a position paper is an essay that expounds a

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Position Paper – Example, Format and Writing Guide

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Position Paper

Definition:

Position paper is a written document that presents an argument or stance on a particular issue or topic. It outlines the author’s position on the issue and provides support for that position with evidence and reasoning. Position papers are commonly used in academic settings, such as in Model United Nations conferences or debates, but they can also be used in professional or political contexts.

Position papers typically begin with an introduction that presents the issue and the author’s position on it. The body of the paper then provides evidence and reasoning to support that position, often citing relevant sources and research. The conclusion of the paper summarizes the author’s argument and emphasizes its importance.

Types of Position Paper

There are several types of position papers, including:

Advocacy Position Paper : This type of position paper presents an argument in support of a particular issue, policy, or proposal. It seeks to persuade the reader to take a particular action or adopt a particular perspective.
Counter-Argument Position Paper: This type of position paper presents an argument against a particular issue, policy, or proposal. It seeks to convince the reader to reject a particular perspective or course of action.
Problem-Solution Position Paper : This type of position paper identifies a problem and presents a solution to it. It seeks to convince the reader that the proposed solution is the best course of action to address the identified problem.
Comparative Position Paper : This type of position paper compares and contrasts two or more options, policies, or proposals. It seeks to convince the reader that one option is better than the others.
Historical Position Paper : This type of position paper examines a historical event, policy, or perspective and presents an argument based on the analysis of the historical context.
Interpretive Position Paper : This type of position paper provides an interpretation or analysis of a particular issue, policy, or proposal. It seeks to persuade the reader to adopt a particular perspective or understanding of the topic.
Policy Position Paper: This type of position paper outlines a specific policy proposal and presents an argument in support of it. It may also address potential objections to the proposal and offer solutions to address those objections.
Value Position Paper: This type of position paper argues for or against a particular value or set of values. It seeks to convince the reader that a particular value or set of values is more important or better than others.
Predictive Position Paper : This type of position paper makes predictions about future events or trends and presents an argument for why those predictions are likely to come true. It may also offer suggestions for how to prepare for or respond to those events or trends.
Personal Position Paper : This type of position paper presents an individual’s personal perspective or opinion on a particular issue. It may draw on personal experiences or beliefs to support the argument.

Position Paper Format

Here is a format you can follow when writing a position paper:

Introduction: The introduction should provide a brief overview of the topic or issue being discussed. It should also provide some background information on the issue and state the purpose of the position paper.
Definition of the problem : This section should describe the problem or issue that the position paper addresses. It should explain the causes and effects of the problem and provide evidence to support the claims made.
Historical perspective : This section should provide a historical perspective on the issue or problem, outlining how it has evolved over time and what previous attempts have been made to address it.
The organization’s stance : This section should present the organization’s stance on the issue or problem. It should provide evidence to support the organization’s position and explain the rationale behind it. This section should also address any counterarguments or alternative perspectives.
Proposed solutions: This section should provide proposed solutions or recommendations to address the problem or issue. It should explain how the proposed solutions align with the organization’s stance and provide evidence to support their effectiveness.
Conclusion: The conclusion should summarize the organization’s position on the issue or problem and restate the proposed solutions or recommendations. It should also encourage further discussion and action on the issue.
References: Include a list of references used to support the claims made in the position paper.

How to Write Position Paper

Here are the steps to write a position paper:

Choose your topic: Select a topic that you are passionate about or have knowledge of. It could be related to social, economic, environmental, political, or any other issues.
Research: Conduct thorough research on the topic to gather relevant information and supporting evidence. This could include reading scholarly articles, reports, books, and news articles.
Define your position: Once you have gathered sufficient information, identify the main arguments and formulate your position. Consider both the pros and cons of the issue.
Write an introduction : Start your position paper with a brief introduction that provides some background information on the topic and highlights the key points that you will discuss in the paper.
Present your arguments: In the body of your paper, present your arguments in a logical and coherent manner. Each argument should be supported by evidence from your research.
Address opposing views : Acknowledge and address the opposing views on the issue. Provide counterarguments that refute these views and explain why your position is more valid.
Conclusion : In the conclusion, summarize your main points and reiterate your position on the topic. You can also suggest some solutions or actions that can be taken to address the issue.
Edit and proofread : Finally, edit and proofread your position paper to ensure that it is well-written, clear, and free of errors.

Position Paper Example

Position Paper Example structure is as follows:

Introduction:
A brief overview of the issue
A clear statement of the position the paper is taking
Background:
A detailed explanation of the issue
A discussion of the history of the issue
An analysis of any previous actions taken on the issue
A detailed explanation of the position taken by the paper
A discussion of the reasons for the position taken
Evidence supporting the position, such as statistics, research, and expert opinions
Counterarguments:
A discussion of opposing views and arguments
A rebuttal of those opposing views and arguments
A discussion of why the position taken is more valid than the opposing views
Conclusion:
A summary of the main points of the paper
A call to action or recommendation for action
A final statement reinforcing the position taken by the paper
References:
A list of sources used in the paper, cited in an appropriate citation style

Purpose of Position Paper

Here are some of the most common purposes of position papers:

Advocacy: Position papers are often used to promote a particular point of view or to advocate for a specific policy or action.
Debate : In a debate, participants are often required to write position papers outlining their argument. These papers help the debaters clarify their position and provide evidence to support their claims.
Negotiation : Position papers can be used as part of negotiations to establish each party’s position on a particular issue.
Education : Position papers can be used to educate the public, policymakers, and other stakeholders about complex issues by presenting a clear and concise argument supported by evidence.
Decision-making : Position papers can be used by decision-makers to make informed decisions about policies, programs, or initiatives based on a well-reasoned argument.
Research : Position papers can be used as a starting point for further research on a particular topic or issue.

When to Write Position Paper

Here are some common situations when you might need to write a position paper:

Advocacy or lobbying : If you are part of an organization that is advocating for a specific policy change or trying to influence decision-makers, a position paper can help you articulate your organization’s position and provide evidence to support your arguments.
Conferences or debates: In academic or professional settings, you may be asked to write a position paper to present your perspective on a particular topic or issue. This can be a useful exercise to help you clarify your thoughts and prepare for a debate or discussion.
Public relations: A position paper can also be used as a tool for public relations, to showcase your organization’s expertise and thought leadership on a particular issue.
Internal communications: Within an organization, a position paper can be used to communicate a particular stance or policy to employees or stakeholders.

Advantages of Position Paper

There are several advantages to writing a position paper, including:

Organizing thoughts : Writing a position paper requires careful consideration of the issue at hand, and the process of organizing thoughts and arguments can help you clarify your own position.
Demonstrating expertise: Position papers are often used in academic and professional settings to demonstrate expertise on a particular topic. Writing a well-researched and well-written position paper can help establish your credibility and expertise in a given field.
Advocacy: Position papers are often used as a tool for advocacy, whether it’s advocating for a particular policy or for a specific point of view. Position papers can help persuade others to adopt your position on an issue.
Facilitating discussion : Position papers can be used to facilitate discussion and debate on a particular issue. By presenting different perspectives on an issue, position papers can help foster dialogue and lead to a better understanding of the topic at hand.
Providing a framework for action: Position papers can also be used to provide a framework for action. By outlining specific steps that should be taken to address an issue, a position paper can help guide decision-making and policy development.

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How to Write a Position Paper

Thomas Babb

Position papers are a pivotal part of academic and professional discourse, offering a platform to express a well-reasoned stance on a specific issue. Writing a compelling position paper involves more than just presenting your point of view; it requires a deep understanding of the topic, a clear articulation of your position, thorough research to support your arguments, and the ability to engage with counterarguments in a constructive manner.

Whether you're a student preparing for a debate, a researcher aiming to influence policy, or a professional seeking to establish a standpoint on an industry issue, mastering the art of writing a position paper is essential for effective communication and advocacy.

Introduction to Position Papers

Position Paper Characteristics

Before learning how to write a position paper, it is imperative to know what a position paper entails. This section discusses the nature and purpose of position papers.

Purpose and Function

At its core, a position paper serves to present a well-argued stance on a particular topic, aiming to persuade the reader of its validity. For instance, in an environmental studies class, a position paper might argue for the necessity of transitioning to renewable energy sources, leveraging research and data to support this view.

Structural Overview

A standard position paper is structured into three main parts: an introduction that outlines the issue and states the position, body paragraphs that detail the arguments supporting the position, including evidence and examples, and a conclusion that summarises the arguments and reinforces the stance. For example, a position paper on renewable energy would begin by highlighting the problems with current energy sources, followed by evidence-based arguments for renewable alternatives, and conclude with a call to action or a summary of the benefits.

Significance in Discourse

Position papers are invaluable in fostering informed debates and discussions, whether in academic settings, policy formulation, or professional environments. By articulating a clear, evidence-backed stance, these papers contribute to a deeper understanding of complex issues and promote critical thinking and dialogue among readers.

Understanding the purpose, structure, and significance of position papers is essential for crafting compelling and persuasive arguments. Our team of expert A-level tutors emphasises the importance of starting with a clear understanding of what position papers entail, guiding students through initial brainstorming sessions to ensure a solid foundation for their arguments.

Understanding the Assignment

Grasping the essence of the assignment is the cornerstone of writing a compelling position paper. This process involves dissecting the assignment into manageable segments, ensuring clarity and direction in your writing. Here's how to approach this critical step:

Dissecting the Brief

Start by meticulously reviewing the assignment brief . Identify the core issue or question at hand. It's not just about what you think; it's about responding precisely to what's asked. IB tutors recommend closely analysing the assignment criteria to ensure that the chosen stance aligns perfectly with the instructor's expectations, a skill that proves invaluable across a range of academic challenges.

Audience Analysis

Your paper's persuasiveness is significantly influenced by how well it resonates with the intended readers. If you're writing for a university course, the style and arguments would differ from a paper aimed at policy-makers or industry professionals. Tailoring your approach to the expectations and knowledge level of your audience ensures greater impact and relevance.

Scope Definition

Narrowing down the scope of your argument is essential to maintain focus and depth. Instead of covering every possible angle, concentrate on a few important ones. For example, in a position paper on online privacy, you might focus specifically on data protection laws rather than the broad spectrum of internet security.

By meticulously understanding the assignment, analysing your audience, and defining your paper's scope, you equip yourself to craft a position paper that is not only targeted and insightful but also structured to engage and persuade. This methodical approach breaks down complex tasks into clear, actionable steps, providing a solid foundation for your arguments and ensuring your paper is aligned with the assignment's objectives.

Choosing Your Position

Selecting a stance in a position paper is a pivotal step that shapes the direction of your argument. It involves a thoughtful evaluation of the topic, ensuring that your chosen position is both defendable and substantiated with evidence.

Assessing the Issue

Begin by thoroughly examining the issue at hand. Consider the various perspectives and the underlying values they represent. For example, when addressing the topic of plastic waste management, evaluate the environmental, economic, and social angles. This comprehensive view allows you to choose a position that you can argue convincingly.

Evaluating Evidence

Use solid evidence to support your position. Research the available data, studies, and expert opinions related to your topic. If you're advocating for stricter regulations on plastic production, for instance, gather evidence on its environmental impact and the effectiveness of existing policies. This step ensures that your stance is not only informed but also bolstered by credible sources .

Aligning with Personal or Academic Values

Consider how your position aligns with your personal beliefs or the objectives of your academic field. A well-chosen stance should reflect a genuine concern or interest in the issue, making your argument more authentic and engaging. IGCSE tutors suggest engaging in a thorough evaluation of potential topics, often guiding students through structured debates to help them discover a stance they are passionate and informed about.

Researching Your Topic

How to Conduct Research

Effective research is the backbone of a persuasive position paper. It involves gathering credible sources to support your stance, providing a solid foundation for your arguments.

Identifying Credible Sources

Start by pinpointing where to find authoritative information. Academic journals , government publications, and reputable news outlets are excellent starting points. For example, if your paper is on renewable energy, sources like the International Energy Agency (IEA) or academic journals on environmental science offer reliable data and analyses. Our A-Level tutors stress the importance of utilising credible sources for research, as such an approach strengthens your position paper.

Organising Your Findings

As you accumulate information, organising it systematically is crucial. Create a database or a spreadsheet to categorise your sources based on themes or arguments they support. This approach not only streamlines the writing process but also helps in identifying gaps in your research.

Critical Analysis

Not all information is created equal. Critically evaluate each source for its relevance, reliability, and bias. For instance, a study funded by a fossil fuel company might present data in a way that downplays the benefits of renewable energy sources. Be discerning in what you choose to include in your paper.

Incorporating Evidence

Use the evidence you’ve gathered to bolster your arguments. Direct quotes, statistics, and case studies can be powerful tools to convince your audience. However, ensure that each piece of evidence directly supports your stance and is appropriately cited. It is also important to integrate evidence into your paper effectively.

Thorough research and critical analysis are key to developing a robust position paper. By carefully selecting and organising your sources, you enhance the credibility of your argument, making your paper more compelling and authoritative.

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Creating an Outline

An outline is an essential tool for structuring your position paper, ensuring your arguments flow logically and coherently. It serves as a roadmap, guiding you through the writing process and ensuring that every part of your paper contributes towards reinforcing your stance.

Structural Components

A standard outline for a position paper includes three main sections: the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. The introduction sets the stage, presenting the issue and your thesis statement . The body is subdivided into paragraphs, each focusing on a specific argument supporting your position, backed by evidence. The conclusion summarises your arguments and reiterates the significance of your stance.

Developing the Body

Each body paragraph should address a distinct argument. For instance, if your paper advocates for renewable energy, one paragraph could focus on the environmental benefits, another on economic advantages, and a third on technological innovations. This segmentation helps maintain clarity and focus throughout your paper.

Linking Ideas

While outlining, consider how each argument connects to others. Creating transitions between paragraphs enhances the flow of your paper, making your argumentation more persuasive. For example, after discussing the environmental benefits of renewable energy, you might transition to the economic section by highlighting the potential for green jobs.

Flexibility

An outline isn't set in stone. As you delve deeper into your research and writing, be prepared to adjust your outline. New evidence might strengthen one argument over another, or you may discover additional points worth including.

Crafting a Strong Thesis Statement

Thesis Statement Tips

A thesis statement is the cornerstone of your position paper, encapsulating your argument in a single, concise sentence. It sets the direction and tone of your entire paper, making it clear to your readers what stance you are taking and what they can expect from your arguments.

Defining Your Stance

The first step is to refine your position into a clear and assertive statement. Avoid ambiguity ; your thesis should state your position unequivocally. For instance, if your paper is on the importance of digital privacy, a strong thesis could be, "Government regulations on digital surveillance are essential to protect citizens' privacy and freedom."

Supporting Your Thesis

While your thesis is a standalone statement, it implies that you have evidence to support it. It's a promise to the reader that your paper will substantiate the claim made in the thesis through logical arguments and empirical evidence. Therefore, crafting your thesis requires an understanding of the evidence you will present in your paper.

Placement and Clarity

Typically, the thesis statement is placed at the end of the introduction, serving as a transition to the body of the paper. Clarity is paramount; your thesis should be precise and straightforward, avoiding technical jargon or overly complex language unless absolutely necessary.

Revisiting Your Thesis

As you progress with your research and writing, revisit your thesis statement. It may need refinement to reflect a deeper understanding of the issue or to align better with the evidence you've gathered.

In sum, a well-crafted thesis statement not only declares your position clearly but also organises and focuses your argument, guiding both your writing process and your reader's understanding. It's a critical component of a persuasive position paper, anchoring your arguments and setting the stage for your evidence-based persuasion.

Writing the Introduction

The introduction of your position paper is where you lay the groundwork for your argument, drawing in the reader and setting the tone for the rest of the paper. It's your first opportunity to make an impression, so it's important to be clear, concise, and compelling.

Hook Your Reader: IGCSE tutors advise on starting with an engaging hook , often sharing techniques on how to weave in intriguing facts or questions that pique curiosity. For instance, if your paper discusses the impact of social media on mental health, you might begin with a striking statistic about the rise in mental health issues correlated with social media usage. This grabs attention and immediately highlights the relevance of your topic.
Provide Background Information: After the hook, offer a brief overview of the issue at hand. This should be enough to inform the reader but not overwhelm them with details. For a paper on renewable energy, this might include a snapshot of current global energy consumption and the environmental challenges it poses.
State Your Thesis: Conclude your introduction with your thesis statement. This pivotal sentence should clearly articulate your position and indicate the direction of your paper. It acts as a bridge to the body of your paper, where you will unpack your arguments in detail.
Engage and Inform: Your introduction should not only inform but also engage the reader , encouraging them to continue reading. Use clear, accessible language and structure your opening to logically lead into your thesis and the body of your paper.

Crafting an effective introduction sets the stage for a persuasive and well-argued position paper. By capturing the reader's interest, providing necessary background, and clearly stating your thesis, you lay a solid foundation for presenting your arguments.

Developing Your Arguments

Steps to Write an Argument

Once you've set the stage with a strong introduction and thesis, the next step is to develop your arguments in the body of your position paper. This section is where you delve into the details, providing evidence and reasoning to support your stance.

Structure Each Argument Clearly

Divide your body into paragraphs , each dedicated to a single argument. For instance, if you're arguing for the implementation of renewable energy, one paragraph could focus on environmental benefits, another on economic advantages, and a third on sustainability. This clear structure helps readers follow your reasoning and keeps your paper organised.

Support with Evidence

For each argument, bring in supporting evidence. This could be statistics, studies, expert opinions, or real-world examples. If discussing the economic advantages of renewable energy, citing studies on job creation in the renewable sector or comparing the long-term costs with traditional energy sources can be persuasive.

Explain the Significance

Don't just present evidence; explain why it's important. Make the connection between your evidence and your argument explicit, showing how it supports your thesis. In the renewable energy example, explain how job creation contributes to economic stability and growth, reinforcing your argument for renewable energy adoption.

Counterarguments

Acknowledge potential counterarguments to show that you've considered multiple perspectives. This not only strengthens your credibility but also allows you to preemptively address and refute opposing views, making your argument stronger.

Developing your arguments with clarity, supporting them with solid evidence, and explaining their significance are key to a persuasive position paper. This approach not only bolsters your position but also engages the reader, compelling them to consider your perspective.

Addressing Counterarguments

Incorporating and refuting counterarguments is an important step in reinforcing the strength and credibility of your position paper. A-level tutors underscore the value of acknowledging and refuting counterarguments, a skill that not only strengthens students' papers but also prepares them for critical thinking in real-world discussions.

Identifying Common Counterarguments : Start by researching and understanding the most prevalent counterarguments to your position. For instance, if your paper advocates for the transition to renewable energy, a common counterargument might concern the initial high costs of renewable technologies. Recognising these objections allows you to prepare focused and effective rebuttals.
Presenting Counterarguments Fairly : When introducing a counterargument, it’s crucial to present it accurately and without bias . Misrepresenting opposing views can undermine your credibility. Aim to state these counterpoints as their proponents would, giving them due respect before carefully dismantling their validity.
Refuting With Evidence : Counter each argument with solid evidence and reasoned analysis. Following the renewable energy example, you might acknowledge the higher initial costs but counter with data on long-term savings, government subsidies, and the decreasing cost of renewable technologies over time. This method proves your argument while discrediting the opposition.
Reinforcing Your Position : Conclude your refutation by reiterating how addressing this counterargument strengthens your original thesis. This not only negates the opposing view but also enhances the persuasiveness of your stance.

Effectively addressing and refuting counterarguments enriches your position paper, evidencing a comprehensive understanding of the topic and bolstering your argument against scrutiny. This technique not only enhances the depth of your paper but also asserts your commitment to a nuanced and informed debate.

Concluding Your Paper

The conclusion of your position paper is where you encapsulate your arguments, reinforcing your stance and leaving a lasting impression on your reader. IB tutors recommend a conclusion that reinforces the thesis and main arguments, offering strategies to leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Restate Your Thesis : Begin by restating your thesis in a slightly different way to how you introduced it. This reinforces the central argument of your paper. For example, if your thesis advocated for renewable energy as a solution to environmental degradation, reiterate this stance, highlighting its importance based on the evidence presented.
Summarise Key Arguments : Briefly recap the main arguments that support your thesis, ensuring clarity and conciseness. This summary should remind the reader of the evidence and reasoning that back your position, reinforcing the argument's validity.
Address the Implications : Discuss the broader implications of your argument. What does accepting your position imply for the issue at hand? If discussing renewable energy, you might touch on the potential for sustainable development and the positive environmental impacts.
Call to Action : Conclude with a call to action or a thought-provoking statement that encourages further reflection or action. Encourage the reader to consider the importance of the issue and the necessity of adopting your position. This could involve advocating for policy changes, encouraging personal responsibility in energy consumption, or promoting further research into renewable technologies.

Crafting a strong conclusion ensures that your position paper leaves a compelling and persuasive impact, summarising your arguments effectively and prompting the reader to consider your stance seriously.

Revising and Editing

Revising and editing are important steps in the process of writing your position paper, ensuring clarity, coherence, and correctness in your presentation. This stage refines your arguments, enhances the readability of your paper, and eliminates any errors that could undermine your credibility.

Content and Structure Revision : Begin with a high-level review focusing on the content and structure. Evaluate whether each argument aligns with your thesis statement and contributes to your overall position. Ensure that your paper flows logically from the introduction through the body paragraphs to the conclusion. It might be helpful to ask for feedback from peers, mentors, or tutors at this stage to gain different perspectives on your argument’s clarity and persuasiveness.
Evidence and Argumentation Check : Scrutinise the evidence and examples you've used to support your arguments. Verify their relevance and accuracy, ensuring that they effectively back your claims. This may involve additional research to confirm the validity of your sources.
Grammar and Style Editing : Pay attention to the language and style of your paper. Look out for common errors, such as incorrect verb tenses, misplaced commas, or spelling mistakes. Tools like grammar checkers can be useful, but they're not infallible, so a manual read-through is essential.
Final Read-through : Lastly, our English tutors recommend conducting a thorough final read-through to catch any lingering issues. Reading your paper aloud can help identify awkward phrasing or unclear arguments that you might have missed during previous revisions.

Revising and editing are about more than just fixing mistakes; they're an opportunity to refine your arguments and enhance the overall quality of your paper. By dedicating time and attention to this process, you ensure that your position paper is not only persuasive but also polished and professional.

In crafting a position paper, the journey from understanding the assignment to the final stages of revising and editing is both challenging and rewarding. This guide has walked you through each critical step, from articulating a strong thesis and constructing compelling arguments to addressing counterarguments and polishing your final draft. Remember, the effectiveness of a position paper lies not only in the strength of the arguments presented but also in the clarity and coherence with which they are communicated. By adhering to these guidelines and dedicating time to refining your work, you can produce a position paper that not only meets but exceeds the expectations of your audience, whether in the academic realm or the professional world.

How long should a position paper typically be?

The length of a position paper can greatly vary, but for academic purposes, they are usually between 1,000 to 1,500 words, which roughly translates to about 3-5 pages double-spaced. In professional contexts, such as policy advocacy or conference submissions, the length might extend up to 2,500 words, depending on the complexity of the topic and the detail required. The goal is to be succinct yet comprehensive, ensuring you can present a compelling argument supported by evidence within the space constraints. Prioritising key points and avoiding unnecessary elaboration will help maintain an effective balance.

Can I use personal experiences as evidence in my paper?

Personal experiences can add a unique perspective to your position paper, providing a real-world application of your argument. However, they should not dominate your evidence base. It's crucial to balance personal anecdotes with solid research, including statistical data, expert opinions, and case studies, to strengthen your position. Personal experiences work best when they illustrate a broader point or are used to humanise the issue at hand. They can make your argument more relatable and engaging to the reader, but the core of your evidence should be objective and verifiable.

What citation style is best for position papers?

The choice of citation style for a position paper usually depends on the academic discipline or the specific requirements of the publication or course. Humanities often use MLA (Modern Language Association) style, while social sciences typically prefer APA (American Psychological Association) style. However, Chicago and Harvard styles are also widely used in various academic and professional settings. Always refer to your assignment brief or consult with your instructor to determine the preferred citation style, ensuring your paper adheres to the appropriate academic standards and conventions.

How do I choose between multiple strong positions?

When faced with multiple viable positions on an issue, consider several factors to make your decision. Firstly, evaluate the strength and availability of evidence for each stance. The position with the most robust and accessible support is often the most defendable. Secondly, consider your personal interest and knowledge in each position, as genuine passion can enhance your argument's persuasiveness. Lastly, think about the relevance and impact of each position on your intended audience. Choosing a stance that resonates with your readers while remaining defensible and backed by substantial evidence will likely result in a more compelling position paper.

Are there specific words or phrases to avoid?

In academic and professional writing, certain words and phrases should be avoided to maintain clarity and formality. These include colloquialisms, overly general terms like "things" or "stuff," and vague qualifiers such as "very" or "really." Additionally, avoid using biased or emotionally charged language that could undermine the objectivity of your argument. Phrases that assume universality or absolute certainty, such as "everyone knows" or "it is always the case," should also be avoided, as they can oversimplify complex issues and dismiss counterarguments without due consideration.

How can I make my position paper stand out?

To make your position paper stand out, focus on presenting a clear, well-supported argument that addresses the issue from a unique angle. Use compelling evidence, including up-to-date statistics, relevant case studies, and insights from reputable experts. Crafting a strong, concise thesis statement and ensuring your paper is well-organized will also help your argument shine. Consider incorporating a mix of evidence types and addressing counterarguments thoroughly to demonstrate a well-rounded understanding of the topic. Lastly, a polished and professional writing style, free of errors and jargon, can significantly enhance the readability and impact of your paper.

What's the difference between a position paper and an essay?

The primary difference between a position paper and an essay lies in the purpose and structure. A position paper is argumentative, designed to persuade the reader of a particular stance on an issue, backed by evidence and analysis. It focuses on advocating for one side of a debate. In contrast, an essay might explore a topic more broadly, reflect on personal experiences, or analyze texts without necessarily taking a definitive stand. Essays can be descriptive, narrative, expository, or persuasive, offering more flexibility in approach and content than the more focused and argumentative position paper.

How many arguments should I include in my paper?

The number of arguments in a position paper should be enough to thoroughly support your thesis without overwhelming the reader. Typically, 2-3 well-developed arguments are sufficient for a standard-length paper. Each argument should be clearly stated, backed by solid evidence, and linked cohesively to your overall thesis. It's important to delve deeply into each argument, providing detailed evidence and analysis, rather than superficially covering many points. Quality over quantity ensures your paper remains focused and persuasive.

Can I address more than one counterargument?

Yes, addressing multiple counterarguments in your position paper can strengthen your argument by showing a comprehensive understanding of the issue. It demonstrates your ability to engage with and refute opposing views, enhancing the credibility of your stance. Focus on the most significant and relevant counterarguments, providing clear refutations backed by evidence. This approach not only addresses potential objections your audience may have but also showcases your critical thinking and analytical skills.

How do I balance objectivity with persuasive writing?

Balancing objectivity with persuasive writing involves presenting your arguments and evidence in a clear, logical manner while avoiding bias and emotional language. Start by thoroughly researching your topic and presenting evidence fairly, including acknowledging valid counterarguments and the limitations of your own position. Use a formal, respectful tone and focus on logical reasoning to make your case. Persuasion should stem from the strength of your arguments and the quality of your evidence rather than from emotional appeals or subjective opinions. This approach maintains objectivity while effectively convincing the reader of your perspective.

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Written by: Thomas Babb

Thomas is a PhD candidate at Oxford University. He served as an interviewer and the lead admissions test marker at Oxford, and teaches undergraduate students at Mansfield College and St Hilda’s College. He has ten years’ experience tutoring A-Level and GCSE students across a range of subjects.

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Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Svalbard and Jan Mayen
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Taiwan, Province of China
Tanzania, United Republic of
Timor-Leste
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Virgin Islands, British
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Wallis and Futuna
Western Sahara

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a position paper is an essay that expounds a

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Position Paper - Myers

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Position Paper Diagram

Elements of the position paper, writing & tutoring help at bowie.

An author who writes a position paper is making an argument which has to be built upon evidence. The structure used to do this is very similar to that used when writing a critical essay.

Image taken from James Cook University Study Skills Online. "Essay Structure." 17 August, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.jcu.edu.au/tldinfo/writingskills/essay/structure.html.

The purpose of a position paper is to generate support on an issue. It describes the author’s position on an issue and the rational for that position and, in the same way that a research paper incorporates supportive evidence, is based on facts that provide a solid foundation for the author’s argument. It is a critical examination of a position using facts and inductive reasoning, which addresses both strengths and weaknesses of the author’s opinion.

The classic position paper contains three main elements:

An Introduction , which identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on that issue.

The Body of the paper, which contains the central argument and can be further broken up into three unique sections:

Background information

Evidence supporting the author’s position

A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes arguments that contradict the author’s position

A Conclusion , restating the key points and, where applicable, suggesting resolutions to the issue.

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10.5 Writing Process: Creating a Position Argument

Learning outcomes.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Demonstrate brainstorming processes and tools as means to discover topics, ideas, positions, and details.
Apply recursive strategies for organizing drafting, collaborating, peer reviewing, revising, rewriting, and editing.
Compose a position argument that integrates the writer’s ideas with those from appropriate sources.
Give and act on productive feedback to works in progress.
Apply or challenge common conventions of language or grammar in composing and revising.

Now is the time to try your hand at writing a position argument. Your instructor may provide some possible topics or a singular topic. If your instructor allows you to choose your own topic, consider a general subject you feel strongly about and whether you can provide enough support to develop that subject into an essay. For instance, suppose you think about a general subject such as “adulting.” In looking back at what you have learned while becoming an adult, you think of what you wish you had known during your early teenage years. These thoughts might lead you to brainstorm about details of the effects of money in your life or your friends’ lives. In reviewing your brainstorming, you might zero in on one topic you feel strongly about and think it provides enough depth to develop into a position argument. Suppose your brainstorming leads you to think about negative financial concerns you or some of your friends have encountered. Thinking about what could have helped address those concerns, you decide that a mandated high school course in financial literacy would have been useful. This idea might lead you to formulate your working thesis statement —first draft of your thesis statement—like this: To help students learn how to make sensible financial decisions, a mandatory class in financial literacy should be offered in high schools throughout the country.

Once you decide on a topic and begin moving through the writing process, you may need to fine-tune or even change the topic and rework your initial idea. This fine-tuning may come as you brainstorm, later when you begin drafting, or after you have completed a draft and submitted it to your peers for constructive criticism. These possibilities occur because the writing process is recursive —that is, it moves back and forth almost simultaneously and maybe even haphazardly at times, from planning to revising to editing to drafting, back to planning, and so on.

Summary of Assignment

Write a position argument on a controversial issue that you choose or that your instructor assigns to you. If you are free to choose your own topic, consider one of the following:

The legal system would be strengthened if ______________________.
The growing use of technology in college classrooms is weakening _____________.
For safety reasons, public signage should be _________________.
For entrance into college, standardized testing _________________________.
In relation to the cost of living, the current minimum wage _______________________.
During a pandemic, America __________________________.
As a requirement to graduate, college students __________________________.
To guarantee truthfulness of their content, social media platforms have the right to _________________.
To ensure inclusive and diverse representation of people of all races, learning via virtual classrooms _________________.
Segments of American cultures have differing rules of acceptable grammar, so in a college classroom ___________________.

In addition, if you have the opportunity to choose your own topic and wish to search further, take the lead from trailblazer Charles Blow and look to media for newsworthy “trends.” Find a controversial issue that affects you or people you know, and take a position on it. As you craft your argument, identify a position opposing yours, and then refute it with reasoning and evidence. Be sure to gather information on the issue so that you can support your position sensibly with well-developed ideas and evidence.

Another Lens. To gain a different perspective on your issue, consider again the people affected by it. Your position probably affects different people in different ways. For example, if you are writing that the minimum wage should be raised, then you might easily view the issue through the lens of minimum-wage workers, especially those who struggle to make ends meet. However, if you look at the issue through the lens of those who employ minimum-wage workers, your viewpoint might change. Depending on your topic and thesis, you may need to use print or online sources to gain insight into different perspectives.

For additional information about minimum-wage workers, you could consult

printed material available in your college library;
databases in your college library; and
pros and cons of raising the minimum wage;
what happens after the minimum wage is raised;
how to live on a minimum-wage salary;
how a raise in minimum wage is funded; and
minimum wage in various U.S. states.

To gain more insight about your topic, adopt a stance that opposes your original position and brainstorm ideas from that viewpoint. Begin by gathering evidence that would help you refute your previous stance and appeal to your audience.

Quick Launch: Working Thesis Frames and Organization of Ideas

After you have decided on your topic, the next step is to arrive at your working thesis. You probably have a good idea of the direction your working thesis will take. That is, you know where you stand on the issue or problem, but you are not quite sure of how to word your stance to share it with readers. At this point, then, use brainstorming to think critically about your position and to discover the best way to phrase your statement.

For example, after reading an article discussing different state-funded community college programs, one student thought that a similar program was needed in Alabama, her state. However, she was not sure how the program worked. To begin, she composed and answered “ reporters’ questions ” such as these:

What does a state-funded community college program do? pays for part or all of the tuition of a two-year college student
Who qualifies for the program? high school graduates and GED holders
Who benefits from this? students needing financial assistance, employers, and Alabama residents
Why is this needed? some can’t afford to go to college; tuition goes up every year; colleges would be more diverse if everyone who wanted to go could afford to go
Where would the program be available? at all public community colleges
When could someone apply for the program? any time
How can the state fund this ? use lottery income, like other states

The student then reviewed her responses, altered her original idea to include funding through a lottery, and composed this working thesis:

student sample text To provide equal educational opportunities for all residents, the state of Alabama should create a lottery to completely fund tuition at community colleges. end student sample text

Remember that a strong thesis for a position should

state your stance on a debatable issue;
reflect your purpose of persuasion; and
be based on your opinion or observation.

When you first consider your topic for an argumentative work, think about the reasoning for your position and the evidence you will need—that is, think about the “because” part of your argument. For instance, if you want to argue that your college should provide free Wi-Fi for every student, extend your stance to include “because” and then develop your reasoning and evidence. In that case, your argument might read like this: Ervin Community College should provide free Wi-Fi for all students because students may not have Internet access at home.

Note that the “because” part of your argument may come at the beginning or the end and may be implied in your wording.

As you develop your thesis, you may need help funneling all of your ideas. Return to the possibilities you have in mind, and select the ideas that you think are strongest, that recur most often, or that you have the most to say about. Then use those ideas to fill in one of the following sentence frames to develop your working thesis. Feel free to alter the frame as necessary to fit your position. While there is no limit to the frames that are possible, these may help get you started.

________________ is caused/is not caused by ________________, and _____________ should be done.

Example: A declining enrollment rate in college is caused by high tuition rates, and an immediate freeze on the cost of tuition should be applied.

______________ should/should not be allowed (to) ________________ for a number of reasons.

Example: People who do not wear masks during a pandemic should not be allowed to enter public buildings for a number of reasons.

Because (of) ________________, ___________________ will happen/continue to happen.

Example: Because of a lack of emphasis on STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts, and Mathematics) education in public schools, America will continue to lag behind many other countries.

_____________ is similar to/nothing like ________________ because ______________.

Example: College classes are nothing like high school classes because in college, more responsibility is on the student, the classes are less frequent but more intense, and the work outside class takes more time to complete.

______________ can be/cannot be thought of as __________________ because ______________.

Example: The Black Lives Matter movement can be thought of as an extension of the Civil Rights movement from the 1950s and 1960s because it shares the same mission of fighting racism and ending violence against Black people.

Next, consider the details you will need to support your thesis. The Aristotelian argument structure, named for the Greek philosopher Aristotle , is one that may help you frame the draft of your position argument. For this method, use something like the following chart. In Writing Process: Creating a Position Argument, you will find a similar organizer that you can copy and use for your assignment.

Drafting: Rhetorical Appeals and Types of Supporting Evidence

To persuade your audience to support your position or argument, consider various rhetorical appeals— ethos, logos, pathos, and kairos—and the types of evidence to support your sound reasoning. See Reasoning Strategies: Improving Critical Thinking for more information on reasoning strategies and types of evidence.

Rhetorical Appeals

To establish your credibility, to show readers you are trustworthy, to win over their hearts, and to set your issue in an appropriate time frame to influence readers, consider how you present and discuss your evidence throughout the paper.

Appeal to ethos . To establish credibility in her paper arguing for expanded mental health services, a student writer used these reliable sources: a student survey on mental health issues, data from the International Association of Counseling Services (a professional organization), and information from an interview with a campus mental health counselor.
Appeal to logos . To support her sound reasoning, the student writer approached the issue rationally, using data and credible evidence to explain the current situation and its effects.
Appeal to pathos . To show compassion and arouse audience empathy, the student writer shared the experience of a student on her campus who struggled with anxiety and depression.
Appeal to kairos . To appeal to kairos, the student emphasized the immediate need for these services, as more students are now aware of their particular mental health issues and trying to deal with them.

The way in which you present and discuss your evidence will reflect the appeals you use. Consider using sentence frames to reflect specific appeals. Remember, too, that sentence frames can be composed in countless ways. Here are a few frames to get you thinking critically about how to phrase your ideas while considering different types of appeals.

Appeal to ethos: According to __________________, an expert in ______________, __________________ should/should not happen because ________________________.

Appeal to ethos: Although ___________________is not an ideal situation for _________________, it does have its benefits.

Appeal to logos: If ____________________ is/is not done, then understandably, _________________ will happen.

Appeal to logos: This information suggests that ____________________ needs to be investigated further because ____________________________.

Appeal to pathos: The story of _____________________ is uplifting/heartbreaking/hopeful/tragic and illustrates the need for ____________________.

Appeal to pathos: ___________________ is/are suffering from ________________, and that is something no one wants.

Appeal to kairos: _________________ must be addressed now because ________________ .

Appeal to kairos: These are times when ______________ ; therefore, _____________ is appropriate/necessary.

Types of Supporting Evidence

Depending on the point you are making to support your position or argument, certain types of evidence may be more effective than others. Also, your instructor may require you to include a certain type of evidence. Choose the evidence that will be most effective to support the reasoning behind each point you make to support your thesis statement. Common types of evidence are these:

Renada G., a junior at Powell College South, worked as a waitress for 15 hours a week during her first three semesters of college. But in her sophomore year, when her parents were laid off during the pandemic, Renada had to increase her hours to 35 per week and sell her car to stay in school. Her grades started slipping, and she began experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. When she called the campus health center to make an appointment for counseling, Renada was told she would have to wait two weeks before she could be seen.

Here is part of how Lyndon B. Johnson defined the Great Society: “But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor.”

Bowen Lake is nestled in verdant foothills, lush with tall grasses speckled with wildflowers. Around the lake, the sweet scent of the purple and yellow flowers fills the air, and the fragrance of the hearty pines sweeps down the hillsides in a westerly breeze. Wood frogs’ and crickets’ songs suddenly stop, as the blowing of moose calling their calves echoes across the lake’s soundless surface. Or this was the scene before the deadly destruction of fires caused by climate change.

When elaborating on America’s beauty being in danger, Johnson says, “The water we drink, the food we eat, the very air that we breathe, are threatened with pollution. Our parks are overcrowded, our seashores overburdened. Green fields and dense forests are disappearing.”

Speaking about President Lyndon B. Johnson and the Vietnam War, noted historian and Johnson biographer Doris Kearns Goodwin said, “It seemed the hole in his heart from the loss of work was too big to fill.”

Charles Blow has worked at the Shreveport Times , The Detroit News , National Geographic , and The New York Times .

When interviewed by George Rorick and asked about the identities of his readers, Charles Blow said that readers’ emails do not elaborate on descriptions of who the people are. However, “the kinds of comments that they offer are very much on the thesis of the essay.”

In his speech, Lyndon B. Johnson says, “The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents.”

To support the need for change in classrooms, Johnson uses these statistics: “Each year more than 100,000 high school graduates, with proved ability, do not enter college because they cannot afford it. And if we cannot educate today’s youth, what will we do in 1970 when elementary school enrollment will be five million greater than 1960?”

Visuals : graphs, photographs, charts, or maps used in addition to written or spoken information.

Brainstorm for Supporting Points

Use one or more brainstorming techniques, such as a web diagram as shown in Figure 10.8 or the details generated from “because” statements, to develop ideas or particular points in support of your thesis. Your goal is to get as many ideas as possible. At this time, do not be concerned about how ideas flow, whether you will ultimately use an idea (you want more ideas than will end up in your finished paper), spelling, or punctuation.

When you have finished, look over your brainstorming. Then circle three to five points to incorporate into your draft. Also, plan to answer “ reporters’ questions ” to provide readers with any needed background information. For example, the student writing about the need for more mental health counselors on her campus created and answered these questions:

What is needed? More mental health counseling is needed for Powell College South.

Who would benefit from this? The students and faculty would benefit.

Why is this needed? The college does not have enough counselors to meet all students’ needs.
Where are more counselors needed? More counselors are needed at the south campus.
When are the counselors needed? Counselors need to be hired now and be available both day and night to accommodate students’ schedules.
How can the college afford this ? Instead of hiring daycare workers, the college could use students and faculty from the Early Childhood Education program to run the program and use the extra money to pay the counselors.

Using Logic

In a position argument, the appropriate use of logic is especially important for readers to trust what you write. It is also important to look for logic in material you read and possibly cite in your paper so that you can determine whether writers’ claims are reasonable. Two main categories of logical thought are inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning .

Inductive reasoning moves from specific to broad ideas. You begin by collecting details, observations, incidents, or facts; examining them; and drawing a conclusion from them. Suppose, for example, you are writing about attendance in college classes. For three weeks, you note the attendance numbers in all your Monday, Wednesday, and Friday classes (specific details), and you note that attendance is lower on Friday than on the other days (a specific detail). From these observations, you determine that many students prefer not to attend classes on Fridays (your conclusion).
Deductive reasoning moves from general to specific ideas. You begin with a hypothesis or premise , a general concept, and then examine possibilities that would lead to a specific and logical conclusion. For instance, suppose you think that opportunities for foreign students at your college are inadequate (general concept). You examine the specific parts of that concept (e.g., whether your college provides multicultural clubs, help with language skills, or work-study opportunities) and determine that those opportunities are not available. You then determine that opportunities for foreign students are lacking at your college.

Logical Fallacies and Propaganda

Fallacies are mistakes in logic. Readers and writers should be aware of these when they creep into writing, indicating that the points the writers make may not be valid. Two common fallacies are hasty generalizations and circular arguments. See Glance at Genre: Rhetorical Strategies for more on logical fallacies.

A hasty generalization is a conclusion based on either inadequate or biased evidence. Consider this statement: “Two students in Math 103 were nervous before their recent test; therefore, all students in that class must have text anxiety.” This is a hasty generalization because the second part of the statement (the generalization about all students in the class) is inadequate to support what the writer noted about only two students.
A circular argument is one that merely restates what has already been said. Consider this statement: “ The Hate U Give is a well-written book because Angie Thomas, its author, is a good novelist.” The statement that Thomas is a good novelist does not explain why her book is well written.

In addition to checking work for fallacies, consider propaganda , information worded so that it endorses a particular viewpoint, often of a political nature. Two common types of propaganda are bandwagon and fear .

In getting on the bandwagon , the writer encourages readers to conform to a popular trend and endorse an opinion, a movement, or a person because everyone else is doing so. Consider this statement: “Everyone is behind the idea that 7 a.m. classes are too early and should be changed to at least 8 a.m. Shouldn’t you endorse this sensible idea, too?”
In using fear, the writer presents a dire situation, usually followed by what could be done to prevent it. Consider this statement: “Our country is at a turning point. Enemies threaten us with their power, and our democracy is at risk of being crushed. The government needs a change, and Paul Windhaus is just the man to see we get that change.” This quotation appeals to fear about the future of the country and implies that electing a certain individual will solve the predicted problems.

Organize the Paper

To begin, write your thesis at the top of a blank page. Then select points from your brainstorming and reporters’ questions to organize and develop support for your thesis. Keep in mind that you can revise your thesis whenever needed.

To begin organizing her paper on increased mental health services on her college campus, the student wrote this thesis at the top of a page:

student sample text Because mental health is a major concern at Powell College South, students could benefit from expanding the services offered . end student sample text

Next she decided the sequence in which to present the points. In a position or an argument essay, she could choose one of two methods: thesis-first organization or delayed-thesis organization.

Thesis-First Organization

Leading with a thesis tells readers from the beginning where you stand on the issue. In this organization, the thesis occupies both the first and last position in the essay, making it easy for readers to remember.

Introduce the issue and assert your thesis. Make sure the issue has at least two debatable sides. Your thesis establishes the position from which you will argue. Writers often state their thesis as the last sentence in the first paragraph, as the student writer has done:

student sample text The problem of mental health has become front-page news in the last two months. Hill’s Herald , Powell College South’s newspaper, reported 14 separate incidents of students who sought counseling but could not get appointments with college staff. Since mental health problems are widespread among the student population, the college should hire more health care workers to address this problem. end student sample text

Summarize the counterclaims . Before elaborating on your claims, explain the opposition’s claims. Including this information at the beginning gives your argument something to focus on—and refute—throughout the paper. If you ignore counterclaims, your argument may appear incomplete, and readers may think you have not researched your topic sufficiently. When addressing a counterclaim, state it clearly, show empathy for those who have that view, and then immediately refute it with support developed through reasoning and evidence. Squeezing the counterclaims between the thesis and the evidence reserves the strongest places—the opening and closing—for your position.

student sample text Counterclaim 1 : Powell College South already employs two counselors, and that number is sufficient to meet the needs of the student population. end student sample text

student sample text Counterclaim 2 : Students at Powell College South live in a metropolitan area large enough to handle their mental health needs. end student sample text

Refute the counterclaims. Look for weak spots in the opposition’s argument, and point them out. Use your opponent’s language to show you have read closely but still find problems with the claim. This is the way the writer refuted the first counterclaim:

student sample text While Powell College South does employ two counselors, those counselors are overworked and often have no time slots available for students who wish to make appointments. end student sample text

State and explain your points, and then support them with evidence. Present your points clearly and precisely, using Reasoning Strategies: Improving Critical Thinking to explain and cite your evidence. The writer plans to use a problem-solution reasoning strategy to elaborate on these three points using these pieces of evidence:

student sample text Point 1: Wait times are too long. end student sample text

student sample text Kay Payne, one of the campus counselors, states that the wait time for an appointment with her is approximately 10 days. end student sample text

student sample text Point 2: Mental health issues are widespread within the student community. end student sample text

student sample text In a recent on-campus student survey, 75 percent of 250 students say they have had some kind of mental health issues at some point in their life. end student sample text

student sample text Point 3: The staff-to-student ratio is too high. end student sample text

student sample text The International Accreditation of Counseling Services states that the recommended ratio is one full-time equivalent staff member for every 1,000 to 1,500 students. end student sample text

Restate your position as a conclusion. Near the end of your paper, synthesize your accumulated evidence into a broad general position, and restate your thesis in slightly different language.

student sample text The number of students who need mental health counseling is alarming. The recent news articles that attest to their not being able to schedule appointments add to the alarm. While Powell College South offers some mental health counseling, the current number of counselors and others who provide health care is insufficient to handle the well-being of all its students. Action must be taken to address this problem. end student sample text

Delayed-Thesis Organization

In this organizational pattern, introduce the issue and discuss the arguments for and against it, but wait to take a side until late in the essay. By delaying the stance, you show readers you are weighing the evidence, and you arouse their curiosity about your position. Near the end of the paper, you explain that after carefully considering both pros and cons, you have arrived at the most reasonable position.

Introduce the issue. Here, the writer begins with action that sets the scene of the problem.

student sample text Tapping her foot nervously, Serena looked at her watch again. She had been waiting three hours to see a mental health counselor at Powell College South, and she did not think she could wait much longer. She had to get to work. end student sample text

Summarize the claims for one position. Before stating which side you support, explain how the opposition views the issue. This body paragraph presents evidence about the topic of more counselors:

student sample text Powell College South has two mental health counselors on staff. If the college hires more counselors, more office space will have to be created. Currently Pennington Hall could accommodate those counselors. Additional counselors would allow more students to receive counseling. end student sample text

Refute the claims you just stated. Still not stating your position, point out the other side of the issue.

student sample text While office space is available in Pennington Hall, that location is far from ideal. It is in a wooded area of campus, six blocks from the nearest dorm. Students who would go there might be afraid to walk through the woods or might be afraid to walk that distance. The location might deter them from making appointments. end student sample text

Now give the best reasoning and evidence to support your position. Because this is a delayed-thesis organization, readers are still unsure of your stance. This section should be the longest and most carefully documented part of the paper. After summarizing and refuting claims, the writer then elaborates on these three points using problem-solution reasoning supported by this evidence as discussed in Reasoning Strategies: Improving Critical Thinking, implying her position before moving to the conclusion, where she states her thesis.

student sample text The International Association of Counseling Services states that one full-time equivalent staff member for every 1,000 to 1,500 students is the recommended ratio. end student sample text

State your thesis in your conclusion. Your rhetorical strategy is this: after giving each side a fair hearing, you have arrived at the most reasonable conclusion.

student sample text According to the American Psychological Association, more than 40 percent of all college students suffer from some form of anxiety. Powell College South students are no different from college students elsewhere: they deserve to have adequate mental health counseling. end student sample text

Drafting begins when you organize your evidence or research notes and then put them into some kind of written form. As you write, focus on building body paragraphs through the techniques presented in Reasoning Strategies: Improving Critical Thinking that show you how to support your position and then add evidence. Using a variety of evidence types builds credibility with readers. Remember that the recursiveness of the writing process allows you to move from composing to gathering evidence and back to brainstorming ideas or to organizing your draft at any time. Move around the writing process as needed.

Keep in mind that a first draft is just a beginning—you will revise it into a better work in later drafts. Your first draft is sometimes called a discovery draft because you are discovering how to shape your paper: which ideas to include and how to support those ideas. These suggestions and graphic organizer may be helpful for your first draft:

Write your thesis at the top of the paper.
Compose your body paragraphs: those that support your argument through reasoning strategies and those that address counterclaims.
Leave your introduction, conclusion, and title for later drafts.

Use a graphic organizer like Table 10.1 to focus points, reasoning, and evidence for body paragraphs. You are free to reword your thesis, reasoning, counterclaim(s), refutation of counterclaim(s), concrete evidence, and explanation/elaboration/clarification at any time. You are also free to adjust the order in which you present your reasoning, counterclaim(s), and refuting of counterclaim(s).


Name ________________________________________________________________________ Thesis: In your thesis, remember to include 1) an explanation of the issue and 2) your position about what should happen regarding the issue. Issue: My position: Thesis as a single declarative sentence: ________ Background information: Reporters’ questions: ____________________________________________________________________ Point 1 in support of thesis: Reasoning: explanation/elaboration/clarification: Concrete evidence: __________________________________________________________________________ Point 2 in support of thesis: Reasoning: explanation/elaboration/clarification: Concrete evidence: _____________________________________________________________________________ Point 3 in support of thesis: Reasoning: explanation/elaboration/clarification: Concrete evidence: ___________________________________________________________________________ Points 4 & 5 in support of thesis: Reasoning: explanation/elaboration/clarification: Concrete evidence: ________________________________________________________________________ Counterclaim: Reasoning: explanation/elaboration/clarification: __________________________________________________________________________ Refuting of counterclaim: Reasoning: explanation/elaboration/clarification:

Name ________________________________________________________________________

Thesis: In your thesis, remember to include 1) an explanation of the issue and 2) your position about what should happen regarding the issue.

Issue:

My position:

Thesis as a single declarative sentence: ________

Background information:

Reporters’ questions:

____________________________________________________________________

Point 1 in support of thesis: