical part of your dissertation, where you discuss previous studies and theories related to your topic. This section should take up around 25% of your word count.
• Methodology (15-20% – 1500 to 2000 words) : The methodology chapter explains how you conducted your research. This should be about 15-20% of your total word count.
• Data Presentation (15% – 1500 words) : In this section, you present the data you’ve collected through your research. Dedicate roughly 15% of your dissertation to this.
• Discussion and Analysis (15-20% – 1500 to 2000 words) : This section is where you interpret your findings and explain their importance. You’ll want to allocate 15-20% of your word count to this part.
• Conclusion and Recommendations (15% – 1500 words) : In the final chapter, you summarize your research and offer recommendations. This section should take up the remaining 15% of your word count.

Manage Your Word Count Effectively

By following this dissertation word count breakdown, you can ensure that each section gets the attention it deserves. This helps you write a well-structured, clear, and coherent dissertation, making it easier to stay within the assigned word limit.

When managing your masters dissertation word count breakdown or any other degree level, remember that planning is key. You can use tools like a dissertation word count breakdown calculator to guide you, but always double-check with your university’s guidelines to make sure you’re on track.

With the right strategy, you can confidently follow the assigned word limit and complete a successful dissertation.

Ready to Take the Next Step?

If you’re ready to streamline your dissertation word count management, consider using our dissertation word count breakdown calculator. For personalized assistance, feel free to reach out to our expert team . We’re here to help you navigate the challenges of dissertation writing and ensure your success. Don’t let the word count complexities hold you back—empower your dissertation journey today!

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1. What is the typical word count for a dissertation in the UK?

The word count for dissertations in the UK varies based on the degree level. An undergraduate dissertation word count typically ranges between 8,000 and 10,000 words. A masters dissertation word count is usually between 10,000 and 15,000 words, while PhD dissertations can be much longer, often exceeding 30,000 words. Always check with your university for specific guidelines.

2. How should I divide the word count across different sections of my dissertation?

A good rule of thumb for a dissertation word count breakdown is:

• Introduction: 10% of the total word count
• Literature Review: 25%
• Methodology: 15-20%
• Data Presentation: 15%
• Discussion & Analysis: 15-20%
• Conclusion & Recommendations: 15% This ensures that each section is properly balanced and organized.

3. Are online dissertation word count breakdown calculators accurate?

While some dissertation word count breakdown calculators can give a general idea of how to divide your word count, not all are 100% accurate. It’s always best to follow your university’s guidelines and confirm any calculations with your supervisor to ensure you’re meeting the requirements.

4. Does the word count include references, appendices, and footnotes?

It depends on your university’s rules. Typically, the dissertation word count does not include references or appendices, but footnotes might be included. Be sure to check your university’s dissertation guidelines to know exactly what is included in the final word count.

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Academic style

At university you become part of an academic community. When you write essays at university there are certain rules that you have to follow to make sure that everyone is writing in the same style. This is known as  academic style . The rules that you follow are called academic conventions. The main rules for writing academic essays are don't be personal ( so don't use words like I or my) don't use informal language, don't use shortened forms of words ( like won't) and make sure you reference your work properly.

Avoiding plagiarism

Plagiarism  is a very serious offence. It means that you use the work of other people without saying it is other people's work.  When you don't state that you are talking about someone else's ideas or opinions it is like you are pretending that you have written those words or had those thoughts yourself.  You will get in to a lot of trouble if your tutor thinks you have plagiarised . In order to avoid plagiarism you must use references and citations for all the texts you have mentioned that have been written by other people. For more information on plagiarism see the article on it on the academic hub.

When you are asked to use  citations  in your essay it means that you show that you are talking about someone else's work that you have read. While you are at the University, you will need to follow the Harvard referencing system in order to cite properly. Citations provide the last name and the date of publication of the text you are talking about. Citations appear IN TEXT. This means you write the author's surname and the date of publication within the text as you are writing your essay.

Harvard Referencing

When you are writing an academic essay you will have to discuss the things you have read. When you are talking about the work of someone else you have to make sure that you have shown in your essay that you are talking about the ideas or opinions of someone else. In order to do this every essay needs a referencing system. At University of Greenwich the  Harvard referencing  system is used. In Harvard referencing you use citations  and provide a reference list at the end of your essay. Your department will provide you with a guide to how to reference and you can find more information by looking at the academic hub by following the link below.

www.gre.ac.uk/academicskills

When we talk about  structure  within an essay it means the way in which you have ordered your ideas. A common structure for an essay is a three part one : introduction, the main body and conclusion. You should make sure that your ideas link together in a clear and logical way. The purpose of the introduction is to show your reader what you are going to do in your essay, the main body discusses the points you are making in depth and finally the conclusion sums up the key aspects of your essay. A conclusion often re states your opinion if you have been required to provide one and sometimes ends with a final thought for your reader to think about. 

Topic sentences

A  topic sentence  is the name we give to a sentence that explains what the main topic of the paragraph is going to be about. Often the topic sentence is found at the start of the paragraph. In order to write a good paragraph your topic sentence has to be clear. This means that you should stick to ONE main topic that you are going to discuss within your paragraph. You need to introduce this topic in the topic sentence.  If you try to talk about too many things in one paragraph it will confuse your reader.

Thesis statement

Some of the essays you write might require you to give an opinion or to express a particular point of view. A  thesis statement  is the part of your essay where you say what viewpoint the essay is going to argue. Remember that you should not use the word I. It is more common in academic writing to say" This essay will prove that" or "This essay will argue that......".   Your thesis statement will help your reader to understand the arguments you are making and to decide if they agree with you or not.

When you are given an essay to write you will also be told how many words you can use. This is known as the  word count . Part of what you are being assessed on when you write an essay is if you can write about the topic thoroughly while not going over the word count. Sometimes you will be allowed to write 10 % more or less than the actual word count but you must always check this first. It is also important to check with your tutors to see if in-text citations are included in your word count, you may find this information in your programme handbook. The reference list is not included in the word count. 

Key words in the essay question

When we talk about the  key words in an essay question  these are the words that show you what you have to do in the essay. It is really important that you identify the key words so you know that you are writing about the right thing and have not missed anything out. Key words will often show you how you should approach the essay. For example if you are asked to describe as a key word you will be explaining something whereas if you are asked to analyse you will be discussing the subject in depth.

Limitations

You often state your limitations in your introduction. What this means is that you show that you recognise that you are not going to talk about every aspect of your subject but about certain things in particular. For example it would be impossible to write an essay on fruit because there are so many different fruits  from across the world. If you were to write an essay about fruit you would have to set some limitations. You would have to think about  what  type of fruit you were going to discuss and  where  the fruit was from and  how  you are going to discuss it. Limitations make it easier for the reader to see what we are talking about.

Often in an introduction to an essay we provide an  outline.  This means that we state what we are going to do in the essay. For example we could briefly discuss the stages of the essay  saying the different things the essay is going to focus on. Outlines are also used when giving presentations. They are a way of showing the reader or audience the direction our essay or presentation is going to take.

Paragraphs  are groups of sentences linked by a main topic. There are no set rules for the amount of sentences that should appear in a paragraph but you should not write paragraphs that are too long or too short. If you write a paragraph that is too short then your reader may think you do not know much about the topic you are talking about. If you write a paragraph that is too long then this may become boring or confusing for your reader.

A well constructed paragraph will focus on a clear subject. This subject will be introduced in the first sentence of the paragraph. In the main part of the paragraph you should make points, use citations and explain why the information you have used is important. You can also finish off your paragraph by making a closing statement that links back to the question you are answering or your argument.

Proof reading

Proof reading  means that you check your work over for any mistakes. It is really important that you leave enough time before your essay deadline to do this. There is no point in having a well argued and researched essay if your work is full of spelling mistakes and grammatical errors.

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Library Support: Plagiarism and Good Academic Practice

What are the penalties for being over or under the word count.

The University's Academic Regulations have a section on exceeding word limits (section 6 L) - which covers what is and is not counted as part of the word count. It also covers what the penalties are for going over the word count.

In short, should the work be over the word count, how far it goes is taken into consideration and brings the overall mark down. For those assignments which are pass/fail, going over the word count can result in a fail grade.

• Plagiarism and Good Academic Practice
• Last Updated May 15, 2023
• Answered By Elaine Pocklington

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