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The objective of the Department of Applied Mathematics is to foster researchers in various fields of applied mathematics who possess creative research capabilities, advanced knowledge in mathematics closely related to scientific technology, and the ability to apply such knowledge based on logical thinking.

List of Research Areas and Faculty Members

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Major	Name	Title	Research Area
Statistical Science		Professor	Multivariate Analysis
		Professor	Mathematical Statistics
	Professor	Applied Statistics
		Professor	Applied Statistics
		Professor	Mathematical Statistics
	Associate Professor	Applied Statistics
Computational Mathematics		Professor	Numerical Analysis
		Associate Professor	Applied Nonlinear Analysis
		Associate Professor	Numerical Optimization
Information Mathematics		Professor	Discrete Mathematics
		Professor	Computer Algebra
		Professor	Information Mathematics
		Professor	Natural Language Processing
		Junior Associate Professor	Combinatorial Optimization, Algorithm Design
		Associate Professor	Functional Analysis
		Associate Professor	Computer Algebra

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Graduate - Division of Economics - Department of Statistics

Graduate school of arts and sciences, school of engineering, center for spatial information science.

The need for data analysis has dramatically increased in recent years as the phenomenal growth of computer technology and communication networks has set off an explosion of information in our society. Statistics is about the general methods for analyzing numerical information. The main aim of this department is to train professional statisticians who investigate the mathematical foundations of statistical methods. It also helps students in other fields to master the basic tools of statistics and econometrics and enables them to conduct empirically orientated research.

(Alphabetical Order)

Name	Position	Research Themes
	Assistant Professor	Mathematical statistics, Time series analysis
	Associate Professor	Bayesian analysis
	Professor	Mathematical Statistics
	Professor	Econometrics, Experimental Economics
	Professor	Econometrics, Bayesian analysis, Stochastic Volatility model
	Professor	Econometrics, Statistics

Name	Position	Research Themes
	Associate Professor	high-dimensional statistics, deep learning theory, statistical learning theory
KURATA, Hiroshi	Professor	Statistics

Name	Position	Research Themes

Name	Position	Research Themes
	Associate Professor	Statistical Science, Econometrics, Statistical Machine Learning

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Basic Course Faculty

Department	Professor	Associate Professor	Assistant Professor	Research Associate	Research Assistant	Total
Computer Science	5	4	0	4	0	13
Mathematical Informatics	8	7	0	5	0	20
Information Physics & Computing	5	2	4	6	0	17
Information & Communication Engineering	6	2	2	2	0	12
Mechano-Informatics	6	4	2	7	0	19
Creative Informatics	6	6	0	1	0	13
Total	36	25	8	25	0	94

Affiliated Course Faculty

Department	Cooperative Prof. Chairs	Visiting Prof. Chairs	Specially Appointed	Other Teaching Staff*	Total
Computer Science	9	1	2	3	15
Mathematical Informatics	0	2	9	12	23
Information Physics & Computing	3	0	3	5	11
Information & Communication Engineering	9	0	0	8	17
Mechano-Informatics	2	0	10	5	17
Creative Informatics	0	0	8	3	11
Total	23	3	32	36	94

Number of Students

Department	Master's Program			Doctoral Program				Grand Total
	1st grade	2nd grade	total	1st grade	2nd grade	3rd grade	total
Computer Science	40	45	85	15	14	27	56	141
students from abroad	4	14	18	9	5	14	28	46
students from other universities	12	15	27	6	3	10	19	46
Mathematical Informatics	32	37	69	10	10	13	33	102
students from abroad	1	4	5	3	2	1	6	11
students from other universities	6	7	13	2	2	2	6	19
Information Physics & Computing	43	45	88	12	10	9	31	119
students from abroad	8	7	15	1	5	0	6	21
students from other universities	18	12	30	1	4	2	7	37
Information & Communication Engineering	58	66	124	18	20	47	85	209
students from abroad	17	16	33	9	14	20	43	76
students from other universities	22	19	41	5	7	19	31	72
Mechano-Informatics	54	68	122	25	19	35	79	201
students from abroad	7	14	21	11	9	15	35	56
students from other universities	10	11	21	4	3	14	21	42
Creative Informatics	41	50	91	15	12	28	55	146
students from abroad	17	20	37	10	7	10	27	64
students from other universities	26	33	59	6	3	9	18	77
Total	268	311	579	95	85	159	339	918
students from abroad	54	75	129	43	42	60	145	274
students from other universities	94	97	191	24	22	56	102	293

Number of Newly Enrolled Students

Department	2022 October Intake and 2023 April Intake		2023 October Intake and 2024 April Intake
	Master's Program	Doctoral Program	Master's Program	Doctoral Program
Computer Science	40	15	40	15
Mathematical Informatics	36	11	32	10
Information Physics & Computing	43	11	43	12
Information & Communication Engineering	60	20	58	18
Mechano-Informatics	61	19	54	25
Creative Informatics	41	12	42	15
Total	281	88	269	95

Degrees Granted

Department	2022		2023
	master's degree	doctor's degree	master's degree	doctor's degree
Computer Science	43	3	45	6
Mathematical Informatics	31	9	33	9
Information Physics & Computing	39	6	37	7
Information & Communication Engineering	61	19	63	14
Mechano-Informatics	54	9	48	9
Creative Informatics	42	8	34	4
Total	270	54	260	49

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• Study in Kobe

Graduate School Admissions - Doctoral programmes

In order to enter Degree programs, students have to take and pass the entrance examinations and an interview conducted by Kobe University. Following are the general information on eligibility, selection method, and admission information for each Graduate School.

Eligibility

Applicants must be foreign nationals who do not hold Japanese nationality and have successfully completed 16 years of school education or the equivalent. Those who are expected to graduate by March 31 of the year they are entering are also eligible.

• For detailed information on each Graduate School’s eligibility requirements, please refer to each School’s website.

Selection Method

Students are selected by academic records and the result of the paper based and oral examinations conducted by each Graduate School. The types of examinations vary according to each Graduate School.

• Many international students choose to enter Kobe University as a Research Student non-degree seeking student conduct research while improving their Japanese language ability for about 1 year, and then move on to a degree-seeking program after passing the entrance examination.

How to Apply

1. find your future supervisor.

Graduate Schools either do or do not require students Graduate School, but it is always better to decide the faculty member by whom you wish to be supervised, considering your own research topic. Check the information about the faculty members at Master’s Programs and Doctoral Programs and contact the faculty member directly.

How to find the future academic supervisor?

• Make use of our Directory of Researchers in Kobe University .
• When contact information is not available on the website of Graduate School, contact the Student Affairs Section of relevant Graduate School .

2. Obtain Application Information and Application Forms

When to request.

Application information is usually available on the Graduate School website and also on the website of Japan Study Support. However in order to apply, applicants have to obtain the original application forms. Each Graduate School distributes application forms at certain period usually once a year or twice a year.

Where and How to request

Applicants can obtain application forms either by visiting the office of each Graduate School directly or requesting by post. When requesting by post, be sure to enclose a return envelop with the necessary stamp attached to the Student Affairs Section of respective Graduate School.

• The return envelop should be a size that can enclose an A4-size Legal size without folding the forms.
• Please attach the necessary amount of stamp to the return envelop.
• For detailed information, please check the website of the relevant Graduate School.

When to apply

Each Graduate School has certain application period usually once a year or twice a year.

Where and how to apply

Send the Student Affairs Section of respective Graduate School the necessary application materials by post. Must reach by the deadline, late arrival would not be considered for admission.

• Students who have different educational background than that of shown on page 59 need to be pre-assessed before application. Please inquire Student Affairs Section of respective Graduate School for detailed information.

4. Take the Examination

Each Graduate School has its own examination schedule. All examinations are conducted at Kobe University. Applicants should make arrangement to come to Kobe at this time.

5. Acceptance

How to find out the result.

In early March, applicants will receive an admission notice and other information by post if they passed the examination. Applicants who failed the examination will not receive the notice. If accepted, applicants must make the payment of admission fee by bank transfer, and submit the necessary documents.

6. Prepare for Coming to Japan

Prepare passport and visa (when applicants reside overseas).

In order to enter Japan, international students must have a passport and a “College Student Visa”. Please refer to “Procedure for Entering Japan” for details on how to apply for the visa.

Secure Accommodation

There are University housings and other accommodation that students can apply for through the university, but these rooms are limited. Please use the “Kobe University Student Apartment Search System” to look for private apartment. This system has been established with Nasic National Student Information Center for Kobe University international students. Students can also use this search system to reserve an apartment from overseas. It is available in 4 languages (Japanese, English, Chinese, and Korean) and will also support students with lease agreement. For more information please refer to “Housing information”.

Students can also search apartment through Kobe University Co-op Service Center after arrival in Kobe.

Reserve an airplane ticket and purchase a traveler’s insurance. (Recommended but optional) (when applicants resides overseas)

7. after arriving in japan, come to kobe university during the designated period to complete the necessary entrance procedures., participate in new student orientation, classes begin, make payment of tuition fees, for more information.

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67 Best universities for Data Science in Japan

Updated: February 29, 2024

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Below is a list of best universities in Japan ranked based on their research performance in Data Science. A graph of 316K citations received by 16.5K academic papers made by 67 universities in Japan was used to calculate publications' ratings, which then were adjusted for release dates and added to final scores.

We don't distinguish between undergraduate and graduate programs nor do we adjust for current majors offered. You can find information about granted degrees on a university page but always double-check with the university website.

1. University of Tokyo

For Data Science

2. Kyoto University

3. Osaka University

4. Kyushu University

5. Tokyo Institute of Technology

6. Nagoya University

7. Keio University

8. Hokkaido University

9. University of Tsukuba

10. Tohoku University

11. Nara Institute of Science and Technology

12. Waseda University

13. Kobe University

14. University of Aizu

15. Tokyo University of Science

16. Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

17. Osaka Prefecture University

18. Kumamoto University

19. Chiba University

20. Hiroshima University

21. Okayama University

22. Hosei University

23. Shizuoka University

24. Yokohama National University

25. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology

26. Maebashi Institute of Technology

27. ritsumeikan university.

28. Muroran Institute of Technology

29. Niigata University

30. Graduate University for Advanced Studies

31. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST)

32. Tokyo Metropolitan University

33. University of Electro-Communications

34. Kyushu Institute of Technology

35. University of Hyogo

36. Tokai University

37. Shimane University

38. University of Tokushima

39. Iwate Prefectural University

40. Kwansei Gakuin University

41. Meiji University

42. Mie University

43. Kansai University

44. Kanazawa University

45. Nagasaki University

46. Kindai University

47. Yamaguchi University

48. Chuo University

49. Toyohashi University of Technology

50. Hitotsubashi University

51. Tokyo University of Information Sciences

52. doshisha university.

53. Nagoya Institute of Technology

54. Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics

55. Shiga University

56. Tokyo Medical and Dental University

57. Nihon University

58. Aoyama Gakuin University

59. Yokohama City University

60. Hiroshima City University

61. Toyo University

62. Tokyo Denki University

63. Chiba Institute of Technology

64. Ochanomizu University

65. Fukuoka Institute of Technology

66. Tokyo Gakugei University

67. Daiichi University of Pharmacy

The best cities to study Data Science in Japan based on the number of universities and their ranks are Tokyo , Kyoto , Suita , and Fukuoka .

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The Ultimate Guide to Studying in Japan in 2024

Browse all phd programmes in japan.

• Apr-Feb Academic Year
• 8 Listed Institutes
• 121 Ranked Universities
• 203,000 Int. Students
• Unavailable Students
• 125,700,000 Population

Why study in Japan

Also known as the Land of the Rising Sun, Japan boasts a long-standing tradition of academic excellence that, together with its truly fascinating and unique culture, makes it the perfect destination for students worldwide searching to study abroad . With the country's safe, clean, and well-organised, you can easily understand why a quarter of a million students from over 170 countries choose to study in Japan. 

If you're looking to study at a university in Japan , you will find many diverse study programmes, known for their research and technology advancements.

Indeed, thanks to its strong emphasis on rigorous academic standards and deep respect for learning, many consider Japan among the best places to study in Asia. According to international rankings , several Japanese universities consistently rank among the best in the world, with top academic excellence, research output, and student satisfaction scores. For example, the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University are in the Top 100 in THE, QS, and Shanghai Rankings.   

Why choose Japan for study

1. Japan has relatively low tuition fees compared to other developed countries.  

2. The exciting mix of ages-old traditions and cutting-edge technology  

As a country that values its past and future, Japan offers a unique blend of cultural heritage and technological innovation. Students can explore ancient temples and shrines, learn about traditional art forms like kabuki and ukiyo-e, and experience the latest technological advancements in robotics, AI, and biotechnology. This combo makes Japan a fascinating study destination for international students.  

3. Japan offers a wealth of job opportunities in the tech sector.  

4. Japan is known for its punctuality, cleanliness, and adherence to rules.  

With efficient transportation systems, well-maintained facilities, and strict adherence to rules and regulations, students can focus on their studies without worrying about daily life's practicalities. This aspect of Japanese culture can also teach students valuable lessons in discipline and responsibility. 

Culture in Japan

Japanese culture is unique in the world: a fascinating mix of pop culture (think about manga and anime) and Zen Buddhism (think about the many temples and peaceful lifestyle). Having limited contact with the outside world, given its location on an island, contributed to the strong cultural identity that is so famous around the world. 

Tradition is very important in Japan, and many customs and practices have been passed down for generations. Zen Buddhism is widely practised in the country and has a significant influence on Japanese culture, emphasising simplicity, mindfulness, and self-discipline. Closely related to this are aesthetics which are highly valued by Japanese people: the focus is also on simplicity and harmony, seeking beauty in all aspects of life, from art and design to food and clothing. 

At the same time, Japan is famous for its pop culture, which includes anime (animated TV shows and movies), manga (Japanese comic books), and video games. Fans worldwide enjoy the unique art styles, storylines, and characters. The popularity of Japanese pop culture has also led to the development of a subculture known as otaku, which refers to people passionate about anime, manga, and other forms of Japanese entertainment. This subculture has a significant presence in Japan and has also gained a following in other countries worldwide. 

Languages spoken in Japan

Japanese is the official language of the country, a complex language with a unique writing system, and the vast majority of people speak only Japanese in their daily lives. However, English is taught as a second language in most schools, so many people can understand basic English.  

There are also a few minority languages spoken in the country, such as Ainu spoken by the indigenous Ainu population from Hokkaido island, Ryukyuan spoken on Ryukyuan islands, Chinese, Korean, and Portuguese.  

Climate and weather in Japan

Japan has a temperate climate with four seasons. Because of its geography, the country also witnesses some extreme weather conditions such as typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Springs are warm in Japan and famous for breathtaking cherry blossoms; summers are hot and humid with occasional typhoons; weather starts cooling down in autumn, and you can expect snow during wintertime. 

Cultural diversity in Japan

Almost all of the people in Japan are Japanese (98.5%). While the country doesn’t have a lot of international diversity, it does boast rich regional cultures. Each part of Japan has its own unique customs, dialects, and traditions. For example, food, festivals, and clothing differ greatly from Kyoto in the south to Hokkaido in the north. Moreover, there are quite a few indigenous cultures in Japan, including the Ainu sea-people of Hokkaido and the Ryukyu people, who live on a group of smaller islands south of the main Japanese island.  

Japan is the best place to study if you are looking for a completely new experience alongside people from a culture quite different from what you may be used to.  

Japanese food culture

Food in Japan is a big part of the country’s cultural identity and reflects the Japanese way of life. Many Japanese dishes include fish and rice, using seasonal and healthy ingredients, taking simplicity to a level of perfection, eating consciously and with respect and gratitude for the gifts of nature, and eating as a ritual of connecting with other people.  

In fact, the Japanese promote a fifth taste (alongside sweet, sour, bitter, and salty), and they call it umami. In Japanese, umami means “essence of deliciousness.” In more practical terms, umami is the taste of an amino acid called glutamate which can be found in proteins and is experienced as a deep flavour in foods like cured meats, salmon, tomatoes, mushrooms, aged cheeses salmon, steak, anchovies, green tea, and more.  

Japanese cuisine perfected a few dishes which, in later years, became quite famous around the world: 

• Sushi: typically consists of vinegared rice topped with various ingredients, such as raw fish, seafood, or vegetables. Most of the time, it’s served with soy sauce, wasabi (a spicy green paste), and pickled ginger.  
• Miso soup: a dish always present in a typical Japanese meal. The soup is made with miso (a fermented soybean paste), dashi (a broth made from fish and kelp - important in Japanese cuisine), and various other ingredients like tofu, seaweed, scallions, and mushrooms. Miso is often part of a healthy Japanese breakfast. 
• Noodles: There are three types of popular noodles in Japan – Udon (thick, chewy noodles), Soba (thin, brown noodles with a nutty flavour), and Ramen (thin, curly noodles).  
• Rice: a simple ingredient that opens up a world of possibilities in Japan. You can make sekihan if you cook it with red beans, takikomi gohan if it’s cooked with seafood and vegetables, kayu which is a type of salty porridge used as a cold remedy, or onigiri which are rice balls with seafood or vegetables in the middle. You can also make mochi (rice cakes), senbei (rice crackers), and sake (rice wine). And, of course, rice is in all types of sushi.  
• Seafood and meats: seafood dishes are abundant in Japan, either raw or cooked, and in a much higher proportion than in other food cultures. Meat, on the other hand, was banned up until the 1870s and only recently became popular.  
• Soy products: soy products are a staple of Japanese food culture, and they are used in a wide variety of dishes, such as tofu, miso, soy sauce, natto, and edamame.  

One of the best places to enjoy food in Japan is Osaka. The city is renowned for its delightful casual cuisine and friendly locals, with a reputation for tasty snacks like takoyaki (a small and crispy ball-shaped snack made of flour and eggs, filled with small pieces of octopus, pickled ginger, and green onion and cooked in special moulds)  and okonomiyaki (a type of savoury pancake made with a batter of flour, eggs, and shredded cabbage, mixed with other ingredients such as meat, seafood, or vegetables). 

How to choose a university in Japan?

As an international student, the first thing you need is to understand what are the different types of higher education institutions available in Japan: 

• Universities can be national, public, and private and offer undergraduate degrees, which usually take 4 years to complete (except for Medicine, Pharmacy, and Veterinary Medicine which require 6 years).  
• Junior colleges focus on areas such as Economics, Education, Nursing, Humanities, and Sociology and can take only 2 or 3 years to complete.  
• Specialised/professional training colleges provide vocational and technology-related education and usually take 1 or 2 years to complete. 
• Colleges of technology offer courses in Engineering, Merchant shipping, and other related fields of study and take 5 years to complete.  
• Graduate schools offer Master's and Doctoral degrees.  

In addition, higher education institutions in Japan can be classified as national, public, and private, depending on how they were founded and who governs them. National universities are held in highest regard in Japan, especially the “National Seven Universities,” also known as the Imperial Universities, where admission is highly competitive. 

Deciding where you want to study is eventually a deeply personal choice, but you can start by considering a few factors first such as location, necessary budget, language requirements . To make things simpler for you, we made this Choosing a university checklist:  

1. Decide what’s the purpose of your studies in Japan (because that affects what institution you have to choose): 

a. To learn the language: in this case, you don’t need to apply to a university but a language school. 

b. To study any other subject than the Japanese language but in Japanese and then find a job in Japan: in this situation, you should start with the language school, and once you graduate, you can continue to university.  

c. To study any subject in English and leave Japan once you finish your studies: in this case, you must find programmes that are taught in English.

2. Consider the type of environment you want to be in:  

• A big city with vibrant social life, a dense population, modern architecture and technological advancements, as well as many large corporations where you could work. 
• A more traditional city with picturesque views, more nature, and a quieter way of living. 

3. Read student reviews to learn how other students feel at that university. If you access a programme of study on our portal , you can read tens of student reviews for each study programme. And if you're still in doubt, try chatting with students currently studying at universities you are interested in.  

4. Research how well a university performs in your particular field of study by checking QS Subject Rankings and THE World University Rankings by subject .

What are the best universities in Japan 

Highly respected for their quality of education and research, 49 Japanese universities feature in the most important World Rankings. Here are the top 5 universities in Japan: 

• The University of Tokyo has a declared focus on supporting international students, The University of Tokyo (also known as Todai or UTokyo) is considered the most prestigious university in Japan and the hardest to get into. Since 2021, the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research at the university has been working on the "Hyper-Kamiokande" device. This device is meant for a groundbreaking international research project that will start in 2027. 
• Kyoto University is the second oldest university in Japan. It has a prestigious reputation as one of Asia's top research-focused institutions and is ranked highly in the region. Notably, the university has produced many renowned scholars, including eight Nobel Prize winners, two Fields medalists, and one Gauss Prize recipient. 
• Tohoku University is committed to community engagement and is actively involved in the Tohoku region's social and economic development. The university is also home to several world-class research centres, including the Institute of Materials Research and the Research Institute of Electrical Communication. 
• Osaka University is among the first modern universities in Japan and became the largest national university after merging with Osaka University of Foreign Studies in 2007. Osaka University produced a lot of highly quality research, being home to many distinguished scholars and scientists.  
• Nagoya University started as a medical school and hospital in 1871 and today is known for its contributions to Physics and Chemistry, including the Sakata model, PMNS matrix, Okazaki fragment, Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation, and Blue LED. The university hosted the International Symposium on Innovative Nanobiodevices in 2012 and is a UN champion university for gender equality . 

What are the top student hubs in Japan? (H3) 

• Tokyo started off a few centuries ago as Edo, a fishing village, but grew to become the capital of Japan and the most densely populated city. Apart from several prestigious universities, including the University of Tokyo, Waseda University, and Keio University, you’ll also find the Emperor and the Government of Japan here. While home to 14 million, Tokyo is also very safe, ranking the safest city in the world in some indexes.  
• Kyoto is the ancient capital of Japan and its cultural capital today. So if you want to fully experience Japanese traditional arts and culture and explore its natural beauty through numerous parks and gardens, then Kyoto is a perfect choice. Home to numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites, including Buddhist temples, shrines, imperial palaces, Kyoto is also known for its traditional tea houses, geisha quarters, Japanese calligraphy, and origami - the art of paper folding.  
• Osaka . We talked about the current capital of Japan, Tokyo, and its ancient and cultural capital, Kyoto. Well, Osaka is Japan’s capital of food where you can enjoy some of the best food in Japan, especially street food. What’s more, Osaka is also famous for its lively and outgoing people who make the experience of eating out and trying all the delicious foods hard to forget. As a student, especially an international one, is hard not to love this atmosphere and want to spend every day here. And there are many students in Osaka attending several very good universities, of which Osaka University , Osaka City University , and Osaka Metropolitan University are the most noteworthy according to international rankings .  
• Sendai , “the city of trees,” is the perfect place if you want to study at one the best universities in Japan - Tohoku University - and enjoy outdoor sports and activities in your spare time.  The city was founded by a powerful samurai and feudal lord, and today features a lot of samurai history while being a modern-looking city: it sits between the ocean on one side and mountains on the other,  so you can fully enjoy what nature has to offer.  
• Sapporo . A great place for beer lovers who want to study at Hokkaido University , the 7th best university in Japan. The university’s campus is quite unique because it measures approximately 180 hectares, and it’s located in the heart of Sapporo, a city with a population of only two million people. Buildings cover only 12% of the campus, while the rest is open space with farms, forests, creeks, and pathways. As an extra, Sapporo is the birthplace of Sapporo beer, one of the oldest and most popular beer brands in Japan. And if you want to do more than drink it, you can visit the Sapporo Beer Museum.

Tuition Fees in Japan

The local currency in Japan is YEN so all prices you’ll encounter will be in YEN. However, to make it easier for you, we’ve calculated the approximate equivalent in Euros so you can get a better idea of what to expect. 1 Euro is approximately 144 YEN. 

Tuition fees for international students also differ according to the institution's type, which can be classified into national, public, and private. Private institutions outnumber the others, with 620 private universities, 295 private junior colleges, 101 public universities, 14 public junior colleges, and 86 national universities.  

On average, tuition fees in Japan for international students range between 4,000 EUR and 9,000 EUR per year. However, you can also find cheaper programmes at around 1,000 EUR per year or considerably more expensive ones at approximately 30,000 EUR per year.  

There are low tuition fee universities in Japan that offer Master’s degrees as low as 200 EUR per year, while elsewhere, price can go all the way to over 40,000 EUR per year. However, most programmes are in the range of 3,000 – 4,000 EUR per year. As for doctorate programmes, tuition fees for international students are between 3,000 and 5,000 EUR per year.  

Based on the type of universities, the average tuition costs are around 5,700 EUR for national universities, 6,500 EUR for public universities, and approximately 7,700 EUR for private universities. 

As you can see, tuition fees for international students in Japan are considerably lower than those in countries like the USA or the UK. In addition, students can benefit from a tuition fee waiver or even an exemption from paying tuition fees. This can apply to outstanding Bachelor’s or Master’s students who are in financial difficulties and can’t afford to pay tuition or to those who cannot pay because of unavoidable circumstances.  

>>> Use the ‘Tuition fee’ filter on the left menu of our Bachelor’s , Master’s or PhD search pages to find the programme best suited for your budget. You can also sort the list of available programmes by Lowest tuition fee by clicking the top right Sort button. 

Can I study in Japan for free?

Education is not free in Japan for international students, but you may qualify for a scholarship or grant covering your tuition costs.  

Several scholarships are available for international students, including the Japanese Government (MEXT) Scholarship, which covers tuition fees and living expenses, and the JASSO Scholarship, which provides financial assistance to students with financial needs. In addition, many universities also offer scholarships and tuition fee waivers for international students based on academic achievements or financial needs. 

Nevertheless, you should consider other expenses such as accommodation, transportation, and health insurance. 

Financial Aid and Scholarships in Japan

Only a few scholarships in Japan cover the entire cost of studying. At the same time, the majority only aim to cover a portion of the tuition fees and living expenses. This means it’s important to calculate the entire cost of your studies abroad well ahead of time and see how much financial help you need to afford it. 

You can apply to some financial aid opportunities both before and after starting your studies, while for others, you can only apply after you come to Japan or after the start of your programme.  

Types of scholarships on offer

There are four types of scholarships available to international students in Japan: 

• Monbukagakusho Scholarship for International Students addresses students with exceptional academic performance and character, who face financial difficulties. You can apply for this scholarship through your school after enrollment. The grant is open to undergraduate and postgraduate students (both Masters and PhDs). 
• Student Exchange Support Program (Scholarship for Study in Japan under Agreement) covers only exchange programmes between Japanese universities and universities in countries with which Japan established diplomatic relations. An exchange, however, means that while you are enrolled at a university in your home country, you can come to study in Japan for a determined period of time out of your full study programme.   
• Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho MEXT) Scholarship is offered by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and there are two paths to apply for it: with a recommendation from a Japanese embassy or a recommendation from a Japanese university. Postgraduate students and students training to become teachers can receive up to 1,000 EUR per month, undergraduate students approximately 800 EUR per month, and students who fit in the Young Leaders category (students coming from another Asian country, studying in one of the following areas: Public Administration Course, Business Course, Law Course, Local Administration Course, or Medical Administration Course) approximately 1,600 EUR per month.  
• Scholarships from Local Governments, International Exchange Organizations, etc. According to JASSO (Japan Student Services Organization), there are currently 123 scholarships for doctoral students, 134 for Master’s students, 104 for undergraduate students, 10 for students enrolled in a professional degree programme, 24 for students in technical colleges, 20 for those in specialised training colleges, and 36 from junior colleges. Of course, because several organisations are offering this type of scholarship, the application requirements and selection procedures differ from one organisation to another.  
• School Scholarships and Tuition Fee Waivers. Luckily, many higher education institutions in Japan provide scholarships and tuition fee waivers for international students. While the most accurate data about fee waivers is on the university’s page, JASSO provides a search page where you can check if your university offers any fee reductions.

Where can you find scholarships

An excellent starting point when trying to figure out where to apply for scholarships is the Mastersportal scholarship search .  

Other credible sources with up-to-date information about scholarships and financial aid: 

• Studyportals Scholarship – International Distinction Award, open to all international students – see FAQ about the award here. 
• JASSO (Japan Student Services Association) , where you can find a lot of helpful information about financial support, grants, and scholarships for international students in Japan. 
• Your preferred university's official website. They will likely award scholarships themselves or recommend partner organisations where to apply for financial aid. You can also check a database of all university scholarships and tuition fee waivers on JASSO’s website.   

How to apply

Once you’ve researched and shortlisted the scholarships you want to apply to, it’s time to get going with the actual application. Applying for a foreign university scholarship may be intimidating, but if you follow these steps, it won’t be that hard: 

• Check the eligibility criteria: ensure you meet all the requirements, including academic achievements, nationality, age, field of study, and more. Applying for a bursary or a university grant may have different rules from applying for a scholarship. 
• Gather the required documents: all financial aid providers have a how-to-apply for university funding or scholarship page. This is the place to find and check what documents you need, things like transcripts, a motivation letter for applying to the scholarship, and recommendation letters. 
• Complete the application: pay attention as you fill out the scholarship application form to ensure you include all required information. 
• Submit the application, a very important step: take a deep breath and click submit! 
• Screening process: for some scholarships, like the Japanese Government (MEXT) Scholarship, you will also have to take some tests in areas such as English and Japanese, as well as in your area of study. Moreover, an interview is very likely to follow. See our advice on how to do well in a scholarship interview.  
• Accept the scholarship: the best part! If you are selected, read through the terms and conditions and accept the scholarship offer if you are happy with the terms. 

What to include in your application 

The specific requirements for a scholarship application will vary depending on the type of financial aid or scholarship and the program you are applying to. However, a scholarship application will always ask you to explain why you are applying for financial aid and how it will help you achieve your academic and career goals. This is usually done in a motivation letter or a request letter for your scholarship application, and it is the most important element of your application. That’s why it’s essential to Learn how to write a motivation letter for your scholarship .  

Other information to include in your application will likely be: 

• Personal information 
• Academic background, such as your academic transcripts, degrees, and certificates 
• Letters of recommendation, typically provided by teachers, professors, or employers who can vouch for your academic abilities and potential 
• Financial Information 
• Essays or writing samples that demonstrate your writing skills and ability to think critically 
• Other supporting materials, such as a portfolio of work or a list of awards and honours 

Interested in scholarships for Japan? Check out our scholarship search page.

Apply to university in Japan

Universities in Japan typically have a separate admissions process for international students , known as the "gaikokujin ryuugakusei tokubetsu senkou" process. This process typically consists of two steps: "shutsugan" (application) and "nyuushi shiken" (entrance examinations).

1. Shutsugan / Application: during this step, the applicants are required to submit their application and other necessary requirements, such as 

• EJU (Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students) scores 
• JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test) scores for programmes taught in Japanese
• English proficiency exam scores for programmes taught in English or in Japanese

What is the Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students (EJU)

• Arts (bunkei), where applicants may be required to take Japanese, General Subjects, and Mathematics Course 1
• Sciences (rikei), where applicants must take Japanese, Mathematics Course 2, and two Science subjects.

How much does it cost to apply to university?

When to apply for japanese universities.

• Spring Semester from early April to late September
• Summer Break: late July to late September
• Fall Semester: from late September to late March
• Winter Break: late December-early January
• Spring Break: early February-late March
• November for the spring intake
• April for the autumn intake (less common than the spring one)

Documents needed to apply for university

• Application form 
• Copy of valid passport and/or personal ID
• Passport-sized photos
• EJU examination score certificate or voucher
• JLPT score certificate
• English proficiency certificate 
• High school diploma or equivalent and transcripts
• Personal statement ( learn how to write a good personal statement and don’t underestimate this requirement)
• Letter of recommendation
• Proof of payment of the application fee

Language requirements

The language requirements to study in Japan may differ depending on the language of instruction of your study program. If the programme is completely or partially in Japanese, you will be required to take the JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test), but it’s very likely that you will also be asked to prove your English language proficiency.   

English language tests

According to JASSO, most of the time, there are English language requirements for Japanese universities, whether the programme is taught in English or Japanese. 

• IELTS. You’ll get a score of 0 to 9 for each category (Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking), as well as an overall band score. Generally, Japanese universities ask for a score of 6.0 or 6.5.   
• TOEFL . The four sections (Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing) have a score of 0 to 30 points each. You can get a maximum of 120 points. Many universities ask for a score of 90 to be admitted.  
• TOEIC is a standard English test designed to assess the practical English language abilities of people working in an international environment. The test is scored on a scale from 10 to 990. 
• Eiken (The Eiken Test in Practical English Proficiency). EIKEN has been the most popular English test in Japan since 1963, being widely accepted at thousands of institutions within Japan and globally. The test result can range from Grade 1 to Grade 5, where Grade 1 is the highest level of competency.  

>> To learn more about the different tests you can take, read this comprehensive guide we’ve put together.  

Japanese language requirements

To have the best experience and the greatest range of opportunities in Japan, you should learn Japanese. If you want to apply to a university that requires proof of language proficiency, then you also have to take a standardised test, and the one most broadly accepted is JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test).  

The JLPT has five levels, from N5 (least advanced) to N1 (most advanced), and universities typically expect at least an N2 level for admission. This means upper-intermediate or advanced Japanese proficiency, and it would take you around 2,200 hours of study to get there. N1 requires even more hours of study, around 3,900. 

You can take the JLPT twice a year, in July and December, and it is available in almost 100 countries worldwide. If you take it in Japan, the cost is approximately 44 EUR, but it will differ in other countries. 

Student housing in Japan

Student accommodation in Japan comes in two forms, each with its respective benefits and disadvantages: 

• Student dormitories, provided by local governments and universities. This option is cheaper, and you don’t have to pay for a security deposit (shiki-kin), for gratuity money (rei-kin), or for renewal fees. They are usually furnished and equipped with the necessary appliances. However, there is a limited number of rooms available, you will have to share the kitchen and the bathroom, and the rules are stricter: there are curfews and wake-up times.  
• Off-campus student housing, the option chosen by 79% of international students. Privately rented apartments offer more freedom to live as you like, and you don’t have to share any of the amenities. On the other hand, you have a security deposit, equal to a few months' rent, the gratuity money, and the real estate agent's commissions in advance. Moreover, you also have to sign a rental agreement and find yourself a guarantor. Sometimes, you will probably have to buy your own furniture and appliances because most long-term rentals in Japan come unfurnished.  

When to apply for student accommodation

Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO) recommends that you start searching for accommodation as soon as the university informs you that you were accepted because finding a room, especially in student dorms, can be quite competitive. 

Cost of living in Japan

Like in many other countries, the cost of living in Japan is different depending on the area where you live. Expenses in urban areas like Tokyo are generally higher compared to rural areas. In terms of housing, the average cost in Japan for students is around 260 EURO per month, but in Tokyo, it goes up to 340 EURO. Another thing to remember is that in big cities, it’s harder to find accommodation close to schools which means you will spend more on transport.  

Your monthly expenses, including housing, transport, food and utilities amount to a total of 630 EUR. Here is a breakdown of the monthly average cost of living in Japan, Based on information offered by JASSO: 

• Housing 260 EUR 
• Food 190 EUR 
• Utilities 48 EUR 
• Insurance and medical 20 EUR 
• Hobbies and entertainment 34 EUR 
• Transport 27 EUR 
• Other 55 EUR 

In addition, you can take advantage of many discounts offered to students, such as Student Travel Discount Certificates offered by your university and discounts at museums, restaurants, and entertainment activities.  

Cost of food in Japan 

Japanese cuisine is well known for being based on fresh and seasonal ingredients, with rice, seafood, and vegetables as very common ingredients in many dishes. This applies to school children and students alike, who can find nutritious and balanced meals on campus. As for eating out with friends, Japanese students prefer to make food and have drinking parties at home with friends, which reduces costs quite a bit. For example, if you go shopping in a supermarket, you can buy a 5 kg pack of rice for 15.10 EUR, while bread costs around 3,5 EUR, and ten eggs go for 1.7 EUR. When thirsty for a soda, you’re likely to pay 1.5 EUR for a drink, while a meal in a regular, not too expensive restaurant, costs on average 6.91€.  

You can see more specific prices for food on JASSO and Numbeo .  

Work and study in Japan

There are many opportunities for part-time work for students in Japan. Some popular options include working in restaurants, convenience stores, language schools, and customer service positions. However, you should remember that many part-time jobs in Japan require at least a basic understanding of the Japanese language. If that isn’t an option for you, you could look into work-from-home jobs for students, and you might find freelance work in English.   

Are international students allowed to work in Japan?

To gain permission to work, you must apply for a student Work Permit at a local Immigration Office in Japan. You are not allowed to work in Japan just with your Student visa.  

How many hours can a student work in Japan? 

Once you have your Work Permit, you can start searching for jobs, but you should remember that while on a Student visa, you are limited to working only 28 hours per week. Furthermore, some occupations, such as working in bars, clubs, adult stores or hotels, massage parlours, and so on. are prohibited. 

Where can I find jobs?

Here are some ideas for a good starting point in your search for part-time jobs in Japan: 

• Check your university’s career centre or job board, where students can find part-time job opportunities. Also, check your school's international office to see what resources they offer. 
• Search online: some popular options include GaijinPot , Jobs in Japan , and Yolo Japan . 
• Contact the Language Schools in your area because many hire international students to work as language tutors or conversation partners.  
• Networking is important in Japan, so consider joining clubs or organisations related to your interests or hobbies. 

Is Japan safe?

In terms of criminality and violence, according to the Global Peace Index 2022 , Japan is the 10th safest country in the world and the 3rd safest in the Asia-Pacific region! On the other hand, given its geography, Japan is exposed to a few natural disasters, such as earthquakes or typhoons. 

Here are a few specific things to consider: 

• Typhoon seasons from May to October, with a peak season in August-September. If you’re in the country during this time, pay attention to any weather warnings and keep a more flexible schedule.  
• Learn what to do in case of an earthquake because Japan is a seismically active country.  
• If you are a woman, you have the option to take a women-only subway car, marked in pink.  

In addition, you should also remember some common-sense personal safety measures that you would use anywhere else in the world: 

• 110 if you need to call the Police 
• 119 if you need to call an Ambulance or the Fire Department 

Student insurance in Japan

In Japan, there are several types of insurance policies available to students, including the National Health Insurance (NHI) and the Accident / Property Insurance and Mutual Aid (Kyosai). 

>>>>  Request an Aon Student Insurance online . For international students, researchers, Erasmus students and educational staff - we have the right insurance for your situation.

National Health Insurance (NHI) 

The NHI, also known as "Kokuho," is mandatory for all people who stay in Japan longer than 3 months. To register, you have to go to the local municipal office. When the cost of your student health insurance is calculated, things like age, residency, and employment are considered, especially your income from the previous year. This includes part-time jobs and any other form of income, no matter how small, so it’s very important to declare your income correctly.  However, the insurance cost may be reduced if your income is below a certain threshold. A typical insurance price for students is around 40 EUR per month.

The National Health Insurance covers 70% of the total medical cost, and you still need to pay for the remaining 30%. But if you require certain medical expenses which are not covered by insurance, then you have to pay them in full. To get the 70% coverage, you should remember to have your insurance card with you when going to the hospital or seeing a doctor.   

Finally, The NHI program has a refund system for medical costs that go over how much you can afford to pay, so the 30% can be reduced if your financial limits don’t allow you to pay for it.  

Accident/Property Insurance and Mutual Aid (Kyosai) 

As an international student, you can also choose a casualty insurance plan and a personal liability insurance plan to cover accidents or incidents not covered by the NHI. This kind of insurance for students is very helpful in situations such as fire accidents in your residence, injuring someone while riding a bike or driving, or theft of high-value personal belongings like your computer. 

Universities in Japan have a few options for such insurance plans:  

• Personal Accident Insurance for Students Pursuing Education and Research , also known as "Gakkensai;" the insurance is offered by JEES (Japan Educational Exchanges and Services) and covers injuries sustained during classes or commuting to and from school.   
• University CO-OP's Kyosai is another insurance system that students can enrol in while attending university.  

Private international student insurance 

If you want to have more peace of mind, you can also pick private insurance, which will help you cover the 30% you have to pay for medical expenses, as well as bring you other benefits. From a provider specialising in student insurance, like AON , you can buy a policy that also covers student dental insurance, emergency assistance, personal possessions, and student travel insurance. 

 >>> Learn more about this by visiting our Student Insurance Portal . 

Support services available for international students

There are several support services available for international students in Japan, offered by various organisations and institutions. Let’s see some examples of student support services: 

• International Student Services: many universities and colleges in Japan have an international office which provides support with admissions, housing, scholarships, and visa and immigration issues. These offices often offer orientation programs, language classes, and cultural events to help international students adjust to life in Japan. 
• Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO) : the Japanese government offers support services to international students through JASSO which provides scholarships, financial aid, and information on living in Japan. They also offer programs like the Student Exchange Support Program and the Japan Language Education Center. 

  Japan Legal Support Center (JLSC) offers legal advice, consultation, and representation to international students in cases related to immigration, labour, and other legal issues. 

•  Career Services: many universities and colleges in Japan offer career services to help international students find employment opportunities. These services may include job fairs, career counselling, and assistance with resume writing and job applications. 

The role of these organisations is to provide student support services to international students with a range of services like information and advice, language classes, cultural events, and financial aid

Student organisations

There are several student organisations in Japan that cater to the needs and interests of international students. Here are a few examples: 

• Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO) : a government-affiliated organisation that provides various services and support to international students in Japan. It also operates a student exchange program and offers scholarships to eligible students. 
• International Student Association (ISA) : a student-led organisation that aims to promote cultural exchange and diversity among international students in Japan. It organises various events and activities, such as language exchange sessions, cultural festivals, and study tours. 
• Japan International Cooperation Center (JICE) : a non-profit organisation that provides training and education programs to international students and professionals. It also operates the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Program, which invites native English speakers to work as Assistant Language Teachers in Japanese schools. 

Things to do for students on a budget

If you don’t have a lot of money to spend on entertainment, don’t worry, Japan offers many budget-friendly and free things for students to do. Let’s have a look over some ideas. 

Free Things to Do in Japan for Students: 

• Visit Parks and Gardens. Japan has many beautiful parks and gardens that are free to visit, such as Yoyogi Park in Tokyo and Maruyama Park in Kyoto. 
• Winter festivals. Attending festivals is one of the best things to do in Japan in winter. Many cities in Japan have winter festivals; some of the best are the Sapporo Snow Festival and the Otaru Snow Light Path Festival in Hokkaido. 
• Onsen (Hot Springs). Winter is the perfect time to relax in an onsen and enjoy the warmth of the hot springs. There are many onsen resorts throughout Japan, for example, Kusatsu Onsen in Gunma Prefecture. 

Top urban attractions for students

• Shibuya Crossing in Tokyo. This is known as the busiest pedestrian crossing in the world and is a popular spot for students and tourists alike. The iconic crossing is surrounded by shops, restaurants, and nightlife, making it a perfect destination for a fun-filled day or evening out. 
• Fushimi Inari Taisha in Kyoto. Fushimi Inari Taisha is a beautiful shrine located in Kyoto that features thousands of bright orange torii gates lining its pathways. The shrine is dedicated to Inari, the Shinto god of rice, and it’s a great way to experience traditional Japanese culture. 
• Universal Studios Japan in Osaka. If you love theme parks and movies, Universal Studios Japan is a must-visit destination. The amusement park has attractions based on popular movies and TV shows, including Harry Potter, Jurassic Park, and more. 
• Dotonbori in Osaka. Dotonbori is a lively street known for its neon lights, street food, and shopping. Here, you can enjoy local specialities like takoyaki (octopus balls) and okonomiyaki (savoury pancakes), while having fun in the vibrant atmosphere of this district. 
• Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima. For history lovers, this is a must-see.  Hiroshima Peace Memorial is dedicated to the victims of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945 and has a museum, monuments, and a peace flame that will burn until nuclear weapons are abolished.  

Top 5 Outdoor Attractions

• Mount Fuji. A symbol of Japan, Mount Fuji is an active volcano and the highest mountain in Japan, standing at 3,776 metres (12,389 feet) tall. It is located about 100 kilometres southwest of Tokyo and is a popular destination for both locals and tourists. You can hike to the summit, which is open during the summer months, or enjoy the view from one of the surrounding lakes or hot springs. 
• Miyajima Island. Near Hiroshima is a small island known for its stunning scenery and friendly deer that roam freely. The island is home to the famous Itsukushima Shrine, which is built over the water and is considered one of Japan's most iconic sights. You can hike and kayak around the island or take a cable car up to the top of Mount Misen for an awesome panoramic view. 
• Kamikochi. Kamikochi in the Northern Japan Alps is perfect for hiking on any level throughout an area of stunning beauty. The trails range from easy strolls to challenging multi-day treks, and the views include snow-capped peaks, crystal-clear rivers, and colourful trees. 
• Yakushima Island. Yakushima Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its ancient forests and unique wildlife. Here you can walk through the dense forests, which are home to some of the oldest trees in the world, or bathe in the island's hot springs and waterfalls. If you’re lucky, you see the Yakushima macaque and the loggerhead sea turtle, both endangered species. 
• Nara Park. Nara Park is home to over 1,000 tame deer that roam freely. You can feed them and interact with them. Deer are considered a national treasure in Japan. Additionally, you can also explore the many temples and shrines which are located within the park, such as the Todai-ji Temple, which houses the world's largest bronze statue of Buddha. 

Travelling in Japan 

Japan is amazing for travelling, whether you want to visit beautiful natural locations, ancient temples, or iconic pop-culture locations. However, as a student, your budget might be limited, so we’ve thought of some ideas to help you travel on a budget. 

• Plan ahead - one of the best ways to save money is to book flights, train rides, accommodations, and tours in advance.   
• Travel off-season - the peak travel season in Japan is during the cherry blossom season in late March to early April and during the fall foliage season in November. 
• Use budget airlines - Japan has several budget airlines that offer affordable flights within the country, like Peach Aviation, Jetstar Japan, and Vanilla Air.  
• Use public transport - it is well known that Japan has highly efficient public transport, and most cities have passes or other discounts for students. JR offers a 20% discount on train fares ; this is the national railway of Japan.   
• Stay in budget accommodations - consider hostels, capsule hotels, and guesthouses. These can be significantly cheaper than hotels and offer a unique cultural experience. 
• Take advantage of student discounts -websites like StudentUniverse and ISIC (International Student Identity Card) offer discounted travel options for students. 
• Consider travel credit cards for students - travel credit cards can offer rewards and discounts on travel expenses. Some cards offer bonus points for travel purchases, while others offer cash back or statement credits. 

If you want to remain in Japan after your studies, learning the language is a must. But even if you plan to leave the country at the end of your studies, Japanese is a gateway into the culture of Japan and will give you a full experience of studying there. Luckily, there are many options for learning Japanese both in Japan and outside of it: 

Language schools. This is perhaps the most popular choice for learning Japanese in Japan. For students who want to study a programme taught in Japanese but don’t know the language yet, a language school is the perfect entry point into Japan’s higher education. Language schools are also great because you get to meet and spend time with other students like you, so your accommodation will be much easier. Some examples include GenkiJACS , GoGoNihon , and the International Japanese Language Education Center . 

University programs. Many universities in Japan offer Japanese language programs for international students. These programs typically range from beginner to advanced levels and may also offer cultural experiences and field trips.  

Private tutors. If you prefer one-on-one instruction, hiring a private tutor can be a good option. You can find tutors through language schools, online platforms such as iTalki , Preply or through personal referrals. 

Online courses. If you want to start learning before going to Japan or simply prefer to learn from the comfort of your own home, there are many online courses available for learning Japanese. The most popular options are Duolingo , Rosetta Stone , and JapanesePod101 . 

Living as an expat in Japan

Living in Japan as an expat can be a unique experience. You will enjoy the rich cultural heritage, advanced technology, and unique way of life. Hyper-modern cities, peaceful and serene countryside and delicious food. 

One of the first things you will need to consider if you decide to stay in the country after your studies is finding suitable housing.  

Big cities like Tokyo have many housing options, from small apartments to spacious suburban houses. The cost of rent is higher in the city, especially near the city centre and public transportation.  

In Japan, it’s more common for rental properties to be unfurnished, but as an expat, you might prefer a furnished apartment. These expat apartments are more expensive, but they might have lower upfront costs as well as utility costs included in the rent. 

Something else you should expect is that most properties require a minimum 12-month contract and short tenancies are quite rare. Apart from that, it’s likely you will need a guarantor, usually your employer. 

Some neighbourhoods are more popular among expats than others. In Tokyo, for example, Minato-ku (Aoyama, Azabu, Roppongi and Shirokane), Meguro-ku (Nakameguro and Jiyugaoka), and Shibuya-ku (Hiroo, Daikanyama and Ebisu) are preferred among expats. Among the perks of these areas, you can count international schools, as well as shops and restaurants with English-speaking staff. 

Expat communities in Japan (H3) 

According to the Statistics Bureau of Japan, at the end of 2020, only 2.2% of the total population of Japan were foreign residents. Most expats in Japan are from China ( 27.8% of the total number of foreign residents), followed by “Korea” (15.6%), and “Vietnam” (13.4%). Other frequent expat communities in Japan come from the US, the UK, India, and France. 

Best place to live in Japan for expats 

The cities most preferred by expats are Tokyo, Kyoto, Yokohama, Osaka, and Sapporo.  

• Tokyo , the capital and largest city in Japan, which has the largest and most diverse expat community in Japan and numerous opportunities for work, entertainment, and cultural exploration.  
• Kyoto is another popular destination for expats, especially those who love history and the more traditional looks of Japan because the city is well-known for its beautiful temples, traditional architecture, and rich history.  
• Yokohama , located near Tokyo, is a modern and bustling city that offers a more relaxed atmosphere than Tokyo.  
• Osaka , the second-largest city in Japan, is another vibrant metropolis and has a thriving expat community, famous food, and lively nightlife.  
• Sapporo , located in northern Japan, is a beautiful city known where you can enjoy skiing and winter sports, thus an excellent choice if you love outdoor activities. Overall, all five cities have high quality of life, abundant job opportunities, and offer rich cultural experiences.  

>> You can join Internations to gain access to Japan’s expat forum, so you can join events and socialise with other expats from Japan.  

Japan Immigration rules

How your immigration status changes after graduation

Once you finish your studies, you will have to apply for a new visa. Japan has several types of visas, so you’ll have to choose the right one depending on your particular situation.  In general, the type of visa you need depends on your purpose for living in the country, such as further studying, working, or starting a business. 

Japan’s immigration process  

To find out about the immigration process in Japan, you need to go to the MOFA’s (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan) website . You will find the document you need for your application, including: 

• application form, available in English, Chinese (simplified and traditional), Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish 
• letter of guarantee 
• letter of invitation 
• list of visa applicants  
• details of company/organisation 

Types of Visa 

These are the most common types of visas that would be suitable for a student who graduates university in Japan: 

1. Highly skilled professional visa : if you are a person with outstanding abilities and credentials. 

2. Working visa : suitable for a range of professions. 

• Professor  
• Artist  
• Journalist  
• Business Manager 
• Legal/Accounting services  
• Medical services  
• Researcher  
• Instructor  
• Engineer/Specialist in humanities/International services  
• Nursing care  
• Entertainer 
• Skilled labour  
• Specified skilled worker  
• Technical intern training  

3. Start-up visa : this is the right visa for you if you want to start your own business. 

Immigrant visa application processing fee 

According to MOFA, the processing fee for a single-entry visa is equivalent in Japanese YEN of 20 EUR or  40 EUR for a double-entry visa. However, depending on your specific situation, these fees might be slightly different.    

Immigration processing times

The time required to process your Visa is typically 5 working days if there are no issues with the application. However, during periods of high application volume, processing time may be longer than usual. Also, if there are any issues with the application, it will be forwarded to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tokyo in which case it can take up to a month or more. 

Moreover, keep in mind that for long-term stays in Japan, you should obtain a Certificate of Eligibility from the regional Immigration bureau before submitting the visa application. If you submit the application without it, the visa may take one to three months to process. 

Job opportunities in Japan

For students in Japan, job hunting starts in the third year of university, so when they reach the fourth year, their future job is already guaranteed. 

Employers prefer candidates who speak Japanese fluently, so you should definitely focus on learning the language if you plan on looking for a job in Japan. Alternatively, you might still find specific jobs for expats, especially in fields like English teaching, IT, finance, and tourism.  

A few popular options for job opportunities in Japan for foreigners include: 

• Jobs in Japan , a website where you have the option to choose “no Nihongo,” meaning that you don’t speak any Japanese 
• Yolo Japan , with job opportunities and other useful information for expats in Japan 

Other websites where you can start searching for graduate jobs during your student years, especially if you learned the language, are Bizreach and Japandev . 

Continue your studies in Japan

If you want to continue your studies in Japan after you graduate from a Japanese university, you can: 

• Pursue a Master’s degree: you can apply for a Master's degree, which usually lasts for two years. Head over here to see over 300 Masters in Japan . 
• Apply for a PhD: pursuing your doctorate in Japan can be done in two ways: with a Master’s degree incorporated, in which case it will last for longer or without a Master’s if you already gained one before applying for your doctorate. Here’s a list of PhDs in Japan .   

Frequently asked questions

1. do international students need a visa to study in japan .

All international students who want to study at a university in Japan need to apply for a Student Visa before the start of their studies.  

2. Is studying in Japan worth it? 

Japan offers one of the best education systems in the world while being more affordable than other highly-desired countries like the US or the UK. Moreover, Japan is a very safe country and has a culture unique in the world, so your experience will certainly be worthwhile.  

3. What is the cost of studying in Japan? 

Tuition fees for an undergraduate degree cost on average between 4,000 and 9,000 EUR and 3,000-4,000 EUR for a Master’s degree. However, many scholarships are available, which means you might be able to reduce or cover the cost of tuition. Your other expenses, including food and accommodation, will amount, on average, to a total of 630 EUR per month. 

4. How much money is required to study in Japan? 

There isn’t an exact sum required in order to be able to study in Japan. However, as part of your Visa application, you will likely have to show evidence that you have sufficient financial resources to cover your expenses while studying in Japan. 

5. Can I study in Japan without IELTS? 

Some universities in Japan require proof of both Japanese language skills and English language skills, while others might only ask for one of the two, depending mostly on the language of teaching. For Japanese, you have to take the JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test) exam, while for English IELTS, TOEFL, TOEIC, and Eiken are accepted.  

6. What are the requirements to study in Japan? 

The requirements to study in Japan vary depending on the level of education and the program you are applying for. Generally, you will need to have completed secondary education and have proof of language proficiency (either Japanese or English depending on the language of instruction for your course), as well as meet any additional requirements set by your chosen university. 

7. What exams are required to study in Japan? 

To study in Japan, you have to pass the regular exams in your country when completing secondary education, such as A levels or the Baccalaureate. In addition, you have to meet the language requirements (for Japanese, English, or both, depending on each individual university), and you will likely also have to take an aptitude test called EJU (Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students) which includes subjects like Japanese, Science, General Subjects, and Mathematics. 

8. How to get permanent residency while studying in Japan? 

You can apply for permanent residency after 1 year, 3 years or 10 years of continuous residency in Japan. The 10 year route is the most common and accessible for the majority of foreign residents.  

Interesting programmes for you

Find phds degrees in japan, what subject to study in japan.

• Agriculture & Forestry 2 Masters
• Applied Sciences & Professions 1 Masters
• Arts, Design & Architecture 5 Masters
• Business & Management 1 Masters
• Computer Science & IT 10 Masters
• Education & Training 3 Masters
• Engineering & Technology 36 Masters
• Environmental Studies & Earth Sciences 8 Masters
• Hospitality, Leisure & Sports 0 Masters
• Humanities 3 Masters
• Journalism & Media 1 Masters
• Law 1 Masters
• Medicine & Health 14 Masters
• Natural Sciences & Mathematics 24 Masters
• Social Sciences 11 Masters

PhD Degrees in Japan

• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) 84 programmes

Recent international policies promote international university cooperation and student exchange between countries worldwide. High-quality study and PhD degrees are made more available to students in order to create a global educational network, achievable through student and staff mobility. Career and research oriented programmes support international student development.

University cooperation enables students study worldwide, for instance in Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States and provides ways of recognizing previous degrees. Different study options offer appropriate alternatives to students, depending on their preferred mode of study.

Many study programmes in Australia, Asia, Europe and North America are English-taught. The most popular international student destinations include the following countries: Australia, Belgium, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, the United States, and more. However, these are not the only countries offering English-taught education. The rest of the world is full of endless study choices, from highly ranked to smaller, more specialized, universities.

PhD (postgraduate) Degrees

If you want further education beyond the undergraduate level or if you want more personal development or a career in academia, you could obtain a PhD degree. PhD degrees are postgraduate programmes that usually follow a Master's, MPhil or MRes, but there might be additional requirements depending on the university. Students are required to do their own research in a chosen topic. With the help of a supervisor, you develop knowledge and analytical skills in a specific or multidisciplinary field and you carry out independent research. The duration of a PhD degree differs per country and institution. Sometimes your own research is accompanied by work for the department such as giving seminars or small group teaching.

PhD students are required to study on campus under close supervision, but there are universities that accept students enrolled into a part-time distance education PhD degree. Studying on campus can also be full-time as well as part-time, in which case the part-time variant is normally twice as long as the full-time study.

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Statistics of Japanese Higher Education

A: enrollment, number of students, and number of graduates.

Number	Large classification	Middle classification	Organize classification	EXCEL	PDF
1	Number of Students	Higher Education, Males and Females	By Institution
2	Number of Students	Universities	By Gender and Institutional Sector
3	Number of Students	Universities (Undergraduates)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
4	Number of Students	Junior Colleges	By Gender and Institutional Sector
5	Number of Students	Colleges of Technology	By Gender and Institutional Sector
6	Number of Students	Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
7	Number of Students	Universities (Postgraduates)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
8	Number of Students	Universities (Master’s Courses)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
9	Number of Students	Universities (Doctoral Courses)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
10	Number of Students	Universities (Undergraduates), National, Public and Private	By Field of Study
11	Number of Students	Universities (Undergraduates), National	By Field of Study
12	Number of Students	Universities (Undergraduates), Public	By Field of Study
13	Number of Students	Universities (Undergraduates), Private	By Field of Study
14	Number of Students	Junior Colleges	By Field of Study
15	Number of Students	Universities (Postgraduates), Master’s Courses	By Field of Study
16	Number of Students	Universities (Postgraduates), Doctoral Courses	By Field of Study
16a	Number of Students	Universities (Postgraduates), Professional Degree Program	By Field of Study
17	Number of Students	Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Field of Study
18	Number of Students	Higher Educational Institutions	By Area of Japan
19	Number of Students	Universities	By Area of Japan
20	Number of Students	Junior Colleges	By Area of Japan
21	Number of Students	Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Area of Japan
22	Number of Students	Universities, National	By Area of Japan
23	Number of Students	Universities, Private	By Area of Japan
24	Enrollment	Universities (Undergraduates)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
25	Enrollment	Junior Colleges	By Gender and Institutional Sector
26	Enrollment	Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
27	Enrollment	Universities (Postgraduates)	By Gender and Institutional Sector
28	Enrollment	Universities (Postgraduates), Master’s Courses	By Gender and Institutional Sector
29	Enrollment	Universities (Postgraduates), Doctoral Courses	By Gender and Institutional Sector
29a	Enrollment	Universities (Postgraduates), Professional Degree Program	By Gender and Institutional Sector
30	Number of Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates) and Junior Colleges	By Gender
31	Number of Graduates	Colleges of Technology and Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Gender
32	Number of Graduates	Universities (Postgraduates), Master’s, Doctoral Courses and Professional Degree Program	By Gender
33	Number of Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males and Females	By Field of Study
34	Number of Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males	By Field of Study
35	Number of Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Females	By Field of Study
36	Number of Graduates	Junior Colleges, Males and Females	By Field of Study
37	Number of Graduates	Junior Colleges, Males	By Field of Study
38	Number of Graduates	Junior Colleges, Females	By Field of Study
39	Number of Graduates	Universities (Postgraduates), Master’s Courses	By Field of Study
40	Number of Graduates	Universities (Postgraduates), Doctoral Courses	By Field of Study
40a	Number of Graduates	Universities (Postgraduates), Professional Degree Program	By Field of Study
41	Number of Graduates	Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Gender & Field of Study
42	Master’s Degree Conferred	Universities (Postgraduates), Master’s Courses	Divided by Discipline
43	Doctoral Degree Conferred	Universities (Postgraduates), Doctoral Courses	Divided by Discipline
44	Number of Foreign Students	Universities	By Level of Enrollment and Origin of Funding
45	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Undergraduates)	By Institutional Sector and Origin of Funding
46	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Postgraduates)	By Institutional Sector and Origin of Funding
47	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Undergraduates), Total for National and Private Funding	By Field of Study
48	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Undergraduates), National Funding	By Field of Study
49	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Undergraduates), Private Funding	By Field of Study
50	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Postgraduates), Total for National and Private Funding	By Field of Study
51	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Postgraduates), National Funding	By Field of Study
52	Number of Foreign Students	Universities (Postgraduates), Private Funding	By Field of Study
53	Number of Foreign Students	Universities, Total for National and Private Funding	By Area of Origin
54	Number of Foreign Students	Universities, National Funding	By Area of Origin
55	Number of Foreign Students	Universities, Private Funding	By Area of Origin
56	Number of Foreign Students	Universities, Total for National and Private Funding	By Origin of Funding & Nationality (Main Countries)
57	Number of Foreign Students	Universities, Top 2 Countries of Foreign Student Origin	By Origin of Funding and Level of Institution

B: Higher Educational Institutions

58	Number of Institutions	Universities and Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector
59	Number of Institutions	Colleges of Technology and Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Institutional Sector
60	Number of Faculty (Academic Staff)	Universities	By Institutional Sector and Employment Status
61	Number of Faculty (Academic Staff)	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector and Employment Status
62	Number of Faculty (Academic Staff)	Colleges of Technology	By Institutional Sector and Employment Status
63	Number of Faculty (Academic Staff)	Specialized Training Colleges (Specialized Courses)	By Institutional Sector and Employment Status
64	Number of Faculty (Academic Staff)	Universities and Junior Colleges, Full-Time	By Institutional Sector and Gender
65	Number of Faculty (Academic Staff)	Universities	By Institutional Sector and Job Classification
66	Number of Faculty (Academic Staff)	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector and Job Classification
67	Number of Foreign Faculty (Academic Staff)	Universities and Junior Colleges	By Job Classification
68	Number of Staff (Non-academic)	Universities	By Institutional Sector and Employment Status
69	Number of Staff (Non-academic)	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector and Employment Status
70	Number of Staff (Non-academic)	Colleges of Technology	By Institutional Sector and Employment Status
71	Number of Staff (Non-academic)	Specialized Training Colleges	By Institutional Sector
72	Number of Staff (Non-academic)	Universities	By Institutional Sector and Job Classification
73	Number of Staff (Non-academic)	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector and Job Classification
74	School Facilities	Universities	By Institutional Sector
75	School Facilities	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector
76	School Facilities	Colleges of Technology	By Institutional Sector
77	School Facilities	Universities and Junior Colleges, Area of Library	By Institutional Sector
78	Salaries for Faculty (Academic Staff)	Private Universities, Mean Monthly Salaries (Current Prices)	By Type of Position and Age
79	Salaries for Faculty (Academic Staff)	Private Universities, Mean Monthly Salaries, Yen(2015)	By Type of Position and Age
80	Finance	National Higher Educational Institutions, Budget Allocation (Current Prices)	By Type of Institution
81	Finance	National Higher Educational Institutions, Budget Allocation, Yen(2015)	By Type of Institution
82	Finance	National Universities, Budget Allocation (Current Prices)	By Item
83	Finance	National Universities, Budget Allocation, Yen(2015)	By Item
84	Finance	Public Higher Educational Institutions, Budget Allocation (Current Prices)	By Type of Institution
85	Finance	Public Higher Educational Institutions, Budget Allocation, Yen(2015)	By Type of Institution
86	Finance	Private Universities, Income (Current Prices)	By Source of Income
87	Finance	Private Universities, Income, Yen(2015)	By Source of Income
88	Finance	Private Universities, Expenditure (Current Prices)	By Source of Expenditure
89	Finance	Private Universities, Expenditure, Yen(2015)	By Source of Expenditure
90	Finance	Private Junior Colleges, Income (Current Prices)	By Source of Income
91	Finance	Private Junior Colleges, Income, Yen(2015)	By Source of Income
92	Finance	Private Junior Colleges, Expenditure (Current Prices)	By Source of Expenditure
93	Finance	Private Junior Colleges, Expenditure, Yen(2015)	By Source of Expenditure
94	Public Finance	Government Expenditure for Higher Education (Current Prices)	By Item
95	Public Finance	Government Expenditure for Higher Education, Yen (1990, 2011)	By Item
96	National Schools Special Account	Annual Revenue (Current Prices)	By Item
97	National Schools Special Account	Annual Revenue, Yen (1990, 2000)	By Item
98	National Schools Special Account	Annual Expenditure (Current Prices)	By Item
99	National Schools Special Account	Annual Expenditure, Yen (1990, 2000)	By Item
100	Research Fund	Allocated Fund (Current Prices)	By Field of Study
101	Research Fund	Allocated Fund, Yen(2005)	By Field of Study
102	Research Fund	Number of New Applications and Adoptions	By Field of Study
103	Research Fund	Success Ratio of New Adoptions	By Field of Study
104	Project Expenses for Scholarship Program	Japan Scholarship Foundation, Annual Revenue (Current Prices)	By Type of Income
105	Project Expenses for Scholarship Program	Japan Scholarship Foundation, Annual Revenue, Yen (1990, 2000)	By Type of Income

C: Economy, Society and Higher Educational Institutions

106	Students’ Income	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), All Residents	By Institutional Sector and Type of Income
107	Students’ Income	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students living at home	By Institutional Sector and Type of Income
108	Students’ Income	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students not living at home	By Institutional Sector and Type of Income
109	Students’ Expenses	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), All Residents (Current Prices)	By Institutional Sector and Type of Expense
110	Students’ Expenses	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), All Residents, Yen(2015)	By Institutional Sector and Type of Expense
111	Students’ Expenses	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students living at home (Current Prices)	By Institutional Sector and Type of Expense
112	Students’ Expenses	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students living at home, Yen(2015)	By Institutional Sector and Type of Expense
113	Students’ Expenses	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students not living at home (Current Prices)	By Institutional Sector and Type of Expense
114	Students’ Expenses	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students not living at home, Yen(2015)	By Institutional Sector and Type of Expense
115	Scholarship	Number of Recipients of Scholarships from the Japan Scholarship Foundation	By Category and Level
116	Scholarship	Proportion of Applicants Receiving Scholarships from the Japan Scholarship Foundation (%)	By Category and Level
117	Scholarship	Value of Scholarships of the Japan Scholarship Foundation (Monthly Loan)	By Category
118	Scholarship	Number of Scholarship Recipients	By Operating Body
119	Students’ Payments	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), 1st-Year’s Charges (Current Prices)	By Institutional Sector and Category of Charge
120	Students’ Payments	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), 1st-Year’s Charges, Yen(2015)	By Institutional Sector and Category of Charge
121	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males and Females	By Field of Study
122	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males	By Field of Study
123	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Females	By Field of Study
124	Employment: New Graduates	Junior Colleges, Males and Females	By Field of Study
125	Employment: New Graduates	Junior Colleges, Males	By Field of Study
126	Employment: New Graduates	Junior Colleges, Females	By Field of Study
127	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males and Females	By Type of Industry
128	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males	By Type of Industry
129	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Females	By Type of Industry
130	Employment: New Graduates	Junior Colleges, Males and Females	By Type of Industry
131	Employment: New Graduates	Junior Colleges, Males	By Type of Industry
132	Employment: New Graduates	Junior Colleges, Females	By Type of Industry
133	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males and Females	By Occupation
134	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Males	By Occupation
135	Employment: New Graduates	Universities (Undergraduates), Females	By Occupation
136	Annual Earnings By Educational Background	Males	By Age
137	Annual Earnings By Educational Background	Females	By Age

D:Japanese Economic and Educational Statistics

138	Economic Indicators	Macroeconomic Indicators
139	Economic Indicators	Price Index	Base Years: 2010/2011/2015
140	Economic Indicators	Family Income and Expenditure	Current Prices and ￥（2015)
141	18-Year-Old Population	Japan	By Gender
142	18-Year-Old Population	Males and Females	By Area of Japan
143	18-to 21-Year-Old Population	Japan	By Gender
144	Participation in Higher Education	Males and Females	By Level of Institution
145	Participation in Higher Education	Males	By Level of Institution
146	Participation in Higher Education	Females	By Level of Institution
147	Applications for Admission to Higher Education	Universities (Undergraduates) and Junior Colleges, Males and Females
148	Applications for Admission to Higher Education	Universities (Undergraduates) and Junior Colleges, Males
149	Applications for Admission to Higher Education	Universities (Undergraduates) and Junior Colleges, Females
150	Number of Students per Full-Time Faculty	Universities	By Institutional Sector
151	Number of Students per Full-Time Faculty	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector
152	Building Area per Student	Universities	By Institutional Sector
153	Building Area per Student	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector
154	Library Area per Student	Universities	By Institutional Sector
155	Library Area per Student	Junior Colleges	By Institutional Sector
156	Operating Expenditure per Student	Universities, National and Private
157	Operating Expenditure per Student	Junior Colleges	Private
158	Tuition and Household Costs	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students living at home	By Institutional Sector
159	Tuition and Household Costs	Universities (Undergraduates, Day Class), Students not living at home	By Institutional Sector
160	Funding Available to Higher Education Institutions	Universities and Junior Colleges (National and Private) (Current Prices)	By Type of Expense and Institutional Sector
161	Funding Available to Higher Education Institutions	Universities and Junior Colleges (National and Private), Yen(2015)	By Type of Expense and Institutional Sector
162	Ratio of Funding Available to Higher Education Institutions to GDP	Universities and Junior Colleges (National and Private) (Current Prices)	By Type of Expense and Institutional Sector
163	Public Finance and Higher Education	Government Expenditure from General Accounts by Principal Items	By Type of Expense

ZipA(1-57)
ZipB(58-105)
ZipC(106-137)
ZipD(138-163)

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Share of master's students Japan 2022, by major subject

As of May 2022, the largest share of master's students at Japanese universities, at around 42 percent, studied engineering as their major. That year, approximately 166 thousand graduate students were enrolled in master's study programs in Japan.

Distribution of graduate university students enrolled in master's programs in Japan in 2022, by major subject

Characteristic	Share of graduate students
-	-
-	-
-	-
-	-
-	-
-	-
-	-
-	-

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September 2023

2022; as of May 1

major subject of master's degree

Percentage points exceeding 100 percent are probably due to rounding.

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Statistics on " Education in China "

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• Number of colleges and universities in China 2012-2022
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• Number of students at high schools in China 2012-2022
• Number of students at colleges and universities in China 2013-2023
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• Most popular regions among foreign students in China 2018
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Educational infrastructure

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Statistics MS Required Courses (2024-25)

Prerequisites:

• Multivariable calculus and linear algebra at the level of MATH 51
• Introductory programming at the level of CS 106A
• Intermediate statistics (multiple regression and ANOVA, possibly without linear algebra) at the level of STATS 191
• Introductory probability at the level of STATS 117

Statistics department course equivalencies resource. 

The four core disciplines of the Statistics M.S. program provide students the foundational structure for building their program.

Probability Theory

Provides the framework of probability to quantify uncertainty and update beliefs given the right evidence; learn how to use a variety of strategies to calculate probabilities and expectations, both conditional and unconditional, as well as how to understand the generative stories for discrete and continuous distributions and recognize when they are appropriate for real-world scenarios.

Stochastic Processes

A stochastic process is a set of random variables indexed by time or space; gain the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary for the analysis of stochastic systems; including basic concepts of the theory of stochastic processes and explore different types of stochastic processes including Markov chains, Poisson processes and birth-and-death processes.

Applied Statistics

Survey of regression techniques from both a theoretical and applied perspective. Numerical reasoning and predictive data modeling, with an emphasis on conceptual rather than theoretical understanding. Modeling and interpretation of observational and experimental data using linear and nonlinear regression methods. Model building and selection methods. Multivariable analysis. Fixed and random effects models. Experimental design. Practice of linear regression; Interactions and qualitative variables; analysis of variance; transformations and weighted least squares.

Statistical Theory

Statistical concepts and methods developed in a mathematical framework: Hypothesis testing, point estimation, confidence intervals. Neyman-Pearson theory, maximum likelihood estimation, likelihood ratio tests, Bayesian analysis. Asymptotic theory and simulation-based methods.

Statistics Core Courses  - 4 courses

(12-14 units) Must be taken for a letter grade.

Students must complete all four courses to provide depth in the field of statistics. Students with prior background may replace each course with a more advanced course from the same area. 

• Advanced students may replace by STATS 218 or 310A.
• Advanced students may replace by STATS 300A.
• Advanced students may replace by STATS 305A.
• Advanced students may replace by STATS 219 or 310B.

Statistics Depth 

(15 units) Must be taken for a letter grade.

• STATS 202 through 376A
• Lecture based courses with cross-listings in other departments satisfy the statistics depth requirement, e.g. STATS229/CS229.

Except for the following courses that may only be used to fulfill elective credit :

• STATS 242: NeuroTech Training Seminar 
• STATS 260 series: Workshop in Biostatistics series 
• STATS 352: Topics in Computing for Data Science 
• STATS 298: Industrial Research for Statisticians
• STATS 299: Independent Study
• STATS 319: Literature of Statistics
• STATS 390: Consulting Workshop 

Current Statistics Depth Courses

At least five additional Statistics courses must be taken from graduate offerings in the department. All must be taken for a letter grade (with the exception of courses offered satisfactory/no credit only).

• STATS 202 - Data Mining and Analysis
• STATS 204 - Sampling
• STATS 205 - Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics
• STATS 206 - Applied Multivariate Analysis
• STATS 207 - Introduction to Time Series Analysis
• STATS 208 - Bootstrap, Cross-Validation, and Sample Re-use
• STATS 209 - Introduction to Causal Inference
• STATS 211 - Meta-research: Appraising Research Findings, Bias, and Meta-analysis
• STATS 214 - Machine Learning Theory
• STATS 215 - Statistical Models in Biology
• STATS 216 - Introduction to Statistical Learning
• STATS 222 - Statistical Methods for Longitudinal Research
• STATS 229 - Machine Learning
• STATS 232 - Machine Learning for Sequence Modeling (CS 229B)
• STATS 250 - Mathematical Finance (MATH 238)
• STATS 251 - Clinical Trial Design in the Age of Precision Medicine (BIODS 250)
• STATS 261 - Intermediate Biostatistics: Analysis of Discrete Data (BIOMEDIN 233)
• STATS 262 - Intermediate Biostatistics: Regression, Prediction, Survival Analysis (EPI 262)
• STATS 263 - Design of Experiments
• STATS 264 - Foundations of Statistical and Scientific Inference (EPI 264)
• STATS 266 - Advanced Statistical Methods for Observational Studies
• STATS 270 - Bayesian Statistics
• STATS 271 - Applied Bayesian Statistics
• STATS 300A - Theory of Statistics I
• STATS 300B - Theory of Statistics II
• STATS 300C - Theory of Statistics III
• STATS 305A - Applied Statistics I
• STATS 305B - Applied Statistics II 
• STATS 305C - Applied Statistics III
• STATS 310A - Theory of Probability I
• STATS 310B - Theory of Probability II 
• STATS 310C - Theory of Probability III
• STATS 311 - Information Theory and Statistics (EE 377)
• STATS 314 - Advanced Statistical Theory
• STATS 315A - Modern Applied Statistics: Learning
• STATS 315B - Modern Applied Statistics: Learning II
• STATS 317 - Stochastic Processes
• STATS 318 - Modern Markov Chains ( MATH 235)
• STATS 320 - Machine Learning Methods for Neural Data Analysis (CS 339N)
• STATS 323 - Sequential Analysis 
• STATS 334 - Mathematics and Statistics of Gambling
• STATS 335 - The Challenge Problems Paradigm in Empirical Machine Learning and Beyond
• STATS 359 - Topics in Mathematical Physics
• STATS 361 - Causal Inference
• STATS 362 - Topic: Monte Carlo
• STATS 364 - Theory and Applications of Selective Inference
• STATS 368 - Empirical Process Theory and its Applications
• STATS 366 - Modern Statistics for Modern Biology (STATS256)
• STATS 374 - Large Deviations Theory
• STATS 375 - Mathematical Problems in Machine Learning (MATH 276)

Linear Algebra

(3-4 units) Must be taken for a letter grade.

• Advanced students may replace by MATH 113 or CME 302 or EE 364A.

Programming

• Advanced students may replace by CS 107 or CME 108.

Substitution of other courses in Computer Science may be made with consent of the advisor. 

Breadth 

(3 courses) May be taken for CR/S.

Breadth courses that provide the application of or a range of other disciplines to the degree may be chosen as elective units to complete the degree requirements. 

The advisor may authorize other graduate courses (200 or above) if they provide skills relevant to degree requirements or deal primarily with an application of statistics or probability and do not significantly overlap (repeat) courses in the student’s program.

• Three courses in related fields numbered 200 or higher, 
• STATS 260 series: Workshop in Biostatistics (1-2 units)
• STATS 242: NeuroTech Training Seminar (1 unit)
• STATS 249: Experimental Immersion in Neuroscience (1 unit)
• STATS 352: Topics in Computing for Data Science (1 unit)
• STATS 264: Foundations of Statistical and Scientific Inference (EPI 264)
• STATS 285: Massive Computational Experiments, Painlessly
• STATS 298/398: Industrial research of statisticians (1 unit)
• STATS 299/399: Independent study/research (1 unit)
• STATS 319: Literature of Statistics (1 unit)
• STATS 390: Statistical Consulting (1 unit)

There is sufficient flexibility to accommodate students with interests in applications to business, computing, economics, engineering, health, operations research, and biological and social sciences.

List of suggested courses available from the  program’s webpage .

Courses that fulfill elective units may be taken concerning CR (credit) or S (satisfactory).

Courses below 200 level are not acceptable with the following exceptions:

The following courses are excluded from the 45 units required for the M.S. degree:

Pilot Project

Air force officer and umd statistics graduate student maddie fischer sees her math skills take flight..

Maddie Fischer has always liked numbers, but she’s especially excited to see where they’ll take her.

“I like how you can go anywhere with math,” said Fischer, who enrolled in the University of Maryland’s graduate statistics program after earning a bachelor’s degree in applied mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 2023. “You could go to law school or med school or be an engineer with math as a background because it’s the basis of everything.”

As an Air Force 2nd Lieutenant who has been assigned to work as a helicopter pilot after earning her master’s degree, Fischer hopes her math skills will take her to new heights. Her ongoing research with the Alfred Gessow Rotorcraft Center (AGRC) in UMD’s A. James Clark School of Engineering uses human factors engineering and statistical analyses to make helicopter flight safer for future pilots like herself.

Attending grad school at a civilian university—especially to study math—is an unconventional path to pilot training. However, Fischer is excited to expand her educational horizons before earning her wings.

“Most people go straight to pilot training [after the Air Force Academy] because there aren’t that many slots to go to grad school. It’s very competitive,” she said. “Being at UMD is kind of a miracle for me.”

Before Fischer knew that she wanted to study statistics or specialize in helicopters, she had another goal in mind.

“First and foremost, I wanted to serve, which is why I started looking at military academies,” she said. “I was most interested in the Air Force Academy because I wanted to fly, and I also wanted to support an important mission with a group of people who felt the same way.”

After graduating from high school near Philadelphia, Fischer moved to Colorado in 2019 to start her Air Force training and education. She rose through the ranks and became a squadron commander, overseeing 120 cadets and helping freshmen integrate into the academy. This leadership role helped her thrive in predominantly male spaces.

“That for me was a really impactful experience because it was the first time where I had the authority to influence all of these people’s experiences,” she said. “As a woman in the Air Force, you kind of have to be loud and strong-minded. I think that learning to be a leader in that environment gave me the tools to speak up and to value voicing my opinion and my thoughts.”

Her Air Force training also empowered her to face her fears. During her sophomore year at the academy, she landed one of 22 spots on the Air Force Parachute Team, the Wings of Blue, after completing a cadet-led skydiving course.

Fischer specialized in four-way formation skydiving as a member of the competition team, which involved syncing up with her teammates to form a rapid series of numbers and letters in the sky during their roughly 35 seconds of free fall.

She ultimately became a commander of the very course that launched her love of skydiving. In that role, she oversaw dozens of instructors and roughly 600 students and discovered a passion for instructing.

“For me, the team wasn’t ever about skydiving or competing,” she said. “It was about conquering fears, learning to stay calm in stressful environments and teaching others to do the same.”

While jumping out of a plane is undeniably scary, Fischer said it gets easier with practice.

“I think 80 jumps was the point where I stopped being debilitatingly afraid,” Fischer said. “After that, I was able to focus more on the objective of the jump.”

She has now jumped out of a plane 486 times—and she’s just getting started.

‘Excited to get started’

After graduating from the Air Force Academy, Fischer applied to several graduate programs but was ultimately swayed by an invitation to join UMD Aerospace Engineering Assistant Professor Umberto Saetti’s lab in AGRC, an award-winning rotorcraft center that partly specializes in helicopter development.

“I reached out to Dr. Saetti in the rotary lab because I wanted to fly helicopters,” Fischer said. “I said, ‘I want to go to the University of Maryland for statistics, but I also want to fly helicopters—can we do anything together?’ And it ended up being a great fit. The aerospace engineering department and math department supplement each other in a really interesting way.”

For her master’s thesis, Fischer is testing different methods of informing helicopter pilots about their surroundings, including sound and haptic alerts to supplement vision. This is particularly important when navigating environments with snow, sand and other low-visibility conditions, which helicopter pilots are often tasked with.

“We’re investigating localization, which is how you perceive a signal in the immediate area around your body,” Fischer said. “There’s basically a radius around your body that you encode as meaningful, so if you feel something on your body or hear something in that area, we’re seeing how that corresponds to a visual target. We’re going to do a statistical analysis to see how precise and how accurate these metrics are and use them to develop an optimal multisensory integration model.”

Fischer even worked on the project alongside her father, Doug Fischer, an associate technical fellow at Boeing who specializes in human factors engineering—how people interact with aircraft systems.

“My dad and I have been able to collaborate on this project, and he is also coming to guest lecture at Maryland later this semester, so it’s been a really special experience for me,” Fischer said. “With his credentials, he is advising as a subject matter expert on the human factors-related concepts involved in our project, such as the applications and implementation of haptic cueing.”

While Fischer is interested in the engineering aspects of aviation, she ultimately prefers flying planes over designing them. After she graduates from UMD later this year, she will attend Air Force pilot training at Fort Novosel, Alabama, where she hopes to specialize in search and rescue operations. This could involve everything from saving soldiers in combat zones to providing aid during natural disasters or plucking lost hikers from national parks.

“I’ve always wanted to support that mission,” Fischer said. “I’ve been passionate about volunteering and community service all my life and I knew that I wanted my career to be something that makes a difference or helps others in some way.”

Fischer is enjoying her time at UMD but is equally ecstatic to start pilot training, bringing her one step closer to seeing her dreams take flight.

“I’m excited. A lot of my friends are [at training] now, so I’m watching them go through it,” Fischer said. “It’s the career that I’ve worked so hard for, and I’m just so excited to get started on it.”

About the College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences

The College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences at the University of Maryland educates more than 8,000 future scientific leaders in its undergraduate and graduate programs each year. The college's 10 departments and nine interdisciplinary research centers foster scientific discovery with annual sponsored research funding exceeding $250 million.

Media Relations Contact

Emily nunez, related news.

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• Education, training and skills
• Further and higher education, skills and vocational training

Graduate labour market statistics: 2023

These statistics provide information on graduate, postgraduate and non-graduate employment rates and earnings for England.

Applies to England

https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/graduate-labour-markets/2023

These statistics show labour market conditions for the following groups living in England:

• postgraduates
• non-graduates

This release also sets out a breakdown of graduate outcomes by different subcategories, such as gender.

Please contact us with any feedback.

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Graduate labour market statistics

Data guidance.

Published 27 June 2024

Description

This document describes the underlying data files included in the graduate labour market statistics. This data is released under the terms of the  Open Government License (opens in a new tab)  and is intended to meet at least 3 stars for  Open Data (opens in a new tab) .

The publication methodology provides additional information on the generation and interpretation of figures and should be referenced together with the data. The methodology is available on the publication report. 

The graduate labour market statistics reports on the labour market outcomes of graduates and postgraduates, and compares them with those of non-graduates. The statistics use the data collected via the Labour Force Survey (LFS) relating to individuals domiciled in England. 

This release explores:

• Employment and earnings outcomes of graduates by their specific characteristics of gender, age group, ethnicity, disability status and degree class. Further breakdowns are available in the data downloads. 
• Employment and earnings (nominal and real) outcomes of graduates, post graduates and non-graduates by their age group and gender.
• Proportion of graduates and non-graduates that work part time by their gender and age group.--

File formats and conventions

• ‘c’ indicates that suppression has been applied to rates because of small sample sizes.
• ‘z’ indicates that there were no sample units in that sub category
• Employment rates are rounded to one decimal place.
• Median salaries are rounded to the nearest £500.
• Labour Force Survey (LFS) datasets are routinely reweighted in line with population estimates. In 2023, a reweighting was applied to the LFS, with 2023 (PWT23) population weights applied to quarterly data since Q3 2022, superseding the previous PWT22 population weights.

All data files associated with this releases are listed below with guidance on their content. To download any of these files, please visit our data catalogue .

Employment rates by graduate type

Variable names and descriptions for this file are provided below:

Variable name	Variable description
age_group	Age Group - Select the Age Group you are interested in
employment_rate	Employment Rate
graduate_type	Graduate Type - Select the Graduate Type you are interested in
hs_employment_rate	High-Skilled Employment Rate
inactivity_rate	Inactivity Rate
unemployment_rate	Unemployment Rate

• The sum of the employment, unemployment, and inactivity rates do not equal 100% because of rounding and the rates are based on average (mean) figures over four different calendar quarters from the Labour Force Survey.
• Labour Force Survey data are routinely reweighted in line with population estimates, further details are in the methodology. 
• This release is classified as ‘official statistics in development’ due to sampling variability from low response rates, impacting the data quality as some figures are calculated using small sample sizes, for more information refer to the methodology. 

Graduate breakdowns by employment rates

Variable name	Variable description
employment_rate	Employment Rate
graduate_breakdown	Graduate Breakdown - Select the Graduate Breakdown you are interested in
graduate_characteristic	Graduate Characteristic - Select the Graduate Characteristic you are interested in
hs_employment_rate	High-Skilled Employment Rate
inactivity_rate	Inactivity Rate
unemployment_rate	Unemployment Rate

Skilled employment rates by graduate type

Variable name	Variable description
graduate_type	Graduate Type - Select the Graduate Type you are interested in
hs_employment_rate	High-Skilled Employment Rate
mls_employment_rate	Medium/Low-Skilled Employment Rate

• The high-skilled and medium/low-skilled employment rates are derived from the 2020 ONS Standard Occupation Classifications code, for further information refer to the methodology.

Graduate salary breakdowns

Variable name	Variable description
gender	Gender - Select the Gender you are interested in
graduate_group	Graduate Age Group - Select the Graduate Age Group you are interested in
industry	Industry - Select the Industry you are interested in
median	Median Salary to the nearest (£500)

• Median annualised salaries for graduates working in the agriculture, forestry and fishing, energy and water, and other services are more volatile due to small sample sizes in the Labour Force Survey. Gender splits are not provided for the young population due to small sample sizes.

Yearly salaries by graduate type and gender

Variable name	Variable description
age_group	Age Group - Select the Age Group you are interested in
gender	Gender - Select the Gender you are interested in
graduate_type	Graduate Type - Select the Graduate Type you are interested in
median	Median Salary to the nearest £500
median_real	Median Salary to the nearest £500 in real (2007) terms

Part time employment by age group and graduate type

Variable name	Variable description
graduate_type	Graduate Type - Select the Graduate Type you are interested in
pt_breakdown	Part-Time Breakdown - Select the Part-Time Breakdown you are interested in
pt_characteristic	Part-Time Characteristic - Select the Part-Time Characteristic you are interested in
pt_employment_proportion	Proportion of Part Time Workers

Part time employment by graduate type

Variable name	Variable description
age_group	Age Group - Select the Age Group you are interested in
graduate_type	Graduate Type - Select the Graduate Type you are interested in
pt_employment_proportion	Proportion of Part-Time Workers

Employment rates yearly change

Variable name	Variable description
age_group	Age Group - Select the Age Group you are interested in
employment_rate	Employment Rate
graduate_type	Graduate Type - Select the Graduate Type you are interested in
hs_employment_rate	High-Skilled Employment Rate
inactivity_rate	Inactivity Rate
ppc_employment_rate	Employment Rate pp change
ppc_hs_employment_rate	High-Skilled Employment Rate pp change
ppc_inactivity_rate	Inactivity Rate pp change
ppc_unemployment_rate	Unemployment Rate pp change
unemployment_rate	Unemployment Rate

Skilled employment by graduate type and age band 2023

Variable name	Variable description
age_range	Age range - Select the Age band you are interested in
graduate_type	Graduate Type - Select the Graduate Type you are interested in
hs_employment_rate	High-Skilled Employment Rate
mls_employment_rate	Medium/Low-Skilled Employment Rate

Type of employment, working age and young population, 2023

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Watari T , Gupta A , Hayashi M, et al. Characteristics of Medical School Deans and University Hospital Directors in Japan. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(1):e2351526. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51526

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Characteristics of Medical School Deans and University Hospital Directors in Japan

• 1 Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
• 2 General Medicine Center, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
• 3 Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
• 4 Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
• 5 Muribushi Okinawa Clinical Training Center, Okinawa, Japan

Medical school deans and university hospital directors are pivotal high-ranking leaders in health care organizations, exerting profound influence on the clinical, research, educational, and managerial directions of the organization, medical discipline, and functioning of the medical-social health system. 1 , 2 Selecting high-level leaders in academic medicine who are from diverse backgrounds in an equitable and transparent way is imperative 1 - 3 ; however, background characteristics of university hospital directors and medical school deans in Japan remain largely unexplored.

This cross-sectional study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shimane University, which granted an exemption for informed consent because we exclusively relied on publicly available information. We adhered to the STROBE reporting guideline.

The study identified medical school deans and hospital directors from 82 universities authorized and listed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology as of June 1, 2022. Characteristics, such as sex, years since medical school graduation, university association, specialization area, research field, and doctoral degrees, were obtained from university and Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare Medical Policy Bureau websites (eMethods 1 in Supplement 1 ). We used general descriptive statistics to compute the number, percentage, median, and IQR for each category and χ 2 tests to compare nominal variables. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata statistical software version 17.0 (StataCorp). All tests were 2-tailed, and a P  < .05 indicated statistical significance.

All 164 leaders from 82 universities (82 medical school deans and 82 hospital directors) were males and had graduated from Japanese medical schools. Each had a PhD degree, of which 98.8% were in the field of basic experimental laboratory medicine ( Table 1 ). The median (IQR) postgraduate experience was 38 (36-40) years. Deans and directors most often specialized in internal medicine (37 individuals [22.6%]), followed by surgery (30 individuals [18.3%]), basic medicine (14 individuals [8.5%]), and urology (10 individuals [6.1%]). Among medical school deans, the greatest proportion were basic science and pathology faculty members (22 individuals [26.8%]), whereas most hospital directors were surgical faculty members (51 individuals [62.2%]). Comparing the 7 former imperial universities in Japan (established before World War II and considered Japan’s most prestigious universities) and the historical top 17 universities (14 public and 3 private universities) with other universities (eMethods 2 in Supplement 1 ) highlighted that leaders were more likely to be alumni of the school that they currently led and graduates of former imperial universities. Greater proportions of leaders who were alumni or imperial university graduates were also noted when comparing public with private schools ( Table 2 ).

This cross-sectional study found an absence of female medical leaders in Japan and a lack of diversity among high-ranking leaders in Japanese medical schools. Although the proportion of women physicians is increasing annually and governmental efforts toward gender equity are ongoing, women have yet to attain medical leadership positions in Japan. 2 , 3 This is not exclusive to Japan; in the US, 11% to 13% of medical school deans are women. 4 The median postgraduate experience of 38 years for high-ranking Japanese leaders corresponds to an age of approximately 63 to 64 years, aligning with previous studies indicating seniority and gender bias for medical society presidents. 2 Excessive seniority bias impedes the advancement of competent young leaders and immobilizes the organization’s decision-making process. 5 Moreover, the scarcity of high-ranking leaders holding degrees in social medicine (eg, business administration, public health, medical education, quality of care, and patient safety) warrants reflection. Lastly, the trend among Japanese medical leaders to remain in the institution where they graduated until retirement must be addressed given that a pronounced inclination toward this practice is detrimental to the discipline and likely restricts the dissemination of ideas, expertise, research, and teaching methods to society. 6 This study has several limitations, including the inability to demonstrate temporal changes, characteristics associated with university hospital directors and medical school deans or their causal relationships, and the impact of the health care system in a sociocultural context, which may mean our results are not generalizable to other countries.

Accepted for Publication: November 26, 2023.

Published: January 11, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51526

Open Access: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License . © 2024 Watari T et al. JAMA Network Open .

Corresponding Author: Takashi Watari, MD, MHQS, PhD, General Medicine Center, Shimane University Hospital, 89-1, Enya-cho, Izumoshi, Shimane 693-8501, Japan ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions: Drs Watari and Gupta had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Watari, Gupta, Hayashi, Nakano, Tokuda.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Watari, Mizuno, Nakano, Tokuda, Sakaguchi.

Drafting of the manuscript: Watari, Gupta, Hayashi, Nakano, Tokuda.

Critical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Watari, Gupta, Mizuno, Tokuda, Sakaguchi.

Statistical analysis: Watari, Hayashi, Sakaguchi.

Obtained funding: Watari.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Watari, Nakano.

Supervision: Watari, Gupta, Tokuda, Sakaguchi.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Gupta reported receiving grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: Dr Watari was supported by grant JSPS KAKENHI 20H03913 from the National Academic Research Grant Fund.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 2 .

Additional Contributions: The authors extend their profound gratitude to the esteemed dean of the Faculty of Medicine of Shimane University, Kazumichi Onigata, MD, PhD, and the director of Shimane University Hospital, Hiroaki Shiina, MD, PhD, for their unwavering support and leadership. Our heartfelt thanks go to our colleagues at Shimane University Hospital, General Medicine Center, for their invaluable insights and shared knowledge, which have been instrumental in the success of this research. Lastly, we would like to convey our utmost appreciation to Sanjay Saint, MD, MPH, a distinguished professor at the University of Michigan, and the team members of the Patient Safety Enhancement Program at the Ann Arbor VA Medical Center and University of Michigan program for their remarkable guidance and mentorship throughout the international collaboration. These contributors were not compensated for this work.

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