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The Russian war on Ukraine affects the security situation. The areas bordering Ukraine are dangerous. Stay clear from potential military targets, such as fuel depots. | |
Voronezh Oblast is in Russia 's Chernozemye region, bordering Ukraine to the southwest, Belgorod Oblast to the west, Kursk Oblast to the northwest, Lipetsk Oblast to the north, Tambov Oblast to the northeast, Ulyanovsk Oblast to the northeast, Volgograd Oblast to the east, and Rostov Oblast to the south.
Voronezh is considered the heart of the "Black Earth Region," a rich soiled region in the south of Central Russia . In its post-Soviet history it has also come to be known as the heart of Russia's "Red Belt," the center of contemporary Russian communism, owing to its high unemployment levels. An interesting read for visitors is Black Earth City , an account written by Charlotte Hobson, a foreign student visiting the capital in 1991 – 92.
Chances are high that you will need either some knowledge of Russian or a competent guide in order to travel outside of Voronezh.
Voronezh Airport ( VOZ IATA ) is served by flights from Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Munich , Prague , and Yerevan . Voronezh, being the major rail hub between Central and Southern Russia , is also easily accessible by train from, Moscow , Rostov-on-Don and other major cities in these regions.
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Coordinates: 39°12′38″E / 51.67167°N 39.21056°E / 51.67167; 39.21056 | |
Country | |
Founded | 1585 or much earlier |
City status since | 1585 |
Government | |
• Body | |
• Mayor | |
Area | |
• Total | 601 km (232 sq mi) |
Elevation | 154 m (505 ft) |
Population | |
• Estimate | 1,047,549 |
none | |
• Subordinated to | Voronezh |
• of | Voronezh Oblast, Voronezh Urban Okrug |
• Urban okrug | Voronezh Urban Okrug |
• of | Voronezh Urban Okrug |
( ) | |
+7 473 | |
ID | 20701000001 |
City Day | Third Saturday of September |
Website |
17th to 19th centuries, 20th century, 21st century, administrative and municipal status, city divisions, demographics, construction, clusters of voronezh, urban layout, transportation, education and culture, notable people, sister cities, further reading and cultural references, external links.
The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the Voronezh river (tributary of the Don ) and a number of settlements. In the lower reaches of the river, a unique Slavic town-planning complex of the 8th – early 11th century was discovered, which covered the territory of the present city of Voronezh and its environs (about 42 km long, about 13 forts and many unfortified villages). By the 12th – 13th centuries, most of the old towns were desolate, but new settlements appeared upstream, closer to Ryazan . [14] [15] [16] [17]
For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian Vladimir Zagorovsky dominated: he produced the toponym "Voronezh" from the hypothetical Slavic personal name Voroneg . This man allegedly gave the name of a small town in the Chernigov Principality (now the village of Voronizh in Ukraine [18] ). Later, in the 11th or 12th century, the settlers were able to "transfer" this name to the Don region, where they named the second city Voronezh, and the river got its name from the city. [19] [20] However, now many researchers criticize the hypothesis, since in reality neither the name of Voroneg nor the second city was revealed, and usually the names of Russian cities repeated the names of the rivers, but not vice versa.
The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi , Varna , Verona , Brno , etc. [21]
A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the proto-Slavic vorn ) in the meaning of "black, dark" and the suffix -ezh (-azh, -ozh ). It was not “transferred” and in the 8th - 9th centuries it marked a vast territory covered with black forests (oak forests) - from the mouth of the Voronezh river to the Voronozhsky annalistic forests in the middle and upper reaches of the river, and in the west to the Don (many forests were cut down). The historian believes that the main "city" of the early town-planning complex could repeat the name of the region – Voronezh. Now the hillfort is located in the administrative part of the modern city, in the Voronezh upland oak forest. This is one of Europe's largest ancient Slavic hillforts, the area of which – more than 9 hectares – 13 times the area of the main settlement in Kyiv before the baptism of Rus. [17] [22]
In it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol. As well as the name of Voroneț Monastery known for its blue shade.
Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven ( ворон ) and hedgehog ( еж ) into Воронеж . According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.
In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde ), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars . The city was named after the river. [2]
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In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu 's map of 1645. [23] Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia, included the first Russian ship of the line , Goto Predestinatsia . The Orthodox diocese of Voronezh was instituted in 1682 and its first bishop, Mitrofan of Voronezh , was later proclaimed the town's patron saint.
Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate , which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate .
In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region . Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet , and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.
During World War II , Voronezh was the scene of fierce fighting between Soviet and combined Axis troops. The Germans used it as a staging area for their attack on Stalingrad , and made it a key crossing point on the Don River. In June 1941, two BM-13 (Fighting machine #13 Katyusha ) artillery installations were built at the Voronezh excavator factory. In July, the construction of Katyushas was rationalized so that their manufacture became easier and the time of volley repetition was shortened from five minutes to fifteen seconds. More than 300 BM-13 units manufactured in Voronezh were used in a counterattack near Moscow in December 1941. In October 22, 1941, the advance of the German troops prompted the establishment of a defense committee in the city. On November 7, 1941, there was a troop parade, devoted to the anniversary of the October Revolution . Only three such parades were organized that year: in Moscow, Kuybyshev , and Voronezh. In late June 1942, the city was attacked by German and Hungarian forces. In response, Soviet forces formed the Voronezh Front . By July 6, the German army occupied the western river-bank suburbs before being subjected to a fierce Soviet counter-attack. By July 24 the frontline had stabilised along the Voronezh River as the German forces continued southeast into the Great Bend of the Don. The attack on Voronezh represented the first phase of the German Army's 1942 campaign in the Soviet Union, codenamed Case Blue .
Until January 25, 1943, parts of the Second German Army and the Second Hungarian Army occupied the western part of Voronezh. During Operation Little Saturn , the Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive , and the Voronezhsko-Kastornenskoy Offensive, the Voronezh Front exacted heavy casualties on Axis forces. On January 25, 1943, Voronezh was liberated after ten days of combat . During the war the city was almost completely ruined, with 92% of all buildings destroyed.
By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School , a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war. [24]
In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86 , was built there.
In 1989, TASS published details of an alleged UFO landing in the city's park and purported encounters with extraterrestrial beings reported by a number of children. A Russian scientist that was cited in initial TASS reports later told the Associated Press that he was misquoted, cautioning, "Don't believe all you hear from TASS," and "We never gave them part of what they published", [25] and a TASS correspondent admitted the possibility that some "make-believe" had been added to the TASS story, saying, "I think there is a certain portion of truth, but it is not excluded that there is also fantasizing". [26] [27]
From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development. [28]
On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people. [29]
Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region . As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's The Nutcracker . In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as the animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination. [30] [31]
In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion , forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself. [32] [33] [34]
Voronezh is the administrative center of the oblast . [1] Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Voronezh Urban Okrug —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division , this administrative unit also has urban okrug status. [7]
The city is divided into six administrative districts :
Year | ||
---|---|---|
1897 | 80,599 | — |
1926 | 118,191 | +46.6% |
1939 | 326,932 | +176.6% |
1959 | 447,164 | +36.8% |
1970 | 660,182 | +47.6% |
1979 | 782,950 | +18.6% |
1989 | 886,844 | +13.3% |
2002 | 848,752 | −4.3% |
2010 | 889,680 | +4.8% |
2021 | 1,057,681 | +18.9% |
Source: Census data |
At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (960,357) was: [35]
Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
---|---|---|
918,247 | 95.6% | |
4,806 | 0.5% | |
4,416 | 0.5% | |
1,946 | 0.2% | |
1,707 | 0.2% | |
1,679 | 0.2% | |
1,383 | 0.1% | |
Others | 26,173 | 2.7% |
The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering , metalworking , the electronics industry and the food industry .
In the city are such companies as:
On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.
In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered. [42]
In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies. [43]
Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement ( ostrog ). [44] In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya. [45] The posad population received the territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower. [46]
Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. [47]
Climate data for Voronezh (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) | 11.0 (51.8) | 22.7 (72.9) | 29.2 (84.6) | 35.7 (96.3) | 38.9 (102.0) | 40.1 (104.2) | 40.5 (104.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 26.5 (79.7) | 18.2 (64.8) | 12.4 (54.3) | 40.5 (104.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.4 (25.9) | −2.6 (27.3) | 3.6 (38.5) | 14.4 (57.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.5 (79.7) | 19.7 (67.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 3.0 (37.4) | −1.9 (28.6) | 12.1 (53.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.0 (21.2) | −5.7 (21.7) | −0.3 (31.5) | 8.7 (47.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 19.1 (66.4) | 21.1 (70.0) | 19.9 (67.8) | 14.0 (57.2) | 7.4 (45.3) | 0.4 (32.7) | −4.3 (24.3) | 7.5 (45.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.5 (16.7) | −8.5 (16.7) | −3.5 (25.7) | 3.9 (39.0) | 9.8 (49.6) | 13.7 (56.7) | 15.6 (60.1) | 14.2 (57.6) | 9.2 (48.6) | 4.0 (39.2) | −1.9 (28.6) | −6.6 (20.1) | 3.5 (38.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −36.5 (−33.7) | −36.2 (−33.2) | −32.0 (−25.6) | −16.8 (1.8) | −3.3 (26.1) | −1.6 (29.1) | 5.0 (41.0) | 0.4 (32.7) | −5.2 (22.6) | −15.2 (4.6) | −25.1 (−13.2) | −33.4 (−28.1) | −36.5 (−33.7) |
Average mm (inches) | 42 (1.7) | 39 (1.5) | 38 (1.5) | 41 (1.6) | 48 (1.9) | 61 (2.4) | 58 (2.3) | 52 (2.0) | 51 (2.0) | 51 (2.0) | 43 (1.7) | 48 (1.9) | 572 (22.5) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 16 (6.3) | 22 (8.7) | 16 (6.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | 9 (3.5) | 22 (8.7) |
Average rainy days | 8 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 134 |
Average snowy days | 21 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 3 | 12 | 20 | 93 |
Average (%) | 84 | 82 | 77 | 66 | 61 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 73 | 79 | 85 | 85 | 75 |
Mean monthly | 62 | 86 | 125 | 184 | 268 | 284 | 286 | 254 | 185 | 111 | 45 | 38 | 1,928 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) |
The city is served by the Voronezh International Airport , which is located north of the city and is home to Polet Airlines. Voronezh is also home to the Pridacha Airport , a part of a major aircraft manufacturing facility VASO ( Voronezhskoye Aktsionernoye Samoletostroitelnoye Obshchestvo , Voronezh aircraft production association) where the Tupolev Tu-144 (known in the West as the "Concordski"), was built and the only operational unit is still stored. Voronezh also hosts the Voronezh Malshevo air force base in the southwest of the city, which, according to a Natural Resources Defense Council report, houses nuclear bombers . [ citation needed ]
Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow. [50] Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways . Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city.
There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow , Belgorod , Lipetsk , Volgograd , Rostov-on-Don , and Astrakhan .
The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:
and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city.
Platonov International Arts Festival [56]
Club | Sport | Founded | Current League | League Rank | Stadium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1947 | 1st | ||||
1989 | 1st | Rudgormash Stadium | |||
1977 | 2nd | Yubileyny Sports Palace | |||
VC Voronezh | 2006 | Women's Higher Volleyball League A | 2nd | Kristall Sports Complex |
Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh. [ citation needed ] There is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street. [57] [58]
In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop Mitrofan (1623-1703) at the age of 58. Under him, the construction began on the new Annunciation Cathedral to replace the old one. In 1832, Mitrofan was glorified as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church .
In the 1990s, many Orthodox churches were returned to the diocese. Their restoration was continued. In 2009, instead of the lost one, a new Annunciation Cathedral was built with a monument to St. Mitrofan erected next to it.
There are ten cemeteries in Voronezh:
Ternovoye Cemetery is а historical site closed to the public.
Source: [59]
Date | Sister City | |
---|---|---|
1989 | , , | |
1991 | , , | |
1992 | , | |
1995 | , | |
1996 | , , |
Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District in Russia. The city is located at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga rivers in Central Russia, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.
Tambov is a city and the administrative center of Tambov Oblast, central Russia, at the confluence of the Tsna and Studenets Rivers, about 418 km (260 mi) south-southeast of Moscow. With a population of 261,803 as of 2021, Tambov is the largest city, and historical center, of the Tambov Oblast as a whole.
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Free Storeperson cover letter example. Dear Ms. Bond: When I heard of Jackson Pet Supply's need for a new Storeperson, I was eager to send you my resume for your consideration. As a motivated and personable professional with experience in retail sales, merchandising efforts, and customer service, I feel confident that I would be a valuable ...
Brittany Nook. Bloomington, IN. 771-555-0199 [email protected] May 1, 2023 Dear hiring manager, Hello, my name is Brittany Nook and I'm writing to apply for the Retail Sales Associate position at Board Games and More. I have six years of experience working in customer service-focused jobs, including four years in retail.
Animal Caretaker sample cover letter in response to job Ad. Job Application Letter. Dear Hiring Manager, Replying to your job posting 20311 dated 14 September for the Animal Caretaker vacancy, I hereby present to you my CV, which I am pretty sure will rank very high on the suitability scale.
The following is an example of an animal care cover letter to help you write your own: Emily Barnes 07446 858134 | [email protected] | Liverpool 13 January, 2023 Merseyside Rescue Centre Dear Recruitment Manager, I am writing this letter in support of my application for the animal care position advertised on your website.
I am confident that I would be an asset to your team. If you agree, please call me at 555-555-5555 to schedule an interview. Thank you for considering my application. Sincerely, For top veterinary assistant jobs, you need a cover letter that promotes both your skills and passion. View this sample cover letter for a veterinary assistant, or ...
Claire. [email protected]. (555) 432-1000. Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94105. Professional Summary. Motivated Veterinary Assistant with a proven background in animal care, client education, and therapy and medication dispensing and administration. Offers loving, genuine care to animals of all kinds.
Here are 3 examples of personalized greetings for veterinary cover letters. Dear Practice Manager Jane Smith, Dear Mrs. Jane Smith, Dear Jane Smith & the Veterinary Staff, Pro Tip: When using an honorific like Mr., Ms., or Mrs., it is crucial to be sure you are using the correct one.
60+ Cover Letter Examples in 2024 [For All Professions] Top ↑ 21 Cover Letter Examples #1. Career Change Cover Letter Example #2. Recent Graduate Cover Letter Example #3. Middle Management Cover Letter Example #4. Business Manager Cover Letter Example #5. Ph.D. Cover Letter Example #6. Senior Executive Cover Letter Example #7.
THE BEST Voronezh Department Stores. 1. Voronezhskiy TSUM. Top Voronezh Department Stores: See reviews and photos of Department Stores in Voronezh, Russia on Tripadvisor.
Voronezh Oblast is located in the south-west of the European part of Russia. The length of the region from north to south is 277.5 km, from west to east - 352 km. In the south it borders on the Lugansk region of Ukraine. The climate is moderately continental. The average temperature in January is minus 10 degrees Celsius, in July - plus 20 ...
50°51′0″N 40°9′0″E. Map of Voronezh Oblast. 51.671667 39.210556. 1 Voronezh — the regional capital is a major cultural, economic, and transit hub for the surrounding regions and a center of the contemporary Russian Communist movement (due to very high unemployment); be sure to visit the excellent collection of Western and Russian ...
A monument to Peter the Great Voronezh. Ship Museum Goto Predestinatsia. In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645. [23] Peter the Great built a dockyard in Voronezh where the Azov Flotilla was constructed for the Azov campaigns in 1695 and 1696. This fleet, the first ever built in Russia ...