example of essay using chicago style citations

Chicago Style (17th ed.): Citation Guide

• Getting Started with Chicago
• Formatting a Paper in Chicago Style
• Citing Sources in Chicago Style
• What are you citing?

Books & Ebooks

Journal articles, magazines & newspapers, web sources, images & art, music & audio, government sources, generative ai & chatbots, personal communication.

• Additional Chicago Style Resources
• Citation Guides Homepage

Ask A Librarian

What type of information do you need to cite?

Use the links below or scroll to find the type of information.

• Book (print)
• Edited Chapter in a Book
• Article in a Reference Book

Book (1 author)

1.  Author FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers.

1.  Daniel Ogden,  The Werewolf in the Ancient World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), 25.

2.  Ogden,  Werewolf , 45.

Bibliography

Author LastName, FirstName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Ogden, Daniel.  The Werewolf in the Ancient World.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.

Book (2 authors)

1.  Author FirstName LastName and FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers.

1.  Meg Hafdahl and Kelly Florence,  The Science of Monsters: The Truth About Zombies, Witches, Werewolves, Vampires, and Other Legendary Creatures  (New York: Skyhorse, 2019), 25.

2.  Hafdahl and Florence, Science of Monsters , 45.

Author LastName, FirstName and FirstName LastName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Hafdahl, Meg and Kelly Florence.  The Science of Monsters: The Truth About Zombies, Witches, Werewolves, Vampires, and Other Legendary Creatures.  New York: Skyhorse, 2019.

Book with a Corporate Author

1.  Company Name,  Book Title,  edition (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers.

1.   American Heart Association, The New American Heart Association Cookbook,  8th ed. (New York: Clarkson Potter, 2010), 25.

2.  American Heart Association,  New American Heart , 45.

Company Name.  Book Title. Edition.   Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

American Heart Association.  The New American Heart Association Cookbook,  8th ed. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2010.

Edited Chapter in a Book (anthology or collection)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Chapter Title," in  Book Title , edited by Editor FirstName LastName (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers used.

1.  Joanna Russ, "The Image of Women in Science Fiction," in  Science Fiction Criticism: An Anthology of Essential Writings ,  edited by Rob Latham (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017), 202.

2.  Russ, "Image of Women," 210.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Chapter Title." In  Book Title, edited by Editor FirstName LastName, chapter page numbers. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Russ, Joanna. "The Image of Women in Science Fiction." In  Science Fiction Criticism: An Anthology of Essential Writings , edited by Rob Latham, 200-10. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

Reference Book (Encyclopedia or Dictionary) with no author

1.  "Entry Title," in  Book Title , edited by Editor FirstName LastName (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers used.

1.  "Detecting Werewolves," in The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings , 2nd ed., edited by Brad Steiger (Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press, 2011), 85. 

2.  "Detecting Werewolves," 86-7.

"Entry Title." In  Book Title, edited by Editor FirstName LastName, chapter page numbers. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

"Detecting Werewolves." In  The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings , 2nd ed., edited by Brad Steiger, 84-87. Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press, 2011.

Ebook (from Library Database)

1.  Author FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers. Format.

1.  Nick Groom,  The Vampire: A New History  (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018), 25. EBSCO eBook Collection.

2.  Groom,  Vampire , 45.

Author LastName, FirstName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. Format.

Groom, Nick.  The Vampire: A New History . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. EBSCO eBook Collection.

Ebook (Online)

1.  Author FirstName LastName,  Book Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), page numbers. URL.

1.  Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra,  The History of Don Quixote , trans. John Ornsby (Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg, 2004), 25. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/996.

2.  Cervantes Saavedra,  Don Quixote , 45.

Author LastName, FirstName.  Book Title.  Place of Publication: Publisher, Date. URL.

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de.  The History of Don Quixote. Translated by John Ornsby. Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg, 2004. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/996.

• Journal Article with DOI
• Journal Article without DOI

Journal Article with a DOI 

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title,"  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page number used, https://doi.org/DOI.

1.  Ivan Klopov et al., "Digital Transformation of Education Based on Artificial Intelligence,"  TEM Journal  12, no. 4 (2023): 2627. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM124-74.

2.  Klopov et al., "Digital Transformation," 2629-30.

Author LastName, FirstName.  "Article Title."  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page numbers of article. https://doi.org/DOI.

Klopov, Ivan, Olexandr Shapurov, Valentyna Voronkova, Vitalina Nikitenko, Roman Oleksenko, Irina Khavina, and Yulia Chebakova. "Digital Transformation of Education Based on Artificial Intelligence."  TEM Journal  12, no. 4 (2023): 2625-634. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM124-74

Journal Article without DOI (print)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title,"  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page number used.

1.  Michael Jawer, "Emotion: The Connective Tisse of Atmospheres and Haunts,"  Journal of Scientific Exploration  37, no. 1 (2023): 89-90. 

2.  Jawer, "Emotion," 103.

Author LastName, FirstName.  "Article Title."  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page numbers of article.

Jawer, Michael. "Emotion: The Connective Tissue of Atmospheres and Haunts."  Journal of Scientific Exploration  37, no. 1 (2023): 88-105. 

Journal Article without DOI (from library database or website)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title,"  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page number used, URL.

1.  Alex S. Li, "Touring Outer Space: The Past, Present, and Future of Space Tourism,"  Cleveland Law Library  71, no. 3 (2023), 800, http://lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,cpid&custid=s1088435&db=a9h&AN=164595219&site=ehost-live

2.  Li, "Touring Outer Space," 800-03.

Author LastName, FirstName.  "Article Title."  Journal Title  volume, no. Issue (Year): page numbers of article. URL.

Li, Alex S. "Touring Outer Space: The Past, Present, and Future." Cleveland State Law Library  71, no. 3 (2023): 743-810. http://lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,cpid&custid=s1088435&db=a9h&AN=164595219&site=ehost-live

• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article

Magazine Article in Print 

For Magazines and newspapers, page numbers if available only need to be included in the footnote.

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Magazine Title , Month Day, Year, page number used, page number.

1.  Rohit Bhargava, "Can You Read Culture?,"  Inc. , Winter 2023/2024, 24-5.

2.  Bhargava, "Can You Read Culture," 24.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Magazine Title , Month Day, Year. 

Bhargava, Rohit. "Can You Read Culture?"  Inc. , Winter 2023/2024.

Magazine Article from Library Database (no DOI)

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Magazine Title , Month Day, Year, page number used, URL.

1.  TJ Fink, "AI Content Detector: How to Spot AI Creations,"  Laptop , December 31, 2023, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A777901979/PPPM?u=nhmccd_main&sid=bookmark-PPPM&xid=8da3cc56.

2.  Fink, "AI Content Detector."

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Magazine Title , Month Day, Year. URL.

Fink, TJ. "AI Content Detector: How to Spot AI Creations."  Laptop , December 31, 2023. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A777901979/PPPM?u=nhmccd_main&sid=bookmark-PPPM&xid=8da3cc56.

Magazine Article from Website

1.  Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, "Rest Takes Hard Work,"  Time , January 25, 2024, https://time.com/6566763/rest-takes-hard-work-essay/.

2.  Pang, "Rest Takes Hard Work."

Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim. "Rest Takes Hard Work."  Time , January 25, 2024. https://time.com/6566763/rest-takes-hard-work-essay/.

Newspaper Article - Print

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year, Location/Page.

1.  Dana G. Smith, "Here to Help: How to Overcome 'Task Paralysis,'" The New York Times , January 8, 2023, A3

2.  Smith, "Here to Help," A3.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year, Location/Page.

Smith, Dana G. "Here to Help: How to Overcome 'Task Paralysis.'"  The New York Times , January 8, 2023, A4.

Newspaper Article from Library Database or Website

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Article Title," Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year, URL.

1.  Daniel Akst, "Should Robots with Artificial Intelligence Have Moral or Legal Rights?,"  Wall Street Journal , April 10, 2023, https:// login.lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/usmajordailies/newspapers/should-robots-with-artificial-intelligence-have/docview/2798764407/sem-2?accountid=7054.

2.  Akst, "Robots with Artificial Intelligence."

Author LastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Newspaper Title , Month Day, Year. URL.

Akst, Daniel. "Should Robots with Artificial Intelligence Have Moral or Legal Rights?"  Wall Street Journal , April 10, 2023. https://login.lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/usmajordailies/newspapers/should-robots-with-artificial-intelligence-have/docview/2798764407/sem-2?accountid=7054.

Newspaper Article - Online

1.  Nusaiba Mizan, "Girl Scout Cookies Price Hike: What's the Price Per Box and Where Is the Money Going?,"  Houston Chronicle , January 26, 2024, https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/retail/article/girl-scouts-cookies-price-increase-18628206.php.

2.  Mizan, "Girl Scout Cookies."

Mizan, Nusaiba. "Girl Scout Cookies Price Hike: What's the Price Per Box and Where is the Money Going?"  Houston Chronicle , January 26, 2024.  https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/retail/article/girl-scouts-cookies-price-increase-18628206.php.  

• Social Media

Webpage without an author

If a source does not include a date of publication or revision, include an access date.

1.  "Webpage," Website, Date, URL.

1.  "Shrinking Moon Causing Moonquakes and Faults Near Lunar South Pole," NASA, January 25, 2024, https://www.nasa.gov/earth/moon/shrinking-moon-causing-moonquakes-and-faults-near-lunar-south-pole/.

2.  "Shrinking Moon."

"Webpage." Website. Date. URL.

"Shrinking Moon Causing Moonquakes and Faults Near Lunar South Pole." NASA. January 25, 2024.  https://www.nasa.gov/earth/moon/shrinking-moon-causing-moonquakes-and-faults-near-lunar-south-pole/.

Social Media Post 

According to the Chicago Manual of Style , social media usually just needs to be cited in the text and a footnote if needed. It does not need to be included in the bibliography.

Lone Star College announced on Twitter: "We received approval to offer bachelor's degrees, including Bachelor of Science in Nursing; Bachelor of Applied Technology in Cybersecurity; and Bachelor of Applied Science in Energy, Manufacturing & Trades Management" (@lonestarcollege, December 11, 2019).

Footnote - Twitter/X

1  Author FirstName LastName (@username), "Text of post," Platform, Date, URL.

1   Lone Star College (@lonestarcollege), "We received approval to offer bachelor's degrees, including Bachelor of Science in Nursing; Bachelor of Applied Technology in Cybersecurity; and Bachelor of Applied Science in Energy, Manufacturing & Trades Management," X post, December 11, 2019, https://twitter.com/lonestarcollege/status/1204842366357651456.

2   Lone Star College, "Approval to Offer Bachelor's."

Footnote - Instagram

1  Lone Star College (@lonestarcollege), "The Houston Business Journal named Mario K. Castillo, J.D., LSC chancellor among the Top 100 Texans who have made an impact in 2023," Instagram photo, January 12, 2024, https://www.instagram.com/p/C2BElOfMWpc/.

Like social media, blogs are typically only cited in footnotes. If used frequently, it can be included in your bibliography.

1.  Author First Name, Last Name, "Title of Blog Post," Blog Name (blog), Publisher, Date, URL.

1.  Russell Harper, "What Do Chatbots Know?," CMOS Shop Talk  (blog), Chicago Manual of Style, November 21, 2023, https://cmosshoptalk.com/2023/11/21/what-do-chatbots-know/.

2.  Harper, "What Do Chatbots."

Author Last Name, First Name. Blog Name (blog). Publisher. Date. URL.

Russell Harper. CMOS Shop Talk (blog). Chicago Manual of Style. November 21, 2023. https://cmosshoptalk.com/2023/11/21/what-do-chatbots-know/.

Online Video

Streaming videos are cited more like elements of a website unless they were originally in a different format. (See examples for Movies for more details on how to cite these.)

YouTube Example

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Video Title," Website, uploaded Date, video, URL, time stamp.

1.  Pocket Gamer, "What is 8-bit?," YouTube, uploaded August 28, 2015, video, https://youtu.be/QaIoW1aL9GE?si=ASBb8YXbVVITuvjf, 00:01:00.

2.  Pocket Gamer, "What is 8-bit," 00:03:30-00:03:45.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Video Title." Website. Uploaded Date. Video. URL.

Pocket Gamer. "What is 8-bit?" YouTube. Uploaded August 28, 2015. Video. https://youtu.be/QaIoW1aL9GE?si=ASBb8YXbVVITuvjf.

TEDTalk Example

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Video Title," filmed Date at Place, City, video, URL, time stamp.

1.  Graham Shaw, "Why People Believe They Can't Draw," filmed February 2015 at TEDxHull, Hull, video, https://www.ted.com/talks/graham_shaw_why_people_believe_they_can_t_draw, 00:15:20.

2.  Shaw, "Why People Believe," 00:10:45.

Author LastName, FirstName. "Video Title." Filmed Date at Place, City. Video. URL.

Shaw, Graham. "Why People Believe They Can't Draw." Filmed February 2015 at TEDxHull, Hull. Video. https://www.ted.com/talks/graham_shaw_why_people_believe_they_can_t_draw.

Movie/Film 

Source type refers to the original format (ex-35mm), and format is the version you viewed (ex-DVD, YouTube, etc).

Cite the video first using the original release information, and then add in details about the digital version.

1.   Title of Motion Picture , directed by Director First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format.

1.   Black Panther , directed by Ryan Coogler (2018; Burbank, CA: Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2018), DVD.

2.   Black Panther .

Title of Motion Picture.  Directed by Director First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format.

Black Panther . Directed by Ryan Coogler. 2018; Burbank, CA: Buena Vista Home Entertainment, 2018. DVD.

Movie/Film viewed Online

1.   Title of Motion Picture , directed by Director First Name Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Source Type, Format, URL.

1.   Othello,  directed by Oliver Parker (Columbia Pictures, 1995), 35 mm film, Swank Digital Campus video, https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/play/5b248cf117888f54?referrer=direct.

2.   Othello .

Title of Motion Picture.  Directed by Director First Name Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format. URL.

Othello . Directed by Oliver Parker. Columbia Pictures, 1995, 35 mm film. Swank Digital Campus video. https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/play/5b248cf117888f54?referrer=direct.

Episode of a TV Series

1.  Series Title, "Episode/Segment Title," Website Name video, Duration of Video, Broadcast Date, URL.

1.  The Amazing Race, "To the Physical and Mental Limit," Swank Digital Campus video, 44:17, November 21, 2001, https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/watch/C1C2FD73531F1345?referrer=direct.

2.  The Amazing Race, "To the Physical and Mental Limit."

Series Title. "Episode/Segment Title." Website Name video, Duration of Video. Broadcast Date. URL.

The Amazing Race. "To the Physical and Mental Limit." Swank Digital Campus video, 44:17. November 21, 2001. https://digitalcampus.swankmp.net/lsconline395001/watch/C1C2FD73531F1345?referrer=direct.

1.  Series Title,  Website Name video, Broadcast Dates, URL.

1.  This Is Us,  Hulu  video, 2016-2022, https://www.hulu.com/series/this-is-us-9dc170da-85db-475d-9df4-6572f15ffb00.

2.  This Is Us.

Series Title.  Website Name video. Dates aired. URL.

This is Us.  Hulu video. 2016-2022. https://www.hulu.com/series/this-is-us-9dc170da-85db-475d-9df4-6572f15ffb00.

• Image (online)

Clip Art or Stock Image

Online image with a title.

1.  Author First Name Last Name,  Image Title , Year, Medium, Dimensions, Location, URL.

1.  Kate Beaton,  Tesla, Marconi, Edison, n.d., color comic, Hark! A Vagrant, http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=256.

2.  Beaton,  Tesla, Marconi, Edison.

Author Last Name, First Name. Image Title.  Year. Medium, Dimensions. Location. URL.

Beaton, Kate.  Tesla, Marconi, Edison . N.d. Color comic. Hark! A Vagrant. http://www.harkavagrant.com/index.php?id=256.

Artwork Viewed Online

If viewed in person, leave off the URL.

1.  Georgia O'Keefe,  Red Hill and White Shell, 1938, oil on canvas, 30 x 36.5 in, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/17860/red-hill-and-white-shell?ctx=c469d6c7436b6ddfaeba46e287e6d599ebbed0c0&idx=0

2.  O'Keefe,  Red Hill and White Shell .

O'Keefe, Georgia.  Red Hill and White Shell . 1938. Oil on canvas, 30 x 36.5 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/17860/red-hill-and-white-shell?ctx=c469d6c7436b6ddfaeba46e287e6d599ebbed0c0&idx=0.

1.  Liftarn, Cartoon Raccoon Holding a Blank Sign , 2024, clipart, Openclipart, https://openclipart.org/detail/346730/cartoon-raccoon-holding-blank-sign.

2.  Liftarn,  Cartoon Raccoon .

Liftarn.  Cartoon Raccoon Holding a Blank Sign . 2024. Clipart. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/346730/cartoon-raccoon-holding-blank-sign.

Single Song or Track

If your source doesn't indicate a date of recording or publication, use other sources to find this information (Google it!).

Recordings on LP or disc will typically have an acquisition number, which be included after the name of the recording company.

1.  Creator or Group, "Title of Song," other contributors, recording date, Recording Company or publisher acquisition number, track number on  Album Title , year of release, format, time stamp.

1.  Dua Lipa, performer, "Dance the Night," by Dua Li[a and Caroline Ailin, recorded 2022, Atlantic 075678616006, track 2 on  Barbie the Album , 2023, compact disc, 1:10.

2.  Lipa, "Dance the Night," 0:35.

Creator or Group.  Album Title.  Recording Company acquisition number, Recording date, format.

Ronson, Mark, Kevin Weaver, and Brandon David, producers.  Barbie the Album.  Atlantic 075678616006, 2023, compact disc.

Music Album

1.  Creator or Group,  Album Title,  Recording Company acquisition number, Recording date, format.

1.  David Bowie, performer,  The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars,  EMI 7243 5 39826 2 1, compact disc.

2.  Bowie, Ziggy Stardust .

Bowie, David, performer.  The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars . EMI 7243 5 39826 2 1, compact disc.

Audiobook without a DOI

1  Creator FirstName LastName,  Title of Work , other contributors, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format, timestamp.

1  Ernest Cline,  Ready Player One , read by Wil Wheaton, (New York: Random House Audio, 2011), Audible audio ed., 1:05:10.

2  Cline,  Ready Player One , 14:20:15.

Creator LastName, First Name.  Title of Work.  Other contributors. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format, duration.

Cline, Ernest.  Ready Player One.  Read by Wil Wheaton. New York: Random House Audio, 2011. Audible audio ed., 15 hr., 40 min.

Podcast Episode

1  Creator FirstName LastName, "Title of Episode,"  Title of Work , other contributors, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format, timestamp, URL.

1  Sarah Gonzalez and Kenny Malone, hosts, "Why '90s Ads Are Unforgettable,"  Planet Money,  (Washington, D.C.: NPR, 2023), podcast, 00:14:00-00:15:00, https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/1197956022/got-milk-soap-operas-advertising.

2  Gonzalez and Malone, "Why '90s Ads," 00:05:00-00:07:00.

Creator LastName, FirstName. "Title of Episode."  Title of Work.  Other contributors. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format.

Gonzalez, Sarah and Kenny Malone, hosts. "Why '90s Ads Are Unforgettable."  Planet Money.  Washington, D.C.: NPR, 2023. Podcast. https://www.npr.org/2023/12/13/1197956022/got-milk-soap-operas-advertising.

1  Creator FirstName LastName, Title of Work , other contributors, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Format.

1  Danielle Fishel, Rider Strong, and Will Freidle, hosts.  Pod Meets World,  (San Antonio, TX: iHeart Radio, 2022), podcast, https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-pod-meets-world-98589488/.

2  Fishel, Strong, and Freidle,  Pod Meets World .

Creator LastName, FirstName. Title of Work.  Other contributors. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Format.

Danielle Fishel, Rider Strong, and Will Freidle, hosts.  Pod Meets World . San Antonio, TX: iHeart Radio, 2022. Podcast. https://www.iheart.com/podcast/1119-pod-meets-world-98589488/.

• Laws and Court Cases
• Government Agency Publications

Legal References

The Chicago Manual of Style  defers to the standard legal citation system from the  Bluebook  for citing legal sources.

Legal publications only need to be cited in the notes and not in bibliography.

Court Cases and Court Decisions

1 Name v. Name, Volume no. Reporter Abbreviation Page no. (Name of Court (abbrev.) Year), URL

2 Brown,  347 U.S. at 485.

Legislation (Enacted Bills / Statutes)

Laws are collected in the  United States Statutes at Large  (Stat.) and then are incorporated into the  United States Code  (U.S.C.). 

1 Name of the Legislation, volume no. Series name Series no. (Year), URL

1  Limitations on Exclusive Rights: Fair Use, 17 U.S.C. §107 (1992), hhttps://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2022-title17/USCODE-2022-title17-chap1-sec107 .

Bills and Resolutions (Proposed Laws, Not Enacted)

1 Name of the Bill, Bill no., No. of Cong., section no. (Year).

1  WILD Act, H. R. 5009, 118th Cong. (2024).

Government Webpage

1.  Author FirstName LastName, "Webpage," Website, Date, URL.

1.  United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Librarians and Media Specialists,"  Occupational Outlook Handbook , September 6, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/librarians.htm.

2.  United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Librarians and Media Specialists."

LastName, FirstName. "Webpage." Website. Date. URL.

United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Librarians and Media Specialists." Occupational Outlook Handbook . September 6, 2023. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/librarians.htm.

1.  Government Department, Agency, or Committee,  Title of Government Publication , Date, Page number, URL.

1.  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,  2023 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report,  December 2023, 617, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279/pdf/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279.pdf.

2.  Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,  2023 National Healthcare , 187-8.

Government Department, Agency, or Committee.  Title of Government Publication . Date. URL.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.  2023 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report . December 2023. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279/pdf/CMR-HE20_6500-00184279.pdf. 

Generative AI & Chatbots

Chicago Manual of Style  has provided some new and developing guidance on how to cite AI generated content in your paper.

Best Practices for AI Content

• cite generative AI whenever you use what they generate in your own work
• most of the time, it's ok to just acknowledge the AI tool in your text
• can use a formal citation in a Note if needed, but do not include in the Bibliography
• if the prompt is not included in the text, include it in the Note.

1 AI Tool, response to "response text," Publisher, Date, URL to tool.

• Documenting ChatGPT Content Chicago Manual of Style FAQ on how to document AI generated content

Personal communications, including email, text messages, and direct messages sent via social media, are typically cited in the text or in a note only. They are very rarely included in the bibliography.

Personal Interview  - Footnote

1 Author FirstName LastName, description of communication, Date.

1 Jane Smith, personal interview, January 15, 2024.

Email  - Footnote

1 Megan Hopwood, email to author, February 15, 2023.

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Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 13 and 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

Note that a place of publication is no longer required in book citations (see CMOS 14.30 ).

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

Shortened notes

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown , 48.

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism , 125.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today . University of Chicago Press, 2022.

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown . Pantheon Books, 2020.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 13.21–26 and 14.2–62 .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

The page range for a chapter in a book is no longer required in bibliography entries (see CMOS 14.8 ). In a note, cite specific pages as applicable.

1. Kathleen Doyle, “The Queen Mary Psalter,” in The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention , ed. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 64.

Shortened note

2. Doyle, “Queen Mary Psalter,” 65.

Bibliography entry

Doyle, Kathleen. “The Queen Mary Psalter.” In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention , edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin, eds., The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention (University of Chicago Press, 2023).

2. Marks and Parkin, Book by Design .

Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention . University of Chicago Press, 2023.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.8–14 .

Translated book

In the following examples, the author’s name follows Eastern order (family name first) rather than Western order (family name last); the author is therefore referred to as “Liu” in a shortened note, and the name is not inverted in a bibliography entry. See CMOS 13.75 for more details.

1. Liu Xinwu, The Wedding Party , trans. Jeremy Tiang (Amazon Crossing, 2021).

2. Liu, Wedding Party , 279.

Liu Xinwu. The Wedding Party . Translated by Jeremy Tiang. Amazon Crossing, 2021.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.5–7 .

Book Consulted in an Electronic Format

To cite a book consulted online, include either a URL or the name of the database. For downloadable ebook formats, name the format; if no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the note (or simply omit). For citing a place rather than a publisher for books published before 1900 (as in the Moby-Dick example below), see CMOS 14.31.

1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Random House, 2008), chap. 6, Kindle.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking , 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 2023), 92, EBSCOhost.

4. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), 627, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

5. Roy, God of Small Things , chap. 7.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . University of Chicago Press, 1987. https://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things . Random House, 2008. Kindle.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.58–62 .

Journal article

Journal articles are usually cited by volume and issue number. In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL (preferably one based on a DOI; see CMOS 13.7); alternatively, list the name of the database.

1. Hyeyoung Kwon, “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life,” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1842–43, https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

2. B. T. Hebert, “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life,” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, EBSCOhost.

3. Benjamin Lindquist, “The Art of Text-to-Speech,” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 230, https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

4. Emily L. Dittmar and Douglas W. Schemske, “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation,” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 480, https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

5. Kwon, “Inclusion Work,” 1851.

6. Hebert, “Island of Bolsö,” 311.

7. Lindquist, “Text-to-Speech,” 231–32.

8. Dittmar and Schemske, “Temporal Variation,” 480.

Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

Hebert, B. T. “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life.” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Kwon, Hyeyoung. “Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life.” American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Lindquist, Benjamin. “The Art of Text-to-Speech.” Critical Inquiry 50, no. 2 (2023): 225–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/727651.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. For works by two authors, list both in the bibliography and in a note (as in the Dittmar and Schemske example above). For three or more authors, list up to six in the bibliography; for more than six authors, list the first three, followed by “et al.” (“and others”). In a note, list only the first, followed by “et al.” Note that the bibliography entry for the Dror example below (which credits eighteen authors) includes an article ID in place of a page range; in a note, specific page numbers may be cited as shown (see CMOS 14.71 for details).

7. Amiel A. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness,” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): 4–5, e0263069, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

8. Dror et al., “Pre-Infection,” 7.

Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. “Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness.” PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.67–86 .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Dani Blum, “Are Flax Seeds All That?,” New York Times , December 13, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.

2. Rebecca Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” New Yorker , December 18, 2023, 21.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Elana Klein, “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff,” Wired , December 21, 2023, https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.

5. Blum, “Flax Seeds.”

6. Mead, “Terms of Aggrievement,” 23–24.

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Klein, “Meet Flip.”

Blum, Dani. “Are Flax Seeds All That?” New York Times , December 13, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.

Klein, Elana. “Meet Flip, the Viral Video App Giving Away Free Stuff.” Wired , December 21, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/flip-viral-video-app-shopping-free-stuff/.

Mead, Rebecca. “Terms of Aggrievement.” New Yorker , December 18, 2023.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Michelle (Reno), December 15, 2023, comment on Blum, “Flax Seeds.”

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.87–88 (magazines) and 14.89–98 (newspapers and news sites).

Book review

1. Alexandra Jacobs, “The Muchness of Madonna,” review of Madonna: A Rebel Life , by Mary Gabriel, New York Times , October 8, 2023.

2. Jacobs, “Muchness of Madonna.”

Jacobs, Alexandra. “The Muchness of Madonna.” Review of Madonna: A Rebel Life , by Mary Gabriel. New York Times , October 8, 2023.

Interviews are usually cited under the name of the interviewee rather than the interviewer.

1. Joy Buolamwini, “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says,” interview by Tonya Mosley, Fresh Air , NPR, November 28, 2023, audio, 37:58, https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.

2. Buolamwini, interview.

Buolamwini, Joy. “ ‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,’ Expert Says.” Interview by Tonya Mosley. Fresh Air , NPR, November 28, 2023. Audio, 37:58. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.108 , 14.109 , and 14.110 .

Thesis or dissertation

1. Yuna Blajer de la Garza, “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019), 66–67, ProQuest (13865986).

2. Blajer de la Garza, “House,” 93.

Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. “A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2019. ProQuest (13865986).

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.113 .

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of November 15, 2023, Google’s privacy policy stated . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. If a source does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date. Alternatively, if a publicly available archive of the content has been saved using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine or similar service, the link for that version may be cited.

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, effective November 15, https://policies.google.com/privacy.

2. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style,” Wikimedia Foundation, last modified December 19, 2023, 21:54 (UTC), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.”

6. “Yale Facts.”

In the notes, the title will usually come first (as in the examples above); in a bibliography entry, the source should be listed under the owner or sponsor of the site.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Effective November 15, 2023. https://policies.google.com/privacy.

Wikimedia Foundation. “Wikipedia: Manual of Style.” Last modified December 19, 2023, at 21:54 (UTC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Archived March 8, 2022, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220308143337/https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.104 .

Social media content

Citations of content posted to social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 280 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

The Instagram post included a photo of the president delivering a eulogy at the National Cathedral and referred to O’Connor as “gracious and principled” (@potus, December 19, 2023).

1. NASA Webb Telescope (@NASAWebb), “👀 Sneak a peek at the deepest & sharpest infrared image of the early universe ever taken—all in a day’s work for the Webb telescope. (Literally, capturing it took less than a day!),” Twitter (now X), July 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/NASAWebb/status/1546621080298835970.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. NASA Webb Telescope, “👀 Sneak a peek.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.106 .

Video or podcast

1. Vaitea Cowan, “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era,” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022, 9 min., 15 sec., https://www .ted .com /talks /vaitea _cowan _how _green _hydrogen _could _end _the _fossil _fuel _era.

2. Eric Oliver, “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things,” moderated by Andrew McCall, virtual lecture, February 23, 2022, posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago, YouTube, 1:01:45, https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

3. Lauren Ober, host, The Loudest Girl in the World, season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!,” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022, 41 min., 37 sec., https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

1. Cowan, “Green Hydrogen,” at 6:09–17.

2. Oliver, “Why.”

3. Ober, “Goodbye, Routine.”

Unless it is clear from context, “video” or the like may be specified in the bibliography.

Cowan, Vaitea. “How Green Hydrogen Could End the Fossil Fuel Era.” TED Talk, Vancouver, BC, April 2022. Video, 9 min., 15 sec. https://www .ted .com /talks /vaitea _cowan _how _green _hydrogen _could _end _the _fossil _fuel _era.

Ober, Lauren, host. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, “Goodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!” Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/loudest-girl-in-the-world.

Oliver, Eric. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23, 2022. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.167–69 .

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook direct message to author, August 1, 2024.

For more details and examples, see CMOS 14.111 .

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Chicago Citation Style Guide: In-text Citations

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Basics of in-text citations

The following examples illustrate the use of notes for in-text citations. The notes allow space for unusual types of sources as well as for commentary on the sources cited, making this system extremely flexible. Because of this flexibility, the notes and bibliography system is preferred by many writers in literature, history, and the arts.

When using endnotes, the first use of a source requires the full citation, while subsequent use only requires a shortened citation.  Example notes below show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. 

For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . 

• Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.
• Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

• Smith, Swing Time , 320.
• Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

• Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

• Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Edited collection

• John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.
• D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Translated book

• Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.
• Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

• Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.
• Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
• Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.
• Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.
• Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.
• Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.
• Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.
• Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

For more examples, see 14.159–63 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

• Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.
• Stamper, interview.

Thesis or dissertation

• Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.
• Rutz, “King Lear,” 158.

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

In-Text example

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

• Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.
• Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
• Souza, “President Obama.”
• Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Author-Date Citations

The author-date system differs primarily in its use of parenthetical text citations rather than citations in numbered notes and, in the bibliography (called a reference list in author-date style), the placement for the year of publication. 

For the use of notes with the author-date system, see chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style.

Examples of the author-date style .  

When using endnotes for in-text citations, remember that sources cited in the text must have a superscript number that corresponds to an endnote that is connected to a citation in the bibliography. 

Journal articles

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

• Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.
• Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
• Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.
• Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.
• Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.
• LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Journal articles with multiple authors

If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al.

• Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.
• Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

For more examples, see 14.168–87 in The Chicago Manual of Style.

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

• Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.
• Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.
• Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.
• Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.
• Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.
• Manjoo, “Snap.”
• Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”
• Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

• Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.188–90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style.

Book review

• Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.
• Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

• “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
• “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.
• Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.
• Google, “Privacy Policy.”
• “Yale Facts.”
• Bouman, “Black Hole.”

For more examples, see 14.205–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style. For multimedia, including live performances, see 14.261–68.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

• Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.
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In-text citations in Chicago style

Published February 16, 2021. Updated August 15, 2021.

Need to use Chicago style? This guide shows you how to use in-text citations in Chicago. It’s based on the guidelines from the 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (but not linked to the CMOS), so you can rest assured that your citations follow the latest standards.

Here’s what you’ll find on this page:

What are the two in-text citation options in Chicago style?

How do you format in-text citations for the author-date style, where should in-text citations be placed with the author-date style, what do in-text citations look like with the notes and bibliography style.

For help writing your essay, research paper , or other project, check out these writing tips .

There are two in-text citation options for Chicago:

• parenthetical citations in the text (author-date style)
• citations in footnotes or endnotes (notes-bibliography style)

This guide will mainly focus on parenthetical, in-text citations used with the author-date style. If you need more information on citing with footnotes or endnotes, be sure to check out this guide on this topic!

The parenthetical, in-text citations in author-date style correspond to entries in a reference list that provide full citation information. If you need to know how to format your reference list, check out this guide .

The parenthetical citations used in-text with the Chicago author-date system all have the same format. They utilize the author’s surname (or organization name) along with the publication year. If you cite a specific part of a text, you’ll also provide a specific page number or another location identifier in the in-text citation.

Here’s the basic format:

In-text citation template:

(Author Surname Publication Year, Page #)

In-text citation examples:

(Putnam 2020, 108)

(Putnam 2020, 108–110)

Sometimes, as is often the case with website material, you won’t have a publication year. If there is no publication year or information on when the page was last modified, just use “n.d.” in place of the year. This stands for “no date.” You should make sure to include an access date in your full reference. To make sure there is no confusion or conflation with the author’s surname, a comma is used between the author’s surname and “n.d.”

(Heath, n.d.)

On the rare occasion that there is no clear author or organization responsible for the material, you’ll use a shortened title in the in-text citation:

( Actio Curiosa 1678)

For a source with two or three authors, your in-text citation will look like these:

(Penn and Dupree 2000)

(Smith, Heutink, and Hong 1999)

If your source has four or more authors, you’ll use “et al.” after the first author’s surname:

(Robinson et al. 2002)

If you have multiple sources that are from the same author and are published in the same year, you’ll append “a,” “b,” “c,” and so forth to the publication year to distinguish between the sources:

(Johnson 1981a)

(Johnson 1981b)

(Johnson 1981c)

If you need to cite more than one source to support your statement, include each in-text citation in a single set of parentheses and separate the citations with semicolons:

(Vaughn 2017; Reese et al. 2020; Rawls 1989)

You may order the citations chronologically, alphabetically, by order of appearance in your statement, or, in some cases, by importance to the topic.

In-text citations are generally placed at the end of a sentence (or clause) that has the quotation or information you wish to cite. It should precede punctuation marks like periods and commas.

They argued that the measurements were necessary for a valid result (Reurink et al. 2017, 118).

Their argument related to the measurements was strong (Reurink et al. 2017, 118), but others had differing opinions.

If you mention the author’s name in the text, you’ll need to place the parenthetical citation directly after the author’s name:

According to Draper (1999, 452), the text was to be interpreted as an extended metaphor.

For longer block quotations that are not run into the text, the parenthetical citation follows the quotation and is placed after the final punctuation mark:

Of the additive style, the author writes:

Sentences like Milton’s and Pater’s are not bashful about foregrounding the process of their own construction. They flaunt their artfulness and invite readers to share in the verbal pyrotechnics they display. But suppose you wanted to achieve another effect, the effect not of planning, order, and control, but of spontaneity, haphazardness, and chance. Then you might avail yourself of another style, no less artful, but marked by the appearance of artlessness. (Fish 2011, 61)

Footnotes and endnotes are another type of in-text citation style. Chicago uses notes for in-text citations with its notes and bibliography system. In this style, superscript numbers are placed at the end of the sentence or the clause in which a source is being cited. These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes that either provide full citation information or provide a shortened citation that links to an entry in the bibliography where the full citation information can be found.

There are two types of notes: full notes and shortened notes. Full notes include full citation information and once a source has been cited, subsequent citations use a shortened citation. A bibliography is optional if you use full citations, but make sure to check with your instructor. Another option is to only use shortened citations and to provide a full bibliography at the end.

Here’s what in-text citation with the notes-bibliography style in Chicago looks like:

Fish describes words not in sentences as “discrete items, pointing everywhere and nowhere.” 1 However, once placed in a sentence, words are “tied by the ligatures of relationships to one another.” 2

• Stanley Fish, How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), 2.
• Fish, How to Write , 2.

Works Consulted:

The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17.

Chicago Style Guides

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How to Write and Format a Chicago Style Paper [With Examples]

• 3-minute read
• 18th August 2023

Are you working on a Chicago style project but struggling with the question, “just what is it?!”

Fear not, this post will walk you through Chicago style basics.

What Is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) is a comprehensive style guide primarily used by professional writers, publishers, and researchers. It covers various forms of writing, including books, journals, magazines, and other publications. It’s often the go-to style for publishers and editors. CMoS is also known for its emphasis on scholarly writing and is suitable for a wide range of disciplines, including history, literature, the arts, and social sciences.

However, there’s an important distinction between Chicago style and Turabian style , which is essentially a simplified version of CMoS used in scholarly writing. Turabian omits some of the complexities and focuses on the needs of academic writers, especially those in the humanities and social sciences.

With either style, it’s essential to consult the relevant edition of the style guide specified by your institution or publication: either The Chicago Manual of Style or A Manual for Writers by Kate L. Turabian (currently in its ninth edition).

How Are Chicago Style Citations Formatted?

CMoS emphasizes two primary documentation systems : the notes and bibliography system (often used in the humanities) and the author–date system (preferred in the sciences and social sciences). When formatting a CMoS/Turabian paper, you’ll need to adhere to the guidelines associated with your chosen documentation system.

Notes and Bibliography System:

●  In this system, you’ll use footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text.

●  A corresponding bibliography is included at the end of the paper, listing all sources in alphabetical order.

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●  Citations typically include author names, titles, publication details, and page numbers.

Author–Date System:

●  In the author–date system, you’ll incorporate in-text citations within parentheses.

●  A reference list is included at the end of the document, providing full details for each cited source.

●  Citations include author’s last names, publication year, and page numbers (if applicable).

What Does Turabian Style Formatting Look Like?

A well-structured Turabian Style paper should adhere to the following formatting guidelines :

•   Title page : Include the title of your paper, your name, the course name/number, instructor’s name, and the date on a separate page, starting a third of the page down. Alternatively, write the title on the first page.
•   Margins : Apply one-inch margins on all sides.
• Indentation and spacing : Indent paragraphs and double-space the main text.
• Font : Use a legible 12-point font (e.g., Times New Roman).
• Page numbers : Number all pages consecutively in the top right corner, starting with the first page. Alternatively, page numbers may be placed at the bottom center of the page.
• Headings and subheadings : Use headline-style capitalization for headings and subheadings, with different levels distinguished.
• Footnotes or in-text citations: Implement your chosen citation system consistently throughout the paper.
• Bibliography or reference list : Include a comprehensive list of all sources used, following Chicago style citation guidelines for your chosen system.

How Should I Choose Which Chicago Style Documentation to Use?

It’s crucial to find out which specific CMoS system is preferred by your institution, publisher, or field of study. Always consult your assignment guidelines or style manual to determine whether you should use the notes and bibliography system or the author–date system. This choice will significantly impact how you format your citations and references.

Remember that mastering CMoS takes practice. By following these guidelines, you’ll be well on your way to crafting polished, professionally formatted papers that meet the expectations of your academic or professional audience.

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Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography

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On this Page

General paper formatting guidelines, quick rules for a chicago bibliography.

What is an Annotated Bibliography?

Writing an Evaluative Annotation

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

Sample Paper with Bibliography

• Chicago Sample Paper

This sample paper can be used as a template to set up your assignment. It includes a title page, main body paragraph with footnotes, and a bibliography.

Sample Paper with Appendix

• Chicago Sample Paper Template - with Appendix

If you are adding an appendix to your paper there are a few rules to follow that comply with Chicago guidelines:

• The Appendix appears before the Bibliography
• If you have more than one appendix you would name the first appendix Appendix A, the second Appendix B, etc.
• The appendices should appear in the order that the information is mentioned in your essay
• Each appendix begins on a new page

Sample Annotated Bibliography

This sample annotated bibliography shows you the structure you should use to write a Chicago style annotated bibliography and gives examples of evaluative and summary annotations.

It can be used as a template to set up your assignment.

• End-of-Paper Checklist

Finished your assignment? Use this checklist to be sure you haven't missed any information needed for Chicago style.

Useful Links for Annotated Bibliographies

Overview of purpose and form of annotated bibliographies from the Purdue OWL.

Includes a sample annotation from a Chicago Manual of Style annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

An example of an MLA annotated bibliography. From the Purdue OWL.

Assemble your paper in the following order:

• Body of paper
• Appendix (if needed)
• Bibliography

Use Times New Roman, Size 12 (unless otherwise instructed).

Margins and Indents

Your margins should be 1 inch on all sides.

Indent new paragraphs by one-half inch.

Double-space the main text of your paper.

Single-space the footnotes and bibliography, but add a blank line between entries.

Start numbering your pages on the  second  page of your paper (don't include the title page).

Put your page numbers in the header of the first page of text (skip the title page), beginning with page number 1. Continue numbering your pages to the end of the bibliography.

Place the footnote number at the end of the sentence in which you have quoted or paraphrased information from another source. The footnote number should be in superscript, and be placed  after  any punctuation.

Put your footnotes in the footer section of the page.

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a bibliography.

See an example in the "Sample Paper with Bibliography" box on this page.

Here are nine quick rules for this list:

• Start a new page for your bibliography (e.g. If your paper is 4 pages long, start your bibliography on page 5).
• Centre the title, Bibliography, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Look for the alignment option in Word. 
• Leave two blank lines between the title and the first entry on your list.
• Single-space the list, but leave one blank line between entries.
• Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; each subsequent line should be indented (also known as a "hanging indent").
• Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
• For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first name followed by a period.
• Italicize the titles of full works , such as: books, videos (films and television shows), artwork, images, maps, journals, newspapers, magazines.
• Do not italicize titles of parts of works , such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks.

What Is An Annotated Bibliography?

An  annotated bibliography  is a list of citations for various books, articles, and other sources on a topic. The annotated bibliography looks like a Works Cited page but includes an annotation after each source cited. An annotation is a short summary and/or critical evaluation of a source. Annotated bibliographies can be part of a larger research project, or can be a stand-alone report in itself.

Types of Annotations

 A  summary annotation  describes the source by answering the following questions: who wrote the document, what the document discusses, when and where was the document written, why was the document produced, and how was it provided to the public. The focus is on description. 

 An  evaluative annotation  includes a summary as listed above but also critically assesses the work for accuracy, relevance, and quality. Evaluative annotations can help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a specific source will be useful for your assignment, and determine if there is enough valid information available to complete your project. The focus is on description and evaluation.

• Cite the source using Chicago style.
• Describe the main ideas, arguments, themes, theses, or methodology, and identify the intended audience.
• Explain the author’s expertise, point of view, and any bias he/she may have.
• Compare to other sources on the same topic that you have also cited to show similarities and differences.
• Explain why each source is useful for your research topic and how it relates to your topic.
• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source.
• Identify the observations or conclusions of the author. 

Remember: Annotations are original descriptions that you create after reading the document. When researching, you may find journal articles that provide a short summary at the beginning of the text. This article abstract is similar to a summary annotation. You may consult the abstract when creating your evaluative annotation, but never simply copy it as that would be considered plagiarism. 

Tips on Writing & Formatting an Annotated Bibliography

• Each annotation should be one paragraph, between three to six sentences long (about 150- 200 words).
• Start with the same format as a regular Bibliography list.
• All lines should be double-spaced. Do not add an extra line between the citations.
• If your list of citations is especially long, you can organize it by topic.
• Try to be objective, and give explanations if you state any opinions.
• Use the third person (e.g., he, she, the author) instead of the first person (e.g., I, my, me)
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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

General Format

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Since The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is primarily intended as a style guide for published works rather than class papers, these guidelines will be supplemented with information from, Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th ed.), which is largely based on CMOS with some slight alterations.

To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all CMOS citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS.

A Note on Citations

Unlike many citation styles, CMOS gives writers two different methods for documenting sources: the Author-Date System and the Notes-Bibliography (NB) System.  As its name suggests, Author-Date uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Each parenthetical citation corresponds to an entry on a References page that concludes the document. In these regards, Author-Date is very similar to, for instance, APA style.

By contrast, NB uses numbered footnotes in the text to direct the reader to a shortened citation at the bottom of the page. This corresponds to a fuller citation on a Bibliography page that concludes the document. Though the general principles of citation are the same here, the citations themselves are formatted differently from the way they appear in Author-Date.

If you are using CMOS for school or work, don't forget to ensure that you're using your organization's preferred citation method. For examples of these two different styles in action, see our CMOS sample papers:

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

General CMOS Guidelines

• Text should be consistently double-spaced, except for block quotations, notes, bibliography entries, table titles, and figure captions.
• A prose quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked.
• CMOS recommends blocking two or more lines of poetry.
• A blocked quotation does not get enclosed in quotation marks.
• A blocked quotation must always begin a new line.
• Blocked quotations should be indented with the word processor’s indention tool.
• Page numbers begin in the header of the first page of text with Arabic number 1.
• For CMOS and Turabian’s recommendations, see “Headings,” below.

Supplemental Turabian Style Guidelines

• Margins should be set at no less than 1”.
• Typeface should be something readable, such as Times New Roman or Courier.
• Font size should be no less than 10 pt. (preferably, 12 pt.).

Major Paper Sections

• The title should be centered a third of the way down the page.
• Your name, class information, and the date should follow several lines later.
• For subtitles, end the title line with a colon and place the subtitle on the line below the title.
• Double-space each line of the title page.

CMOS Title Page

• Different practices apply for theses and dissertations (see Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, ad Dissertations [8 th ed.].
• Titles mentioned in the text, notes, or bibliography are capitalized “headline-style,” meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words thereafter should be capitalized.
• Book and periodical titles (titles of larger works) should be italicized.
• Article and chapter titles (titles of shorter works) should be enclosed in double quotation marks.
• The titles of most poems should be enclosed in double quotation marks, but the titles of very long poems should be italicized.
• Titles of plays should be italicized.
• For example, use lowercase terms to describe periods, except in the case of proper nouns (e.g., “the colonial period,” vs. “the Victorian era”).
• A prose quotation of five or more lines should be “blocked.” The block quotation should match the surrounding text, and it takes no quotation marks. To offset the block quote from surrounding text, indent the entire quotation using the word processor’s indentation tool. It is also possible to offset the block quotation by using a different or smaller font than the surrounding text.
• Label the first page of your back matter, your comprehensive list of sources, “Bibliography” (for Notes and Bibliography style) or “References” (for Author-Date style).
• Leave two blank lines between “Bibliography” or “References” and your first entry.
• Leave one blank line between remaining entries.
• List entries in letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry, be that the author's name or the title of the piece..
• For two to three authors, write out all names.
• For four to ten authors, write out all names in the bibliography but only the first author’s name plus “et al.” in notes and parenthetical citations.
• When a source has no identifiable author, cite it by its title, both on the references page and in shortened form (up to four keywords from that title) in parenthetical citations throughout the text.
• Write out publishers’ names in full.
• Do not use access dates unless publication dates are unavailable.
• If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”
• Provide DOIs instead of URLs whenever possible.
• If no DOI is available, provide a URL.
• If you cannot name a specific page number when called for, you have other options: section (sec.), equation (eq.), volume (vol.), or note (n.).

CMOS Bibliography Page

• Note numbers should begin with “1” and follow consecutively throughout a given paper.
• Note numbers are superscripted.
• Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer and should be placed after all punctuation, except for the dash.
• Note numbers are full-sized, not raised, and followed by a period (superscripting note numbers in the notes themselves is also acceptable).
• In parenthetical citation, separate documentation from brief commentary with a semicolon.
• Do not repeat the hundreds digit in a page range if it does not change from the beginning to the end of the range.

For more information on footnotes, please see CMOS NB Sample Paper .

While  The Chicago Manual of Style does not include a prescribed system for formatting headings and subheads, it makes several recommendations.

• Maintain consistency and parallel structure in headings and subheads.
• Use headline-style for purposes of capitalization.
• Subheadings should begin on a new line.
• Subheadings can be distinguished by font-size.
• Ensure that each level of hierarchy is clear and consistent.
• Levels of subheads can be differentiated by type style, use of boldface or italics, and placement on the page, usually either centered or flush left.
• Use no more than three levels of hierarchy.
• Avoid ending subheadings with periods.

Turabian has an optional system of five heading levels.

Turabian Subheading Plan

Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

CMOS Headings

Tables and Figures

• Position tables and figures as soon as possible after they are first referenced. If necessary, present them after the paragraph in which they are described.
• For figures, include a caption, or short explanation of the figure or illustration, directly after the figure number.
• Cite a source as you would for parenthetical citation, and include full information in an entry on your Bibliography or References page.
• Acknowledge reproduced or adapted sources appropriately (i.e., photo by; data adapted from; map by...).
• If a table includes data not acquired by the author of the text, include an unnumbered footnote. Introduce the note by the word Source(s) followed by a colon, then include the full source information, and end the note with a period.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in CMOS

On the new OWL site, contributors’ names and the last edited date are no longer listed at the top of every page. This means that most citations will now begin with the title of the resource, rather than the contributors' names.

Footnote or Endnote (N):

Corresponding Bibliographical Entry (B):

“Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

“General Format.” The Purdue OWL. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/.

Author Date In-text Citation:

("General Format" 2017).

Author Date References Page Citation:

Year of Publication. “Title of Resource.” List the OWL as Publishing Organization/Web Site Name . http://Web address for OWL resource.

2017. “General Format.” The Purdue OWL . https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02.

Citation Examples for APA, MLA, and Chicago Style Guides

You may think citing sources for research papers is confusing . . . because it absolutely is! It’s one thing to memorize the precise format for your sources’ information, but it’s another thing to know the precise formats required by APA, MLA, and Chicago style guides.

Because different styles have different citation formats, we thought showing you some citation examples in research papers would help you learn to tell the difference. Feel free to use this guide as a resource to help you get the perfect citation, no matter what style you use.

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How to use citation examples in research

In-text citations vs. full citations, parenthetical citations vs. narrative citations, apa citation examples, apa in-text citation examples, apa citation examples: book.

• APA citation examples: Journal Article

APA citation examples: Website

Apa citation examples: video, apa citation examples: ai, mla citation examples, mla in-text citation examples, mla citation examples: book.

• MLA citation examples: Journal Article

MLA citation examples: Website

Mla citation examples: video, mla citation examples: ai, chicago citation examples, chicago in-text citation examples, chicago citation examples: book.

• Chicago citation examples: Journal Article

Chicago citation examples: Website

Chicago citation examples: video, chicago citation examples: ai, citation examples for multiple authors, apa citation examples for more than one author, mla citation examples for more than one author, chicago citation examples for more than one author.

In academic writing like research papers , you must cite your source for each piece of information that’s not your own . In informal writing like personal essays, you are your own source, so you don’t need a citation. But for writing that uses information from outside books, articles, websites, videos, or even AI, citations are necessary.

The tricky part is that each style has its own particular way of citing sources. Most academic papers are written in one of the three main styles:

• Chicago format

Each of these styles has different rules for what information to include in citations, as well as unique guidelines for particulars like capitalization, the use of italics, and the order in which the information comes. (For more details, read our direct comparison of MLA vs. APA .)

In this blog post, we share citation examples of each style for different types of sources. But first, let’s talk a little about the different types of citations you’ll be using in formal writing.

The two main types of citations are in-text citations and full citations.

In-text citations appear in the body text of the paper and provide the bare minimum of information to identify the source. These usually include the author’s name and sometimes a page number or publication date. They can be either parenthetical or narrative, which we explain below. Alternatively, if you’re using Chicago style, you have the option to use footnotes as in-text citations.

Full citations appear in the bibliography at the end of the text and contain all the relevant information from a source. The idea is that, if your reader is interested in learning more about one of your sources, they can find it in the full citation. Full citations are written in a particular way, and different styles have their own rules for what information goes where.

In APA, the bibliography is called a reference page ; in MLA, it’s called a works cited page . Only Chicago uses the term “bibliography.”

In-text citations can be either parenthetical citations or narrative citations. A parenthetical citation puts a brief credit in parentheses after the related piece of information. Here’s an in-text citation example in APA:

Not all experiments use a placebo group because “if your patients are ill, you shouldn’t be leaving them untreated simply because of your own mawkish interest in the placebo effect” (Goldacre, 2008, p. 60) .

A narrative citation, on the other hand, gives credit in the body text itself, such as by mentioning the author by name. Typically, any information not included in the text is still placed in an abbreviated parenthetical citation afterward.

Not all experiments use a placebo group because, as Ben Goldacre wrote , “if your patients are ill, you shouldn’t be leaving them untreated simply because of your own mawkish interest in the placebo effect” (2008, p. 60) .

Our in-text citation examples below are for standard parenthetical citations. Just remember if you mention the author, page, or year in the main text, you can remove it from the parenthetical citation.

In-text citations in APA use what’s called the author-date style , which includes the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated with commas.

If citing a specific piece of information or a direct quote, also include the location, such as a page number or timestamp. Use the abbreviations p. for page , pp. for pages , and paras. for paragraphs . For general information, such as a concept discussed throughout the source, no location is needed.

(Last Name, Year, p. #)

(Goldacre, 2008, p. 60)

To cite a book in APA , you need the author’s name, year of publication, book title, and publisher. The author’s name is written as “last name, first name initial,” as in “Shakespeare, W.” Titles use sentence-style capitalization, which means only the first letter of the first word in the title (and subtitle, if applicable) are capitalized. If the book edition is relevant, place it in parentheses after the title.

Last name, First name initial. (Year of publication). Title . Publisher.

Goldacre, B. (2008). Bad science. Fourth Estate.

APA citation examples: Journal article

Citing an article in APA requires the author’s last name and first initial; the full date of publication, including month and day if applicable; and the titles of both the article and the journal/periodical, as well as the page number. Note that, unlike MLA and Chicago styles, APA doesn’t abbreviate months in citations.

Last name, First name initial. (Year, Month Day of publication). Article title. Magazine name, volume (issue), page range. DOI

Cardanay, A. (2016, January 12). Illustrating motion, music, and story. General Music Today, 29 (3), 25–29. doi:10.1177/1048371315626498

To cite a website in APA , follow the same format you use to cite journal articles, except without volume, issue, or page numbers. Website citations in APA include a URL, however. If the website represents a print publication, italicize the title. If not, italicize the article name.

Last name, First name initial. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of article, post, or page. Website. URL

Hudson, J. (2023, November 12). What Taylor Swift can teach us about leadership. Forbes . https://www.forbes.com/sites/jameshudson/2023/11/12/what-taylor-swift-can-teach-us-about-leadership/

To cite YouTube in APA , as well as any online video, you need to include both the uploader’s real name and username, the date posted, the video title, the website name, and the URL. You also need to include the word “Video” in brackets after the video title to show what kind of source it is.

Real last name, First initial. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Website. URL.

Desmond, W. [TED-Ed]. (2019, December 19). The philosophy of cynicism [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utzym1I_BiY

According to the APA website, AI citations in APA should be treated as an “algorithm’s output.” You cite the company that built it as the author, the name of the AI as the title, and the year you interacted with it as the date of publication. You should also include the version you used and a descriptor like “large language model” in brackets, followed by the URL.

Company. (Year). AI Name (version) [Descriptor]. URL

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (March 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

For MLA, in-text citations use only the author’s last name and the page number or timestamp, without abbreviations or commas.

(Last name #)

(Goldacre 60)

To cite a book in MLA , you need the author’s name, book title, place of publication, publisher’s name, and the date of publication. The author’s name is inverted, with the last name coming before the first name. Most parts are separated by periods, except for the author’s names and publication information, which are separated by commas. Titles use title capitalization, which capitalizes the first letter of each major word.

Last name, First name. Book Title . Place of publication, Publisher, publication date.

Goldacre, Ben. Bad Science . London, Fourth Estate, 2008.

MLA citation examples: Journal article

Citing an article in MLA is similar to citing a journal article in other styles, although MLA uses abbreviations for volume (vol.) and issue number (no.), as well as pages (pp.). If you found the article online, you also need to include the database name in italics and the URL or DOI.

Last name, First name. “Title of article.” Journal , vol. #, no. #, Day Month Year of publication, pp. #–#. Database , DOI or URL.

Cardanay, Audrey. “Illustrating Motion, Music, and Story.” General Music Today , vol. 29, no. 3, 2016, pp. 25–29. Academic Search Premier , doi:10.1177/1048371315626498.

To cite a website in MLA , include the page or article title in quotes and the name of the website in italics. In addition to the publication date and URL, you also need to mention the date you visited the website, using the word “Accessed.”

Last name, First name. “Page or Article Title.” Website , Day Month Year of publication, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Hudson, James. “What Taylor Swift Can Teach Us about Leadership.” Forbes , 12 Nov. 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jameshudson/2023/11/12/what-taylor-swift-can-teach-us-about-leadership/. Accessed 13 Nov. 2023.

Citing YouTube in MLA is similar to citing videos in APA, although the information goes in different places. Additionally, you need either the creator’s real name or username, but not both.

Username or Last name, First name. “Title.” Website , Day Month Year, URL.

Desmond, William. “The Philosophy of Cynicism.” YouTube , 19 Dec. 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utzym1I_BiY.

AI citations in MLA ignore the author altogether and use the AI prompt (what you typed into the chat) as the title. MLA uses “containers” for sources within larger works, and for AI the container is the name of the AI. You also need the version, company (as the publisher), date accessed, and URL.

“Entered text” prompt. AI Name , version, Company, Day Month Year, URL.

“Citation examples for research” prompt. ChatGPT , GPT-4, OpenAI, 15 Nov. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

In Chicago, you can choose either parenthetical citations or footnotes for in-text citations. Chicago’s parenthetical citations also use an author-date style just like APA citations; however, there is no comma between the author and year (although there is a comma between the year and the location). Chicago citations do not use abbreviations for page numbers.

(Last Name Year, #)

(Goldacre 2008, 60)

Citing a book in Chicago uses the author’s name, book title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. You also include the edition, but only if it’s relevant. The author’s name is inverted, and the title uses title capitalization.

Last Name, First Name. Book Title: Subtitle . Edition (if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Goldacre, Ben. Bad Science . London: Fourth Estate, 2008.

Chicago citation examples: Journal article

Citing an article in Chicago is most similar to citing an article in MLA, including the type of information to include and the use of abbreviations. Pay attention to the citation examples to see the correct order and punctuation to use; note that in Chicago the volume number directly follows the journal title and is not separated by a comma or preceded by the word “vol.”

Last name, First name. “Article title.” Journal vol. #, no. # (Year): #–#. Database or article URL.

Cardanay, Audrey. “Illustrating Motion, Music, and Story.” General Music Today 29, no. 3 (2016): 25–29. Academic Search Premier.

Compared to citing a website in other styles, citing a website in Chicago is more straightforward. Include all the relevant information, put the article or page title in quotations, and don’t worry about italics or the date you visited (unless the website does not have a publication date; in that case, include the date you accessed the site where you would normally put the publication date).

Last name, First name. “Article or Page Title.” Website, Month Day, Year of publication. URL.

Hudson, James. “What Taylor Swift Can Teach Us about Leadership.” Forbes, Nov. 12, 2023. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jameshudson/2023/11/12/what-taylor-swift-can-teach-us-about-leadership/

To cite YouTube in Chicago , you need to include all the standard information, such as the creator’s name, the title of the video, and the website that hosts it, as well as the date and URL. Unlike other formats, Chicago also requires the total video length written in XX:XX format. You also need to mention the source format (“video”) after naming the website.

Uploader. “Title.” Website and format, duration. Month Day, Year of publication. URL.

TED-Ed. “The Philosophy of Cynicism.” YouTube video, 5:25. Dec. 19, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Utzym1I_BiY.

AI citations in Chicago work differently than in other styles; Chicago considers AI conversations as “personal communication” because they’re non-retrievable—meaning other people can’t access the same conversation you had. Consequently, do not include AI chatbots in the bibliography ; mention them only as personal communications if necessary.

However, you still need to use in-text citations for AI in Chicago. For parenthetical citations, you can use the name of the AI as the author and when you had the conversation as the publication date.

APA, MLA, and Chicago formats all have different guidelines for citing more than one author. Here are some quick reference tips on how each does it:

Each author in an APA citation is written in the format of Last name, First Initial. Place authors in the same order as the publication lists them, which may not necessarily be alphabetical. Separate each name with a comma and add an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name.

Marieb, E., & Keller, S. (2018). Essentials of human anatomy & physiology (12th ed.) . Pearson.

In-text citations in APA for two authors use both authors’ last names, connected with an ampersand. For more than two authors, use only the first author’s last name and the phrase et al.

(Marieb & Keller, 2018)

(Marieb et al., 2018)

If an MLA citation has two authors, list them both in the full citation but invert only the first name. Separate them with a comma and the word and .

Cohn, Rachel, and David Levithan. Dash & Lily’s Book of Dares . Ember Publishing House, 2011.

In-text citations use both last names with and .

(Cohn and Levitation 55)

For more than two authors, use only the first author’s name and the phrase et al. in both the full and in-text citation.

Heffernan, James, et al. Writing: A College Handbook . New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.

(Heffernan et al. 27)

In the bibliography, Chicago citations list the names of up to ten authors, separated by commas and with the word and before the last author. For more than ten authors, list only the first seven and then add et al . Only the first name is inverted.

Gyatso, Tenzin, and Howard Cutler. The Art of Happiness: A Handbook for Living . Norwalk: Easton Press, 1998.

In-text citations list the last names of up to three authors, separated by commas (if there are more than two), and the word and before the final name. For four or more authors, use only the first author’s last name and the phrase et al .

(Gyatso and Cutler 1998)

(Gyatso et al. 1998)

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• Chicago Style Footnotes | Citation Format & Examples

Chicago Style Footnotes | Citation Format & Examples

Published on September 18, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on September 5, 2024.

The notes and bibliography style is one of two citation options provided by the Chicago Manual of Style . Each time a source is quoted or paraphrased , a superscript number is placed in the text, which corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing details of the source .

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear on a separate page at the end of the text.

Pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks ) in your footnotes. Scribbr’s grammar checker can help you avoid mistakes.

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Table of contents

Full notes and short notes, placement of footnotes, content of chicago footnotes, footnote examples for different source types, footnotes vs endnotes, frequently asked questions about chicago style footnotes.

There are two types of footnote in Chicago style: full notes and short notes.

Full notes contain the full publication details of the source. The first citation of each source should be a full note.

Full note example

1. Virginia Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” in Selected Essays , ed. David Bradshaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 11.

Short notes contain only the author’s last name, the title (shortened if longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant). They are used for all subsequent citations of the same source. It’s also acceptable to use “ ibid. ” instead to refer to the immediately preceding source.

Short note example

2. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the Chicago style bibliography . Check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

It’s important to include a citation for all referenced material. Scribbr’s plagiarism checker can help ensure your writing is free of accidental plagiarism.

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Footnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word .

The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. It is placed after any punctuation except a dash :

Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.” 1

Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing” 1 —but Smith contends that …

Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. The numbering does not restart with a new page or section (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter).

The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a period and then the citation itself. The citation always includes the author’s name and the title of the text, and it always ends with a period. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information in parentheses (which varies by source type ).

If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. However, if the source doesn’t have page numbers, or if you’re referring to the text as a whole, you can omit the page number.

In short notes, titles of more than four words are shortened. Shorten them in a way that retains the keyword(s) so that the text is still easily recognizable for the reader:

1. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus , ed. M.K. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91. 2. Shelley, Frankenstein , 91.

Combining multiple citations

Do not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text (e.g. 1, 2, 3 ). If you need to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons :

1. Hulme, “Romanticism and Classicism”; Eliot, The Waste Land ; Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

Sources with multiple authors

Footnotes for sources with two or three authors should include all the authors’ names. When there are four or more authors, add “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) after the first author’s name.

Missing information

You sometimes won’t have all the information required for your citation. You might be missing page numbers, the author’s name, or the publication date.

If one of your sources (e.g., a website ) has no page numbers, but you still think it’s important to cite a specific part of the text, other locators like headings , chapters or paragraphs can be used. Abbreviate words like “paragraph” to “par.” and “chapter” to “chap.”, and put headings in quotation marks :

1. Johnson, “Literature Review,” chap. 2.1 . 2. Smith, “Thematic Analysis,” under “Methodology.”

If the source lacks a stated publication date, the abbreviation “n.d.” (no date) should replace the year in a full note:

1. Smith, Data Analysis (New York: Norton, n.d. ), 293.

If a text doesn’t list its author’s name, the organization that published it can be treated as the author in your citation:

1. Scribbr , “Chicago Style Citation.”

If you use a website name as an author, you may end up repeating the same information twice in one citation. Omit the website name from its usual place if you’ve already listed it in place of the author.

Short notes usually look similar regardless of source type—author, title, page number. However, the information included in full notes varies according to the source you’re citing. Below are examples for several common source types, showing how the footnote should look in Chicago format .

Chicago book citation

Italicize the book title. If the book states an edition (other than the first), include this and abbreviate it (e.g., 2nd ed., rev. ed.). Add the URL if you consulted the book online instead of in a physical copy.

Chicago book chapter citation

Sometimes you’ll cite from one chapter in a book containing texts by multiple authors—for example, a compilation of essays. In this case, you’ll want to cite the relevant chapter rather than the whole book.

The chapter title should be enclosed in quotation marks , while the book title should be italicized. The short note only contains the chapter title.

The author is the one who wrote the specific chapter you’re citing. The editor of the whole book is listed toward the end of the footnote (with the abbreviation “ed.”), and left out of the short note.

Chicago journal article citation

The article title should be enclosed in quotation marks, while the journal name should be italicized. Volume and issue numbers identify which edition of the journal the source appears in.

A DOI is a digital object identifier. This is generally more reliable than the URL when linking to online journal content.

Chicago website citation

The page title should be enclosed in quotation marks. Italicization is not used for website names.

If the publication date is unknown, you can instead list the date when you accessed the page at the end of the citation (e.g., accessed on September 10, 2019).

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All of the above information also applies to endnotes. Endnotes are less commonly used than footnotes, but they’re a perfectly valid option.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to.

• Footnotes allow the reader to immediately check your citations as they read …
• … but if you have a lot of footnotes, they can be distracting and take up space on the page.

Endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the bibliography.

• Endnotes take up less space in the body of your text and reduce distraction …
• … but they are less accessible, as the reader has to flip to the end to check each note.

Endnote citations look exactly the same as those in footnotes. Unless you’ve been told which one to use, choose whichever you prefer. Just use one or the other consistently.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page.  Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don’t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose one or the other and use them consistently.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case.

In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

• You’re quoting from the text.
• You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
• You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, September 05). Chicago Style Footnotes | Citation Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 16, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/footnotes/

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