how many references for a 3000 word essay masters

The Critical Turkey

Essay Writing Hacks for the Social Sciences

How many sources should I use in my essay?

Possibly the most frequently asked question when it comes to social science essay writing (certainly in first and second year courses) is how many sources should be used in an essay. This is a very legitimate question, especially if you don’t have much essay writing experience to start with. But the answer is not very straightforward. It depends. Rather than providing a fixed number, this blog post lays out what it depends on, and what kinds of parameters play a role in determining the number of readings.

The purpose of referencing

First, however, a short reflection on why you need to use references in the first place. Anchoring this discussion to its purpose will help you gain a deeper understanding of the issue, and the rest will make more sense. It is tempting to see this as a tick-box exercise of a specific number of readings you need to cover. But providing references goes deeper than that.

What distinguishes academic writing from other forms of writing is that indeed, it builds on what others have written before, and makes explicit reference to it. This is because social science is ever-evolving. When we write about social class today, we stand on the shoulders of giants , scholars like Marx, Weber, or more recently, Pierre Bourdieu. And those are only the big names. Hundreds of other authors have dedicated their scholarly lives to academic research, and added bits and pieces to an ever-evolving body of knowledge, be it on social class or any other topic we write about.

Providing references to their work pays tribute to this. It is a sign of respect for the work of others. But it also a way of showing your own awareness of the different debates and different perspectives in the field. And it is a way of showing where your position is. For example, if your analysis of class follows a Marxist tradition, this will show in the readings you use, as you will be drawing primarily on authors that have also followed this tradition (and probably some original Marx as well).

Rather than this being a tick-box exercise, then, referring to the work of others has a deeper meaning. It is about who you are, and where you see yourself, as a budding scholar. And you might not think of yourself as a budding scholar (yet?), but hey, we all have to start somewhere.

Parameter 1: Your ambition

And this brings us to the first parameter, your ambition. If all you want is write a reasonably well-informed essay that achieves a solid pass and a not unreasonable grade (a perfectly legitimate ambition. In our school this corresponds to a grade in the 50s range), fewer sources will do. You still need to demonstrate you have read, and are building on the literature, but there is less emphasis on integrating, for example, different perspectives. If, however, you want to demonstrate that you really know some stuff, and are aware of at least some of the different perspectives (in our school, a 60s essay), you will typically use a few more sources, integrate a few more perspectives, and a little more data and evidence. If you are aiming for those really high grade ranges (in our school, 70 and above), you want to show more of an ‘overview of the topic’, an awareness of a slightly bigger part of the body of knowledge that exists, which will result the use of additional sources, and an extended bibliography.

Okay, I know you want numbers. Here we go then. Let’s say this is a typical 1,500 to 2,000-word essay, first or second year, Social and Political Science at Edinburgh University (if you’re at another school or university this might be different. Even some individual courses might be different. Always check for local conditions): a typical 50s essay here will probably use four or five sources; in the 60s, it tends to be around five to ten, and typical 70s or above essays use probably somewhere between eight and 15 substantive sources. These are rough estimates, though. And importantly, these numbers are not deterministic. You could write a brilliant essay based on just five or six sources and still get that first. Or you could use 15 sources in your essay, but if your argument is off, or your writing is incomprehensible, or the sources aren’t very good, you might still only get a 50s grade.

Parameter 2: The kind of question

The second parameter to consider is the kind of question you are addressing. There are two main distinctions to make here: first, whether the question is mostly on a specific theory or on a topic. More theoretical questions tend to need fewer readings. For example, it could ask about a specific concept by a specific author, say Foucault’s concept of power/knowledge, or Mead’s idea of the Self. Rather than looking at several different viewpoints, this kind of essay question is asking you to engage in detail with only one author’s perspective. This means there is less importance on breadth of reading (expressed in a higher number of readings). However, this does not necessarily make things easier, as there is instead more emphasis on depth of reading. You need to engage thoroughly with that one text, more that you would otherwise. And even though the emphasis is on one author’s theory, depending on your ambition, you still want to consult additional literature, and see how other authors have interpreted and contextualised this particular theory.

If the essay question is on a specific topic, on the other hand, say globalisation, gender inequalities or social class, there is usually more of an emphasis on the breadth of reading, and of you demonstrating awareness of different perspectives and interpretations. This tends to result in a higher number of bibliography entries.

The second aspect of the ‘kind of question’ parameter you need to consider is how many dimensions the question has. In the above example, if the question is about one theorist, you will typically need fewer readings than if the question is asking you to compare theories, for example, compare Foucault’s notion of how power and knowledge are connected to what Marx and Engels wrote about the issue. Both might be 2,000 word essays, but the number of readings is likely to be twice as many if you add this comparison.

The same goes for topic questions. These, too, can involve several dimensions. A question that asks about the impact of globalisation on cultural practices in Japan is more likely to be focused on a selected number of core readings. If a similar question asks about the impact of globalisation on culture, the economy and politics in Japan, this multitude of dimensions will require additional readings for the additional dimensions.

Parameter 3: Quality of sources

Another parameter that determines the number of sources you need to use is the quality of your sources, and the kinds of sources you use. Once again, two distinctions are important here. First, there is a difference between core readings, and ones that are more peripheral. The core readings should indeed provide the core of your argument, and the basis for the essay to build on. They are usually provided in the course material, either as essay readings, or for the respective lectures or course units the essay builds on. The decisive point, however, and what defines these as core readings for the purpose of your essay, is that they touch on the core of what the essay is about. Peripheral readings are ones that provide examples, additional material, data and illustration. They help your essay branch out, and cover just that little bit more ground. The point, however, is that they are additional, and if push comes to shove, you could probably do without them. The core readings, in contrast, are indispensable.

This distinction is important for how you count your number of readings. Core readings count fully; peripheral readings, not quite so much. This can become a problem if your bibliography is overly weighted towards peripheral readings. If you have, say, ten readings in your bibliography, but only one or two are on the core of the topic, this will be insufficient, despite the relatively high number of readings. If we take the above example of the effects of globalisation on Japanese culture, if only one or two readings are on globalisation, and ten others on examples, this might leave the core a little hollow, and the discussion of globalisation in a more general sense might just not have sufficient substance. I have used the word ‘might’ here, because this does depend on the kinds of readings, and there is a chance that this bibliography actually does work. The important point is that this is something you need to pay attention to, and ultimately it is your judgment call.

The second distinction of the kinds of sources is between academic and non-academic sources. As a rule of thumb, you should be very careful about using non-academic sources in the first place. All of the above is written on the assumption that we are talking about academic (i.e. peer-reviewed) journal articles and books. Under certain circumstances, however, it is possible to use non-academic sources, such as news articles or blogposts, mostly to provide current examples and illustration of whatever you are writing about. If you do use such sources, however, they should never be seen as a replacement for academic sources. And when you count how many sources you have used, you should simply take these out of the equation. If you have used, say three academic sources and 15 non-academic sources, in the eyes of your marker (at least if I am that marker) you have only used three sources, plus some additional, peripheral, illustrative material. This is not to say that this additional material cannot also be very useful. But as discussed above, academic essay writing starts with an acknowledgment of what is already out there in terms of academic literature and research, and is based on the body of knowledge that has evolved over time on a specific topic, not on yesterday’s news.

Parameter 4: specific instructions

The last parameter to consider can throw the entire calculation over board. It is whether the essay question comes with specific instructions. Such instructions could be, for example, that an essay in social theory really only needs to engage with this one theory. This gives you permission to limit the number of readings. However, be careful here, as this can be a false friend. Reading additional secondary literature on the theory might actually help you understand it better.

Or you might be encouraged to use news articles to provide examples for your discussion. This can potentially lead to a much higher number of bibliography entries. But as discussed above, this should not replace academic literature, and the latter should always form the basis and core of your discussion.

These four parameters are what I think are the most relevant determinants for the number of readings you need to use in your essay. But maybe I missed something? What other considerations do you think are important? Or maybe you disagree with some claim made in this article? Do let me know in the comments below.

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How Many References Do I Need?

One of the crucial aspects of writing an academic paper is the number and quality of references you include. References not only provide support for your arguments but also show that you have engaged with the existing body of knowledge on your topic. However, determining the right number of references for your academic paper can be tricky. Too few references might suggest that your research is not well-supported, while too many can overwhelm your paper with unnecessary citations.

In this article, we’ll explore how many references you should include in an academic paper, factors that influence the number of references, and tips for how to use references effectively.

Table of Contents

General Guidelines for the Number of References

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to how many references you should include in your academic paper. The appropriate number of references depends on several factors, including the type of paper you’re writing, the discipline you’re working within, and the scope of your research. However, there are some general guidelines that you can follow.

1. Research Papers

For standard research papers, the number of references often ranges between 20 and 50 . This range is typical for papers that are around 4,000 to 6,000 words . However, depending on the depth of your research and the complexity of the topic, you might require more or fewer references.

• A 5,000-word research paper might include about 30-40 references.

2. Theses and Dissertations

Theses and dissertations are more comprehensive than standard research papers, and they often require a much larger number of references. Depending on the length and scope of your thesis or dissertation, you might include anywhere from 100 to 300 references or more.

• A 60,000-word PhD dissertation might include 200-300 references, encompassing a wide range of primary and secondary sources.

3. Literature Reviews

Literature reviews generally require a higher number of references compared to other types of academic papers. This is because the purpose of a literature review is to summarize and analyze existing research on a specific topic. A literature review may include 40 to 100 references or more, depending on the breadth of the topic and the number of studies available.

• A 10,000-word literature review might include 80-100 references, especially if the topic has been widely researched.

4. Shorter Essays

For shorter essays, such as those assigned in undergraduate courses (around 1,500 to 3,000 words ), you might need fewer references. In this case, 10 to 20 references is usually sufficient, depending on the topic and the level of analysis required.

• A 2,000-word essay might include 12-15 references.

Factors That Influence the Number of References

The number of references you include in your academic paper can vary depending on several key factors:

1. Discipline

Different academic disciplines have different expectations when it comes to referencing. For example:

• Humanities (e.g., literature, history, philosophy): Papers in the humanities often rely heavily on primary and secondary sources, and may include fewer references than papers in social or natural sciences.
• Social Sciences (e.g., psychology, sociology, political science): Social science papers tend to use a larger number of references, especially when integrating various theories and empirical studies.
• Natural Sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, physics): Papers in the natural sciences typically require a significant number of references, particularly when reporting on empirical research or reviewing existing scientific literature.

2. Type of Paper

The type of paper you’re writing (e.g., research paper, thesis, review article, or essay) will greatly influence the number of references you need. As mentioned earlier, literature reviews will generally require more references than research papers, while shorter essays may require fewer.

3. Scope of Research

The breadth of your topic will also impact the number of references. If your topic covers a broad area, you may need more references to address different perspectives or aspects of the subject. Conversely, if your topic is narrowly focused, you may be able to justify using fewer references.

Example : A paper on “climate change” might require a large number of references due to the vast amount of research on the topic, while a paper on a specific aspect of climate change, such as “the impact of climate change on arctic fox populations,” might require fewer references because of its narrower focus.

4. Depth of Analysis

Papers that require a deep, critical analysis of a topic will often require more references than papers that are more descriptive or introductory. In-depth analysis typically involves comparing studies, discussing different viewpoints, and building a strong evidence-based argument, all of which require a robust reference list.

5. Instructions from Your Instructor or Journal

Always check the guidelines provided by your instructor or the journal where you plan to submit your paper. Some journals may have specific requirements regarding the number of references, and your instructor may provide recommendations based on the length of the assignment.

Quality vs. Quantity: A Delicate Balance

While it’s important to include an appropriate number of references, the quality of your references is more important than the sheer quantity. A paper with 50 references is not necessarily better than one with 30 references if many of those references are irrelevant or of poor quality.

Guidelines for Ensuring Quality:

• Use Recent and Relevant Sources : Ensure that your references are up-to-date and directly related to your topic. In fields that are rapidly evolving (e.g., technology, medicine), using recent studies is particularly important.
• Balance Primary and Secondary Sources : In research-heavy fields, primary sources (e.g., original studies, experiments) are often more valuable than secondary sources (e.g., reviews, opinion pieces). Ensure a good balance in your reference list.
• Avoid Over-Referencing Common Knowledge : Not all statements need to be cited. Avoid over-referencing widely accepted facts or common knowledge within your field. Instead, focus on citing sources that provide critical evidence or support for your argument.

How to Use References Effectively

To ensure your references contribute meaningfully to your academic paper, follow these best practices:

1. Integrate References Smoothly

• Integrate your references into the text in a way that supports your argument. Avoid simply listing citations at the end of a paragraph; instead, explain how the cited work relates to your point. Example : Rather than writing: Climate change impacts biodiversity (Smith, 2019; Jones, 2020; Taylor, 2021). Write: As Smith (2019) suggests, the rising temperatures due to climate change are disrupting ecosystems, leading to a decline in biodiversity. This view is supported by Jones (2020), who found that species in tropical regions are particularly vulnerable to these shifts.

2. Cite Multiple Sources When Appropriate

• When making a broad claim or presenting widely accepted findings, it’s often appropriate to cite multiple sources to strengthen your argument. However, avoid citing too many sources for minor points—this can clutter your writing. Example : If multiple studies have shown that exercise improves mental health, you could write: Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive effects of regular exercise on mental health (Brown, 2018; Green, 2019; Miller, 2020).

3. Avoid Overloading Your Paper with References

• While it’s important to support your arguments with citations, overloading your paper with too many references can be distracting. Focus on citing the most relevant studies that directly relate to your research.

There is no fixed number of references that guarantees a well-researched academic paper. The appropriate number depends on the type of paper, the depth of research, the academic discipline, and any specific guidelines provided by your instructor or journal.

In general:

• Research papers typically include 20-50 references.
• Theses and dissertations may require 100-300 references.
• Literature reviews often include 40-100 references or more.
• Shorter essays may only need 10-20 references.

Ultimately, the key is to strike a balance between quality and quantity —using enough references to support your arguments while ensuring that each reference is relevant, credible, and essential to your research.

About Mr. Greg

Mr. Greg is an English teacher from Edinburgh, Scotland, currently based in Hong Kong. He has over 5 years teaching experience and recently completed his PGCE at the University of Essex Online. In 2013, he graduated from Edinburgh Napier University with a BEng(Hons) in Computing, with a focus on social media.

Mr. Greg’s English Cloud was created in 2020 during the pandemic, aiming to provide students and parents with resources to help facilitate their learning at home.

In his spare time, he likes to compete in powerlifitng events and the odd strongman event!

Whatsapp: +85259609792

[email protected]

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The final number of references that you should include in an essay of 3000 to 3050 words will depend on the assignment’s genre and complexity. For instance, on middle-school level, you’ll have to add 20 references on average. A bachelor-level assignment of 3000 words will require 40 references, while a graduate-level paper should refer to at least 60 sources.

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Introduction History of Batteries (Types – Production – Consumption) in Europe, the USA and China One of the most revolutionary ideas at the time of the invention was the battery. A battery is defined as a device where energy is stored and delivered through electrical means. Alessandro Volta invented the...

Analyzing Russian Involvement and Its Effects in Eastern Ukraine

Introduction The years 2014 and 2015 were marked by the dramatic escalation of geopolitical tensions between Russia and the U.S. This particular development has been brought about by the 2014 military seizure of political power in Ukraine by the Ukrainian neo-Nazis (supported and financed by the West), and by what...

Philosophers’ Theories on Climate Change

Introduction The paper demonstrates two philosophers’ theories on climate change, namely Laura Westra and Graham Long. The thoughts and ideas are evaluated by using a hypothetical situation. Company X, an engineering firm, decides to shift its operations to a developing country with less rigorous environmental rules in order to conceal...

The Relationship Between Customer E-Support and Phone Technology

Methodology The study will involve an American firm located in Canada and will seek to establish, analyze, and draw conclusions on use of e-support in business as compared to telephone using the company. Collection of data and important information will involve both questionnaires and interviews of a sample of 100...

Security and Climate Change

Climate change has been happening at an unprecedented rate over the last decade to become a major global concern. People’s livelihoods and wellbeing, global security, and climate are intricately intertwined, and affecting one of these factors has a ripple effect on the other. As such, climate change poses serious security...

Chinese Bank’ Human Resources Management

Introduction Human Resource Management (HRM) is the most important corporate management department. It takes responsibility for managing the firm’s human resources to ensure its objectives are achieved according. Corporate leaders agree that people are the biggest assets of any firm (Armstrong, 2008). Unlike physical assets whose value can be easily...

Organizational Studies and Philosophy in Healthcare

Academic journals Journals of Leadership and Organizational Studies This journal collectively incorporates a number of articles. The authors of these articles have attempted to explain different facets of leadership and organizational studies that are applicable to present-day organizations. Among the major areas of concern that are addressed in this publication...

Polymers Crystallization and Contributing Factors

Section – A. Polymers Structural factors that promote the crystallization of polymers are the following. Structural Regularity A polymer with a regular structure is more likely to crystallize as the ordering of the molecules is easier in that case. A polymer with an irregular structure will not crystallize. Stereoregularity This...

Google’s vs. Welocalize’s Human Resource Planning

HR planning is one of the key business processes aimed to hire and retain a skilled and talented workforce that would assist them in meeting various strategic goals. HR planning systems include a plethora of activities concerned with the evaluation of organizational workforce needs, development of projections for manpower development,...

• Relationship

Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance: Qatar Airways

The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (C.S.R.) is a developing idea that lacks a broadly acknowledged meaning at the moment. Generally, the concept is understood by how businesses incorporate environmental, social, and economic issues into their moral standards. Furthermore, they may entail customs, strategic plans, choices, and...

Leading a Diverse Group of People in Organizations

Abstract With globalization, diversity, and how to lead a diverse workforce is gradually becoming one of the most important issues in business. Diversity in the workplace affects both the productivity and efficiency of employees in several ways. The purpose of this paper is to discuss diversity and diversity management at...

Criminal Justice Ethics Analysis

The public expects their police department to enforce the rules, not break them. When they do, it breaks down the trust of the public as well as tearing down the very fabric of society. The following paper presents evidence that corruption within the nation’s police forces does exist, especially where...

Workplace Spirituality and Power Dynamics

Introduction Four years ago, I was appointed as the assistant manager for digital sales and marketing at General Motors Company, Europe region, after joining the Company six years earlier. The regional role granted me a chance and visibility to offer my services and extend the sales and marketing of the...

Financial Crisis: Beyond 1929 – 2008 Comparison

Abstract This report compares the great depression of 1929 with the financial crisis of 2008. The basis of comparison is with respect to outset, causes, effects and nature. The report describes the general factors that are likely to cause financial crisis. It also includes the various forms of financial crises...

The Effect of Brand Image on Consumer Taste Preferences

Introduction In the contemporary world, individuals are surrounded by numerous choices when purchasing this or that product. Since the global market is full of high-quality goods that are manufactured to meet all the needs and preferences of the population, people have to engage in a specific thought process when making...

Addressing Bullying in Elementary and Middle School Classrooms

Nature of Study The study mainly focuses on teachers’ lack of knowledge on how to deal with the issue of bullying in the classroom in an effective manner; it also suggests some of the effective ways that they can rely on to address this problem. There will be a total...

The United Arab Emirates Exchange Rate Regime Analysis

Introduction Exchange rate refers to the “price of one country’s currency expressed in another country’s currency” (Boyes and Melvin 253). The exchange rate is an important macroeconomic variable since it influences the competitiveness of a country’s exports and imports (Boyes and Melvin 156). It also influences the returns on different...

Human Resources. Managing and Leading People

Introduction Managing and leading people is one of the tasks that are very much challenging, many managers and leaders in the organization have faced many challenges when dealing with the people they lead. Managing and leading people is not that easy since one has to deal with different people from...

Prisons in “The Shawshank Redemption” by Frank Darabont

It is a reality that prison populations in the United States are rising. The reasons are many, including economic factors, the changing cultural environment, problems in education, lack of enough infrastructure to prevent crime, and too many more to list. Even the media has been blamed. The rising crime rate...

• Air Transport
• Climate Change

Media Bias and its Influence on Journalism in Ireland

The media, also referred to as the fourth estate must act as a check for the society. It has a duty to inform the public on what is going on around them and what affects them. In carrying out its duty to inform and educate, several factors influence how they...

Organizational Culture of Accounting Profession

Introduction As professional people increasingly under public scrutiny, accountants find themselves exposed to complex ethical issues. There are many ethical issues with which accountants struggle and points to ethical systems as tools that can be used to solve ethical dilemmas. By understanding the rational methods by which ethical issues may...

Strategic Development of Oreo: Analysis

Introduction Marketing sustainability and the effectiveness of promotional campaigns are often the defining criteria for business success. The example of Oreo, the globally known brand that produces filled biscuits, is evidence of this statement. Starting its business in 1912, after over a hundred years of development, the company has been...

Globalization: Managing Across Cultures

Introduction Globalization is an aspect that has changed the way national and international businesses are carried out; it is an aspect that has totally removed barriers between countries, encouraging cross-national business to take place. At the same time, globalization has encouraged most companies, specifically from developed countries to initiate business...

Australian Flexible & Diverse Workforce Management

Executive Summary The report presents contemporary workplace issues that human resource managers must handle effective. First, ongoing changes in the workplace require a flexible workforce, which can be achieved through fair work policies at organisations, including telecommuting, flexible schedules and work-life balance among others. The second element shows the importance...

Authentic Leaders Critique and Analysis

The development of organizations often depends on the ability of leaders to inspire their followers and guide them through the complexities of different spheres of the economy. Authentic leadership is instrumental in achieving these goals since such leaders have the necessary qualities and skills. The existing theories have focused on...

ACME Consumer Buying Behavior

Executive Summary The report examines the markets of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany to determine the value proposition and sales opportunities for high-end refrigerators in each country. The results of the analysis show that the value propositions, and accordingly, the characteristics of the production and advertising of...

Construction of the Sense of Meaning and Identity

Introduction Working context has always had a considerable effect on the person’s achievements and social behaviour. There are a number of factors that affect the way a person behaves or acts in a definite situation. All these factors account for the formation of a person’s identity and his/her attitude towards...

The Impact of Culture on Communication

Introduction Culture is a unique way of organizing and developing human life, presented in the form of material and spiritual values. This concept distinguishes the way of life of a person from the way of life of any other living being. It is no secret that culture has a reasonably...

The Lyft Company’s Marketing Plan

Lyft must develop a revolutionary technique to strengthen its consumer and business market control to achieve radical output and achieve its aims and objectives. Individuals aged 18 years or older with a valid driver’s license who hold an Android or Apple iOS mobile device are Lyft’s target market (Jiang et...

• International Relations
• Financial Crisis
• Homelessness

Psychology of Leadership Theories

Introduction Systems of opinion that describe how particular people emerge as leaders are known as leadership theories. While many of these theories concentrate on the qualities of effective leaders, others look for the actions that individuals may do to enhance their individual leadership skills in various contexts. Historical research on...

ZGA to Enter the Indian Car Market with Eco-Friendly Vehicles

Background of the Company The purpose of this report is to prepare a global marketing plan for the Chinese company Zhejiang Gonow Automobile Ltd (ZGA), which started its operation in the domestic market in 2003. This company is producing pickup and sport-utility vehicles (SUV) for the local market but it...

Classroom Practices and Students’ Attitudes Toward Science

Introduction The aim of this article is to review major scholarly literature concerning the attitudes of students towards science subjects. The literature are from the last two decades and the studies have been conducted in different parts of the world such as the United States, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Africa....

Corporate Governance of Big Business

Remuneration is the payment made to an individual for the services that he or she provided to the organisation. Director’s remuneration is a most energetic issue in the today’s business world. The range Director’s remuneration seriously varies in different organisation. All aspects of remuneration level, performance measures, yearly bonus design...

The Climate of Social Justice, Racism, COVID-19, and Other Issues

Introduction Different ethnic studies and antiquarians contended that when people foresee the future it becomes useful to take a peek at the past and evaluate the present. Historians drew links from the current to past periods and generalized them as indicators of the future (Miller et al. 299). Such remarks...

Autistic Children as Vulnerable Population in Maryland

Introduction It is not always the case that children will develop in an expected way. There are times when their mental and physical development results in difficult behavior. Autism is one of these difficult behaviors that result from disturbing development. At first sight, it is very easy to distinguish an...

Long-Acting, Reversible Contraceptives

Introduction Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) is defined as birth control a method that provides effective contraception for extended periods. The ‘long’ implies that the contraceptives require administration of less than once per cycle or month. In comparison to other methods of contraception, LARCs do not require frequent repeat administration; and...

Google and Its Advancing Technologies

Tech companies around the world try to outdo one another in coming up with new technologies. For that reason, these companies set aside a large share of their revenue for research and development (R&D). Startups and established organizations also get financial support from governments and NGOs, which helps in advancing...

The Film “Die Hard’

Introduction Over the last few years, the entertainment industry has gone through exponential growth. The film industry is among the ever-expanding industries across the entire globe. The rate at which movies are churned out today transcends the production ceilings that could only be envisioned only a few years back. This...

Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Model

Executive Summary Segmentation, targeting, and positioning model have been widely used within different industries by diverse companies. Irrespective of their features, companies manage to promote their products effectively due to the flexibility and comprehensiveness of the model. The framework is characterized by helpful details that are relevant in the modern...

• Marijuana Legalization
• Digital Marketing
• Discrimination
• Social Responsibility

Computer Graphics: Human Animation Methodology

Graphics is basically composed of pixels and colors and it is used to present images and videos. This world is moving so fast and number of new technologies and trends in graphics are changed now, in ancient days graphics was only considered for creating and displaying static images, with the...

The Life and Activities of Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey, who lived between 1887 and 1940, is widely known as the founder, organizer and charismatic leader of one of history’s largest movements involving the black people, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) (Marable & Mullings 239). A Jamaican by birth, Marcus Garvey was a printer and journalist, having...

Bauman’s Concept of Globalization in Understanding the Rise in Human Displacement

The 1990s saw the term globalization become more apparent in the west mostly in the disciplines of politics, sociology, mass media, and economics. Various definitions have been developed in an attempt to fully capture all the elements inherent in the process. Generally, it is seen as the process through which...

Living with Disability in Contemporary Society

Introduction People living with disabilities have historically been viewed as disadvantaged members of society. Until the 18th century, disability was seen by many societies as an expression of witchcraft, demonic possessions, or sin. As such, the disabled person was often ostracized by his/her community (Glowacki (2007: 5). The 21st century...

Pandemic Challenge and Economic Inequality

Introduction The coronavirus pandemic has presented two significant challenges for American society: public health and economic crises. The two are closely connected as the challenges, which the healthcare sphere has experienced, have significantly reduced the capacity of communities for economic activity and general spending. Furthermore, COVID-19 has had broader distributional...

The Denver Airport Baggage System Failure

Introduction Denver has a large airport that serves the city and state. The airport opted to construct an automated luggage system ” to efficiently disperse all of the airport’s goods, encompassing check-in, arrivals, and pick-up. However, the development’s goal was not met by the airport. The involved stakeholders delayed the...

A Driverless Cars Marketing Plan

Abstract Self-driving vehicles and artificial intelligence are frequently complementing technological concepts. Many significant automakers, including the AI Robotics Company, have been developing autonomous vehicles and driving technologies. Artificial intelligence is used in almost every step of the production of cars. AI is widely used in the machine-building sector as it...

Systemic Thinking in Policy-Making: Key to Economic Sustainability

Introduction Probably the main characteristic of modern living is concerned with the fact that, as time goes on, more and more social scientists grow increasingly aware that the functioning of human societies is highly systemic. That is, it exemplifies the validity of the main principle of the General Theory of...

Business Behavior in Changing World: Siemens Case

Critically apply Cyert and March’s analysis of organizational decision making to the Siemens case. Compare/contrast your finding with Brusson view According to Cyert and March, fundamental structure analyzes the process of decision making in the terms of the variables that influence the decision-making process; the goals of an organization, the...

Extent of Modern Cultural Influences on Pottery Created by the Pueblo Tribes

Introduction The different tribes of American Indians were responsible for creating a variety of traditional arts that were used for various purposes throughout the tribes. These art works were used in spiritual rituals, personal decoration and occasionally for trade purposes. Therefore it is important when researching art created by these...

• Financial Management
• Mental Health

Childhood: The Concept of Social Construction

Jame Allison and Alan Prout argue that changing times and cultural trends give rise to different conceptions of children and childhood. They note that these conceptions have been influenced over time by socio-economic, cultural and religious factors that became dominant at various historical times. Apart from societal ideologies, parental ideas...

McDonald’s in the United Arab Emirates

Introduction McDonald’s is the leading fast-food restaurant operating in several countries across the globe. Since its establishment in 1940 in the US, the corporation has become the largest fast-food restaurant operating in more than 100 countries (Kee et al., 2019). McDonald’s main purpose is to serve quality food that meets...

Leadership Challenges as an Educator

Introduction Leadership is a critical factor in the success of any organization, including schools. These factors include learning loss and widening economic gaps, existing systematic inequities, ongoing barriers to a quality education workforce, increased trauma and social-emotional need, and meaningful growth and change barriers. These challenges can arise when there...

Purchasing Industry in Ottawa is Valued: Business and Economics Insights

Business and economics are key elements in the analysis of any form of trade. In this paper, the author addresses the issue of purchasing and how it relates to the two concepts (business and economics). The analysis is made from the perspective of purchasing as a vocation. The discussions are...

Authentic Leaders: Personal and Critical Reflection

According to Starratt (2004), an authentic leader brings himself or herself and everything he or she believes in his or her work. It is common to find definitions of authentic leadership to also include descriptions such as transparent, consistent, and accountable. Evans (2000) argues that trust is key in any...

Technology and Its Impact on Humanity

Abstract In this paper, new technological developments have been discussed with special focus to the internet. Effects of the use of internet on what is truly human have been addressed and especially the negative effects. This has mostly arisen as a result of the delegation of certain aspects of peoples...

Strategic Analysis of Emirates: Identifying Opportunities and Challenges

Introduction: Operating Performance The airline’s operating performance is one of the major indicators of its health and current position in the industry. The major showings, such as cost per ASK, revenue per PRK, break-even load factor, and employee productivity, represent the degree to which the firm succeeds in performing major...

Amazon’s Sales and Marketing Strategies

Introduction Founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994, Amazon.com has remained the pioneer and the leading online retail firm worldwide. The initial business idea was to create an online bookstore that would create easy access to literature in an attempt to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for ideas and knowledge around the...

Digital Technologies Role in Communication and Social Life

Abstract Digital technologies have had various effects on the communication and social life of many people all over the world. While some of these effects are positive, there are negative effects of using digital technologies nowadays. This paper provides an overview of various aspects of digital communications, and how such...

Taiwanese Heritage Cultural Diplomacy Event

Event Details The ‘Taiwanese Heritage’ or TH event is a cultural diplomacy initiative that aims to improve Taiwan’s prominence and standing in Los Angeles. Cultural diplomacy utilizes cultural assets as an agent of influence in the global arena and as a means of promoting mutual understanding between cultures (Ross, 2002)....

• Accountancy
• Organizational Behavior

Family Interaction Through the Motion Pictures

Introduction American culture is expressed in a liberal form and family interaction is viewed in an independent perspective. It is a common thing that the children live separately from their parents when they reach the right age. There are a lot of myths that is associated to how a family...

Legalization of Marijuana and Other Illegal Drugs

Introduction Most of us would go ahead and give away around $5 for a latte at Starbucks? What is the reason? It is because we wish to do anything that would give us a good feeling; that would make us confident. Similarly, drugs are done for the same reason. Why...

Holistic Nursing Practice: Assessment and Management of Chronic Pain

Introduction Definition of Pain Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon; therefore, it is difficult to define. Pain has been defined in many different ways by health care practitioners. (Sternbach, 1999). Chronic pain: According to NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (2006, p. ix), chronic pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional...

Extraversion & Social Connectedness for Life Satisfaction During the Pandemic

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic was a global event that significantly disrupted the established order of life. In addition to its obvious economic and political consequences, the pandemic has also shown significant effects on the social sphere. This laboratory report critically examines the effects of strict isolation and social distancing on...

UK Housing Market Challenges Amidst Soaring Inflation Rates

Abstract The rising inflation affects the UK housing market and has caused significant fluctuations. Research findings report that the current inflation rate is 9%, an increase of more than 1.5% from the previous year’s recorded rates. However, the trend in the increasing rate of inflation has been experienced for the...

The Impact of Exercise on Adults Above 18 Years Old

Abstract The study’s objective is to determine the impact of exercise on the blood pressure, sleep, and mood of adults above 18 years old. The study pays attention to both physically active and people with a sedentary lifestyle within the same age group. The null hypothesis states that there is...

Reverend Jim Jones as Peoples Temple’s Founder

The People’s Temple, also known as the Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ, was a religious movement of the 1950s. However, the movement is known primarily for the mass suicide, which its members committed on November 18, 1978, in Guyana (Moore 47). The doctrine of the movement was based...

Improving Outcomes by Implementing a Pressure Ulcer Prevention Program

Abstract The prevalence of pressure ulcers in immobile patients still presents an important issue in the field of health care. The given study uses a mixed methods design to contribute to the field and conclude on the effectiveness of improved PU prevention protocols. According to the research results, the use...

Geology for Development of an Integrated Site

Introduction This paper provides the guidelines on how to develop a model that suits different geological formations for disposing of nuclear waste products. It includes an analysis of different situations that provides the geological understanding of the potential sites using different software tools to conduct the study. In addition, the...

Gender Dynamics in Development

Draft Gender issues must be understood if development goals are to be realized. This is not a requirement for just one region of the world or a certain group of people. It is a universal requirement because gender issues are the same for all people and for all places. The...

• International Marketing
• Problem Solving
• Product Marketing
• Balanced Scorecard
• International Organizations

Law Policy and Ethical Setting in Children’s Social Work

Introduction This essay will look at issues pertaining to children’s rights as well as freedoms in a social set up. In section 2, I will draw on my own case experiences to emphasize ethical conflicts regarding confidentiality, control and parents with disabilities. The penultimate part of the assignment will look...

Critical Analysis of Project-Based Management

Introduction Identifying the objective algorithms for optimizing individual operational processes and the entire mode of operation of the organization as a whole requires a preliminary assessment and careful analysis of available solutions designed to improve specific aspects. Based on the evaluation of the Telstra Corporation, an Australian telecommunications service provider,...

Psychological Traits in Consumer Behavior

Introduction The development and survival of corporations in the globalized and expanding market depend on their capacity to satisfy customers. Consumer fulfillment pivot on recognizing, understanding, and executing the advertising techniques, data on the behavior consumers display in processing, handling, utilizing, and discarding goods to satisfy their requirements and needs....

Media Representation of Stranger Danger

Abstract On the basis of recent studies, it has been noticed that mass media has a fairly important role to play in terms of deciding the communication abilities between families and the outside world. In accordance to the principles of psychology, media influences are the basic ways, through which people...

Customer Relationship Marketing in Business Marketing

Introduction The marketplace has become dynamic due to pressures of scientific advancement, demographic, economical upheavals, social evolution, and global politics. Business organizations are also experiencing changes and thus the marketing role in these organizations is also transforming. Due to these changes organizations are moving from marketing mix focus to relationship...

Solar Energy in China and Its Influence on Climate Change

Introduction Renewable energy is well known as the ideal solution to combat the forthcoming panic of global warming. Solar energy is the renewable energy resource that registers the production of most minor carbon energy sources. This has made the rate of solar installations in China substantially increase in the recent...

The Building of Affordable Housing

The Opportunity The issue of homelessness is a complicated yet urgent concern for both the national government and the global community. There are numerous issues that have led to the increase of the number of people who do not have a roof over their head over the last two or...

Abortion in Feminist and Care Ethics

Abortion is one of the most discussed topics of bioethics. It is one of the oldest topics and, at the same time, one of the most divisive. The topic of abortion makes people question the nature of life and personhood. With such grandiose questions, many different moral theories could be...

Ryanair: Strategic Management Analysis Report

Introduction Airline industry is one of the profitable industries today and in future. Ryanair is a UK-based company followed the structure of successful Sourthwest Airlines located in the USA. An industry with this kind of rapid change presents several challenges for companies like Ryanair, namely production costs, and monopolies. Production...

The Influence of Corporations in Medicine and Orthopedics

Introduction Business and corporations have significantly affected the medical practice over the last century. This historical progression occurred initially when the medical services were the privilege of the elites, with doctors catering for particular social classes. However, market expansion and emergence of corporations have seriously altered the model of interaction...

Analysis of Songs’ Main Topics

“La Rage” The song La Rage by Keny Arkana explores different political and socio-economic aspects at both a national and international scope. The three main themes that can be picked from the song are politics, rage, and humanity. Politics The political topic is expressed both in terms of words used...

Microaggressions at the Workplace

Introduction Our current social climate sparks an interesting conversation within the workplace, with more people wanting to discuss racial microaggressions after many corporations have come forward in support of Black Lives Matter. The experience of racial microaggressions has been found to negatively affect overall job satisfaction, and often the employees...

Tattoos Cultural Context: Ancient to Modern

Introduction Tattoos are designs created on the human body by inserting objects beneath the human skin. Tattooing is a form of body modification using indelible ink. The tattooist inserts the ink beneath the skin’s upper layer. Humans have the habit of adopting new cultures that emulate their perception towards various...

Apple Inc.’s Corporate Strategy and Global Ethics

A brief overview of the company Apple Inc. is one of the leaders in the sphere of personal computers and other electronic devices globally. The company was established in California in 1977. Apple Inc. “designs, manufactures and markets” personal computers, mobile communication and media devices it also “sells a variety...

Safety and Secure Risk Management

Safety is an important concept in the aviation industry because it underscores the need to protect passengers and crew against accidents. The quality of safety and risk management processes influence how flight operations are managed and how airlines respond to disasters (Vasigh & Fleming, 2016). Consequently, civil aviation authorities have...

IBM Company’s Internal Pressures and Challenges

Introduction This paper talks about IBM as a company and what its functioning in terms of operations has been like. It particularly focuses upon IBM having issues or facing four key challenges, especially relevant to its marketing function as well as the logistics function. These challenges have been outlined as...

Maritime Insurance: A Case Study Law Report

Introduction Operations in most sectors of the economy are regulated by a wide range of legal and other forms of provisions. For example, operators in the banking sector have to adhere to various legislations touching on the industry. Disputes arising in the industry are resolved with the help of these...

Walmart’s Organisational Culture, Values, and Behaviour

Summary Organizational culture, values and behaviors are fundamental components of operations which dictate the success of any company. This paper focuses on Walmart as an international retailer and an exemplary performer in embracing culture, value and promoting sustainable approach to development in the world. To begin, models for understanding culture...

Revenue Recognition in Company Performance

Introduction Revenue recognition is a common accounting standard that defines and accounts for the exact criteria under which income is recorded and confirmed. Revenue is often documented when a significant incident happens, and the money quantity is clearly measurable to the organization. Revenue is key to any firm profitability, and...

Problem Solving and Communication Expertise Development

Introduction The functions of managers involve a number of very demanding tasks under a given organisational setting. The basic functions of these administrators include planning, organising, controlling, leading, and staffing as far as their business firm is concerned. In essence, managers are expected to make human resource more productive. Consequently,...

• McDonald's
• Transgender
• Leadership Development
• Public Administration

Public Administration: Ideal Governance

Relevance of bureaucracy as a description and a model for the current public services Public officials who lack a requisite flexibility stand a chance to construct bureaucratic models and systems of governance following rigid routines in the execution of their duties. Worse still, bureaucratic systems of governance hinder the ability...

Best Market Opportunity for Tata Nano

Introduction In today’s world, car is the most important element in human life. It is not only important but also being a part of the world’s essential instruments. From these cars, Tata Group is a popular car manufacturing company in India and also imported to other countries besides India. In...

Love Canal Case Analysis

Introduction The Love canal is an area in the state of New York which contains an incomplete canal that had been built during the late nineteenth century. In the century that followed many industries converted the incomplete canal into a waste dump and then shortly after the area surrounding this...

Electronic Health Records System Application

Executive Summary The need for a faster way of sharing information between various specialists in the medical field has made people explore the idea of having Electronic Health Records (EHR). On the same note, the continuum of care requires an easy method through which patients’ information would be retrieved whenever...

The Concept of Privacy Rights

Introduction The present paper is devoted to the topic of privacy rights and its relationships with other concepts. In the US Constitution, there is no particular statement that would define privacy rights, but as suggested by Lim (2015), the right is “grounded in the very architecture of the Constitution” (p....

Passenger and Cargo Drones Integration in the UAE Airspace

Introduction One of the most promising areas in aviation development is the use of drones (Raj et al. 2017). Many organisations and researchers define drones as unmanned aircraft (OECD 2018; Nelson & Marrinan 2018; Raj et al. 2017). These machines vary in size and may include large aircraft, which are...

Pallas Electronics Company’s People Resourcing

Introduction Pallas Electronics is believed to be one of the largest companies in the United Kingdom. It indulged in the manufacturing of electronic equipment for telecommunication industries. Research indicates that the company carried out its organisation in a traditional manner. Its five departments included the department of production, the department...

Korean ODA Policy Guideline in the World Arena

Introduction Official Development Assistance (ODA) is especially vital for developing countries of the world. It is a statistic for measuring aid. This is regulated by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). The loans and grants considered with ODA are proposed: a) to the official sector; b) to improve the economic welfare...

The Deployment of WLAN (WI-FI) on Open Area Construction Projects

Introduction The economic value of the construction industry is significant and the industry contributes up to 10% of the annual GDP for most nations (Michael 2005, p.2). The industry encompasses the use of many other complementary industries such as electrical, mining, steel and transportation to name but a few. This...

Disciplinary Power and Bio-Power

Abstract The concept of power is one of the highly debated issues in contemporary society. Power emanates from a position that can influence people both positively and negatively. In the field of sociology, power is viewed as a probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a...

• Negotiation

Challenges Facing Foreign English Teachers in ELI: Insights and Solutions

Introduction At present, one of the detriments of teaching vocabulary in the English Learning Institutions (ELI) is the emergence of mixed-ability classes. As noted by Ansari (2013), a mixed-ability classroom environment is made up of different groups of learners with different learning interests, skills, and abilities. Over the years, EFL...

Extreme Islamic Terrorist Groups Compared: Al Qaeda vs. ISIS

Introduction Al Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) represent two generations of terrorism threats faced by the United Sates and the rest of the world. Al Qaeda has provoked an extensive U.S.-led war on terror in 2000s; ISIS, on the other hand, is the new threat...

World War II: Maskirovka Military Deception and Denials Operations

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of maskirovka military deception and denials operations, a component of information warfare. The case study is set during World War II, specifically during the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942.The paper analyses the critiques of deception enhanced at this particular period. In this case, we...

Ford Motor Company: Quality Management Problems

Introduction Ford Motor Company is an American automotive company that manufactures cars under the brand “Ford.” The headquarters of Ford Motor Company is located near Detroit, in Dearborn, Michigan, USA. The firm produces a wide range of products: cars of different sizes, purposes, and costs; representative offices and factories of...

Samsung Electronics’ Marketing Plan

Check out our essay sample if you’re about to write a Samsung’s marketing strategy analysis! Here, you’ll find Samsung’s market situation, target market, marketing mix, external and internal environment, and other important information for your essay on Samsung marketing plan. Introduction The purpose of this report is to outline a...

Magna and Linamar Corporations’ Risk Analysis

Risk Analysis Operational and Market Risk At first, the operational and market uncertainties of both Magna International Inc. and Linamar Corporation are visible upon reviewing the annual reports management discussion and analysis section. Regarding systemic risks, there were foreign business problems that impacted the business operations of the two companies....

The Tucker Company Issues

Tucker Company This reflective journal evaluates a number of issues associated with Tucker Company. A brief description of the issues facing the firm, the major stakeholders, and the prevailing problems are analysed. The journal also assesses the key management theories coupled with what the firm should have done in order...

Adlerian Theory for School Counseling

Abstract This research paper investigated the primary constructs of Adlerian theory. The work includes several parts, namely, the introduction, the main part, and the conclusion. The introduction describes what will be discussed in the frames of this paper, the structure of the work, as well as its key ideas and...

Islam: Sacred Text (The Quran)

Outline Islam is a universal religion of Millions of Muslims around the world. I chose this religion because of my curiosity to know more about it and its sacred text, The Quran. The holy book of Muslims is unique and it is in its original form since its revelation on...

The Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War

Introduction The Atlanta Campaign was a critical battle series in Georgia that influenced the 1864 Federal presidential election and led to the cutting off the Confederate supply center. Towards the end of 1863, Atlanta assumed an all-important role in the region by becoming a logical point where Union forces could...

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