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Effects of mode of reproduction: sexual and asexual

Effects of population size.

• Life histories and the structure of populations
• Survivorship curves
• Calculating population growth
• Exponential and geometric population growth
• Logistic population growth
• Factors affecting population fluctuation
• Population cycles
• Interspecific interactions
• Lotka-Volterra equations
• Metapopulations

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population ecology

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• University of Arkansas - Arkansas Forest Resources Center - Population Growth
• Western Oregon University - Plant Population Ecology
• McGraw-Hill Education - Ecology and Behavior
• Clemson University - The Basics of Population Dynamics
• El Camino College - Population Ecology
• University of Washington - Population Ecology
• population biology - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

population ecology , study of the processes that affect the distribution and abundance of animal and plant populations .

A population is a subset of individuals of one species that occupies a particular geographic area and, in sexually reproducing species, interbreeds. The geographic boundaries of a population are easy to establish for some species but more difficult for others. For example, plants or animals occupying islands have a geographic range defined by the perimeter of the island. In contrast, some species are dispersed across vast expanses, and the boundaries of local populations are more difficult to determine. A continuum exists from closed populations that are geographically isolated from, and lack exchange with, other populations of the same species to open populations that show varying degrees of connectedness.

Genetic variation within local populations

In sexually reproducing species, each local population contains a distinct combination of genes. As a result, a species is a collection of populations that differ genetically from one another to a greater or lesser degree. These genetic differences manifest themselves as differences among populations in morphology , physiology , behaviour, and life histories; in other words, genetic characteristics ( genotype ) affect expressed, or observed, characteristics ( phenotype ). Natural selection initially operates on an individual organismal phenotypic level, favouring or discriminating against individuals based on their expressed characteristics. The gene pool (total aggregate of genes in a population at a certain time) is affected as organisms with phenotypes that are compatible with the environment are more likely to survive for longer periods, during which time they can reproduce more often and pass on more of their genes.

The amount of genetic variation within local populations varies tremendously, and much of the discipline of conservation biology is concerned with maintaining genetic diversity within and among populations of plants and animals. Some small isolated populations of asexual species often have little genetic variation among individuals, whereas large sexual populations often have great variation. Two major factors are responsible for this variety: mode of reproduction and population size.

In sexual populations, genes are recombined in each generation, and new genotypes may result. Offspring in most sexual species inherit half their genes from their mother and half from their father, and their genetic makeup is therefore different from either parent or any other individual in the population. In both sexually and asexually reproducing species, mutations are the single most important source of genetic variation. New favourable mutations that initially appear in separate individuals can be recombined in many ways over time within a sexual population.

In contrast, the offspring of an asexual individual are genetically identical to their parent. The only source of new gene combinations in asexual populations is mutation . Asexual populations accumulate genetic variation only at the rate at which their genes mutate. Favourable mutations arising in different asexual individuals have no way of recombining and eventually appearing together in any one individual, as they do in sexual populations.

Over long periods of time, genetic variation is more easily sustained in large populations than in small populations. Through the effects of random genetic drift , a genetic trait can be lost from a small population relatively quickly ( see biosphere: Processes of evolution ). For example, many populations have two or more forms of a gene, which are called alleles . Depending on which allele an individual has inherited, a certain phenotype will be produced. If populations remain small for many generations, they may lose all but one form of each gene by chance alone.

This loss of alleles happens from sampling error . As individuals mate, they exchange genes. Imagine that initially half of the population has one form of a particular gene, and the other half of the population has another form of the gene. By chance, in a small population the exchange of genes could result in all individuals of the next generation having the same allele. The only way for this population to contain a variation of this gene again is through mutation of the gene or immigration of individuals from another population ( see evolution: Genetic variation in populations ).

Minimizing the loss of genetic variation in small populations is one of the major problems faced by conservation biologists. Environments constantly change, and natural selection continually sorts through the genetic variation found within each population, favouring those individuals with phenotypes best suited for the current environment . Natural selection, therefore, continually works to reduce genetic variation within populations, but populations risk extinction without the genetic variation that allows populations to respond evolutionarily to changes in the physical environment, diseases , predators, and competitors.

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• Ecology: Definition, Types, Importance & Examples

Population Ecology: Definition, Characteristics, Theory & Examples

Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environments on earth. Population ecology is a more specialized field of study of how and why the populations of those organisms change over time.

As the human population grows in the 21st century, the information gleaned from population ecology can assist with planning. It can also help with efforts to preserve other species.

Population Ecology Definition

In population biology , the term population refers to a group of members of a species living in the same area.

The definition of population ecology is the study of how various factors affect population growth, rates of survival and reproduction, and risk of extinction.

Characteristics of Population Ecology

Ecologists use various terms when understanding and discussing populations of organisms. A population is all of one kind of species residing in a particular location. Population size represents the total number of individuals in a habitat. Population density refers to how many individuals reside in a particular area.

Population Size is represented by the letter N, and it equals the total number of individuals in a population. The larger a population is, the greater its generic variation and therefore its potential for long-term survival. Increased population size can, however, lead to other issues, such as overuse of resources leading to a population crash.

Population Density refers to the number of individuals in a particular area. A low-density area would have more organisms spread out. High-density areas would have more individuals living closer together, leading to greater resource competition.

Population Dispersion: Yields helpful information about how species interact with each other. Researchers can learn more about populations by studying they way they are distributed or dispersed.

Population distribution describes how individuals of a species are spread out, whether they live in close proximity to each other or far apart, or clustered into groups.

• Uniform dispersion refers to organisms that live in a specific territory. One example would be penguins. Penguins live in territories, and within those territories the birds space themselves out relatively uniformly. 
• Random dispersion refers to the spread of individuals such as wind-dispersed seeds, which fall randomly after traveling.
• Clustered or clumped dispersion refers to a straight drop of seeds to the ground, rather than being carried, or to groups of animals living together, such as herds or schools. Schools of fish exhibit this manner of dispersion.

How Population Size and Density Are Calculated

Quadrat method: Ideally, population size could be determined by counting every individual in a habitat. This is highly impractical in many cases, if not impossible, so ecologists often have to extrapolate such information.

In the case of very small organisms, slow movers, plants or other non-mobile organisms, scientists scan use what is called a quadrat (not "quadrant"; note the spelling). A quadrat entails marking off same-sized squares inside a habitat. Often string and wood are used. Then, researchers can more easily count the individuals within the quadrat.

Different quadrats can be placed in different areas so that researchers get random samples. The data collected from counting the individuals in the quadrats is then used to extrapolate population size.

Mark and recapture: Obviously a quadrat would not work for animals that move a round a great deal. So to determine the population size of more mobile organisms, scientists use a method called mark and recapture .

In this scenario, individual animals are captured and then marked with a tag, band, paint or something similar. The animal is released back into its environment. Then at a later date, another set of animals is captured, and that set may include those already marked, as well as unmarked animals.

The result of capturing both marked and unmarked animals gives researchers a ratio to use, and from that, they can calculate estimated population size.

An example of this method is that of the California condor, in which individuals were captured and tagged to follow the population size of this threatened species. This method is not ideal due to various factors, so more modern methods include radio tracking of animals.

Population Ecology Theory

Thomas Malthus , who published an essay that described population’s relationship to natural resources, formed the earliest theory of population ecology . Charles Darwin expanded on this with his “survival of the fittest” concepts.

In its history, ecology relied upon the concepts of other fields of study. One scientist, Alfred James Lotka , changed the course of science when he came up with the beginnings of population ecology. Lotka sought the formation of a new field of “physical biology” in which he incorporated a systems approach to studying the relationship between organisms and their environment.

Biostatistician Raymond Pearl took note of Lotka’s work and collaborated with him to discuss predator-prey interactions.

Vito Volterra , an Italian mathematician, began analyzing predator-prey relationships in the 1920s. This would lead to what were called Lotka-Volterra equations that served as a springboard for mathematical population ecology.

Australian entomologist A.J. Nicholson led the early fields of study regarding density-dependent mortality factors. H.G. Andrewartha and L.C. Birch would go on to describe how populations are affected by abiotic factors. Lotka’s systems approach to ecology still influences the field to this day.

Population Growth Rate and Examples

Population growth reflects the change in the number of individuals over a period of time. Population growth rate is affected by birth and death rates, which in turn are related to resources in their environment or outside factors such as climate and disasters. Decreased resources will lead to a decreased population growth. Logistic growth refers to population growth when resources are limited.

When a population size encounters unlimited resources, it tends to grow very quickly. This is called exponential growth . Bacteria, for example, will grow exponentially when given access to unlimited nutrients. However, such growth cannot be sustained indefinitely.

Carrying capacity : Because the real world does not offer unlimited resources, the number of individuals in a growing population eventually will reach a point when resources become scarcer. Then the growth rate will slow and level off.

Once a population reaches this leveling-off point, it is considered the greatest population the environment can sustain. The term for this phenomenon is carrying capacity . The letter K represents carrying capacity.

Growth, birth and death rate: For human population growth, researchers have long used demography to study population changes over time. Such changes result from birth rates and death rates.

Larger populations, for example, would lead to higher birth rates just because of more potential mates. However, this can also lead to higher death rates from competition and other variables such as disease.

Populations remain stable when birth and death rates are equal. When birth rates are greater than death rates, the population increases. When death rates outpace birth rates, the population goes down. This example does not, however, take immigration and emigration into account.

Life expectancy also plays a role in demography . When individuals live longer, they also affect resources, health, and other factors.

Limiting factors : Ecologists study factors that limit population growth. This helps them understand the changes populations undergo. It also helps them predict potential futures for the populations.

Resources in the environment are examples of limiting factors. For example, plants need a certain amount of water, nutrients and sunlight in an area. Animals require food, water, shelter, access to mates and safe areas for nesting.

Density-dependent population regulation: When population ecologists discuss the growth of a population, it is through the lens of factors that are density-dependent or density-independent.

Density-dependent population regulation describes a scenario in which a population’s density affects its growth rate and mortality. Density-dependent regulation tends to be more biotic.

For example, competition within and between species for resources, diseases, predation and waste buildup all represent density-dependent factors. The density of available prey would also affect the population of predators, causing them to move or potentially starve.

Density-independent population regulation: In contrast, density-independent population regulation refers to natural (physical or chemical) factors that affect mortality rates. In other words, mortality is influenced without density being taken into account.

These factors tend to be catastrophic, such as natural disasters (e.g., wildfires and earthquakes). Pollution , however, is a manmade density-independent factor that affects many species. Climate crisis is another example.

Population cycles: Populations rise and fall in a cyclic manner depending on the resources and competition in the environment. An example would be harbor seals, affected by pollution and overfishing. Decreased prey for the seals leads to increased death of seals. If the number of births were to increase, that population size would remain stable. But if their deaths outpaced births, the population would decrease.

As climate change continues to impact natural populations, the use of population biology models becomes more important. The many facets of population ecology help scientists better understand how organisms interact, and aid in strategies for species management, conservation and protection.

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• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Alfred J. Lotka and the Origins of Theoretical Population Ecology
• University of Minnesota: Introduction to Population Ecology
• Lumen: Population Ecology

About the Author

J. Dianne Dotson is a science writer with a degree in zoology/ecology and evolutionary biology. She spent nine years working in laboratory and clinical research. A lifelong writer, Dianne is also a content manager and science fiction and fantasy novelist. Dianne features science as well as writing topics on her website, jdiannedotson.com.

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Population Ecology: An Overview

by Dr. Emily Greenfield | Jan 5, 2024 | Biodiversity Protection , Environmental Conservation

Population ecology is a fascinating and vital field of study in biology, focusing on how populations of organisms, particularly animals and plants, change over time and space. In this blog post, we’ll delve into population ecology’s core concepts and importance.

Understanding Population Dynamics

Understanding the dynamics of populations is a key aspect of population ecology. This field examines how and why populations of a particular species change in size and composition over time. Several factors influence these dynamics, including birth, death, immigration, and emigration.

Population dynamics are not static; they frequently change in size, density, and spatial extent. For example, a population might experience growth, decline, stability, recovery, or even face extirpation (local extinction) or total extinction. Time-series graphs often represent these changes, displaying population size over the years.

Environmental factors, such as the availability of resources and competition, greatly influence these dynamics. For instance, individuals may face increased competition for limited resources as a population grows. This leads to the concept of carrying capacity – the maximum population size an environment can sustain. When the population density reaches a certain level, this can result in density-dependent regulation of the population.

Population dynamics are also shaped by interactions within and between species, such as competition, predation, and mutualism. These interspecific interactions can significantly affect population growth and stability. The Lotka-Volterra equations are often used to predict the outcomes of such species interactions on population dynamics.

Overall, population ecology offers a comprehensive understanding of how populations of organisms interact with their environment and each other and how these interactions affect their abundance and distribution over time.

The Role of the Environment

The environment is a pivotal factor in population ecology, profoundly influencing species’ survival, growth, and reproduction. Key environmental elements include the availability of resources like food and water, the presence or absence of predators, and the specific climate conditions of a habitat. For example, an environment rich in food resources can support a higher population growth due to the increased availability of energy and nutrients necessary for reproduction and survival. Conversely, scarcity of such resources often leads to a decline in population size as competition for limited resources intensifies, leading to higher mortality rates.

Predation is another critical environmental factor, where the presence of predators can regulate the population size of certain species, maintaining ecological balance . Additionally, climate conditions, such as temperature and precipitation, directly impact the livability of an environment for various species. Extreme weather conditions, long-term climatic changes, or gradual shifts in the environment can alter the distribution and size of populations, as species must either adapt, migrate, or face a decline in numbers.

Understanding these environmental influences is crucial in population ecology to predict changes in species distribution and numbers and to develop effective conservation strategies. The dynamic interplay between organisms and their environment forms the foundation of ecological balance and biodiversity.

Population Density and Distribution

Population density and distribution are pivotal concepts in population ecology. Population density is defined as the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume. This metric is crucial for understanding a population’s ecological and social dynamics. High population density often intensifies competition for resources such as food, space, and mates. This can influence individuals’ behaviour, survival, and reproduction within a population.

On the other hand, low population density might signal problems like habitat degradation or fragmentation, indicating environmental stress or poor habitat quality. It could also mean that the species naturally prefers a solitary or dispersed way of life.

Population distribution, the pattern in which individuals are spaced within their habitat, can be clumped, uniform, or random. Clumped distribution, often the most common, occurs when resources are unevenly distributed across the landscape or because of social behaviours such as flocking and schooling. Uniform distribution is usually observed where competition for resources is intense, leading to evenly spaced individuals. Random distribution, less common in nature, occurs when environmental conditions and resources are consistent across an area, and individual interactions could be stronger.

In summary, understanding both the density and distribution of populations provides insights into environmental conditions, resource availability, and species’ social structure, which are critical for effective conservation and management strategies.

Interactions Within and Between Species

Population ecology is intrinsically linked to community ecology, highlighting the importance of interactions within a species and between different species. These interactions, predation, competition, and symbiosis, are pivotal in shaping population dynamics. For instance, predation directly affects prey population sizes and can indirectly influence other species by altering food web structures. Competition within a species (intraspecific) or between different species (interspecific) can significantly affect population distributions, leading to shifts in habitat use, feeding behaviours, and reproductive strategies.

These interspecies interactions are complex and diverse, reflecting the intricacies of ecological systems. They are essential for maintaining ecological balance, influencing species abundance, distribution, and the overall health of ecosystems. Understanding these relationships is critical for conservation efforts, as changes in one species can have cascading effects on others, potentially leading to significant shifts in ecosystem dynamics.

Human Impact and Conservation

Human activities have a profound impact on wildlife populations. Habitat destruction, pollution, overhunting, and climate change are ways humans influence population dynamics. Understanding these impacts is vital for conservation efforts. Population ecology provides essential data for creating effective conservation plans, such as identifying critical habitats, managing endangered species, and restoring ecological balance.

Also Read:   Impact Of Human Activities On Wildlife

Modelling and Predictions

Modern population ecology heavily relies on mathematical models to predict future population trends. These models consider various factors, including reproductive rates, carrying capacity, and environmental pressures. They are invaluable tools for making long-term conservation and management decisions.

Population ecology is a dynamic and crucial field offering insights into the growth of species. It helps us understand the complexities of nature and the impact of our actions on the environment. As we face growing environmental challenges, the importance of population ecology in guiding conservation efforts and policy decisions becomes ever more apparent.

This field of study is not only about numbers and theories; it’s about the real-world implications for biodiversity and the sustainability of our planet. By continuing to explore and understand the principles of population ecology, we can better appreciate and protect the intricate web of life that surrounds us.

Also Read:   Overpopulation: Planet Is Reaching Unsustainable Levels

Dr. Emily Greenfield is a highly accomplished environmentalist with over 30 years of experience in writing, reviewing, and publishing content on various environmental topics. Hailing from the United States, she has dedicated her career to raising awareness about environmental issues and promoting sustainable practices.

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An Introduction to Population Growth

Why Study Population Growth?

Population ecology is the study of how populations — of plants, animals, and other organisms — change over time and space and interact with their environment. Populations are groups of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. They are described by characteristics that include:

• population size: the number of individuals in the population
• population density: how many individuals are in a particular area
• population growth: how the size of the population is changing over time.

If population growth is just one of many population characteristics, what makes studying it so important?

First, studying how and why populations grow (or shrink!) helps scientists make better predictions about future changes in population sizes and growth rates. This is essential for answering questions in areas such as biodiversity conservation (e.g., the polar bear population is declining, but how quickly, and when will it be so small that the population is at risk for extinction?) and human population growth (e.g., how fast will the human population grow, and what does that mean for climate change, resource use, and biodiversity?).

Studying population growth also helps scientists understand what causes changes in population sizes and growth rates. For example, fisheries scientists know that some salmon populations are declining, but do not necessarily know why. Are salmon populations declining because they have been overfished by humans? Has salmon habitat disappeared? Have ocean temperatures changed causing fewer salmon to survive to maturity? Or, maybe even more likely, is it a combination of these things? If scientists do not understand what is causing the declines, it is much more difficult for them to do anything about it. And remember, learning what is probably not affecting a population can be as informative as learning what is.

Finally, studying population growth gives scientists insight into how organisms interact with each other and with their environments. This is especially meaningful when considering the potential impacts of climate change and other changes in environmental factors (how will populations respond to changing temperatures? To drought? Will one population prosper after another declines?).

Ok, studying population growth is important...where should we start?

Population Growth Basics and the American Bison

The US government, along with private landowners, began attempts to save the American bison from extinction by establishing protected herds in the late 1800's and early 1900's. The herds started small, but with plentiful resources and few predators, they grew quickly. The bison population in northern Yellowstone National Park (YNP) increased from 21 bison in 1902 to 250 in only 13 years (Figure 1, Gates et al . 2010).

The yearly increase in the northern YNP bison population between 1902 and 1915 can be described as exponential growth . A population that grows exponentially adds increasingly more individuals as the population size increases. The original adult bison mate and have calves, those calves grow into adults who have calves, and so on. This generates much faster growth than, say, adding a constant number of individuals to the population each year.

Exponential growth works by leveraging increases in population size, and does not require increases in population growth rates. The northern YNP bison herd grew at a relatively constant rate of 18% per year between 1902 and 1915 (Gates et al . 2010). This meant that the herd only added between 4 and 9 individuals in the first couple of years, but added closer to 50 individuals by 1914 when the population was larger and more individuals were reproducing. Speaking of reproduction, how often a species reproduces can affect how scientists describe population growth (see Figure 2 to learn more).

Figure 2: Bison young are born once a year — how does periodic reproduction affect how we describe population growth? The female bison in the YNP herd all have calves around the same time each year — in spring from April through the beginning of June (Jones et al. 2010) — so the population size does not increase gradually, but jumps up at calving time. This type of periodic reproduction is common in nature, and very different from animals like humans, who have babies throughout the year. When scientists want to describe the growth of populations that reproduce periodically, they use geometric growth. Geometric growth is similar to exponential growth because increases in the size of the population depend on the population size (more individuals having more offspring means faster growth!), but under geometric growth timing is important: geometric growth depends on the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of each breeding season. Exponential growth and geometric growth are similar enough that over longer periods of time, exponential growth can accurately describe changes in populations that reproduce periodically (like bison) as well as those that reproduce more constantly (like humans). Photo courtesy of Guimir via Wikimedia Commons.

The power of exponential growth is worth a closer look. If you started with a single bacterium that could double every hour, exponential growth would give you 281,474,977,000,000 bacteria in just 48 hours! The YNP bison population reached a maximum of 5000 animals in 2005 (Plumb et al . 2009), but if it had continued to grow exponentially as it did between 1902 and 1915 (18% growth rate), there would be over 1.3 billion (1,300,000,000) bison in the YNP herd today. That's more than thirteen times larger than the largest population ever thought to have roamed the entire plains region!

The potential results may seem fantastic, but exponential growth appears regularly in nature. When organisms enter novel habitats and have abundant resources, as is the case for invading agricultural pests, introduced species , or during carefully managed recoveries like the American bison, their populations often experience periods of exponential growth. In the case of introduced specie s or agricultural pests, exponential population growth can lead to dramatic environmental degradation and significant expenditures to control pest species (Figure 3).

After the Boom: Limits to Growing Out of Control

Let's think about the conditions that allowed the bison population to grow between 1902 and 1915. The total number of bison in the YNP herd could have changed because of births, deaths, immigration and emigration (immigration is individuals coming in from outside the population, emigration is individuals leaving to go elsewhere). The population was isolated, so no immigration or emigration occurred, meaning only births and deaths changed the size of the population. Because the population grew, there must have been more births than deaths, right? Right, but that is a simple way of telling a more complicated story. Births exceeded deaths in the northern YNP bison herd between 1902 and 1915, allowing the population to grow, but other factors such as the age structure of the population, characteristics of the species such as lifespan and fecundity , and favorable environmental conditions, determined how much and how fast.

Changes in the factors that once allowed a population to grow can explain why growth slows or even stops. Figure 4 shows periods of growth, as well as periods of decline, in the number of YNP bison between 1901 and 2008. Growth of the northern YNP bison herd has been limited by disease and predation, habitat loss and fragmentation, human intervention, and harsh winters (Gates et al . 2010, Plumb et al . 2009), resulting in a current population that typically falls between 2500 and 5000, well below the 1.3 billion bison that continued exponential growth could have generated.

Factors that enhance or limit population growth can be divided into two categories based on how each factor is affected by the number of individuals occupying a given area — or the population's density . As population size approaches the carrying capacity of the environment, the intensity of density-dependent factors increases. For example, competition for resources, predation, and rates of infection increase with population density and can eventually limit population size. Other factors, like pollution, seasonal weather extremes, and natural disasters — hurricanes, fires, droughts, floods, and volcanic eruptions — affect populations irrespective of their density, and can limit population growth simply by severely reducing the number of individuals in the population.

The idea that uninhibited exponential growth would eventually be limited was formalized in 1838 by mathematician Pierre-Francois Verhulst. While studying how resource availability might affect human population growth, Verhulst published an equation that limits exponential growth as the size of the population increases. Verhulst's equation is commonly referred to as the logistic equation , and was rediscovered and popularized in 1920 when Pearl and Reed used it to predict population growth in the United States. Figure 5 illustrates logistic growth: the population grows exponentially under certain conditions, as the northern YNP bison herd did between 1902 and 1915, but is limited as the population increases toward the carrying capacity of its environment. Check out the article by J. Vandermeer (2010) for a more detailed explanation of the equations that describe exponential and logistic growth.

Logistic growth is commonly observed in nature as well as in the laboratory (Figure 6), but ecologists have observed that the size of many populations fluctuates over time rather than remaining constant as logistic growth predicts. Fluctuating populations generally exhibit a period of population growth followed a period of population decline, followed by another period of population growth, followed by...you get the picture.

Populations can fluctuate because of seasonal or other regular environmental cycles (e.g., daily, lunar cycles), and will also sometimes fluctuate in response to density-dependent population growth factors. For example, Elton (1924) observed that snowshoe hare and lynx populations in Canadian boreal forests fluctuated over time in a fairly regular cycle (Figure 7). More importantly, they fluctuated, one after the other, in a predictable way: when the snowshoe hare population increased, the lynx population tended to rise (plentiful food for the lynx!); when the lynx population increased, the snowshoe hare population tended to fall (lots of predation on the hare!); when the snowshoe hare...(and the cycle continues).

It is also possible for populations to decline to extinction if changing conditions cause death rates to exceed birth rates by a large enough margin or for a long enough period of time. Native species are currently declining at unprecedented rates — one important reason why scientists study population ecology. On the other hand, as seen in the YNP bison population, if new habitats or resources are made available, a population that has been declining or relatively stable over a long period of time can experience a new phase of rapid, long-term growth.

What about Human Population Growth?

The growth of the global human population shown in Figure 8 appears exponential, but viewing population growth in different geographic regions shows that the human population is not growing the same everywhere. Some countries, particularly those in the developing world, are growing rapidly, but in other countries the human population is growing very slowly, or even contracting (Figure 9). Studying the characteristics of populations experiencing different rates of growth helps provide scientists and demographers with insight into the factors important for predicting future human population growth, but it is a complicated task: in addition to the density dependent and independent factors we discussed for the northern Yellowstone National Park bison and other organisms, human population growth is affected by cultural, economic, and social factors that determine not only how the population grows, but also the potential carrying capacity of the Earth.

biodiversity : The variety of types of organisms, habitats, and ecosystems on Earth or in a particular place.

exponential growth : Continuous increase or decrease in a population in which the rate of change is proportional to the number of individuals at any given time.

age structure : The distribution of individuals among age classes within a population.

lifespan : How long an individual lives, or how long individuals of a given species live on average .

fecundity : The rate at which an individual produces offspring.

density : Referring to a population, the number of individuals per unit area or volume; referring to a substance, the weight per unit volume.

carrying capacity : The number of individuals in a population that the resources of a habitat can support; the asymptote, or plateau, of the logistic and other sigmoid equations for population growth.

logistic equation : The mathematical expression for a particular sigmoid growth curve in which the percentage rate of increase decreases in linear fashion as the population size increases.

native species : A species that occurs in a particular region or ecosystem by natural processes, rather than by accidental or deliberate introduction by humans.

introduced species : A species that originated in a different region that becomes established in a new region, often due to deliberate or accidental release by humans.

demographers : Demography is the study of the age structure and growth rate of populations.

References and Recommended Reading

Dary, D. A. The Buffalo Book: The Full Saga of the American Animal . Chicago, IL: Swallow Press, 1989.

Elton, C. Periodic fluctuations in the numbers of animals: Their causes and effects. British Journal of Experimental Biology 2, 119-163 (1924).

Gates, C. C. et al . eds. American Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010 . Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2010.

Hornaday, W. T. The Extermination of the American Bison, With a Sketch of its Discovery and Life History . Annual Report 1887. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1889.

Jones, J. D. et al . Timing of parturition events in Yellowstone bison Bison bison : Implications for bison conservation and brucellosis transmission risk to cattle. Wildlife Biology 16, 333-339 (2010).

Livingston, M., Osteen, C. & Roberts, D. Regulating agricultural imports to keep out foreign pests and disease. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Amber Waves 6, " http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/September08/Features/RegulatingAgImports.htm " (2008).

Pearl, R. & Reed, L. J. On the rate of growth of the population of the United States since 1790 and its mathematical representation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 6, 275-288 (1920).

Plumb, G. E. et al . Carrying capacity, migration, and dispersal in Yellowstone bison. Biological Conservation 142, 2377-2387 (2009).

Rohrbaugh, R., Lammertink, M. & Piorkowski, M. Final Report: 2007 - 08 Surveys for Ivory-Billed Woodpecker and Bird Counts in Louisiana . Ithaca, NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2009.

Shaw, J. H. How many bison originally populated western rangelands? Rangelands 17, 148-150 (1995).

Vandermeer, J. How Populations Grow: The Exponential and Logistic Equations. Nature Education Knowledge 1 (2010).

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EES025 Environment & Living Systems

Lecture 1: population ecology, audio file will appear here:.

I. Organization of Biota on Earth

A. Individual ===> Population ===> Community ===> Ecosystem

1.1 Organizational Scheme

1. Hierarchical (lower to higher levels of organization)

2. Artificial construct of man-- reflects need to understand via organization --  The scheme is functional because it seems to reflect what we know about organisms in the real world. 

B. A population is a group of individuals belonging to the same species that share time and space 

1.  A species is defined by ability to reproduce within a group of individuals. 2.  The geographic area encompassing a population (i.e. space) is undefined but usually only includes potentially mating individuals Examples: In deer mice a population may be individuals in a grain field (limited territory). A cougar population may be several hundred square miles (large range). Human population today is considered to be global (based on potential to mate and worldwide impact of human population).

1.2 Examples of ranges

II. Population Parameters (descriptors)

A.  Size - Number of individuals in an area of interest.

Methods of determining size: Direct counts, Sub sampling (Quadrates), Mark & Recapture.

B.  Density -- Expressed as individuals per unit area. C.  Distribution -- Three types

1.3 Example of distribution types

1.   Uniform - Not usually seen in nature (e.g. row crops). May exist with release of toxic substances from organisms.

1.4 Uniform Distributions

1.5 Creosote bushes

1.6 More on creosote bushes

2.   Random -- Rare. Can occur if environmental conditions are homogeneous, little competition among organisms, and aggregation does not favor organism.

  3.  Clumped -- Most common. Why?

1.7 The human population has a clumped distribution

a. Environmental conditions are almost always heterogeneous. Heterogeneous climate, resources, water soils, etc.

1.8 Soils provide an example of heterogeneous conditions in the environment

b.  Advantageous to organism (parental behavior, defense, feeding (packs), shelter, etc. Increases competition for scarce resources may be a net positive attribute for the population.

1.9 Bee populations are found in clumps (hives)

1.10 Wolves live in packs

c. Method of reproduction may produce a clumped distribution.

e.g. seed dispersal, vegetative or clonal reproduction (aspen).

1.11 Aspen clumps

1. Growth rate a.  Net growth rate  is given the symbol "r" and is expressed as a percent per unit time (e.g. % per year). -- "r" is the difference between the birth rate "b" and the death rate "d". May be positive or negative (negative growth). Thus, r = b - d E.g. If there are 4 births per 100 people b = 4%. If 2 out of 100 people die each year d = 2%. The net growth rate (b - d) is 2%. 

b. The  intrinsic rate of growth  (maximum growth rate; r max ) is rarely obtained or maintained in nature. (r max  is a species specific characteristic and varies greatly among organisms. (e.g. high for bacteria, low for elephants).   

2. Types of population growth

a.  Exponential

1. Unlimited growth-- High Potential.  e.g. 12 pair of European rabbits introduced to Australia in produced 240,000 individuals in 6 years (no natural enemy).

2. Plots as an exponential curve on a normal scale or as a straight line on a semi log scale.

3. The slope of the curve provides an estimate of the growth rate, "r".

1.12 Exponential growth curves

     EXAMPLES of the use of exponential growth rate equations:

Example 1: What will be the world population when you are ready to retire at age 65 if it is currently 6.68 billion and growing at 1.14% ?

If you know the initial population size (N 0 ) and the net growth rate (r), you can estimate the population size (N t ) at any time t: 

N t  = N 0  * e (r*t)

N 0  = 6.68 billion (est. July 2008)

r = 1.14%; t = 47 years

N t  = 6.68 billion * 2.72  (.0114 * 47)  (Note-- "e" has a value of 2.72)

N t  = 11.41 billion people.

   Example 2:. The world population in 1 AD is estimated to have been 250 million. If the population is 6.68 billion in 2008, what has been the average rate of growth in the human population during that time?

If you know N 0 , N t , and the intervening time, you can calculate the average rate of growth, "r".

Take the natural log of both sides of the equation:

N t  = N 0  * e (r*t)  ---> ln[Nt] = ln[N0] * r*t

Then solve for "r":

r = [ln (N t ) - ln (N 0 )] / t

r = [22.62 - 19.34] / 2007 = .0016

r = 0.16% per year (remember r = b - d and "d" was much higher in the past!)

E.  Logistic Growth  Model

1. Accounts for  limited resources  (food, habitat, etc)

2. Recognizes a carrying capacity (K) which is the maximum population density that can be supported over a sustained period of time. The value of "K" varies with the environment.  

3. Recognizes  density dependent limitation  of a population. As a population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment the net rate of population growth (r) decreases. 

a. As population density increases, factors such as competition, disease, resource limitation, parasitism, and predation increase mortality (r d ) and decrease productivity (r b ) .

b. Emigration of individuals is also density dependent and may result in a decrease in population size (or rate of increase).

c. In the  logistics equation , net r is density dependent:

net r = r max  [(K-N)/K] -- i.e as N approaches the carrying capacity (K) the birth rate (b) decreases and the death rate (d) increases producing a smaller net rate of increase (r).

1.13 Logistic growth curves

1.14 More logistic growth curves

EXAMPLE:  If K = 100 individuals and N is presently 10 individuals, then: r = 90% of r max

However if the population goes to 90 individuals, then: r = 10% of r max

1.15 Summary characteristics of growth rate models  

III. Growth rate and survival strategies for populations.

A. Growth & survival strategies are represented by 2 extreme types.

1.  r strategists.   These organisms generally have:           a.  High intrinsic rate of growth ( r max) b. Relatively short life span. c. Fast body growth. Early maturation. Tend to be smaller organisms. d. Tend to do well in extreme conditions. e. Compete by outgrowing other organisms. e.g. Many weed species, oysters, rats, etc.

1.16 "r" Strategists

2.  K strategists.  These organisms generally have: a.  Low intrinsic rate of growth (r max ). Few offspring with a long gestation period. Often have substantial parental care. b. Long life span. Slow maturation. Tend to be larger organisms. c. Tend to do better under stable conditions. d. Compete by using greater efficiency. e.g. many large mammals including humans. Also some social insects.

1.17 "k" Strategists

IV. Interactions  within  populations.

A.  Intraspecific Competition -- Competition between individuals in a population. 1. Each species (population) has a characteristic and  unique   niche.

a. Strong genetic component

b. A niche is defined by what a species eats, where it lives, how and when it reproduces, physiological parameters, and much more.  By definition, no two species have identical niches in nature. However, niches are  nearly  identical for all individuals in a population. 

2. Since individuals in a population share niche characteristics, there is intense  competition  for resources. 

-- Competition between individuals of a population is at the heart of the theory of  Natural Selection .

3. Resources may be partitioned among a population in several ways which regulates intraspecific competition.

a.  Territories -- Resources made available to individuals who can capture and hold a territory. b.  Social structure -- Social structure and dominance determine which individuals get resources .

1.18 Resource partitioning in wolves

B.  Intraspecific Cooperation . Cooperation among individuals of a population. 

1. Cooperative foraging and hunting-- Much hunting or foraging behavior is more efficient in groups.   e.g. Lion prides, wolf packs, or baboon troops. 

2. Altruism-- Self sacrificing behavior on the part of a member of a social group. Often involves sacrifice for  kin .

e.g. Defense of hive by honey bees. Results in death of individual but may save the hive (all of which are related).

1.19 Bees and altruism

3. Reciprocal Altruism. Benefits both individuals. e.g. Grooming behavior in primates.

1.20 Primate grooming

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Population Fluctuations and Cycles

Introduction, general overviews.

• Historical Background
• Theoretical Background
• Time Lags and Population Cycles
• Predator-Prey Theory
• Overcompensation and Chaos
• Internal Population Structure
• Spatial Structure
• Empirical Studies of Predator-Prey Dynamics
• Parasite-Host Interactions

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• Animal Population Ecology
• Biological Chaos and Complex Dynamics
• Biological Rhythms
• Charles Elton
• Competition and Coexistence in Animal Communities
• Disease Ecology
• Dynamics of Age- and Stage-Structured Populations and Communities
• Ecological Laws
• Host-Parasitoid Interactions
• John L. Harper
• Metapopulations and Spatial Population Processes
• Population Viability Analysis
• Predation and Community Organization

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Population Fluctuations and Cycles by John M. Fryxell LAST REVIEWED: 16 August 2022 LAST MODIFIED: 24 July 2013 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0061

Population fluctuations are undoubtedly one of the most fascinating phenomena in ecology. Some of the earliest writings known to man describe outbreaks of pests, such as the fabled locust plagues in Egypt. Some species, such as the snowshoe hare or larch budmoth, cycle through changes in abundance as regular as clockwork. Many other species exhibit more irregular patterns of oscillation, and some have even been shown to fluctuate in truly chaotic fashion. Making sense of this bewildering array of dynamical patterns has been a central theme in population ecology, involving some of the leading scientists in both the experimental and theoretical realms. Key elements in this search for ecological understanding relate to measuring and characterizing different patterns of population fluctuation, theoretical modeling of hypothetical processes and mechanisms that can cause cycles or other patterns of population fluctuation, and developing ways to test these hypotheses and/or models using observational and experimental data.

By definition, population dynamics requires a quantitative point of view. Hastings 1997 presents an excellent introduction to the theoretical basis for population dynamics, developing many of the key concepts employed by contemporary ecologists. Lande, et al. 2003 and Ranta, et al. 2006 provide more sophisticated reviews of contemporary issues in population modeling, including effects of age and stage structure, environmental and demographic stochasticity, and the interplay between evolution and ecology. From the outset there was simmering debate among ecologists about the importance of density-dependent processes in regulating animal populations. Early lab experiments had clearly demonstrated how increases in population density were associated with diminished per capita rates of population growth. Nonetheless, many field ecologists were skeptical, arguing that climatic forcing made density-dependent processes essentially irrelevant. Andrewartha and Birch 1954 nicely summarizes many of these arguments but also introduces novel topics such as spatial heterogeneity and movement processes that have emerged in their own right as important research topics for contemporary ecologists. Sinclair 1989 provides an excellent review of the historical debate about the importance of population regulation. While most ecologists agree that the issue has now been largely resolved, Bjǿrnstad and Grenfell 2002 and Coulson, et al. 2004 point out some of the considerable remaining challenges in clarifying the relative importance of population processes versus climatic forcing in causing population fluctuations. The highly relevant monograph Turchin 2003 provides the most comprehensive review of both the theoretical basis and empirical evidence for complex population dynamics with heavy emphasis on population cycles.

Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Provides an extreme counterpoint to the population regulation school of thought initially promoted in Nicholson 1933 (cited under Historical Background ), arguing that climatic variation over time precludes a shortage of resources or other density-dependent processes needed to stabilize populations at an equilibrium.

Bjǿrnstad, O. N., and B. T. Grenfell. 2002. Noisy clockwork: Time series analysis of population fluctuations in animals. Science 293:638–643.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1062226

A compact, yet comprehensive summary of contemporary views of population dynamics as influenced by density-dependent versus density-independent processes, time lags, and non-linear dynamics.

Coulson, T., P. Rohani, and M. Pascual. 2004. Skeletons, noise and population growth: The end of an old debate. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:359–364.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.008

Reviews the debate between proponents of density-dependent population regulation versus climate as a limiting factor, arriving at a synthesis incorporating both points of view.

Hastings, Alan. 1997. Population biology: Concepts and models . New York: Springer.

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2731-9

An excellent primer on population dynamics, evolution, and ecological interactions among species.

Lande, Russell, Steinar Engen, and Bernt-Erik Sǽther. 2003. Stochastic population dynamics in ecology and conservation . Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525257.001.0001

A fairly advanced textbook covering theoretical topics of contemporary interest in population and conservation biology in sophisticated fashion, including stochastic population growth, population viability analysis, structured population dynamics, and harvesting.

Ranta, Esa, Per Lundberg, and Veijo Kaitala. 2006. Ecology of populations . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.

A sophisticated textbook covering various aspects of population dynamics, with particularly strong emphasis on integration of spatial with temporal population dynamics.

Sinclair, A. R. E. 1989. Population regulation. In Ecological concepts: Contributions of ecology to an understanding of the world: 29th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, University College, London, 12–13 April 1988 . Edited by J. M. Cherrett and A. E. Bradshaw, 197–241. Boston: Blackwell.

A historical review of the concept of population regulation, methods of testing, and extensions to multiple equilibrium systems.

Turchin, Peter. 2003. Complex population dynamics: A theoretical/empirical synthesis . Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.

Undoubtedly the most useful general reference available on theory, evidence, and methods of analysis of population fluctuations. Covers a wide range of case studies, ranging from insects to large mammals with extensive original analysis. Essential reading for anyone seriously interested in the topic.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Anthropology — Population Growth

Essays on Population Growth

Choosing a population growth essay topic.

Population growth is a crucial topic that affects every aspect of our lives, from the environment to the economy. As a student, it's essential to choose a compelling and relevant topic for your essay. In this article, we will discuss the importance of the topic, provide advice on choosing a topic, and offer a detailed list of recommended essay topics.

The Importance of Population Growth

Understanding the dynamics of population growth is essential for addressing various global challenges, such as food security, healthcare, urbanization, and climate change. By studying population growth, students can gain insights into the causes and consequences of demographic changes, as well as the policies and strategies needed to manage and mitigate its impact.

Choosing a Topic

When selecting a population growth essay topic, it's crucial to consider your interests, the relevance of the topic, and its potential for research and analysis. You may want to focus on a specific aspect of population growth, such as its impact on the environment, public health, or social inequality. Additionally, consider the availability of data and resources for your chosen topic, as well as its potential for generating new insights and perspectives.

Recommended Essay Topics

Environmental impact.

• The relationship between population growth and environmental degradation
• The impact of overpopulation on natural resources
• Strategies for sustainable population growth and environmental conservation

Public Health

• The effects of population growth on healthcare systems
• Challenges and opportunities for addressing global health disparities
• The role of family planning in managing population growth and public health

Economic Development

• The relationship between population growth and economic development
• The impact of population aging on labor markets and productivity
• Strategies for promoting sustainable economic growth in the context of population growth

Social Inequality

• The intersection of population growth, migration, and social inequality
• The impact of population growth on urbanization and social infrastructure
• Challenges and opportunities for addressing demographic disparities in access to education and employment

Policies and Interventions

• Evaluating the effectiveness of population policies and interventions
• The ethical and social implications of population control measures
• The role of technology and innovation in addressing population growth challenges

By choosing a topic from the above list, you can delve into the complexities of population growth and gain a deeper understanding of its impact on the world around us. Whether you are interested in environmental sustainability, public health, economic development, social inequality, or policy analysis, there are numerous opportunities for exploration and research in the field of population growth.

As you embark on your essay writing journey, remember to approach your chosen topic with curiosity, critical thinking, and a commitment to contributing to the discourse on population growth. With thoughtful consideration and thorough research, you can create an engaging and informative essay that sheds light on the complexities and challenges of population growth in the 21st century.

Overpopulation, Its Causes and Effects

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Overview of The Issue of World Population Growth

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Overpopulation: Clear Understanding of The Problem and Human Solutions

The problem of overpopulation: solutions, effects of human population: from population to overpopulation, fossil fuels and their influence on the environment, how the population of the world grows, millennials and the problem of overpopulation in india, metro denver economic review, positive and negative impacts of the modern revolution, overpopulation in africa: the importance of education and economics, global issue of overpopulation: solutions of one-child policy, the causes, effects, and consequences of overpopulation, china population pyramid: case study, human population growth: historical influences and expansion, population growth and greenhouse gas emissions, achieving sustainable development with growing populations, relevant topics.

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Understanding Evolution

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The History of Evolutionary Thought

The ecology of human populations: thomas malthus.

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) has a hallowed place in the history of biology, despite the fact that he and his contemporaries thought of him not as a biologist but as a political economist. Malthus grew up during a time of revolutions and new philosophies about human nature. He chose a conservative path, taking holy orders in 1797, and began to write essays attacking the notion that humans and society could be improved without limits.

Population growth vs. the food supply

Malthus’ most famous work, which he published in 1798, was  An Essay on the Principle of Population as it affects the Future Improvement of Society . In it, Malthus raised doubts about whether a nation could ever reach a point where laws would no longer be required, and in which everyone lived prosperously and harmoniously. There was, he argued, a built-in agony to human existence, in that the growth of a population will always outrun its ability to feed itself. If every couple raised four children, the population could easily double in twenty-five years, and from then on, it would keep doubling. It would rise not arithmetically—by factors of three, four, five, and so on—but geometrically—by factors of four, eight, and sixteen.

If a country’s population did explode this way, Malthus warned that there was no hope that the world’s food supply could keep up. Clearing new land for farming or improving the yields of crops might produce a bigger harvest, but it could only increase arithmetically, not geometrically. Unchecked population growth inevitably brought famine and misery. The only reason that humanity wasn’t already in perpetual famine was because its growth was continually checked by forces such as plagues, infanticide, and simply putting off marriage until middle age. Malthus argued that population growth doomed any efforts to improve the lot of the poor. Extra money would allow the poor to have more children, only hastening the nation’s appointment with famine.

A new view of humans

Malthus made his groundbreaking economic arguments by treating human beings in a groundbreaking way. Rather than focusing on the individual, he looked at humans as groups of individuals, all of whom were subject to the same basic laws of behavior. He used the same principles that an ecologist would use studying a population of animals or plants. And indeed, Malthus pointed out that the same forces of fertility and starvation that shaped the human race were also at work on animals and plants. If flies went unchecked in their maggot-making, the world would soon be knee-deep in them. Most flies (and most members of any species you choose) must die without having any offspring. And thus when  Darwin  adapted Malthus’ ideas to his theory of evolution, it was clear to him that humans must evolve like any other animal.

Old Earth, Ancient Life: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

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What is Population ecology?

Alexandra L.

Checked : Aakanksha M. , Grayson N.

Latest Update 22 Jan, 2024

Table of content

Population density estimation methods

Distribution by age, rate rates populations, the intrinsic rate of natural increase, distribution models, random distribution, grouped department, population regulation mechanisms.

A population is a group of individuals of the same species, occupying one specific space and which arises as part of a biotic community. A   population   has its own biological characteristics or attributes which it shares with its organism components but also has characteristics or attributes of the group, for example, birth rate, mortality, age distribution, genetic fitness, and growth. The properties of a population are density, birth rate, mortality, biotic potential, age distribution, dispersion, and r-k growth mode. The density of a population is the size of this concerning a defined spatial unit. In general, it is expressed as several individuals of the population per unit area or volume.

It is often more useful to know if a population is changing over time than it does know its abundance at any given time (e.g., number of African elephants in relation to medium-long term species conservation systems). Other indices such as those of relative abundance may be useful or the frequency of repeated events in a given unit of time. The densities of mammalian populations are a function of the trophic level and the animals' body size. The lower the trophic level, the higher the density and, at a given level, the larger the individuals, the higher the biomass (Kg/ha)

Population ecology can be defined as the study of the factors that affect the population and how living and non-living factors influence the size, density, and dispersion of a population. Moreover, it belongs to the study of the factors that why a population changes over time.

The Lincoln Index is a common capture/marking method used to estimate the population's total density in a defined area.

• The marking technique does not adversely affect animal mortality
• Animals are marked and released on the same site
• The marking technique does not affect the probability of recapturing
• The markings do not come off or lose

It is the ability of a population to grow through successive reproductions.

The birth rate equals the birth rate used for the human population. The maximum birth rate is the maximum theoretical production of new individuals in ideal conditions, considering as limits only physiological abilities. Generally, the birth rate is expressed as the ratio between the number of individuals born and the time (absolute birth rate or raw), or as newborn per unit of time per unit of population (rate of specific birth rate). Fifty protozoa become 150 in an hour, raw birth rate 100 per Now. The specific birth rate is 2 per hour per individual of the original 50.

Refers to the death of individuals who make up the population, is equivalent to the rate of deaths that are calculated in studies concerning human populations. So as with the birth rate, mortality can be calculated as the number of individual’s deaths in a given time or as a specific rate in terms of population units in whole or in part. Ecological mortality achieved (loss of individuals in one given condition), it is not constant, but as for the birth rate, it varies according to environmental conditions and with the population. There is a theoretical minimum of mortality constant for each population representing the minimum number of deaths in ideal non-limiting conditions. If the mortality rate were expressed as a fraction M, the survival rate is 1-M. If the mortality rate were expressed as fraction M, the survival rate is 1-M

The relationship between the various age groups in a population determines its reproductive state and makes considerations about its future. According to numerous opinions, the populations with which they would have a "normal" or stable age distribution tend real distributions. Once you reach age stability, normal increases in birthrate or mortality result in temporary changes, with spontaneous returns to normal.

It is, therefore, possible to recognize three ecological ages:

• Pre-reproductive
• Reproductive
• Post-reproductive

A high young-adult ratio indicates that there will be a high future birth rate and a probable increase in individuals in the following season.

It is realities in constant change, in constant change, density, birth rate, survival, age structure, and growth rate are all DYNAMIC parameters. The study of the change in the number of individuals of one population and the factors that justify the changes is called DYNAMICS OF A POPULATION. So what does it affect overtime? The rate you can obtain by dividing the change by a certain amount by the period of time during which the change occurred. You will find that "change" 'abbreviated to ecological formulations as Delta.

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If we were to consider a non-limiting environment, the specific growth rate would be constant and maximum in favorable climatic conditions. It becomes an index of the intrinsic capacity of growth of that given favorable population conditions and characteristics of that particular age distribution. It is indicated by the letter r, which is the exponent of the differential equation, which expresses the growth of a population in a non-limiting environment.

d / n / d / t = rate of variation in the number of individuals concerning time in a certain instant.

BIOTIC POTENTIAL is the maximum reproductive potential of a population, the intrinsic properties of organisms to reproduce and survive in order to increase their own number. This can lend itself to different interpretations, i.e., reproductive potential, seed production potential, etc.

Populations can be distributed over a territory following three distribution schemes of base:

The environment must be theoretically uniform and must not be present tendencies to aggregation

It is the most common form, but if individuals tend to form flocks ad example, here we can talk about random group distribution or regular grouped.

In low diversity ecosystems affected by significant physical stress or to those populations subject to irregular or unpredictable extrinsic disturbances, they tend to be regulated by physical factors such as climate, water currents, or physical factors as, e.g., pollution. In highly diverse environments, in favorable environments (few periodic physical stresses, e.g., fire floods, etc.), populations tend to be biologically regulated and, at least in part, they have a self-regulated density. Any limiting or favorable factor that can be placed in two large groups is based on the relationship with the population with which it acts.

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373 Population Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best population topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on population, 📌 simple & easy population essay titles, ✅ interesting topics to write about population, 🔍 good research topics about population, 💡 most interesting population topics to write about, ❓ research questions about population.

• The Cause and Effect of the Growing Population The paper examines the causes and effects of population growth in human beings. On the other hand, building manufacturing industries change the ecosystem of a given place, in addition to air and water pollution.
• Factors Governing Population Distribution in Canada The area covered by Canada is the largest country in the world after Russia and has the largest coastline. The Shield and the Rocky Mountains in the North have discouraged settlement in the area because […]
• Current and Future Population Problems in Pakistan This paper investigates the population problem in Pakistan by suggesting the possible reasons for the current population trends, the effects they have on the country, possible solutions to the prevailing population problems and future predictions […]
• Food Security and Growing Population Thus, nations have to address the problem of feeding the increasing global population amid the challenges of the production of adequate food.
• The Aging Population Impacts on labour Impacts on healthcare Impacts on government spending The increase in the proportion of the people who are old leads to a decrease of the number of people who are within the working […]
• The Middle-Class Population in Colombia Reviewing the size of the middle-class in Colombia is essential because the data can be used to estimate the financial and business prospects in the country.
• Population Density in General It helps in monitoring and evaluation of population and social trends within society. Population growth will manifest in various cultural and social aspects that determine existence and propagation of population trends.
• Population Focused Interventions in Sentinel Town The majority of the people mainly abuse the two substances in the rural community. The people in Sentinel town are experiencing a high rate of obesity in the community.
• Population Health Outcomes and Healthcare Service Delivery In terms of population health outcomes, changes in indicators like general and infant mortality and life expectancy “show that the health status in the U.S.population is improving over time, although racial and ethnic disparities persist”.
• Health Science and Its Importance for Population In conclusion, it should be said that the field of work of a specialist in Health Science is extremely diverse and requires constant updating of knowledge.
• Human Population and the Environment The fertility rate of a given species will depend on the life history characteristics of the species such as the number of reproductive periods in the lifetime of the species and the number of offspring […]
• Population Movements in 1850-1970 This paper will therefore trace the population movements in the world and some of the factors that contributed to the evolution of the world’s population.
• Population and Sustainability In the UN 1994 strategy, the role of women in developing nations was to be changed. If the current rate of population growth in developing nations continues uninterrupted, the food produced will not be enough […]
• Senegal’s Population and Migration Profile As per current projections, the population of Senegal is projected to increase for the remainder of the century. Roughly 42% of the population of Senegal lives in the rural area.
• The Population Pyramid in Mexico The indicator of life expectancy is highest in the developed country followed by developing country and least in the underdeveloped country.
• Relationship Between Population and Economic Growth Consequently, Solow argues that the rate of population growth will be equal to the rate of economic growth in steady states.
• Population Growth and Its Impacts on the Environment High population growth is destructive to the society and the environment. In the US and Germany, the rate of population growth is estimated to be 0.
• The Market Group of the Baby Boomer Population Such marketers have been producing a wide range of products in order to fulfill the demands of this generation. The above services and products, therefore, seek to fulfill the needs of this population.
• High Population Growth This paper investigates the causes of high population growth, determines the consequences of high population growth, suggests policy approaches that can be used to contain high population growth and examines the effectiveness of policies employed […]
• The Decline in Shark Population in Trinidad and Tobago To understand the causes of the declining shark population in the selected country, this investigation relied on the use of a qualitative research design guided by the interpretivism model.
• Elderly Population: Are They Vulnerable? Black states that abuse of the elderly is an escalating problem due to the huge dependency that the elderly have on caregivers.
• Sustainable Future and World Population Trends Sustainability development is a form of development that emphasizes responsible use to ensure that the same resources can benefit the coming generations.
• Relationship Between Population and the Environment The results revealed after the statistical analysis was performed that there is a negative relationship between the population increase and the emissions of carbon dioxide in the case of developed countries while on the other […]
• The COVID-19 Impact on Public Health and Population It is yet to summarize all of the effects of the disease in the pandemic aftermath; however, it is already possible to collect some of the subtotals regarding the impacts on public health.
• Mental Health and Wellness in Aging Population This research proposal will examine the aspects of wellness with regards to the dimensions of mental health and among the aged.
• Population Growth Impacts on the Environment Today, the fact that the population is growing steadily is the reason of the environment to change drastically. Water pollution is a direct consequence of the rapid growth of the population on the Earth.
• Effects of the Columbia River Dams on Salmon Population The construction of the Bonneville and the Grand Coulee were initiated in late in the 1930s and this was followed by a marked increase in the number of dams and their storage volumes in Oregon, […]
• Health Issues of the Population When the unknown problem first appears, it is their responsibility to make it known to the public, and learn about its possible consequences. Educating the population on health-related issues is also essential to avoid legal, […]
• Human Population Growth and Limiting Factors Predation is also another major factor since the carrying capacity changes with a change in the number of predators and thus the growth of the population is affected according to Campbell and Reece.
• Thomas Malthus Population Growth Theory Mass starvation, as seen in the light of Mathus’s theory, poses to be a real danger for people the world over.
• Research Sampling, Target Population, and Surveys The characteristic feature of the nonprobability sampling is that this type of research sampling does not include a random collection of data, in contrast to the probability sampling.
• European Colonization Impacts on the Native American Population An examination of various historical accounts from the 15th to 19th century show that the Native American population was adversely affected by the arrival of European settlers due to various conflicts that arose and the […]
• Polygamy and Baptism: Indian Population In the case study, the missionaries face the challenge of approaching polygamy among the Indian population they intend to baptize. It is possible to expect that those who reject this way of addressing the issue […]
• The Aging Population’s Retirement Security There is a continuous increase in the aging population number, without any retirement security hence a need for a collective effort to ensure stability and dignity for the elderly population in the future.
• Global Issues: Addressing an Aging Population An important issue that is currently facing the world community is aging due to the increasing number of older people. Migration leaves the countries in which people are moving with a significant number of older […]
• The Impact of Criminal Organizations on the Population in the South of Italy In addition, aspects of the history of the emergence of the mafia and the factors that led it to the current state of affairs are touched upon.
• Breast Cancer and Its Population Burden The other objectives that are central to this paper are highlighted below: To determine which group is at a high risk of breast cancer To elucidate the impact of breast cancer on elderly women and […]
• Population Ecology: Jumping Ships for Survival The purpose of the present work was to examine population patterns for a dummy population and data on the deaths of 80 individuals.
• Positive Psychology Intervention for Ageing Population This study aims to promote the integration of negative emotions in Positive Psychology Intervention to achieve a holistic approach. The study will also highlight the importance of exploring negative emotions in positive psychology to promote […]
• Discrimination Against the Elderly Population in the Medical Field The first week I was preoccupied, being my first time interacting with the older patients and also the fact that it was my first week and I was just getting used to the environment.
• Psychoeducation Group for Trauma in the Native American Population To summarize, in terms of the population’s fundamental demographics, it can be stated that Native Americans constitute a disadvantaged group due to the ongoing issues with their social, political, and health.
• Preventing Obesity Among the Hispanic Population The first factor within the dimension of relationships and expectations is associated with the perception of health-related values, beliefs, and attitudes that create a basis for an individual to engage in healthy behaviors.
• Urinary Tract Infection in Geriatric Population UTI is a prevalent condition that influences the social, emotional, physical, and economic well-being of the older population in the United States, according to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.
• Population’s Impact on Migration In addition, Feng et al.claim that the concept of one-child households is a strategy for lowering the birth rate. In “Let the People Go: The Problem with Strict Migration Limits,” Michael and Justin explain that […]
• Homeless as At-Risk Population Based on the statistics from the National Alliance to End Homelessness, about 580466 people were “experiencing homelessness on our streets and in shelters in America” as of 2020.
• Exposure Therapy for Adult Population However, one of the most relevant and important treatments for social anxiety for adult people is exposure therapy. To conclude, social anxiety disorder is an important issue that interrupts the daily lives of various individuals […]
• The US Annual GDP and Population Growth: Statistical Analysis This coefficient, or R2 for short, determines the degree of reliability of the constructed model for the variance of the data; in other words, the closer the value of R2 is to 1, the better […]
• Opioid Crisis and the Veteran Population The first alternative is to reduce the frequency of opioid prescriptions by providing relevant education and training for Hawaii clinicians to encourage them to utilize alternative treatment methods for veterans in need of pain management.
• The Prevention of Diabetes and Its Consequences on the Population At the same time, these findings can also be included in educational programs for people living with diabetes to warn them of the risks of fractures and prevent them.
• Pollination: Decline in the European Honeybee Population First, the study will aspire to establish the definite and expected rate of decline in the European honeybee population over the years.
• Nursing Care for Elderly Population As experts in the field, it is crucial to be aware of potential ethical dilemmas when working with the aging population.
• Prediabetes in the African-American Population The author’s work with DSMES proves that an evidence-based self-intervention may be applied via lowering blood sugar as high blood sugar is a characteristic of diabetes.
• Why Is Home Dialysis More Beneficial for the Adult Population? The purpose of the study is correctly focused on such phenomena as a comparison, description, and characterization of the fundamental components of home dialysis and its impact, influence, and effect on a patient.
• Population Diversity of the Middle East Cultural differences in the Middle East are primarily reflected by the languages and, more specifically, the existence of their numerous dialects in the area.
• African-Americans as US Vulnerable Population They are designated vulnerable since they cannot protect themselves from others and lack the proper platform to air their grievances and problems. African-Americans cannot advocate for themselves since they lack proper government representation and a […]
• Decline in the Honeybee Population and Farmers in the United States The analysis of farming in the country shows that the added revenue to crop production because of the pollinators’ activity is about $18 billion. Statistics evidence the topicality of the problem and the necessity to […]
• Population Health Promotion Benefits As a result, the community health nurse must supervise the community members in order to manage and control their health medical condition.
• Helping Black Population With Hypertension in New York State As evidence of the successful implementation of the program, the results demonstrated the reduction of the blood pressure after half of the year of treatment.
• Depression Among the Medicare Population in Maryland The statistics about the prevalence and comorbidity rates of depression are provided from the Medicare Chronic Conditions Dashboard and are portrayed in the table included in the paper.
• Depression as Public Health Population-Based Issue In regard to particular races and ethnicities, CDC provided the following breakdown of female breast cancer cases and deaths: White women: 128 new cases and 20 deaths per 100.
• The Black Population of New York State Analysis Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the black population of New York state affected by hypertension and analyze the reasons behind it and the interventions to improve the health outcomes.
• The Effects of Gold Mining in the Amazons on the Environment and the Population Excessive gold mining in the Amazon has led to the depletion of essential soil nutrients, especially nitrogen. As a result, ASGM in the Amazon has led to the destruction of the Amazon forest.
• The Older Population’s Disparities and Oppression The relationships between the younger and the older populations introduce a problem of abuse and disparities between the two. To conclude, it is clear that the problem of oppression and abuse of the elderly population […]
• Healthcare Administrators’ Role in Population Health The work of these specialists is as important as ever, yet they must change their practice because of growing disparity of healthcare access, while simultaneously requiring evaluating the potential influence and spending on new healthcare […]
• Population Health and How It Relates to Healthcare Any state seeks to optimize the delivery of health services and improve the well-being of its population. The aspect of economic development of the territory influences the morbidity of all people, first of all, children, […]
• Adolescent Population’s Characteristics and Health It is important to note that the teenager or adolescent population includes individuals between the ages of 10 to 19. The adolescent population is unique and complex, which is its social determinants of health are […]
• The Effect of Increased Median Age of Population on the Consumer Behavior Secondly, having no or fewer children allows people to spend more money on their own needs and increase the quality of childcare. Firstly, higher median age leads to more opportunities for people and increased diversity […]
• Health Issues of Vulnerable Population in Bolivia Bolivia presents one of the countries where lack of access to water causes various health issues, especially for the vulnerable population of women and children.
• Sexuality in the Elderly Population The cartoon chosen for the project depicts the physiological, psychological, and social components of sexual development in older adults, demonstrating that they are stigmatized due to their bodily changes and the absence of personal and […]
• Teen Pregnancy as a Population Health Problem The population affected by this health issue is adolescents between the ages of 15 to 19 or even girls at the age of 10.
• Population Control With Abandonment of Specific Children Children with deformities were also considered a threat to the economy, and they would drain the family if the child were sick from the deformation.
• Person-Centered-Care for Vulnerable Population Even though this group has been provided with benefits, the inequalities still matter because they affect the public health outcomes and the quality of medicine in general. In conclusion, the economically-disadvantaged group is still exposed […]
• Early Teen Pregnancy as Population Health Problem First of all, the importance of the health of adolescents and children is due to their role as a reserve of society in all spheres of life of the state.
• Problems of Indigenous Population of America and Canada The author notes trade as one of the areas of development of local communities, which influenced the way of life of the Indians.
• Obesity in Adolescent Hispanic Population According to Kemp, “the percent of Black and Hispanic teens with obesity increased significantly over the past decade, but the prevalence of obesity remained unchanged for non-Hispanic White adolescents and young children, according to data […]
• One-Day Resort in Vietnam: Entry Strategy, Target Population, and Product Description The number of international tourists arriving in the country in 2019 was one of the highest in the Asia Pacific region, and the country’s tourism receipts are set to increase every year until 2020.
• Alcohol-Induced Chronic Pancreatitis: Population Affected, Side Effects, and Treatment The recurrence of acute pancreatitis is linked to the development of chronic pancreatitis, and it is more prevalent in alcoholics who use alcohol often.
• Reduction of Obesity in the Adolescent Hispanic Population According to Kemp, “the percent of Black and Hispanic teens with obesity increased significantly over the past decade, but the prevalence of obesity remained unchanged for non-Hispanic White adolescents and for young children, according to […]
• The Black Population’s Disproportionate Mortality Rates From COVID-19 Due to general inequities in the public health system of the United States, such as a lack of health insurance caused by low income and unemployment, limited access to health care services, and the underrepresentation […]
• Major Depressive Disorder: Individual and Population Perspectives The primary focus of tins research is to illustrate specific environmental influences related to major depressive disorder by implementing the Public Health Exposome Model and, therefore, enhance a better understanding of factors that influence and […]
• Vaccination of Indigenous Population in Queensland The CDC evaluation model is used in the obtaining of the program policies in healthcare and sickness arresting. The engagement of stakeholders is the first step where the Australian Government Department of Health and the […]
• Infertility: Causes, Population Affected, and Treatment Infertility is one of the most common problems these days, and it means that a person does not have a chance to get pregnant for several health issues. The percentage of females suffering from infertility […]
• Chronic Renal Failure Disease: Causes, the Population Affected, and Prognosis In addition, the authors describe the impact of disease on clinical outcomes and the role of middle molecules as significant factors in the onset of pathology. The end stage of kidney damage is the stage […]
• The Issue of Overpopulation and Human Population Growth Control The consequences of overpopulation include the depletion of natural resources and climate change which have hindered the conservation of natural resources such as water and animals.
• The Salmonella Outbreak: Population, Causes, and Disparities In particular, behavioral determinants identify that the greatest chance of infection is present in groups that consume raw eggs and pay insufficient attention to washing them.
• Becoming an Ally of the Queer (LGBT) Population From my point of view, this state of affairs is not appropriate and should be addressed, meaning that I could act as an ally for social justice. This information reveals that allying with the LGBT […]
• Substance Use Disorder in Latino Population This leads to a common belief in the inefficiency of said treatment. The clinic offers a variety of addiction treatment services, and can help with rehabilitation from substance abuse.
• Drug Laws Influnce on Different Population Groups Despite all the dangers of drugs, the fight against them should not worsen the living conditions for the population and aggravate injustice. The fight against drugs also unfairly affects women, especially women of color.
• The Influence of Water Quality on the Population of Salmonid Fish It is expected that populations of wild salmonid fish may decline rapidly due to water pollution instead of farmed species because the effects of water pollution are deleterious.
• Sample Versus Population in Statistics Consequently, sampling can be defined as a method used to select a required sample from the whole population. Furthermore, probability-based methods can be divided into simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
• Aging Population and Its Effect on the US Healthcare However, on the flip side, growth in the number of older adults in relation to the young population would also signify a reduction in the labor force and, consequently, a decline in national income.
• Strategies to Detect Early Hypertension in African American Population of Darby Township Community The 2010 Census data for the community demonstrates that the African-American population of Darby constitutes almost 40% of its total population, and it is the group that is targeted by the current study.
• The COVID-19 Effects on the Sex Worker Population Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions increased discrimination, stigma, economic burden, and repressive policies and excluded sex workers from the global pandemic response.
• Population Health Disparities and Healthcare Access Through the case study scenario established, this paper aims to discuss the variables affecting healthcare access, approaches to reduce healthcare disparities, and interventions to enhance access to healthcare among the global population.
• Population Health and Impact of ZIP Codes The life expectancy of people and the health of the population have geographic differences, which is the reason for the ZIP codes paradigm.
• Vulnerable Population: Community Engagement of African Americans Key characteristics of African Americans include higher levels of poverty, greater risk for poor health status, limited access to health services, and higher rates of morbidity, mortality, and infant death rate. Certain health practices exacerbate […]
• Career Development Program for 30-Year-Old Population At the age of thirty, it might be a challenging task for the individual to decide to change one’s career and face particular risks and concerns regarding a new occupation.
• The New Jim Crow System Related to the Black Population As a matter of fact, Jim Crow, or the Jim Crow system, may be defined as a particular racial caste system that existed in the United States between the 1870s and the middle of the […]
• Growing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Among the Nursing Population The nursing population tends to increase in diversity, prioritizing the need to encourage inclusion and equity. Recruiting nurses should include clarifying the terms of inclusion to engage them in the established environment.
• “Population-Centered Health Care in the Community” by Stanhope There is a multitude of moral and ethical issues to be found in the inadequate provision of health care on community, city, and state levels to the incredibly underserved homeless population within the United States.
• Boreal Woodland Caribou: Reduction in Population The fact that Woodland Caribou is a prey to many predators; this is a threat to its survival given the widespread predation that exists in the forest.
• The Persistent High Rates of Heroin Use Among the Puerto Rican Population in the US’ Article In this article, a quantitative approach would have complemented the qualitative method used in identifying high rates of heroin use among Puerto Ricans.
• Managing the Effective Population Size of the New Zealand Snapper Secondly, the method of statistical analysis was used to compare the DNA test results conducted for the two sets of materials and identify the changes in the genetic characteristics of the populations of the species […]
• Physiologically-Structured Population Models and Their Ordinary Differential Equations Reduction The paper seeks to solve the problem of understanding the conditions under which the individual processes against survival, growth, and fission do the developed equations lead to an honest representation of a cell-based model that […]
• Mathematical Biology: Explaining Population Extinction Species in settings with soft carrying capacities such as those with non-negative value K create a restricted expectation of a variation, given a full past history, is non-positive when the species surpasses the carrying volume.
• Vulnerable Population: HIV-AIDS The latest statistics identify HIV/AIDS as a major medical problem affecting the health sector. The disease currently affects over one million citizens.
• Improving Overall Health of Vulnerable Population Thus, the practicum, which is a holistic in approach to public health, will ensure that Hope House Mission and homeless persons have enhanced capacity to address healthcare needs they experience.
• Population-Focused Assessment and Intervention Furthermore, the assessment revealed that around 70% of women in the shelter do not know much about the health of their children and lack adequate parenting skills.
• Education Plan For an At-Risk Population First of all, the representatives of this population group are more prone to obesity which is one of the major causes of diabetes.
• Polypharmacy Effects on the Geriatric Population The planners have also outlined the stakeholders of the program and their roles in developing the program. The activities of the program are organized in a very clear and logical manner.
• The Population of Frail Elderly The sociological issues that the frail elderly faces are many and they include stress and depression fear of death and even change of behavior and personality disorders.
• Heart Disease: Population Affected- Brooklyn Brooklyn leads in morbidity of heart diseases in comparison to the rest of New York and the United States in general.
• Aging Population Study by Christensen Kaare et al. The descriptive approach in the Aging Population: The Challenges Ahead, the article written by Christensen Kaare et al, systematically and accurately elaborates on life expectancy trends in developed nations.
• The Effects of the Tuskegee Study on the Black Population The study at the center of the present discussion is called “The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis: A Case Study in Peripheral Trauma with Implications for Health Professionals”, and concerns some of the lasting implications […]
• UTI Prevention and Management in Geriatric Population UTI is widely spread among people of elderly age, both female and male, and they appear to be vulnerable to this disease due to a range of factors.
• The Notion of Nutrition in the Context of the Elderly Population in the Slum Dwellings of India The study discussed in the present paper will concern the notion of nutrition in the context of the elderly population in the slum dwellings of India.
• Global Black Population’s Health Needs Analysis Nevertheless, there are many helpful health services designed to help the Black community to address such health issues: Black Emotional and Mental Health: focus on healing, wellness, and liberation of Black people.
• Influenza Preparedness Among Public Housing Residents and Low-income Population This is a presentation about influenza preparedness and response among public housing residents and low-income populations.
• Vulnerable Population: Homelessness In such a way, they will be more prepared to come up with quality personalized approaches to health care for this vulnerable population’s representatives.
• Population Pyramid: The Case of the Republic of Moldova The population pyramid of the country during the year 2000 is as follows ): As it is possible to see, the number of people of child-bearing age and pre-child-rearing age are the majority, promising a […]
• Purnell Model for Chinese Migrant Population The choice of the Chinese sub-group is explained by the presence of Chinese culture in many countries of the world due to the increased immigration rate leading to the demand in transcultural nursing.
• Population Health Problem Assessment Although the percentage is declining in the last ten years, smoking is still a health issue and a significant concern to the citizens of the country.
• Effects of Population Increase on Forest Resources Thus there is a need to control the world population. This is a guide on how one is to conduct the research, collect data and analyze the data.
• World Population Could Peak Decades Ahead of the UN Forecast According to researchers from the United States, in the second half of the 21st century, the number of people on Earth will begin to decline.
• Global Population Growth and Increased Demand for Food He concluded that there are only two sides in the dialogue regarding the issue the followers of optimistic Norman Borlaug, who could be called Wizards, and the fans of more pessimistic William Vogt, the could […]
• Healthcare Agenda for the Geriatric Population Therefore, policies relating to reliable, effective, and efficient health care of the elderly in their physical environment should be formulated. Therefore, governments should formulate and fully implement policies relating to the environment of the geriatric […]
• Suicide Prevention Facts on the Adolescent Population Adolescent suicide and the increasing level of child suicide are painful topics that pose a number of problems and questions for parents and society: What prompts adolescents to take this step? Is it possible to […]
• Heart Disease Among Hispanic and Latino Population Hispanics and Latinos have the highest propensity for heart related diseases in the society. They are at a very high risk of developing diabetes, obesity, and hypertension.
• Policy and Advocacy for Improving Health Population She states that it is always possible to volunteer to participate in policy-making activities and prepare a report on the necessary changes to present to decision-makers.
• Members of the American Population Remain Loyalists Furthermore, the fact that the opponents of Loyalists resorted to brutality and use of violence as the means of getting their point across did not help in convincing the supporters of the Crown that the […]
• Population Growth in Bangladesh and Egypt According to the official statement of the Bangladeshi authorities, the population growth rates have been reduced significantly after the introduction of the pro-choice opportunities and the promotion of family planning as the foundation for childbirth-related […]
• One Can Protect the Entire U.S. Population Without Having to Vaccinate Everyone The vaccinated population will act as a shield of the other section of the population that is not vaccinated. Diseases can cause damage to a population, if measures are not taken, to ensure that the […]
• The Role of Program Development in Maintaining a Healthy Population On this light, the health departments put efforts to understand the state of health in a given population. In this case, 93 percent of the population comprised the males.
• Benefits of Exercises in the Aging Population Balance issues and falls are very frequent in the elderly, and they significantly contribute to the increased rates of institutionalization. This makes Tai Chi an important intervention in enhancing balance and reducing the risk of […]
• Hypothesis Testing of a Single Population 7 is assumed to be the mean of the population and the average sample sales of the selected sales representatives should be equal or close to the population mean.
• Intercultural Communication and Healthcare Delivery: Cranford Population The racial composition of the Cranford population shows that it comprises of different races, which implies that cultural communication is essential in the delivery of healthcare services.
• Moving Upstream to Improve Population Health Down the Road Due to the influence of the environment on the wellbeing of people, the need for devising policies for a sustainable future helps in supporting the vitality and productivity of society.
• Understanding of the Homeless Population The state of focus is Georgia and the County of Fulton. 2 percent of homeless individuals had severe cases of mental illnesses Nearly 34.
• Asthma Among the Japanese Population In a report by Nakazawa in which the author sought to determine the trend of asthma mortality among the Japanese population, emotional stress and fatigue emerged as the leading factors for the causation of asthma.
• Non-Citizen Population Estimates by Age Group and Gender Most of the female population was in the 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 age brackets. Meanwhile, the majority of the male population was found in the 25-29, 30-34 and 35-39 age brackets.
• Education Role in Prompting Effective Population-Wide Health Behaviour Change Despite the efforts exerted by governments, health activists, and other health organizations so as to provide vast education on health matters, limited health behaviour changes have been attained.
• Suicide Among Aboriginal Population The prevention officer’s main role is the wrong approach since it is generic in nature and not tied to the problems of the Aboriginal population.
• Florida Prisons: Location, Population and Current Issue This paper will identify the types and locations of Florida’s prisons with a description of the recent inmate population and an analysis of the issues that currently affect the prison system.
• Arthritis: Treatment and Impact on Population Arthritis is an inflammation of joints that results in pain in the affected joints and eventually, the pain spreads to the rest of the body parts.
• Homeless Persons as Vulnerable Population in the US The nature of homelessness and its link to the resources available, the status of health and related risks can be of great significant to nurses.
• Myth: The Aging Population Is to Blame for Uncontrollable The issue of aging of the population is very critical, especially because it becomes worrisome when the health expenses increase and policymakers left with a dilemma on what to focus on in addressing the situation.
• HIV/AIDS Pandemic Facing the Female Global Population The questions that arise are; what factors are contributing to the prevalence, who are the most affected and what are the actions taken to mitigate the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
• Gay Couples as Vulnerable Population and Self-Awareness The idea of same-sex marriages has developed in America to a legal platform. Cultural beliefs that undermine the role of same-sex parenting have an impact on the efficacy of gay couples as parents.
• Caring for the Community: Identification of a Population to Study This laboratory report aims at discussing the peculiarities of the diagnosed disease management and the ways of how sepsis can be developed in the patient’s organism using the results of X-rays and blood tests.
• Bill Proposal: The Vulnerable Population Although the health care law adds benefits to assist in making the Medicare prescription drug coverage more affordable upon reaching the Medicare Part D coverage gap, vulnerable populations have often fallen into what is commonly […]
• Heart Disease Among Hispanic & Latino Population One of the causes of the rise in the case of heart diseases in Westminster is the literacy rate of the Hispanic/Latinos in the county.
• The Spread of Ebola: Vulnerable Population of Liberia Aileen Mar a Marty has been dispatched to Liberia by the World Health Organization to help in combating the rapid spread of Ebola in some West African countries and in particular Liberia. The onset of […]
• Population Health Driver Diagram: Innovations and Their Use in Nursing The significance and effects of the PHDD was proven in 2012, when the reconsideration of the usage of antibiotics was on the agenda of both healthcare services and the services for public health provision.
• Sample Size (n) and Population Size (N) The formula is as follows: Where: n- Sample size in a study Variance of the population Z2- Variance/Error2 Error2- Square of error
• Diverse Population Needs in Prevention of Adult Falls In order to foster fall prevention, it is advisable for adults to exercise regularly in order to improve leg strength and consequently body balance.
• High Morbidity Rates Among the Elderly Population Are Attributed to Falls This paper will explore the research question that: Does the Use of Psychotropic Medications Increase the Risk of Falls Compared to the Non Use of Psychotropic Medications in the Elderly Population?
• Examination of a Global Population Issue of Russia The country is one of the richest in the world. The country also has the largest forest cover in the world, and the largest fresh water lake.
• Alcoholism Among the Adult Population in Wisconsin Alcohol dependency, which is an offshoot of excessive alcohol consumption, has been noted to lead to behaviours such as child abuse and neglect, poor dietary habits and absenteeism among the adult population in Wisconsin.
• Target Population Selection: Regulating Patient Safety To discuss the process of the target population selection, it is necessary to focus on the selection procedures, sample size, the data collection methods, and on the statistics used to analyze the data in the […]
• Effects of Changes in Population Demographics
• Population Health Issue: Review
• Epidemiological Measures and Determinants of Population Health
• Population Health and Determinants
• Common Myths About Elderly Population
• Estimating Single Population Parameters
• Aging Population in the Western United States
• Population Processes and Their Impact
• Human Papillomavirus and Gardasil for Teenage Population
• Population Increase and Birth Control
• Health Insurance in the USA: A Basic Necessity for the Population
• Race-Based Medicine: Diseases in Different Groups of the Population
• The Impacts of Underinsured Population
• Impact of Uninsured Population Project
• Substance Abuse and America’s Prison Population
• Population Health Initiative: Healthcare and Ambulatory Care
• Nursing – Vulnerable Population
• Bayou Region of Louisiana: Underserved Population Problems
• Reducing Salt Consumption Among the Population
• Insurance Barriers in Mental Health Population
• “The Prevalence of Paraphilic Interests and Behaviors in the General Population” by Joyal and Carpentier
• “Impact of Whole-Body MRI in a General Population Study” by Schmidt
• Breast Cancer: At-Risk Population, Barriers, and Improvement
• Vulnerable Population: Elderly With Dementia
• Indigenous and Torres Strait Population and Diabetes
• Immunization of the Wildlife Population Against Rabies
• Disparities in Healthcare Population Related to the Geriatric Population
• Poverty: Causes and Effects on the Population and Country
• Achieving the Dream Program for Student Population
• The Jewish People: Culture and Population
• Transnational Population of Tamils in Sri Lanka
• ‘The Tide of Population’ by Ehrlich and ‘Too Many Mouths to Feed’ by Lappe
• Population Growth in Qatar
• Background Information on Population Census in the USA
• Impact of Uninsured in Rural Population
• ”American Holocaust” by David E. Stannard and the Destruction of the Indigenous Population
• Urban Population and Environment
• India’s Population Care and Composition
• Population Grows And Environment
• Human Population Ecology: Human Interaction With the Environment
• Population Growth and World Hunger Links
• Individuals and Families in a Diverse Society: Ageing Population
• Aging Population of the World as a Healthcare Issue
• Care Coordination for Aging Population in the Clinical Setting
• Genes, Lifestyle, and Environment in Health of Population
• Dementia in Elderly Population
• Primary Prevention for the Aging Population
• Chinese Population’s Lifestyle and Diseases
• How Vaccine Refusal Influences the Health of the U.S. Population
• Climate Change Effects on Population Health
• Understanding of Viral Marketing Effectiveness and Population Marketing
• Aging Population Impact on the Labor Market
• Human Population Growth and Carrying Capacity
• Election Campaign Promises and Population Benefits
• Native American Population and Federal Policies
• “Population & Environment” in Mazur’s Feminist Approach
• Baby Boomer Population Impact on Health Care
• The UAE Population: Xenical and Weight Loss
• Vulnerable Population in Biopsychosocial Assessment
• Hypothesis Testing for Single Population
• Health Service for Australian Indigenous Population
• Health Care for Disabled Population in the US
• Positive Psychology to Understand the Elderly Population
• Population Health Promotion in Spartanburg
• Australian Population Growth and Forecast for 2020
• Population Health and Education in the USA
• China and India Population: Causes, Impact and Management
• Wolf Population’s Restoration in Adirondack Park
• Community Health and Population-Focused Nursing
• Population Dynamics and Increase Reasons
• Aging Population Issues in American Prison System
• Berlin as a Home for Culturally Diverse Population
• Obesity in the US Population
• Population Growth Control and Malthus’ View on It
• Film Theory: Impact on Modern Population
• Population Literacy Skills in Arab Countries
• Literacy of Population in Arab Countries
• Medicine: HIV/AIDS as the Key Threat for the Kenyan Population
• Canadian Healthcare Spending on Aging Population
• Global Population Increasing and Control
• Population Growth and the Associated Concerns
• Healthcare Issues of Elderly Population
• Elderly Population Loneliness Problem
• The Homeless Population Reducing
• Poor Children as a Vulnerable Population
• Vulnerable Population in Laurel
• The Implication of Population Demographics on Businesses
• Human Population Growing Major Issues
• Impact of Aging Population on the US Economy
• Role of Civilian Population in World War I
• Government Issues: The Population Rate Reduction
• Muslims Increase and the Spread of Islam
• Effects of Population Density and Noise
• Population Increase Problem
• Minority Population at Risk: Homelessness
• Comparing the Population Growth of India and the United States
• Descriptive Method Design – Sample Population
• Effects of Ageing Population as Driving Force
• Latino Population: Heterogeneity, Migration, Acculturation and Health
• Healthcare in Saudi Arabia and the High Population Growth Rate
• Problems of Population Growth in China
• Public Health in Culturally Diverse Population
• Social Perspectives in Population Health
• Population Growth Control
• Population Ageing in Canada
• Relationship Between Japanese Population in the US and Illegal Immigrants
• Supporting of Marijuana Legalization Among the Adult Population
• Social Media Amongst the Student Population
• Review of Journal: China’s Floating Population
• Aging Population in Singapore
• Macroeconomic Policy About Population Growth
• Valid and Invalid Application of BDI in a Population
• The Effects of Population Density and Noise
• Definition of Alcohol Misuse (Alcohol Abuse and Addiction) in Youth Population Age 18-29
• United States Population Growth
• Socio-Economic Benefits of Immigrant Population in the US and Canada
• Population Pyramids: UK, Indonesia, and Ethiopia
• Problems in Elderly Population in Modern World
• The Planning Action to Bring Water to the Town Population
• Discrimination of Certain Categories of the Population
• Exponential Population Growth: It Is a Small World, After All
• The Negative Effects of the Rapid Increase in Human Population in the World
• Population Growth and the Distribution of Human Populations to Effects on the Environment
• Human Population and Global Resources
• The Hispanic Population in the United States
• Population Health Assessment: The African Americans in Brooklyn
• Population Demographics: Hungary
• Ageing Population Will Affect Countries in the Future
• Reasons Why the Black Women Population Did Not Consider Themselves a Part of the Ongoing Feminist Movements
• Jonathan Kozol: America’s Poor Population in “Amazing Grace”
• Environmental Controversy: Population Growth and Soil Fertility
• Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease Among Older Population
• Effects of Population Density
• Fluoride and Mercury – The Dumbing Down of Our Population
• The St. Croix Chippewa Ojibwa Indians and the Somali Population
• The Worrying Population Statistics
• The Rapid Population Growth Causes and Effect
• Causes of Technological and Economic Growth in Ester Boserup & Lewis Mumford Views
• Global Population Issues and Population in the UAE
• How Many Types of Population Are There?
• What Is the Full Population of Earth?
• How Does Population Impact Economic Development?
• How Does Population Affect the Economy?
• How Does Population Growth Affect the Quality of Life?
• What Are the Types of Population?
• Is the Human Population Decreasing?
• What Is Population Based On?
• How Do You Determine Population?
• What Is True Population Effect?
• What Causes High Population?
• What Are the Things That Increase a Population?
• What Will Happen if Increase in Population?
• Why Do We Sample the Population?
• What Are Population Made Of?
• What Are the Benefits of Population?
• How Do You Control a Population?
• How Can the Population Growth Be Reduce?
• What Factors Decrease Population?
• What Is the Difference Between the Sample and Population?
• What Are the Main Problems of Population?
• Why Is Population Growth Important?
• How Does Population Affect the Environment?
• How Does Population Growth Affect Natural Resources?
• Does Population Affect Climate?
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IvyPanda . 2024. "373 Population Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/population-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "373 Population Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/population-essay-topics/.

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IvyPanda . "373 Population Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." March 2, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/population-essay-topics/.

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