effects of technology essay conclusion

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Kate Billingsley

introduction

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Technology is a tool that can be used to solve real-world problems. The field of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) “seeks to promote cross-disciplinary integration, civic engagement, and critical thinking” of concepts in the worlds of science and technology ( Harvard University, n.d.). As an aspect of everyday life, technology is continuously evolving to ensure that humanity can be productive, efficient, and follow the path of globalization . STS is a concept that encompasses countless fields of study. “Scientists, engineers, and medical professionals swim (as they must) in the details of their technical work: experiments, inventions, treatments and cures. “promotes cross-disciplinary integration, civic engagement, and critical thinking” It’s an intense and necessary focus” ( Stanford University , n.d.). On the opposite side of the spectrum is STS, which “draws attention to the water: the social, political, legal, economic, and cultural environment that shapes research and invention, supports or inhibits it — and is in turn shaped by evolving science and technology” ( Stanford University , n.d.). Technology is a crucial part of life that is constantly developing to fit the changing needs of society and aiding humanity in simplifying the demands of everyday life.

According to Oberdan (2010), science and technology share identical goals. “At first glance, they seem to provide a deep and thorough going division between the two but, as the discussion progresses, it will become clear that there are, indeed, areas of overlap, too” (Oberdan, 25). Philosophers believe that for a claim to be considered knowledge, it must first be justified, like a hypothesis, and true.  Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer, Galileo Galilei , was incredibly familiar with the obstacles involved with proving something to be a fact or a theory within the scientific world. Galileo was condemned by the Roman Catholic church for his beliefs that contradicted existing church doctrine (Coyne, 2013). Galileo’s discoveries, although denounced by the church were incredibly innovative and progressive for their time, and are still seen as the basis for modern astronomy today. Nearly 300 years later, Galileo was eventually forgiven by the church, and to this day he is seen as one of the most well known and influential astronomers of all time. Many new innovations and ideas often receive push back before becoming revolutionary and universal practices.

INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY

Flash forward to modern time where we can see that innovation is happening even more around us. Look no further than what could be considered the culmination of modern technological innovation: the mobile phone. Cell phone technology has developed exponentially since the invention of the first mobile phone in 1973 ( Seward , 2013). Although there was a period for roughly 20 years in which cell phones were seen as unnecessary and somewhat impractical, as society’s needs changed and developed in the late 1990s, there was a large spike in consumer purchases of mobile phones. Now, cell phones are an entity that can be seen virtually anywhere, which is in large part due to their practicality. Cell phones, specifically smartphones such as Apple’s iPhone , have changed the way society uses technology. Smartphone technology has eliminated the need for people to have a separate cell phone, MP3 player, GPS, mobile video gaming systems, and more. Consumers may fail to realize how many aspects of modern technological advancement are involved in the use of their mobile phones. Cell phones use wifi to browse the internet, use google, access social media, and more. Although these technologies are beneficial, they also allow consumers locations to be traced and phone conversations to be recorded. Modern cell phone technologies collect data on consumers, and many people are unsure how this information is being used. Additionally, mobile phones come equipped with virus protection which brings the field of cybersecurity into smartphone usage. The technological advances that have been made in the market for mobile phones have been targeted towards the changing needs of consumers and society. As proven by the rise in cell phones, with advancements in the field of STS comes new unforeseen obstacles and ethical dilemmas.

​Technology is changing the way we live in this world. Innovations in the scientific world are becoming increasingly more advanced to help conserve earth’s resources and aid in the reduction of pollutants . Transportation is a field that has changed greatly in recent years due to modernization in science and technology, as well as an increased awareness of environmental concerns. The transportation industry continues to be a large producer of pollution

due to emissions from cars, trains, and other modes of transportation. As a result, cars have changed a great deal in recent years. A frontrunner in creating environmentally friendly luxury cars is Tesla, lead by CEO Elon Musk. Although nearly every brand of car has an electric option that either runs completely gas free, or uses significantly less fuel than standard cars, Tesla has taken this one step further and created a zero emissions vehicle. However, some believe that Tesla has taken their innovations in the transportation market a bit too far, specifically with their release of driverless cars.

“The recent reset of expectations on driverless cars is a leading indicator for other types of AI-enabled systems as well,” says David A. Mindell,  professor of aeronautics and astronautics, and the Dibner Professor of the History of Engineering and Manufacturing at MIT. “These technologies hold great promise, but it takes time to understand the optimal combination of people and machines. And the timing of adoption is crucial for understanding the impact on workers” ( Dizikes , 2019).

As the earth becomes more and more polluted, consumers are seeking to find new ways to cut down on their negative impacts on the earth. Eco-friendly cars are a simple yet effective way in which consumers can cut back on their pollution within their everyday lives.

THE INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The way in which energy is generated has changed greatly to benefit consumers and the environment. Energy production has followed a rather linear path over time, and is a prime example of how new innovations stem from old technologies. In the early 1800s, the steam engine acted as the main form of creating energy. It wasn’t until the mid-late 1800s that the combustion engine was invented. This invention was beneficial because it was more efficient than its predecessor, and became a form of energy that was streamlined to be used in countless applications. As time has progressed, this linear path of innovation has continued. As new energy creating technologies have emerged, machinery that was once seen as efficient and effective have been phased out. Today, largely due to the increased demand for clean energy sources, the linear path has split and consumers are faced with numerous options for clean, environmentally friendly energy sources. Over time, scientists and engineers have come to realize that these forms of energy pollute and damage the earth. Solar power, a modern form of clean energy, was once seen as an expensive and impractical way of turning the sun’s energy into usable energy. Now, it is common to see newly built homes with solar panels already built in. Since technology develops to fit the needs of society, scientists have worked to improve solar panels to make them cheaper and easier to access. A total of 173,000 terawatts (trillions of watts) of solar energy strikes the Earth continuously, which is more than 10,000 times of the world’s total energy use ( Chandler , 2011). This information may seem staggering, but is crucial in understanding the importance, as well as the large influence that modern forms of energy can have on society.

Technology has become a crucial part of our society. Without technological advancements, so much of our everyday lives would be drastically different. As technology develops, it strives to fulfill the changing needs of society. Technology progresses as society evolves. That being said, progress comes at a price. This price is different for each person, and varies based on how much people value technological and scientific advancements in their own lives. Thomas Parke Hughes’s Networks of Power “compared how electric power systems developed in America, England, and Germany, showing that they required not only electrical but social ‘engineering’ to create the necessary legal frameworks, financing, standards, political support, and organizational designs” ( Stanford University ). In other words, the scientific invention and production of a new technology does not ensure its success. Technology’s success is highly dependent on society’s acceptance or rejection of a product, as well as whether or not any path dependence is involved. Changing technologies benefit consumers in countless aspects of their lives including in the workforce, in communications, in the use of natural resources, and so much more. These innovations across numerous different markets aid society by making it easier to complete certain tasks. Innovation will never end; rather, it will continue to develop at increasing rates as science and technological fields becomes more and more cutting edge.

Chapter Questions

• True or False: Improvements in science and technology always benefit society
• Multiple Choice : Technology is: A.   The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry B.  Tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems C.   Something that does not change D.   Both A and B
• Short Answer: Discuss ways in which technological progression over time is related and how this relationship has led to the creation of new innovation.

Chandler, D. (2011). Shining brightly: Vast amounts of solar energy radiate to the Earth constantly, but tapping that energy cost-effectively remains a challenge.  MIT News. http://news.mit.edu/2011/energy-scale-part3-1026 

Coyne, SJ, G. V. (2013). Science meets biblical exegesis in the Galileo affair.  Zygon® ,  48 (1), 221-229. https://doi-org.libproxy.clemson.edu/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01324.x 

Dizikes, P., & MIT News Office. (2019). MIT report examines how to make technology work for society. http://news.mit.edu/2019/work-future-report-technology-jobs-society-0904

Florez, D., García-Duque, C. E., & Osorio, J. C. (2019). Is technology (still) applied science? Technology in Society.  Technology in Society, 59.   doi: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101193

Groce, J. E., Farrelly, M. A., Jorgensen, B. S., & Cook, C. N. (2019). Using social‐network research to improve outcomes in natural resource management. Conservation biology , 33 (1), 53-65. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.13127

Harvard University. (n.d.) What is STS? .  http://sts.hks.harvard.edu/about/whatissts.html .

Union of Concerned Scientists. (2018). How Do Battery Electric Cars Work?   https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/how-do-battery-electric-cars-work .

Oberdan, T. (2010). Science, Technology, and the Texture of Our Lives. Tavenner Publishing Company.

Seward, Z. M. (2013). The First Mobile Phone Call Was Made 40 Years Ago Today . The Atlantic.   https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/04/the-first- mobile-phone-call-was-made-40-years-ago-today/274611/ .

Stanford University. (n.d.). What is the Study of STS? . https://sts.stanford.edu/about/what-study-sts .

Wei, R., & Lo, V.-H. (2006). Staying connected while on the move: Cell phone use and social connectedness. New Media & Society, 8 (1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444806059870

Winston, B. (2006). Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet . London: Routledge.

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Building bridges between science and society for a better future. | Nadine Bongaerts | TEDxSaclay

“Tesla Model 3 Monaco”  is licensed under  CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

To the extent possible under law, Kate Billingsley has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to Science, Technology, & Society: A Student-Led Exploration , except where otherwise noted.

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Essay on Impact of Technology on Society

Students are often asked to write an essay on Impact of Technology on Society in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Impact of Technology on Society

Introduction.

Technology has greatly influenced society. It has changed how we communicate, learn, and even how we live our daily lives.

Communication

Technology, like smartphones and the internet, has made communication faster and easier. We can now talk to people across the world instantly.

In education, technology has made learning more accessible. Online classes and educational apps have made it possible to learn from anywhere.

Everyday Life

In our daily lives, technology helps us do tasks more efficiently. For example, we use GPS for navigation and apps for shopping.

250 Words Essay on Impact of Technology on Society

The technological revolution has dramatically reshaped society, impacting various sectors such as communication, education, health, and business. The advent of technology has brought about significant changes, both positive and negative, that are reshaping our world.

Positive Impacts

Technology has undeniably improved our lives, providing unprecedented convenience and efficiency. In the realm of communication, digital platforms have bridged geographical gaps, fostering global connectivity and collaboration. In education, e-learning tools have democratized access to knowledge, enabling lifelong learning irrespective of location or socio-economic background. In healthcare, advanced medical technologies have improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy, enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life.

Negative Impacts

However, the pervasive influence of technology also poses challenges. The digital divide, a disparity in access to technology, exacerbates social inequalities. The over-reliance on technology can lead to sedentary lifestyles, contributing to physical and mental health issues. Moreover, the rise of digital platforms has increased the risk of cybercrimes, privacy breaches, and misinformation, posing threats to personal safety and societal harmony.

In conclusion, the impact of technology on society is multifaceted, bringing both benefits and drawbacks. It is crucial for society to harness the positive potential of technology while mitigating its negative implications. This balance requires thoughtful policy-making, education, and a collective commitment to using technology responsibly and ethically.

500 Words Essay on Impact of Technology on Society

Technology has undoubtedly become an integral part of our daily lives, influencing every sector from communication to health, education to entertainment. The advent of technology has significantly transformed society, shaping the way we interact, learn, work, and live. While the benefits of technology are numerous, it has also raised several concerns that demand careful consideration.

Enhanced Communication and Information Access

Moreover, the internet has democratized information access. Online resources and digital libraries have made it possible for anyone with internet access to learn almost anything. This has significantly reduced the barriers to education and knowledge, fostering a global culture of continuous learning.

Technology and Work

The way we work has been radically transformed by technology. Automation and artificial intelligence have replaced many traditional jobs, leading to fears of job loss. However, they have also created new roles that didn’t exist before, such as data analysts, AI specialists, and digital marketers.

Healthcare Advancements

Technology has revolutionized healthcare, leading to improved patient care and health outcomes. Innovations like telemedicine, electronic health records, and wearable health devices have made healthcare more accessible and personalized. However, these advancements also raise concerns about data privacy and security.

Social Implications

Technology has significantly influenced our social interactions. On the one hand, it has enabled us to stay connected with friends and family, no matter where they are. On the other hand, excessive use of technology can lead to isolation and mental health issues.

Environmental Impact

Technology also plays a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges. Innovations like renewable energy technologies, precision agriculture, and digital twins are helping us combat climate change and promote sustainable development. However, the production and disposal of electronic waste also pose significant environmental threats.

In conclusion, the impact of technology on society is multifaceted, bringing both opportunities and challenges. As we continue to innovate and evolve, it is crucial to foster a culture of responsible technology use, ensuring that technological advancements contribute to societal well-being and sustainable development.

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Feb 13, 2023

200-500 Word Example Essays about Technology

Got an essay assignment about technology check out these examples to inspire you.

Technology is a rapidly evolving field that has completely changed the way we live, work, and interact with one another. Technology has profoundly impacted our daily lives, from how we communicate with friends and family to how we access information and complete tasks. As a result, it's no surprise that technology is a popular topic for students writing essays.

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The Impact of Technology on Society and Culture

Introduction:.

Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives and has dramatically impacted how we interact, communicate, and carry out various activities. Technological advancements have brought positive and negative changes to society and culture. In this article, we will explore the impact of technology on society and culture and how it has influenced different aspects of our lives.

Positive impact on communication:

Technology has dramatically improved communication and made it easier for people to connect from anywhere in the world. Social media platforms, instant messaging, and video conferencing have brought people closer, bridging geographical distances and cultural differences. This has made it easier for people to share information, exchange ideas, and collaborate on projects.

Positive impact on education:

Students and instructors now have access to a multitude of knowledge and resources because of the effect of technology on education . Students may now study at their speed and from any location thanks to online learning platforms, educational applications, and digital textbooks.

Negative impact on critical thinking and creativity:

Technological advancements have resulted in a reduction in critical thinking and creativity. With so much information at our fingertips, individuals have become more passive in their learning, relying on the internet for solutions rather than logic and inventiveness. As a result, independent thinking and problem-solving abilities have declined.

Positive impact on entertainment:

Technology has transformed how we access and consume entertainment. People may now access a wide range of entertainment alternatives from the comfort of their own homes thanks to streaming services, gaming platforms, and online content makers. The entertainment business has entered a new age of creativity and invention as a result of this.

Negative impact on attention span:

However, the continual bombardment of information and technological stimulation has also reduced attention span and the capacity to focus. People are easily distracted and need help focusing on a single activity for a long time. This has hampered productivity and the ability to accomplish duties.

The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies has been one of the most significant technological developments of the past several decades. These cutting-edge technologies have the potential to alter several sectors of society, including commerce, industry, healthcare, and entertainment. 

As with any new and quickly advancing technology, AI and ML ethics must be carefully studied. The usage of these technologies presents significant concerns around privacy, accountability, and command. As the use of AI and ML grows more ubiquitous, we must assess their possible influence on society and investigate the ethical issues that must be taken into account as these technologies continue to develop.

What are Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning?

Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence in machines designed to think and act like humans. Machine learning is a subfield of AI that enables computers to learn from data and improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed.

The impact of AI and ML on Society

The use of AI and ML in various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and retail, has brought many benefits. For example, AI-powered medical diagnosis systems can identify diseases faster and more accurately than human doctors. However, there are also concerns about job displacement and the potential for AI to perpetuate societal biases.

The Ethical Considerations of AI and ML

A. Bias in AI algorithms

One of the critical ethical concerns about AI and ML is the potential for algorithms to perpetuate existing biases. This can occur if the data used to train these algorithms reflects the preferences of the people who created it. As a result, AI systems can perpetuate these biases and discriminate against certain groups of people.

B. Responsibility for AI-generated decisions

Another ethical concern is the responsibility for decisions made by AI systems. For example, who is responsible for the damage if a self-driving car causes an accident? The manufacturer of the vehicle, the software developer, or the AI algorithm itself?

C. The potential for misuse of AI and ML

AI and ML can also be used for malicious purposes, such as cyberattacks and misinformation. The need for more regulation and oversight in developing and using these technologies makes it difficult to prevent misuse.

The developments in AI and ML have given numerous benefits to humanity, but they also present significant ethical concerns that must be addressed. We must assess the repercussions of new technologies on society, implement methods to limit the associated dangers, and guarantee that they are utilized for the greater good. As AI and ML continue to play an ever-increasing role in our daily lives, we must engage in an open and frank discussion regarding their ethics.

The Future of Work And Automation

Rapid technological breakthroughs in recent years have brought about considerable changes in our way of life and work. Concerns regarding the influence of artificial intelligence and machine learning on the future of work and employment have increased alongside the development of these technologies. This article will examine the possible advantages and disadvantages of automation and its influence on the labor market, employees, and the economy.

The Advantages of Automation

Automation in the workplace offers various benefits, including higher efficiency and production, fewer mistakes, and enhanced precision. Automated processes may accomplish repetitive jobs quickly and precisely, allowing employees to concentrate on more complex and creative activities. Additionally, automation may save organizations money since it removes the need to pay for labor and minimizes the danger of workplace accidents.

The Potential Disadvantages of Automation

However, automation has significant disadvantages, including job loss and income stagnation. As robots and computers replace human labor in particular industries, there is a danger that many workers may lose their jobs, resulting in higher unemployment and more significant economic disparity. Moreover, if automation is not adequately regulated and managed, it might lead to stagnant wages and a deterioration in employees' standard of life.

The Future of Work and Automation

Despite these difficulties, automation will likely influence how labor is done. As a result, firms, employees, and governments must take early measures to solve possible issues and reap the rewards of automation. This might entail funding worker retraining programs, enhancing education and skill development, and implementing regulations that support equality and justice at work.

IV. The Need for Ethical Considerations

We must consider the ethical ramifications of automation and its effects on society as technology develops. The impact on employees and their rights, possible hazards to privacy and security, and the duty of corporations and governments to ensure that automation is utilized responsibly and ethically are all factors to be taken into account.

Conclusion:

To summarise, the future of employment and automation will most certainly be defined by a complex interaction of technological advances, economic trends, and cultural ideals. All stakeholders must work together to handle the problems and possibilities presented by automation and ensure that technology is employed to benefit society as a whole.

The Role of Technology in Education

Introduction.

Nearly every part of our lives has been transformed by technology, and education is no different. Today's students have greater access to knowledge, opportunities, and resources than ever before, and technology is becoming a more significant part of their educational experience. Technology is transforming how we think about education and creating new opportunities for learners of all ages, from online courses and virtual classrooms to instructional applications and augmented reality.

Technology's Benefits for Education

The capacity to tailor learning is one of technology's most significant benefits in education. Students may customize their education to meet their unique needs and interests since they can access online information and tools. 

For instance, people can enroll in online classes on topics they are interested in, get tailored feedback on their work, and engage in virtual discussions with peers and subject matter experts worldwide. As a result, pupils are better able to acquire and develop the abilities and information necessary for success.

Challenges and Concerns

Despite the numerous advantages of technology in education, there are also obstacles and considerations to consider. One issue is the growing reliance on technology and the possibility that pupils would become overly dependent on it. This might result in a lack of critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, as students may become passive learners who only follow instructions and rely on technology to complete their assignments.

Another obstacle is the digital divide between those who have access to technology and those who do not. This division can exacerbate the achievement gap between pupils and produce uneven educational and professional growth chances. To reduce these consequences, all students must have access to the technology and resources necessary for success.

In conclusion, technology is rapidly becoming an integral part of the classroom experience and has the potential to alter the way we learn radically. 

Technology can help students flourish and realize their full potential by giving them access to individualized instruction, tools, and opportunities. While the benefits of technology in the classroom are undeniable, it's crucial to be mindful of the risks and take precautions to guarantee that all kids have access to the tools they need to thrive.

The Influence of Technology On Personal Relationships And Communication 

Technological advancements have profoundly altered how individuals connect and exchange information. It has changed the world in many ways in only a few decades. Because of the rise of the internet and various social media sites, maintaining relationships with people from all walks of life is now simpler than ever. 

However, concerns about how these developments may affect interpersonal connections and dialogue are inevitable in an era of rapid technological growth. In this piece, we'll discuss how the prevalence of digital media has altered our interpersonal connections and the language we use to express ourselves.

Direct Effect on Direct Interaction:

The disruption of face-to-face communication is a particularly stark example of how technology has impacted human connections. The quality of interpersonal connections has suffered due to people's growing preference for digital over human communication. Technology has been demonstrated to reduce the usage of nonverbal signs such as facial expressions, tone of voice, and other indicators of emotional investment in the connection.

Positive Impact on Long-Distance Relationships:

Yet there are positives to be found as well. Long-distance relationships have also benefited from technological advancements. The development of technologies such as video conferencing, instant messaging, and social media has made it possible for individuals to keep in touch with distant loved ones. It has become simpler for individuals to stay in touch and feel connected despite geographical distance.

The Effects of Social Media on Personal Connections:

The widespread use of social media has had far-reaching consequences, especially on the quality of interpersonal interactions. Social media has positive and harmful effects on relationships since it allows people to keep in touch and share life's milestones.

Unfortunately, social media has made it all too easy to compare oneself to others, which may lead to emotions of jealousy and a general decline in confidence. Furthermore, social media might cause people to have inflated expectations of themselves and their relationships.

A Personal Perspective on the Intersection of Technology and Romance

Technological advancements have also altered physical touch and closeness. Virtual reality and other technologies have allowed people to feel physical contact and familiarity in a digital setting. This might be a promising breakthrough, but it has some potential downsides. 

Experts are concerned that people's growing dependence on technology for intimacy may lead to less time spent communicating face-to-face and less emphasis on physical contact, both of which are important for maintaining good relationships.

In conclusion, technological advancements have significantly affected the quality of interpersonal connections and the exchange of information. Even though technology has made it simpler to maintain personal relationships, it has chilled interpersonal interactions between people. 

Keeping tabs on how technology is changing our lives and making adjustments as necessary is essential as we move forward. Boundaries and prioritizing in-person conversation and physical touch in close relationships may help reduce the harm it causes.

The Security and Privacy Implications of Increased Technology Use and Data Collection

The fast development of technology over the past few decades has made its way into every aspect of our life. Technology has improved many facets of our life, from communication to commerce. However, significant privacy and security problems have emerged due to the broad adoption of technology. In this essay, we'll look at how the widespread use of technological solutions and the subsequent explosion in collected data affects our right to privacy and security.

Data Mining and Privacy Concerns

Risk of Cyber Attacks and Data Loss

The Widespread Use of Encryption and Other Safety Mechanisms

The Privacy and Security of the Future in a Globalized Information Age

Obtaining and Using Individual Information

The acquisition and use of private information is a significant cause for privacy alarm in the digital age. Data about their customers' online habits, interests, and personal information is a valuable commodity for many internet firms. Besides tailored advertising, this information may be used for other, less desirable things like identity theft or cyber assaults.

Moreover, many individuals need to be made aware of what data is being gathered from them or how it is being utilized because of the lack of transparency around gathering personal information. Privacy and data security have become increasingly contentious as a result.

Data breaches and other forms of cyber-attack pose a severe risk.

The risk of cyber assaults and data breaches is another big issue of worry. More people are using more devices, which means more opportunities for cybercriminals to steal private information like credit card numbers and other identifying data. This may cause monetary damages and harm one's reputation or identity.

Many high-profile data breaches have occurred in recent years, exposing the personal information of millions of individuals and raising serious concerns about the safety of this information. Companies and governments have responded to this problem by adopting new security methods like encryption and multi-factor authentication.

Many businesses now use encryption and other security measures to protect themselves from cybercriminals and data thieves. Encryption keeps sensitive information hidden by encoding it so that only those possessing the corresponding key can decipher it. This prevents private information like bank account numbers or social security numbers from falling into the wrong hands.

Firewalls, virus scanners, and two-factor authentication are all additional security precautions that may be used with encryption. While these safeguards do much to stave against cyber assaults, they are not entirely impregnable, and data breaches are still possible.

The Future of Privacy and Security in a Technologically Advanced World

There's little doubt that concerns about privacy and security will persist even as technology improves. There must be strict safeguards to secure people's private information as more and more of it is transferred and kept digitally. To achieve this goal, it may be necessary to implement novel technologies and heightened levels of protection and to revise the rules and regulations regulating the collection and storage of private information.

Individuals and businesses are understandably concerned about the security and privacy consequences of widespread technological use and data collecting. There are numerous obstacles to overcome in a society where technology plays an increasingly important role, from acquiring and using personal data to the risk of cyber-attacks and data breaches. Companies and governments must keep spending money on security measures and working to educate people about the significance of privacy and security if personal data is to remain safe.

In conclusion, technology has profoundly impacted virtually every aspect of our lives, including society and culture, ethics, work, education, personal relationships, and security and privacy. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning has presented new ethical considerations, while automation is transforming the future of work. 

In education, technology has revolutionized the way we learn and access information. At the same time, our dependence on technology has brought new challenges in terms of personal relationships, communication, security, and privacy.

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Essay on Technology – A Boon or Bane for Students

500+ words essay on technology for students.

In this essay on technology, we are going to discuss what technology is, what are its uses, and also what technology can do? First of all, technology refers to the use of technical and scientific knowledge to create, monitor, and design machinery. Also, technology helps in making other goods that aid mankind.

Essay on Technology – A Boon or Bane?

Experts are debating on this topic for years. Also, the technology covered a long way to make human life easier but the negative aspect of it can’t be ignored. Over the years technological advancement has caused a severe rise in pollution . Also, pollution has become a major cause of many health issues. Besides, it has cut off people from society rather than connecting them. Above all, it has taken away many jobs from the workers class.

Familiarity between Technology and Science

As they are completely different fields but they are interdependent on each other. Also, it is due to science contribution we can create new innovation and build new technological tools. Apart from that, the research conducted in laboratories contributes a lot to the development of technologies. On the other hand, technology extends the agenda of science.

Vital Part of our Life

Regularly evolving technology has become an important part of our lives. Also, newer technologies are taking the market by storm and the people are getting used to them in no time. Above all, technological advancement has led to the growth and development of nations.

Negative Aspect of Technology

Although technology is a good thing, everything has two sides. Technology also has two sides one is good and the other is bad. Here are some negative aspects of technology that we are going to discuss.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

With new technology the industrialization increases which give birth to many pollutions like air, water, soil, and noise. Also, they cause many health-related issues in animals, birds, and human beings.

Exhaustion of Natural Resources

New technology requires new resources for which the balance is disturbed. Eventually, this will lead to over-exploitation of natural resources which ultimately disturbs the balance of nature.

Unemployment

A single machine can replace many workers. Also, machines can do work at a constant pace for several hours or days without stopping. Due to this, many workers lost their job which ultimately increases unemployment .

Types of Technology

Generally, we judge technology on the same scale but in reality, technology is divided into various types. This includes information technology, industrial technology , architectural technology, creative technology and many more. Let’s discuss these technologies in brief.

Industrial Technology

This technology organizes engineering and manufacturing technology for the manufacturing of machines. Also, this makes the production process easier and convenient.

Creative Technology

This process includes art, advertising, and product design which are made with the help of software. Also, it comprises of 3D printers , virtual reality, computer graphics, and other wearable technologies.

Information Technology

This technology involves the use of telecommunication and computer to send, receive and store information. Internet is the best example of Information technology.

FAQs on Essay on Technology

Q.1 What is Information technology?

A –  It is a form of technology that uses telecommunication and computer systems for study. Also, they send, retrieve, and store data.

Q.2 Is technology harmful to humans?

 A – No, technology is not harmful to human beings until it is used properly. But, misuses of technology can be harmful and deadly.

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Essay on the Positive and Negative Effects of Technology

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The advent and evolution of technology have brought about profound changes in society, impacting almost every aspect of modern life. While technology has yielded numerous benefits, it has also introduced several challenges and concerns. This essay explores both the positive and negative effects of technology on various facets of human life.

On the positive side, technology has revolutionized communication, making it easier, faster, and more efficient. With the advent of the internet, social media, and mobile communication, people can connect with others across the globe instantly.

This has facilitated not just personal communication but also broadened the scope for global business and educational opportunities. Additionally, technology has significantly advanced healthcare, leading to improved diagnostics, treatments, and increased life expectancy. The accessibility of information and digital resources has also enhanced education and learning processes, making knowledge more accessible to a wider audience.

Another positive impact of technology is seen in the realm of productivity and efficiency. Automation and digital tools have streamlined various processes in industries, reducing manual labor and enhancing precision. This has led to increased productivity and innovation, contributing to economic growth and development. Moreover, technology has played a critical role in advancing research and development across various fields, leading to groundbreaking discoveries and innovations.

However, the negative effects of technology are equally significant. One of the primary concerns is the impact on mental health and well-being. The overuse of digital devices and social media has been linked to issues like anxiety, depression, and social isolation, especially among younger populations. Additionally, the digital divide and access to technology remain significant challenges, leading to disparities in information access and technological benefits.

Another downside of technology is the threat to privacy and security. With the increasing amount of personal data being shared online, individuals are more susceptible to privacy breaches, identity theft, and cybercrimes. Furthermore, the reliance on technology has led to concerns over job displacement due to automation, raising questions about the future of work and employment stability.

Environmental concerns are also associated with technology. The production and disposal of electronic devices contribute to environmental degradation and e-waste, posing challenges for sustainable development. Additionally, the energy consumption required to power digital infrastructures has implications for global energy resources and climate change.

In conclusion, technology has a dual impact on society, offering numerous benefits in terms of communication, healthcare, education, and productivity, while also presenting challenges related to mental health, privacy, job security, and environmental sustainability. Balancing these positive and negative aspects is crucial for harnessing the potential of technology in a way that benefits society as a whole.

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• Technology Essay

Essay on Technology

The word "technology" and its uses have immensely changed since the 20th century, and with time, it has continued to evolve ever since. We are living in a world driven by technology. The advancement of technology has played an important role in the development of human civilization, along with cultural changes. Technology provides innovative ways of doing work through various smart and innovative means. 

Electronic appliances, gadgets, faster modes of communication, and transport have added to the comfort factor in our lives. It has helped in improving the productivity of individuals and different business enterprises. Technology has brought a revolution in many operational fields. It has undoubtedly made a very important contribution to the progress that mankind has made over the years.

The Advancement of Technology:

Technology has reduced the effort and time and increased the efficiency of the production requirements in every field. It has made our lives easy, comfortable, healthy, and enjoyable. It has brought a revolution in transport and communication. The advancement of technology, along with science, has helped us to become self-reliant in all spheres of life. With the innovation of a particular technology, it becomes part of society and integral to human lives after a point in time.

Technology is Our Part of Life:

Technology has changed our day-to-day lives. Technology has brought the world closer and better connected. Those days have passed when only the rich could afford such luxuries. Because of the rise of globalisation and liberalisation, all luxuries are now within the reach of the average person. Today, an average middle-class family can afford a mobile phone, a television, a washing machine, a refrigerator, a computer, the Internet, etc. At the touch of a switch, a man can witness any event that is happening in far-off places.  

Benefits of Technology in All Fields: 

We cannot escape technology; it has improved the quality of life and brought about revolutions in various fields of modern-day society, be it communication, transportation, education, healthcare, and many more. Let us learn about it.

Technology in Communication:

With the advent of technology in communication, which includes telephones, fax machines, cellular phones, the Internet, multimedia, and email, communication has become much faster and easier. It has transformed and influenced relationships in many ways. We no longer need to rely on sending physical letters and waiting for several days for a response. Technology has made communication so simple that you can connect with anyone from anywhere by calling them via mobile phone or messaging them using different messaging apps that are easy to download.

Innovation in communication technology has had an immense influence on social life. Human socialising has become easier by using social networking sites, dating, and even matrimonial services available on mobile applications and websites.

Today, the Internet is used for shopping, paying utility bills, credit card bills, admission fees, e-commerce, and online banking. In the world of marketing, many companies are marketing and selling their products and creating brands over the internet. 

In the field of travel, cities, towns, states, and countries are using the web to post detailed tourist and event information. Travellers across the globe can easily find information on tourism, sightseeing, places to stay, weather, maps, timings for events, transportation schedules, and buy tickets to various tourist spots and destinations.

Technology in the Office or Workplace:

Technology has increased efficiency and flexibility in the workspace. Technology has made it easy to work remotely, which has increased the productivity of the employees. External and internal communication has become faster through emails and apps. Automation has saved time, and there is also a reduction in redundancy in tasks. Robots are now being used to manufacture products that consistently deliver the same product without defect until the robot itself fails. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning technology are innovations that are being deployed across industries to reap benefits.

Technology has wiped out the manual way of storing files. Now files are stored in the cloud, which can be accessed at any time and from anywhere. With technology, companies can make quick decisions, act faster towards solutions, and remain adaptable. Technology has optimised the usage of resources and connected businesses worldwide. For example, if the customer is based in America, he can have the services delivered from India. They can communicate with each other in an instant. Every company uses business technology like virtual meeting tools, corporate social networks, tablets, and smart customer relationship management applications that accelerate the fast movement of data and information.

Technology in Education:

Technology is making the education industry improve over time. With technology, students and parents have a variety of learning tools at their fingertips. Teachers can coordinate with classrooms across the world and share their ideas and resources online. Students can get immediate access to an abundance of good information on the Internet. Teachers and students can access plenty of resources available on the web and utilise them for their project work, research, etc. Online learning has changed our perception of education. 

The COVID-19 pandemic brought a paradigm shift using technology where school-going kids continued their studies from home and schools facilitated imparting education by their teachers online from home. Students have learned and used 21st-century skills and tools, like virtual classrooms, AR (Augmented Reality), robots, etc. All these have increased communication and collaboration significantly. 

Technology in Banking:

Technology and banking are now inseparable. Technology has boosted digital transformation in how the banking industry works and has vastly improved banking services for their customers across the globe.

Technology has made banking operations very sophisticated and has reduced errors to almost nil, which were somewhat prevalent with manual human activities. Banks are adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) to increase their efficiency and profits. With the emergence of Internet banking, self-service tools have replaced the traditional methods of banking. 

You can now access your money, handle transactions like paying bills, money transfers, and online purchases from merchants, and monitor your bank statements anytime and from anywhere in the world. Technology has made banking more secure and safe. You do not need to carry cash in your pocket or wallet; the payments can be made digitally using e-wallets. Mobile banking, banking apps, and cybersecurity are changing the face of the banking industry.

Manufacturing and Production Industry Automation:

At present, manufacturing industries are using all the latest technologies, ranging from big data analytics to artificial intelligence. Big data, ARVR (Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality), and IoT (Internet of Things) are the biggest manufacturing industry players. Automation has increased the level of productivity in various fields. It has reduced labour costs, increased efficiency, and reduced the cost of production.

For example, 3D printing is used to design and develop prototypes in the automobile industry. Repetitive work is being done easily with the help of robots without any waste of time. This has also reduced the cost of the products. 

Technology in the Healthcare Industry:

Technological advancements in the healthcare industry have not only improved our personal quality of life and longevity; they have also improved the lives of many medical professionals and students who are training to become medical experts. It has allowed much faster access to the medical records of each patient. 

The Internet has drastically transformed patients' and doctors’ relationships. Everyone can stay up to date on the latest medical discoveries, share treatment information, and offer one another support when dealing with medical issues. Modern technology has allowed us to contact doctors from the comfort of our homes. There are many sites and apps through which we can contact doctors and get medical help. 

Breakthrough innovations in surgery, artificial organs, brain implants, and networked sensors are examples of transformative developments in the healthcare industry. Hospitals use different tools and applications to perform their administrative tasks, using digital marketing to promote their services.

Technology in Agriculture:

Today, farmers work very differently than they would have decades ago. Data analytics and robotics have built a productive food system. Digital innovations are being used for plant breeding and harvesting equipment. Software and mobile devices are helping farmers harvest better. With various data and information available to farmers, they can make better-informed decisions, for example, tracking the amount of carbon stored in soil and helping with climate change.

Disadvantages of Technology:

People have become dependent on various gadgets and machines, resulting in a lack of physical activity and tempting people to lead an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. Even though technology has increased the productivity of individuals, organisations, and the nation, it has not increased the efficiency of machines. Machines cannot plan and think beyond the instructions that are fed into their system. Technology alone is not enough for progress and prosperity. Management is required, and management is a human act. Technology is largely dependent on human intervention. 

Computers and smartphones have led to an increase in social isolation. Young children are spending more time surfing the internet, playing games, and ignoring their real lives. Usage of technology is also resulting in job losses and distracting students from learning. Technology has been a reason for the production of weapons of destruction.

Dependency on technology is also increasing privacy concerns and cyber crimes, giving way to hackers.

FAQs on Technology Essay

1. What is technology?

Technology refers to innovative ways of doing work through various smart means. The advancement of technology has played an important role in the development of human civilization. It has helped in improving the productivity of individuals and businesses.

2. How has technology changed the face of banking?

Technology has made banking operations very sophisticated. With the emergence of Internet banking, self-service tools have replaced the traditional methods of banking. You can now access your money, handle transactions, and monitor your bank statements anytime and from anywhere in the world. Technology has made banking more secure and safe.

3. How has technology brought a revolution in the medical field?

Patients and doctors keep each other up to date on the most recent medical discoveries, share treatment information, and offer each other support when dealing with medical issues. It has allowed much faster access to the medical records of each patient. Modern technology has allowed us to contact doctors from the comfort of our homes. There are many websites and mobile apps through which we can contact doctors and get medical help.

4. Are we dependent on technology?

Yes, today, we are becoming increasingly dependent on technology. Computers, smartphones, and modern technology have helped humanity achieve success and progress. However, in hindsight, people need to continuously build a healthy lifestyle, sorting out personal problems that arise due to technological advancements in different aspects of human life.

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How Information Technology is Shaping the Future of Education

Article 06 Sep 2024 70 0

Information technology (IT) is redefining education, from personalized learning to global access to resources. The future of education will be shaped by technological advancements, making learning more accessible, interactive, and scalable. This article explores the transformative role of IT in modern education, highlighting the trends and innovations that are reshaping how education is delivered.

The Impact of Information Technology on Future Education Systems

Information technology is a driving force in creating future-ready education systems. From digital classrooms to AI-driven personalized learning experiences, technology is integral to the transformation of education. Schools, universities, and online platforms are leveraging technology to offer students more interactive and personalized learning environments.

As technology evolves, it allows for more dynamic learning experiences. Students no longer need to rely solely on textbooks or in-person classes. Instead, they can access educational content from anywhere in the world, at any time, through e-learning platforms, digital tools, and cloud-based services.

Personalized Learning Experiences: A Game Changer

One of the key ways IT is revolutionizing education is through personalized learning. In traditional classroom settings, teachers often struggle to meet the diverse needs of students. However, with digital tools and AI, education can now be tailored to each student’s unique learning style, pace, and preferences.

Artificial intelligence (AI) plays a pivotal role in personalized learning by analyzing data from student interactions with educational content. It can recommend additional resources, adjust the difficulty of tasks, and provide real-time feedback. This approach allows students to have a more customized educational experience, leading to better outcomes.

Global Access to Education

IT has significantly increased global access to education. Digital classrooms and e-learning platforms enable students from different parts of the world to access the same quality of education as those in more developed regions. This democratization of education helps bridge the gap between developed and developing countries, providing opportunities for everyone.

Online education platforms such as Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy offer courses on various subjects, from basic literacy to advanced technology. With a stable internet connection, anyone can access a world-class education, no matter their geographical location.

Technological Advancements Driving Educational Transformation

The future of education is closely tied to advancements in several key technologies, including AI, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), cloud computing, and mobile technology. Each of these technologies is making education more interactive, immersive, and accessible.

Artificial Intelligence in Modern Education Systems

AI is transforming the way educators teach and how students learn. AI-driven education tools can automate administrative tasks, provide insights into student performance, and offer personalized recommendations. For instance, AI tutors can help students learn at their own pace, providing additional explanations and exercises as needed.

In addition, AI helps educators by analyzing data to identify patterns in student behavior, such as areas where students commonly struggle. This information allows teachers to adjust their instructional strategies and provide more targeted support.

Virtual and Augmented Reality in Learning

Virtual and augmented reality are revolutionizing the learning experience by making it more immersive. VR allows students to explore complex subjects in a highly engaging and visual way. For example, a student studying biology can virtually step into a cell and see its components in three dimensions, or history students can visit ancient civilizations through virtual tours.

AR enhances learning by overlaying digital information on the real world. Imagine a student studying astronomy—using AR, they could point their device at the night sky and see labeled constellations and planets. These technologies not only make learning more exciting but also help students understand complex concepts in ways that traditional methods cannot.

Cloud-Based Learning Platforms

Cloud technology is another critical driver of the future of education. Cloud-based platforms allow students and teachers to store, access, and share educational resources from anywhere. This flexibility enables collaborative learning, where students from different locations can work together on projects and assignments.

Additionally, cloud-based platforms help institutions manage and distribute educational content efficiently. Learning management systems (LMS) like Moodle, Blackboard, and Google Classroom are examples of cloud-based platforms that support digital classrooms and online learning.

Mobile Technology: Learning on the Go

With the proliferation of smartphones and tablets, learning is no longer confined to the classroom. Mobile technology enables students to access learning materials, attend virtual classes, and complete assignments from anywhere. This flexibility is especially beneficial for working professionals or students in remote areas who may not have regular access to traditional education.

Mobile apps like Duolingo, Quizlet, and Khan Academy offer educational content that students can access anytime, making learning more convenient and adaptable to their schedules.

The Rise of Remote Learning

Remote learning, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has become a staple in modern education. Schools and universities worldwide were forced to adapt to online learning models, and many institutions have since embraced this approach permanently.

Benefits of Remote Learning

Remote learning offers several advantages, including flexibility, accessibility, and the ability to learn at one's own pace. Students can balance their education with work or family responsibilities, while educators can reach a larger audience without the constraints of physical classrooms.

Challenges and Solutions

Despite its benefits, remote learning also presents challenges, such as lack of access to technology, limited interaction between students and teachers, and difficulties in maintaining student engagement. To address these issues, institutions are investing in better digital infrastructure, offering support for students with limited access to technology, and adopting more interactive tools like video conferencing, discussion forums, and collaborative platforms.

The Importance of Digital Literacy in Future Education

As the world becomes increasingly digital, students must develop strong digital literacy skills to succeed in the workforce. Digital literacy encompasses the ability to use technology effectively, understand digital content, and navigate the digital landscape.

Educational institutions are integrating digital literacy into their curricula to prepare students for the demands of the modern workforce. This includes teaching students how to use digital tools, understand cybersecurity, and develop critical thinking skills in evaluating digital information.

Data Analytics in Education

Data analytics is becoming an essential tool in education, helping institutions make data-driven decisions. By analyzing data from student interactions, educators can track performance, identify trends, and adjust teaching strategies accordingly. For example, data analytics can highlight areas where students struggle, allowing teachers to intervene early and provide targeted support.

Data-driven insights also help institutions optimize resource allocation, improve course content, and enhance the overall learning experience.

Future Education Trends Driven by Technology

As IT continues to evolve, several key trends are likely to shape the future of education.

Lifelong Learning

With rapid technological advancements, individuals must continually update their skills to remain competitive in the workforce. As a result, lifelong learning is becoming more important. Online education platforms and digital tools are enabling individuals to pursue education throughout their lives, whether they are learning new skills for a career change or deepening their knowledge in their field.

Collaborative Learning

Collaboration is another trend driven by technology. Digital tools enable students to work together on projects, regardless of their location. Collaborative learning fosters teamwork, communication, and problem-solving skills—key competencies in today’s job market.

AI-Driven Adaptive Learning

AI-driven adaptive learning systems will continue to improve, providing even more personalized and efficient learning experiences. These systems will adjust to each student’s learning style and progress, ensuring that they receive the right level of challenge and support.

Conclusion:

Information technology is undeniably shaping the future of education. From personalized learning experiences and global access to education to advancements in AI, VR, and mobile technology, the education landscape is undergoing a significant transformation. As we continue to embrace these changes, education will become more accessible, flexible, and tailored to individual needs.

The future of education lies in the integration of technology, and those who adapt to this new era of learning will be better equipped to succeed in an increasingly digital world.

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• Published: 04 September 2024

How to avoid sinking in swamp: exploring the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use a new public infrastructure that combines physical and virtual spaces

• Chengxiang Chu 1   na1 ,
• Zhenyang Shen 1   na1 ,
• Hanyi Xu 2   na1 ,
• Qizhi Wei 1 &
• Cong Cao   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4163-2218 1  

Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume  11 , Article number:  1135 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Science, technology and society

With advances in digital technology, physical and virtual spaces have gradually merged. For digitally disadvantaged groups, this transformation is both convenient and potentially supportive. Previous research on public infrastructure has been limited to improvements in physical facilities, and few researchers have investigated the use of mixed physical and virtual spaces. In this study, we focused on integrated virtual and physical spaces and investigated the factors affecting digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use this new infrastructure. Building on a unified theory of the acceptance and use of technology, we focused on social interaction anxiety, identified the characteristics of digitally disadvantaged groups, and constructed a research model to examine intentions to use the new infrastructure. We obtained 337 valid data from the questionnaire and analysed them using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The results showed positive relationships between performance expectancy, perceived institutional support, perceived marketplace influence, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions. The influence of psychological reactance was significantly negative. Finally, social interaction anxiety had a regulatory effect on performance expectancy, psychological reactance, perceived marketplace influence, and effort expectancy. Its effects on perceived institutional support and facilitating conditions were not significant. The results support the creation of inclusive smart cities by ensuring that the new public infrastructure is suitable for digitally disadvantaged groups. Meanwhile, this study presents new theoretical concepts of new public infrastructures, mixed physical and virtual spaces, which provides a forward-looking approach to studying digitally disadvantaged groups in this field and paves the way for subsequent scholars to explore the field in theory and literature.

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Introduction.

Intelligent systems and modernisation have influenced the direction of people’s lives. With the help of continuously updated and iteratively advancing technology, modern urban construction has taken a ‘big step’ in its development. As China continues to construct smart cities, national investment in public infrastructure has steadily increased. Convenient and efficient public infrastructure has spread throughout the country, covering almost all aspects of residents’ lives and work (Guo et al. 2016 ). Previously, public infrastructure was primarily physical and located in physical spaces, but today, much of it is virtual. To achieve the goal of inclusive urban construction, the government has issued numerous relevant laws and regulations regarding public infrastructure. For example, the Chinese legislature solicited opinions from the community on the ‘Barrier-free environmental construction law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft)’.

Virtual space, based on internet technology, is a major factor in the construction of smart cities. Virtual space can be described as an interactive world built primarily on the internet (Shibusawa, 2000 ), and it has underpinned the development of national public infrastructure. In 2015, China announced its first national pilot list of smart cities, and the government began the process of building smart cities (Liu et al. 2017 ). With the continuous updating and popularisation of technologies such as the internet of things and artificial intelligence (AI) (Gu and Iop, 2020 ), virtual space is becoming widely accessible to the public. For example, in the field of government affairs, public infrastructure is now regularly developed in virtual spaces, such as on e-government platforms.

The construction of smart cities is heavily influenced by technological infrastructure (Nicolas et al. 2020 ). Currently, smart cities are being developed, and the integration of physical and virtual spaces has entered a significant stage. For example, when customers go to an offline bank to transact business, they are often asked by bank employees to use online banking software on their mobile phones, join a queue, or prove their identities. Situations such as these are neither purely virtual nor entirely physical, but in fields like banking, both options need to be considered. Therefore, we propose a new concept of mixed physical and virtual spaces in which individuals can interact, share, collaborate, coordinate with each other, and act.

Currently, new public infrastructure has emerged in mixed physical and virtual spaces, such as ‘Zheli Office’ and Alipay, in Zhejiang Province, China (as shown in Fig. 1 ). ‘Zheli Office’ is a comprehensive government application that integrates government services through digital technology, transferring some processes from offline to online and greatly improving the convenience, efficiency, and personalisation of government services. Due to its convenient payment facilities, Alipay is continuously supporting the integration of various local services, such as live payments and convenient services, and has gradually become Zhejiang’s largest living service platform. Zhejiang residents can handle almost all government and life affairs using these two applications. ‘Zheli Office’ and Alipay are key to the new public infrastructure in China, which is already leading the world in terms of a new public infrastructure that combines physical and virtual spaces; thus, China provided a valuable research context for this study.

This figure shows the new public infrastructure has emerged in mixed physical and virtual spaces.

There is no doubt that the mixing of physical and virtual spaces is a helpful trend that makes life easier for most people. However, mixed physical and virtual spaces still have a threshold for their use, which makes it difficult for some groups to use the new public infrastructure effectively. Within society, there are people whose living conditions are restricted for physiological reasons. They may be elderly people, people with disabilities, or people who lack certain abilities. According to the results of China’s seventh (2021) national population census, there are 264.02 million elderly people aged 60 years and over in China, accounting for 18.7 per cent of the total population. China is expected to have a predominantly ageing population by around 2035. In addition, according to data released by the China Disabled Persons’ Federation, the total number of people with disabilities in China is more than 85 million, which is equivalent to one person with a disability for every 16 Chinese people. In this study, we downplay the differences between these groups, focusing only on common characteristics that hinder their use of the new public infrastructure. We collectively refer to these groups as digitally disadvantaged groups who may have difficulty adapting to the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces. This gap not only makes the new public infrastructure inconvenient for these digitally disadvantaged groups, but also leads to their exclusion and isolation from the advancing digital trend.

In the current context, in which the virtual and the real mix, digitally disadvantaged groups resemble stones in a turbulent flowing river. Although they can move forward, they do so with difficulty and will eventually be left behind. Besides facing the inherent inconveniences of new public infrastructure that integrates mixed physical and virtual spaces, digitally disadvantaged groups encounter additional obstacles. Unlike the traditional public infrastructure, the new public infrastructure requires users to log on to terminals, such as mobile phones, to engage with mixed physical and virtual spaces. However, a significant proportion of digitally disadvantaged groups cannot use the new public infrastructure effectively due to economic costs or a lack of familiarity with the technology. In addition, the use of facilities in physical and virtual mixed spaces requires engagement with numerous interactive elements, which further hinders digitally disadvantaged groups with weak social or technical skills.

The United Nations (UN) has stated the creation of ‘sustainable cities and communities’ as one of its sustainable development goals, and the construction of smart cities can help achieve this goal (Blasi et al. 2022 ). Recent studies have pointed out that the spread of COVID-19 exacerbated the marginalisation of vulnerable groups, while the lack of universal service processes and virtual facilities has created significant obstacles for digitally disadvantaged groups (Narzt et al. 2016 ; C. H. J. Wang et al. 2021 ). It should be noted that smart cities result from coordinated progress between technology and society (Al-Masri et al. 2019 ). The development of society should not be at the expense of certain people, and improving inclusiveness is key to the construction of smart cities, which should rest on people-oriented development (Ji et al. 2021 ). This paper focuses on the new public infrastructure that integrates mixed physical and virtual spaces. In it, we aim to explore how improved inclusiveness can be achieved for digitally disadvantaged groups during the construction of smart cities, and we propose the following research questions:

RQ1 . In a situation where there is a mix of physical and virtual spaces, what factors affect digitally disadvantaged groups’ use of the new public infrastructure?

RQ2 . What requirements will enable digitally disadvantaged groups to participate fully in the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces?

To answer these questions, we built a research model based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to explore the construction of a new public infrastructure that integrates mixed physical and virtual spaces (Venkatesh et al. 2003 ). During the research process, we focused on the attitudes, willingness, and other behavioural characteristics of digitally disadvantaged groups in relation to mixed physical and virtual spaces, aiming to ultimately provide research support for the construction of highly inclusive smart cities. Compared to existing research, this study goes further in exploring the integration and interconnection of urban public infrastructure in the process of smart city construction. We conducted empirical research to delve more deeply into the factors that influence digitally disadvantaged groups’ use of the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces. The results of this study can provide valuable guidelines and a theoretical framework for the construction of new public infrastructure and the improvement of relevant systems in mixed physical and virtual spaces. We also considered the psychological characteristics of digitally disadvantaged groups, introduced psychological reactance into the model, and used social interaction anxiety as a moderator for the model, thereby further enriching the research results regarding mixed physical and virtual spaces. This study directs social and government attention towards the issues affecting digitally disadvantaged groups in the construction of inclusive smart cities, and it has practical implications for the future digitally inclusive development of cities in China and across the world.

Theoretical background and literature review

Theoretical background of utaut.

Currently, the theories used to explore user acceptance behaviour are mainly applied separately in the online and offline fields. Theories relating to people’s offline use behaviour include the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Theories used to explore users’ online use behaviour include the technology acceptance model (TAM). Unlike previous researchers, who focused on either physical or virtual space, we focused on both. This required us to consider the characteristics of both physical and virtual spaces based on a combination of user acceptance theories (TPB, TRA, and TAM) and UTAUT, which was proposed by Venkatesh et al. ( 2003 ) in 2003. These theories have mainly been used to study the factors affecting user acceptance and the application of information technology. UTAUT integrates user acceptance theories to examine eight online and offline scenarios, thereby meeting our need for a theoretical model for this study that could include both physical and virtual spaces. UTAUT includes four key factors that directly affect users’ acceptance and usage behaviours: performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, and effort expectancy. Compared to other models, UTAUT has better interpretation and prediction capabilities for user acceptance behaviour (Venkatesh et al. 2003 ). A review of previous research showed that UTAUT has mainly been used to explore usage behaviours in online environments (Hoque and Sorwar, 2017 ) and regarding technology acceptance (Heerink et al. 2010 ). Thus, UTAUT is effective for exploring acceptance and usage behaviours. We therefore based this study on the belief that UTAUT could be applied to people’s intentions to use the new public infrastructure that integrates mixed physical and virtual spaces.

In this paper, we refine and extend UTAUT based on the characteristics of digitally disadvantaged groups, and we propose a model to explore the willingness of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces. We categorised possible influences on digitally disadvantaged groups’ use of the new public infrastructure into three areas: user factors, social factors, and technical factors. Among the user factors, we explored the willingness of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure based on their performance expectancy and psychological reactance, as performance expectations are one of the UTAUT variables. To consider situations in which some users resist using new technologies due to cognitive bias, we combined (Hoque and Sorwar, 2017 ) showing that resistance among elderly people is a key factor affecting their adoption of mobile medical services with the theory of psychological reactance and introduced psychological reactance as an independent variable (Miron and Brehm, 2006 ). Among the social factors, we expanded the UTAUT social influence variable to include perceived institutional support and perceived marketplace influence. The new public infrastructure cannot be separated from the relevant government policies and the economic development status of the society in which it is constructed. Therefore, we aimed to explore the willingness of digitally disadvantaged people to use the new public infrastructure in terms of perceived institutional support and perceived marketplace influence. Among the technical factors, we explored the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use new public infrastructure based on effort expectancy and facilitating conditions—both variables taken from UTAUT. In addition, considering that users with different levels of social interaction anxiety may have different levels of intention to use the new public infrastructure, we drew on research regarding the moderating role of consumer technological anxiety in adopting mobile shopping and introduced social interaction anxiety as a moderating variable (Yang and Forney, 2013 ). Believing that these modifications would further improve the interpretive ability of UTAUT, we considered it helpful to study the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure.

Intentions to use mixed physical and virtual spaces

Many scholars have researched the factors that affect users’ willingness to use intelligent facilities, which can be broadly divided into two categories: for-profit and public welfare facilities. In the traditional business field, modern information technologies, such as the internet of things and AI, have become important means by which businesses can reduce costs and expand production. Even in traditional industries, such as agriculture (Kadylak and Cotten, 2020 ) and aquaculture (Cai et al. 2023 ), virtual technology now plays a significant role. Operators hope to use advanced technology to change traditional production and marketing models and to keep pace with new developments. However, mixed physical and virtual spaces should be inclusive for all people. Already, technological development is making it clear that no one will be able to entirely avoid mixed physical and virtual spaces. The virtualisation of public welfare facilities has gradually emerged in many areas of daily life, such as electronic health (D. D. Lee et al. 2019 ) and telemedicine (Werner and Karnieli, 2003 ). Government affairs are increasingly managed jointly in both physical and virtual spaces, resulting in an increase in e-government research (Ahn and Chen, 2022 ).

A review of the literature over the past decade showed that users’ willingness to use both for-profit and public welfare facilities is influenced by three sets of factors: user factors, social factors, and technical factors. First, regarding user factors, Bélanger and Carter ( 2008 ) pointed out that consumer trust in the government and technology are key factors affecting people’s intentions to use technology. Research on older people has shown that self-perceived ageing can have a significant impact on emotional attachment and willingness to use technology (B. A. Wang et al. 2021 ). Second, social factors include consumers’ intentions to use, which may vary significantly in different market contexts (Chiu and Hofer, 2015 ). For example, research has shown that people’s willingness to use digital healthcare tools is influenced by the attitudes of the healthcare professionals they encounter (Thapa et al. 2021 ). Third, technical factors include appropriate technical designs that help consumers use facilities more easily. Yadav et al. ( 2019 ) considered technical factors, such as ease of use, quality of service provided, and efficiency parameters, in their experiments.

The rapid development of virtual technology has inevitably drawn attention away from the physical world. Most previous researchers have focused on either virtual or physical spaces. However, scholars have noted the increasing mixing of these two spaces and have begun to study the relationships between them (Aslesen et al. 2019 ; Cocciolo, 2010 ). Wang ( 2007 ) proposed enhancing virtual environments by inserting real entities. Existing research has shown that physical and virtual spaces have begun to permeate each other in both economic and public spheres, blurring the boundaries between them (K. F. Chen et al. 2024 ; Paköz et al. 2022 ). Jakonen ( 2024 ) pointed out that, currently, with the integration of digital technologies into city building, the role of urban space in various stakeholders’ lives needs to be fully considered. The intermingling of physical and virtual spaces began to occur in people’s daily work (J. Chen et al. 2024 ) during the COVID-19 pandemic, which enhanced the integration trend (Yeung and Hao, 2024 ). The intermingling of virtual and physical spaces is a sign of social progress, but it is a considerable challenge for digitally disadvantaged people. For example, people with disabilities experience infrastructure, access, regulatory, communication, and legislative barriers when using telehealth services (Annaswamy et al. 2020 ). However, from an overall perspective, few relevant studies have considered the mixing of virtual and physical spaces.

People who are familiar with information technology, especially Generation Z, generally consider the integration of physical and virtual spaces convenient. However, for digitally disadvantaged groups, such ‘science fiction’-type changes can be disorientating and may undermine their quality of life. The elderly are an important group among the digitally disadvantaged groups referred to in this paper, and they have been the primary target of previous research on issues of inclusivity. Many researchers have considered the factors influencing older people’s willingness to use emerging technologies. For example, for the elderly, ease of use is often a prerequisite for enjoyment (Dogruel et al. 2015 ). Iancu and Iancu ( 2020 ) explored the interaction of elderly with technology, with a particular focus on mobile device design. The study emphasised that elderly people’s difficulties with technology stem from usability issues that can be addressed through improved design and appropriate training (Iancu and Iancu, 2020 ). Moreover, people with disabilities are an important group among digitally disadvantaged groups and an essential concern for the inclusive construction of cities. The rapid development of emerging technologies offers convenience to people with disabilities and has spawned many physical accessibility facilities and electronic accessibility systems (Botelho, 2021 ; Perez et al. 2023 ). Ease of use, convenience, and affordability are also key elements for enabling disadvantaged groups to use these facilities (Mogaji et al. 2023 ; Mogaji and Nguyen, 2021 ). Zander et al. ( 2023 ) explored the facilitators of and barriers to the implementation of welfare technologies for elderly people and people with disabilities. Factors such as abilities, attitudes, values, and lifestyles must be considered when planning the implementation of welfare technology for older people and people with disabilities (Zander et al. 2023 ).

In summary, scholars have conducted extensive research on the factors influencing intentions to use virtual facilities. These studies have revealed the underlying logic behind people’s adoption of virtual technology and have laid the foundations for the construction of inclusive new public infrastructure. Moreover, scholars have proposed solutions to the problems experienced by digitally disadvantaged groups in adapting to virtual facilities, but most of these scholars have focused on the elderly. Furthermore, scholars have recently conducted preliminary explorations of the mixing of physical and virtual spaces. These studies provided insights for this study, enabling us to identify both relevant background factors and current developments in the integration of virtual spaces with reality. However, most researchers have viewed the development of technology from the perspective of either virtual space or physical space, and they have rarely explored technology from the perspective of mixed physical and virtual spaces. In addition, when focusing on designs for the inclusion of digitally disadvantaged groups, scholars have mainly provided suggestions for specific practices, such as improvements in technology, hardware facilities, or device interaction interfaces, while little consideration has been given to the psychological characteristics of digitally disadvantaged groups or to the overall impact of society on these groups. Finally, in studying inclusive modernisation, researchers have generally focused on the elderly or people with disabilities, with less exploration of behavioural differences caused by factors such as social anxiety. Therefore, based on UTAUT, we explored the willingness of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces in a Chinese context (as shown in Fig. 2 ).

This figure explores the willingness of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces in a Chinese context.

Research hypotheses

User factors.

Performance expectancy is defined as the degree to which an individual believes that using a system will help him or her achieve gains in job performance (Chao, 2019 ; Venkatesh et al. 2003 ). In this paper, performance expectancy refers to the extent to which digitally disadvantaged groups obtain tangible results from the use of the new public infrastructure. Since individuals have a strong desire to improve their work performance, they have strong intentions to use systems that can improve that performance. Previous studies in various fields have confirmed the view that high performance expectancy can effectively promote individuals’ sustained intentions to use technology (Abbad, 2021 ; Chou et al. 2010 ; S. W. Lee et al. 2019 ). For example, the role of performance expectancy was verified in a study on intentions to use e-government (Zeebaree et al. 2022 ). We believe that if digitally disadvantaged groups have confidence that the new public infrastructure will help them improve their lives or work performance, even in complex environments, such as mixed physical and virtual spaces, they will have a greater willingness to use it. Therefore, we developed the following hypothesis:

H1: Performance expectancy has a positive impact on digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces.

Brehm ( 1966 ) proposed the psychological reactance theory in 1966. According to this theory, when individuals perceive that their freedom to make their own choices is under threat, a motivational state to restore that freedom is awakened (Miron and Brehm, 2006 ). Psychological reactance manifests in an individual’s intentional or unintentional resistance to external factors. Previous studies have shown that when individuals are in the process of using systems or receiving information, they may have cognitive biases that lead to erroneous interpretations of the external environment, resulting in psychological reactance (Roubroeks et al. 2010 ). Surprisingly, cognitive biases may prompt individuals to experience psychological reactance, even when offered support with helpful intentions (Tian et al. 2020 ). In this paper, we define psychological resistance as the cognitive-level or psychological-level obstacles or resistance of digitally disadvantaged groups to the new public infrastructure. This resistance may be due to digitally disadvantaged groups misunderstanding the purpose or use of the new public infrastructure. For example, they may think that the new public infrastructure will harm their self-respect or personal interests. When digitally disadvantaged groups view the new public infrastructure as a threat to their status or freedom to make their own decisions, they may develop resistance to its use. Therefore, psychological reactance cannot be ignored as an important factor potentially affecting digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure. Hence, we developed the following hypothesis:

H2: Psychological reactance has a negative impact on digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces.

Social factors

In many countries, the main providers of public infrastructure are government and public institutions (Susilawati et al. 2010 ). Government decision-making is generally based on laws or government regulations (Acharya et al. 2022 ). Government decision-making procedures affect not only the builders of infrastructure, but also the intentions of users. In life, individuals and social organisations tend to abide by and maintain social norms to ensure that their behaviours are socially attractive and acceptable (Bygrave and Minniti, 2000 ; Martins et al. 2019 ). For example, national financial policies influence the marketing effectiveness of enterprises (Chen et al. 2021 ). Therefore, we believe that perceived institutional support is a key element influencing the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure. In this paper, perceived institutional support refers to digitally disadvantaged groups’ perceived policy state or government support for using the new public infrastructure, including institutional norms, laws, and regulations. Existing institutions have mainly been designed around public infrastructure that exists in physical space. We hope to explore whether perceived institutional support for digitally disadvantaged groups affects their intentions to use the new public infrastructure that integrates mixed physical and virtual spaces. Thus, we formulated the following hypothesis:

H3: Perceived institutional support has a positive impact on digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces.

Perceived marketplace influence is defined as actions or decisions that affect the market behaviour of consumers and organisations (Joshi et al. 2021 ; Leary et al. 2014 ). In this paper, perceived marketplace influence is defined as the behaviour of others using the new public infrastructure that affects the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use it. Perceived marketplace influence increases consumers’ perceptions of market dynamics and their sense of control through the influence of other participants in the marketplace (Leary et al. 2019 ). Scholars have explored the impact of perceived marketplace influence on consumers’ purchase and use intentions in relation to fair trade and charity (Leary et al. 2019 ; Schneider and Leonard, 2022 ). Schneider and Leonard ( 2022 ) claimed that if consumers believe that their mask-wearing behaviour will motivate others around them to follow suit, then this belief will in turn motivate them to wear masks. Similarly, when digitally disadvantaged people see the people around them using the new public infrastructure, this creates an invisible market that influences their ability and motivation to try using the infrastructure themselves. Therefore, we developed the following hypotheses:

H4: Perceived marketplace influence has a positive impact on digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces.

Technical factors

Venkatesh et al. ( 2003 ) defined effort expectancy as the ease with which individuals can use a system. According to Tam et al. ( 2020 ), effort expectancy positively affects individuals’ performance expectancy and their sustained intentions to use mobile applications. In this paper, effort expectancy refers to the ease of use of the new public infrastructure for digitally disadvantaged groups: the higher the level of innovation and the more steps involved in using a facility, the poorer the user experience and the lower the utilisation rate (Venkatesh and Brown, 2001 ). A study on the use of AI devices for service delivery noted that the higher the level of anthropomorphism, the higher the cost of effort required by the customer to use a humanoid AI device (Gursoy et al. 2019 ). In mixed physical and virtual spaces, the design and use of new public infrastructure may become increasingly complex, negatively affecting the lives of digitally disadvantaged groups. We believe that the simpler the new public infrastructure, the more it will attract digitally disadvantaged groups to use it, while also enhancing their intentions to use it. Therefore, we formulated the following hypothesis:

H5: Effort expectancy has a positive impact on digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces.

Venkatesh et al. ( 2003 ) defined facilitating conditions as the degree to which an individual believes that an organisation and its technical infrastructure exist to support the use of a system. In this paper, facilitating conditions refer to the external conditions that support digitally disadvantaged groups in using the new public infrastructure, including resources, knowledge bases, skills, etc. According to Zhong et al. ( 2021 ), facilitating conditions can affect users’ attitudes towards the use of face recognition payment systems and, further, affect their intentions to use them. Moreover, scholars have shown that facilitating conditions significantly promote people’s intentions to use e-learning systems and e-government (Abbad, 2021 ; Purohit et al. 2022 ). Currently, the new public infrastructure involves mixed physical and virtual spaces, and external facilitating conditions, such as a ‘knowledge salon’ or a training session, can significantly promote digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions and willingness to the infrastructure. Therefore, we developed the following hypothesis:

H6: Facilitating conditions have a positive impact on digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure integrating a mixed physical and virtual spaces.

Moderator variable

Magee et al. ( 1996 ) claimed that social interaction anxiety is an uncomfortable emotion that some people experience in social situations, leading to avoidance, a desire for solitude, and a fear of criticism. In this paper, social interaction anxiety refers to the worries and fears of digitally disadvantaged groups about the social interactions they will be exposed to when using the new public infrastructure. Research has confirmed that people with high levels of dissatisfaction with their own bodies are more anxious in social situations (Li Mo and Bai, 2023 ). Moreover, people with high degrees of social interaction anxiety may feel uncomfortable in front of strangers or when observed by others (Zhu and Deng, 2021 ). Digitally disadvantaged groups usually have some physiological inadequacies and may be rejected by ‘normal’ groups. Previous studies have shown that the pain caused by social exclusion is positively correlated with anxiety (Davidson et al. 2019 ). Digitally disadvantaged groups may have higher degrees of dissatisfaction with their own physical abilities, which may exacerbate any social interaction anxiety they already have. We believe that high social interaction anxiety is a common characteristic of digitally disadvantaged groups, defining them as ‘different’ from other groups.

In mixed physical and virtual spaces, if the design of the new public infrastructure is not friendly and does not help digitally disadvantaged groups use it easily, their perceived social exclusion is likely to increase, resulting in a heightened sense of anxiety. However, compared with face-to-face and offline social communication, online platforms offer convenience in terms of both communication method and duration (Ali et al. 2020 ). Therefore, people with a high degree of social interaction anxiety frequently prefer and are likely to choose online social communication (Hutchins et al. 2021 ). However, digitally disadvantaged groups may be unable to avoid social interaction by using the facilities offered in virtual spaces. Therefore, we believe that influencing factors may have different effects on intentions to use the new public infrastructure, according to the different levels of social interaction anxiety experienced. Therefore, we predicted the following:

H7: Social interaction anxiety has a moderating effect on each path.

Research methodology

Research background and cases.

To better demonstrate the phenomenon of the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces, we considered the cases of ‘Zheli Office’ (as shown in Fig. 3 ) and Alipay (as shown in Fig. 4 ) to explain the two areas of government affairs and daily life affairs, which greatly affect the daily lives of residents. Examining the functions of ‘Zheli Office’ and Alipay in mixed physical and virtual spaces allowed us to provide examples of the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces.

This figure shows the ‘Zheli Office’, it is a comprehensive government application that integrates government services through digital technology, transferring some processes from offline to online and greatly improving the convenience, efficiency, and personalisation of government services.

This figure shows Alipay, it supports the integration of various local services, such as live payments and convenient services, and has gradually become Zhejiang’s largest living service platform.

‘Zheli Office’ provides Zhejiang residents with a channel to handle their tax affairs. Residents who need to manage their tax affairs can choose the corresponding tax department through ‘Zheli Office’ and schedule the date and time for offline processing. Residents can also upload tax-related materials directly to ‘Zheli Office’ to submit them to the tax department for preapproval. Residents only need to present the vouchers generated by ‘Zheli Office’ to the tax department at the scheduled time to manage tax affairs and undergo final review. By mitigating long waiting times and tedious tax material review steps through the transfer of processes from physical spaces to virtual spaces, ‘Zheli Office’ greatly optimises the tax declaration process and saves residents time and effort in tax declaration.

Alipay provides residents with a channel to rent shared bicycles. Residents who want to rent bicycles can enter their personal information on Alipay in advance and provide a guarantee (an Alipay credit score or deposit payment). When renting a shared bicycle offline, residents only need to scan the QR code on the bike through Alipay to unlock and use it. When returning the bike, residents can also click the return button to automatically lock the bike and pay the fee anytime and anywhere. By automating leasing procedures and fee settlement in virtual spaces, Alipay avoids the tedious operations that residents experience when renting bicycles in physical stores.

Through the preceding two examples, we demonstrate the specific performance of the integration of virtual spaces and physical spaces. The government/life affairs of residents, such as tax declarations, certificate processing, transportation, shopping, and various other affairs, all require public infrastructure support. With the emergence of new digital trends in residents’ daily lives, mixed physical and virtual spaces have produced a public infrastructure that can support residents’ daily activities in mixed physical and virtual spaces. Due to the essential differences between public infrastructure involving mixed physical and virtual spaces and traditional physical and virtual public infrastructures, we propose a new concept—new public infrastructure. This is defined as ‘a public infrastructure that supports residents in conducting daily activities in mixed physical and virtual spaces’. It is worth noting that the new public infrastructure may encompass not only the virtual spaces provided by digital applications but also the physical spaces provided by machines capable of receiving digital messages, such as smart screens, scanners, and so forth.

The UN Sustainable Development Goal Report highlights that human society needs to build sustainable cities and communities that do not sacrifice the equality of some people. Digitally disadvantaged groups should not be excluded from the sustainable development of cities due to the increasing digitalisation trend because everyone should enjoy the convenience of the new public infrastructure provided by cities. Hence, ensuring that digitally disadvantaged groups can easily and comfortably use the new public infrastructure will help promote the construction of smart cities, making them more inclusive and universal. It will also promote the development of smart cities in a more equal and sustainable direction, ensuring that everyone can enjoy the benefits of urban development. Therefore, in this article, we emphasise the importance of digitally disadvantaged groups in the construction of sustainable smart cities. Through their participation and feedback, we can build more inclusive and sustainable smart cities in the future.

Research design

The aim of this paper was to explore the specific factors that influence the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces, and to provide a rational explanation for the role of each factor. To achieve this goal, we first reviewed numerous relevant academic papers. This formed the basis of our research assumptions and helped determine the measurement items we included. Second, we collected data through a questionnaire survey and then analysed the data using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to explore the influence of the different factors on digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure. Finally, we considered in depth the mechanisms by which the various factors influenced digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use mixed physical and virtual spaces.

We distributed a structured questionnaire to collect data for the study. To ensure the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, we based the item development on the scales used in previous studies (as shown in Appendix A). The first part of the questionnaire concerned the participants’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure. Responses to this part of the questionnaire were given on a seven-point Likert scale to measure the participants’ agreement or disagreement with various statements, with 1 indicating ‘strong disagreement’ and 7 indicating ‘strong agreement’. In addition, we designed cumulative scoring questions to measure the participants’ social interaction anxiety according to Fergus’s Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (Fergus et al. 2012 ). The second part of the questionnaire concerned the demographic characteristics of the participants, including but not limited to gender, age, and education level. Participants were informed that completing the survey was voluntary and that they had the right to refuse or withdraw at any time. They were informed that the researchers would not collect any personal information that would make it possible to identify them. Only after we had obtained the participants’ consent did we commence the questionnaire survey and data collection. Since the new public infrastructure referred to in this study was quite abstract, it was not conducive to the understanding and perceptions of digitally disadvantaged groups. Therefore, to better enable the respondents to understand our concept of the new public infrastructure, we simplified it to ‘an accessible infrastructure’ and informed them about typical cases and the relevant context of this study before they began to complete the questionnaire.

Once the questionnaire design was finalised, we conducted a pretest to ensure that the questions met the basic requirements of reliability and validity and that the participants could accurately understand the questions. In the formal questionnaire survey stage, we distributed the online questionnaire to digitally disadvantaged groups based on the principle of simple random sampling and collected data through the Questionnaire Star platform. Our sampling principle was based on the following points: first, the respondents had to belong to digitally disadvantaged groups and have experienced digital divide problems; second, they had to own at least one smart device and have access to the new public infrastructure, such as via ‘Zheli Office’ or Alipay, and third, they must have used government or daily life services on ‘Zheli Office’ or Alipay at least once in the past three months. After eliminating any invalid questionnaires, 337 valid completed questionnaires remained. The demographic characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1 . In terms of gender, 54.30% of the participants were male, and 45.70% were female. In terms of age, 64.09% of the participants were aged 18–45 years. In terms of social interaction anxiety, the data showed that 46.59% of the participants had low social interaction anxiety, and 53.41% had high social interaction anxiety.

Data analysis

PLS-SEM imposes few restrictions on the measurement scale, sample size, and residual distribution (Ringle et al. 2012 ). However, the environment in which the research object was located was relatively new, so we added two special variables—psychological reactance and perceived institutional support—to the model. The PLS-SEM model was considered suitable for conducting exploratory research on the newly constructed theory and research framework. Building on previous experience, the data analysis was divided into two stages: 1) the measurement model was used to evaluate the reliability and validity of the experiment, and 2) the structural model was used to test the study hypotheses by examining the relationships between the variables.

Measurement model

First, we tested the reliability of the model by evaluating the reliability of the constructs. As shown in Table 2 , the Cronbach’s alpha (CA) range for this study was 0.858–0.901, so both extremes were higher than the acceptable threshold (Jöreskog, 1971 ). The composite reliability (CR) scores ranged from 0.904 to 0.931; therefore, both extremes were above the threshold of 0.7 (Bagozzi and Phillips, 1982 ) (see Table 2 ).

We then assessed the validity. The test for structural validity included convergent validity and discriminant validity. Convergent validity was mainly verified by the average variance extracted (AVE) value. The recommended value for AVE is 0.5 (Kim and Park, 2013 ). In this study, the AVE values for all structures far exceeded this value (the minimum AVE value was 0.702; see Table 2 ). This result showed that the structure of this model was reliable. The Fornell–Larcker criterion is commonly used to evaluate discriminant validity; that is, the square root of the AVE should be far larger than the correlations for other constructs, meaning that each construct best explains the variance of its own construct (Hair et al. 2014 ), as shown in Table 3 . The validity of the measurement model was further evaluated by calculating the cross-loading values of the reflection construct. It can clearly be seen from Table 4 that compared with other constructs included in the structural model, the indicators of the reflection metric model had the highest loading on their potential constructs (Hair et al. 2022 ), indicating that all inspection results met the evaluation criterion for cross-loading.

In addition, we used the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations to analyse discriminant validity (Henseler et al. 2015 ). Generally, an HTMT value greater than 0.85 indicates that there are potential discriminant validity risks (Hair et al. 2022 ), but Table 5 shows that the HTMT ratios of the correlations in this study were all lower than this value (the maximum value was 0.844).

Structural model

Figure 5 presents the evaluation results for the structural model for the whole sample. The R 2 value for the structural model in this study was 0.740; that is, the explanatory power of the model regarding intention to use was 74.00%. The first step was to ensure that there was no significant collinearity between the predicted value structures, otherwise there would be redundancy in the analysis (Hair et al. 2019 ). All VIF values in this study were between 1.743 and 2.869 and were therefore lower than the 3.3 threshold value for the collinearity test (Hair et al. 2022 ), which proved that the path coefficient had not deviated. This also proves that the model had a low probability of common method bias.

This figure shows the evaluation results for the structural model.

As shown in Fig. 5 , performance expectation ( β  = 0.505, p  < 0.001), perceived institutional support ( β  = 0.338, p  < 0.001), perceived marketplace influence ( β  = 0.190, p  < 0.001), effort expectation ( β  = 0.176, p  < 0.001) and facilitating conditions ( β  = 0.108, p  < 0.001) all had significant and positive effects on intention to use. Moreover, the results showed that the relationship between psychological reaction ( β  = −0.271, p  < 0.001) and intention to use was negative and significant. Therefore, all the paths in this paper, except for the moderator variables, have been verified.

Multi-group analysis

To study the moderating effect between the independent variables and the dependent variables, Henseler et al. ( 2009 ) recommended using a multigroup analysis (MGA). In this study, we used MGA to analyse the moderating effect of different levels of social interaction anxiety. We designed six items for social interaction anxiety (as shown in Appendix A). According to the subjects’ responses to these six items and based on the principle of accumulation, questionnaires with scores of 6–20 indicated low social interaction anxiety, while questionnaires with scores of 28–42 indicated high social interaction anxiety. Questionnaires with scores of 21–27 were considered neutral and eliminated from the analysis involving social interaction anxiety. Based on multigroup validation factor analysis, we determined the component invariance, the configurable invariance, and the equality between compound variance and mean (Hair et al. 2019 ). As shown in Formula 1 , we used an independent sample t -test as a significance test, and a p -value below 0.05 indicated the significance of the parameters.

As shown in Table 6 , under social factors, the p -value for perceived institutional support in relation to intention to use was 0.335, which failed the significance test. This showed that there were no differences between the different degrees of social interaction anxiety. For technical factors, the p -value for facilitating conditions in relation to intention to use was 0.054, which again failed the test. This showed that there were no differences between the different levels of social interaction anxiety. However, the p -values for performance expectancy, psychological reaction, perceived marketplace influence, and effort expectancy in relation to intention to use were all less than 0.05; therefore, they passed the test for significance. This revealed that different degrees of social interaction anxiety had significant effects on these factors and that social interaction anxiety moderated some of the independent variables.

Next, we considered the path coefficients and p- values for the high and low social anxiety groups, as shown in Table 6 . First, with different levels of social anxiety, performance expectation had significantly different effects on intention to use, with low social anxiety ( β  = −0.129, p  = 0.394) failing the test and high social anxiety ( β  = 0.202, p  = 0.004) passing the test. This shows that high social anxiety levels had a greater influence of performance expectations on intention to use than low social anxiety levels. Second, psychological reactance showed significant differences in its effect on intention to use under different degrees of social anxiety, with low social anxiety ( β  = 0.184, p  = 0.065) failing the test and high social anxiety ( β  = −0.466, p  = 0.000) passing the test. Third, with different levels of social anxiety, perceived marketplace influence had significantly different effects on intention to use. Of these, perceived marketplace influence had a significant effect with low social anxiety levels ( β  = 0.312, p  = 0.001) but not with high social anxiety levels ( β  = 0.085, p  = 0.189). Finally, with differing degrees of social anxiety, expected effort had significantly different effects on intention to use. Of these, expected effort was insignificant at a low social anxiety level ( β  = −0.058, p  = 0.488), but it was significant at a high social anxiety level ( β  = 0.326, p  = 0.000). Therefore, different degrees of social interaction anxiety had significantly different effects on performance expectation, psychological reactance, perceived marketplace influence, and effort expectation.

Compared with previous studies, this study constituted a preliminary but groundbreaking exploration of mixed physical and virtual spaces. Moreover, we focused on the inclusivity problems encountered by digitally disadvantaged groups in these mixed physical and virtual spaces. We focused on performance expectancy, psychological reactance, perceived institutional support, perceived marketplace influence, effort expectancy, and facilitating conditions as the six factors, with intention to use being the measure of the perceived value of the new public infrastructure. However, digitally disadvantaged groups, depending on their own characteristics or social influences, can provoke different responses from the general population in their social interactions. Therefore, we added social interaction anxiety to the model as a moderating variable, in line with the assumed psychological characteristics of digitally disadvantaged groups. The empirical results revealed a strong correlation between influencing factors and intention to use. This shows that this model has good applicability for mixed physical and virtual spaces.

According to the empirical results, performance expectancy has a significant and positive impact on intention to use, suggesting that the mixing of the virtual and the real will create usage issues and cognitive difficulties for digitally disadvantaged groups. However, if the new public infrastructure can capitalise on the advantages of blended virtual and physical spaces, it could help users build confidence in its use, which would improve their intentions to use it. Furthermore, users’ intentions to use and high social interaction anxiety are likely to be promoted by performance expectancy. In most cases, social interaction anxiety stems from self-generated avoidance, isolation, and fear of criticism (Schultz and Heimberg, 2008 ). This may result in highly anxious digitally disadvantaged groups being reluctant to engage with others when using public facilities (Mulvale et al. 2019 ; Schou and Pors, 2019 ). However, the new public infrastructure is often unattended, which could be an advantage for users with high social anxiety. Therefore, the effect of performance expectancy in promoting intentions to use would be more significant in this group.

We also found that the psychological reactance of digitally disadvantaged groups had a reverse impact on their intentions to use technology in mixed physical and virtual spaces. However, social interaction anxiety had a moderating effect on this, such that the negative effect of psychological reactance on intention to use the new public infrastructure was more pronounced in the group with high social interaction anxiety. Facilities involving social or interactive factors may make users with high social interaction anxiety think that their autonomy is, to some extent, being violated, thus triggering subconscious resistance. The communication anxiety of digitally disadvantaged groups stems not only from the new public infrastructure itself but also from the environment in which it is used (Fang et al. 2019 ). Complex, mixed physical and virtual spaces can disrupt the habits that digitally disadvantaged groups have developed in purely physical spaces, resulting in greater anxiety (Hu et al. 2022 ), while groups with high levels of social anxiety tend to remain independent because they prefer to maintain their independence. Therefore, a high degree of social interaction anxiety will induce psychological reactance towards using the new public infrastructure.

The results of this paper shed further light on the role of social factors. In particular, the relationship between perceived institutional support and intention to use reflects the fact that perceived institutional support plays a role in promoting digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure. This indicates that promotion measures need to be introduced by the government and public institutions if digitally disadvantaged groups are to accept the new public infrastructure. The development of a new public infrastructure integrating mixed physical and virtual spaces requires a high level of involvement from government institutions to facilitate the inclusive development of sustainable smart cities (Khan et al. 2020 ). An interesting finding of this study was that there were no significant differences between the effects of either high or low levels of social interaction anxiety on perceived institutional support and intention to use. This may be because social interaction anxiety mainly occurs in individuals within their close microenvironments. The policies and institutional norms of perceived institutional support tend to act at the macro level (Chen and Zhang, 2021 ; Mora et al. 2023 ), so levels of social interaction anxiety do not differ insignificantly between perceived institutional support and intentions to use the new public infrastructure.

We also found that digitally disadvantaged groups with low social interaction anxiety were more influenced by perceived marketplace influence. Consequently, they were more willing to use the new public infrastructure. When the market trend is to aggressively build a new public infrastructure, companies will accelerate their infrastructure upgrades to keep up with the trend (Hu et al. 2023 ; Liu and Zhao, 2022 ). Companies are increasingly incorporating virtual objects into familiar areas, forcing users to embrace mixed physical and virtual spaces. In addition, it is inevitable that digitally disadvantaged groups will have to use the new public infrastructure due to the market influence of people around them using this infrastructure to manage their government or life issues. When digitally disadvantaged groups with low levels of social interaction anxiety use the new public infrastructure, they are less likely to feel fearful and excluded (Kaihlanen et al. 2022 ) and will tend to be positively influenced by the use behaviours of others to use the new public infrastructure themselves (Troisi et al. 2022 ). The opposite is true for groups with high social interaction anxiety, which leads to significant differences in perceived marketplace influence and intentions to use among digitally disadvantaged groups with different levels of social interaction anxiety.

Existing mixed physical and virtual spaces exhibit exceptional technical complexity, and the results of this study affirm the importance of technical factors in affecting intentions to use. In this paper, we emphasised effort expectancy as the ease of use of the new public infrastructure (Venkatesh et al. 2003 ), which had a significant effect on digitally disadvantaged groups with high levels of social interaction anxiety but no significant effect on those with low levels of social interaction anxiety. Digitally disadvantaged groups with high levels of social interaction anxiety are likely to have a stronger sense of rejection due to environmental pressures if the new public infrastructure is too cumbersome to run or operate; they may therefore prefer using simple facilities and services. Numerous scholars have proven in educational (Hu et al. 2022 ), medical (Bai and Guo, 2022 ), business (Susanto et al. 2018 ), and other fields that good product design promotes users’ intentions to use technology (Chen et al. 2023 ). For digitally disadvantaged groups, accessible and inclusive product designs can more effectively incentivise their intentions to use the new public infrastructure (Hsu and Peng, 2022 ).

Facilitating conditions are technical factors that represent facility-related support services. The study results showed a significant positive effect of facilitating conditions on intention to use. This result is consistent with the results of previous studies regarding physical space. Professional consultation (Vinnikova et al. 2020 ) and training (Yang et al. 2023 ) on products in conventional fields can enhance users’ confidence, which can then be translated into intentions to use (Saparudin et al. 2020 ). Although the form of the new public infrastructure has changed in the direction of integration, its target object is still the user in physical space. Therefore, better facilitating conditions can enhance users’ sense of trust and promote their intentions to use (Alalwan et al. 2017 ; Mogaji et al. 2021 ). Concerning integration, because the new public infrastructure can assume multiple forms, it is difficult for digitally disadvantaged groups to know whether a particular infrastructure has good facilitating conditions. It is precisely such uncertainties that cause users with high social interaction anxiety to worry that they will be unable to use the facilities effectively. They may then worry that they will be burdened by scrutiny from strangers, causing resistance. Even when good facilitating conditions exist, groups with high social interaction anxiety do not necessarily intend to use them. Therefore, there were no significant differences between the different levels of social interaction anxiety in terms of facilitating conditions and intention to use them.

Theoretical value

In this study, we mainly examined the factors influencing digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure consisting of mixed physical and virtual spaces. The empirical results of this paper make theoretical contributions to the inclusive construction of mixed spaces in several areas.

First, based on an understanding of urban development involving a deep integration of physical space with virtual space, we contextualise virtual space within the parameters of public infrastructure to shape the concept of a new public infrastructure. At the same time, by including the service system, the virtual community, and other non-physical factors in the realm where the virtual and the real are integrated, we form a concept of mixed physical and virtual spaces, which expands the scope of research related to virtual and physical spaces and provides new ideas for relevant future research.

Second, this paper makes a preliminary investigation of inclusion in the construction of the new public infrastructure and innovatively examines the factors that affect digitally disadvantaged groups’ willingness to use the mixed infrastructure, considering them in terms of individual, social, and technical factors. Moreover, holding that social interaction anxiety is consistent with the psychological characteristics of digitally disadvantaged groups, we introduce social interaction anxiety into the research field and distinguish between the performance of subjects with high social interaction anxiety and the performance of those with low social interaction anxiety. From the perspective of digitally disadvantaged groups, this shows the regulatory effect of social interaction anxiety on users’ psychology and behaviours. These preliminary findings may lead to greater attention being paid to digitally disadvantaged groups and prompt more studies on inclusion.

In addition, while conducting background research, we visited public welfare organisations and viewed government service lists to obtain first-hand information about digitally disadvantaged groups. Through our paper, we encourage the academic community to pay greater attention to theoretical research on digitally disadvantaged groups in the hope that deepening and broadening such research will promote the inclusion of digitally disadvantaged groups in the design of public infrastructure.

Practical value

Based on a large quantity of empirical research data, we explored the digital integration factors that affect users’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure. To some extent, this provides new ideas and development directions for inclusive smart city construction. Inclusion in existing cities mainly concerns the improvement of specific technologies, but the results of this study show that technological factors are only part of the picture. The government should introduce relevant policies to promptly adapt the new public infrastructure to digitally disadvantaged groups, and the legislature should enact appropriate laws. In addition, the study results can guide the design of mixed physical and virtual spaces for the new public infrastructure. Enterprises can refer to the results of this study to identify inconveniences in their existing facilities, optimise their service processes, and improve the inclusiveness of urban institutions. Furthermore, attention should be paid to the moderating role of social interaction anxiety in the process. Inclusive urban construction should not only be physical but should closely consider the inner workings of digitally disadvantaged groups. The government and enterprises should consider the specific requirements of people with high social interaction anxiety, such as by simplifying the enquiry processes in their facilities or inserting psychological comfort measures into the processes.

Limitations and future research

Due to resource and time limitations, this paper has some shortcomings. First, we considered a broad range of digitally disadvantaged groups and conducted a forward-looking exploratory study. Since we collected data through an online questionnaire, there were restrictions on the range of volunteers who responded. Only if participants met at least one of the conditions could they be identified as members of digitally disadvantaged groups and participate in a follow-up survey. To reduce the participants’ introspection and painful recollections of their disabilities or related conditions, and to avoid expected deviations from the data obtained through the survey, we made no detailed distinction between the participants’ degrees of impairment or the reasons for impairment. We adopted a twofold experimental approach.: first, a questionnaire that was too detailed might have infringed on the participants’ privacy rights, and second, since little research has been conducted on inclusiveness in relation to mixed physical and virtual spaces, this work was pioneering. Therefore, we paid greater attention to digitally disadvantaged groups’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure. In future research, we could focus on digitally disadvantaged individuals who exhibit the same deficiencies, or further increase the sample size to investigate the participants’ intentions to use the new public infrastructure in more detail.

Second, different countries have different economic development statuses and numbers of digitally disadvantaged groups. Our study mainly concerned the willingness of digitally disadvantaged groups to use the new public infrastructure in China. Therefore, in the future, the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use new public infrastructures involving mixed physical and virtual spaces can be further explored in different national contexts. Furthermore, in addition to the effects of social interaction anxiety examined in this paper, future researchers could consider other moderators associated with individual differences, such as age, familiarity with technology, and disability status. We also call for more scholars to explore digitally disadvantaged groups’ use of the new public infrastructure to promote inclusive smart city construction and sustainable social development.

Previous researchers have explored users’ intentions to use virtual technology services and have analysed the factors that influence those intentions (Akdim et al. 2022 ; Liébana-Cabanillas et al. 2020 ; Nguyen and Dao, 2024 ). However, researchers have mainly focused on single virtual or physical spaces (Scavarelli et al. 2021 ; Zhang et al. 2020 ), and the topic has rarely been discussed in relation to mixed physical and virtual spaces. In addition, previous studies have mainly considered the technology perspective (Buckingham et al. 2022 ; Carney and Kandt, 2022 ), and the influence of digitally disadvantaged groups’ psychological characteristics and the effect of the overall social environment on their intentions to use have largely been ignored. To fill this gap, we constructed a UTAUT-based model for intentions to use the new public infrastructure that involved a mixing of physical and virtual spaces. We considered the mechanisms influencing digitally disadvantaged groups’ use of the new public infrastructure, considering them from the perspectives of individual, social, and technical factors. We processed and analysed 337 valid samples using PLS-SEM. The results showed that there were significant correlations between the six user factor variables and intention to use the new public infrastructure. In addition, for digitally disadvantaged groups, different degrees of social interaction anxiety had significantly different effects on the impacts of performance expectancy, psychological reactance, perceived marketplace influence, and effort expectancy on intention to use, while there were no differences in the impacts of perceived institutional support and facilitating conditions on intention to use.

In the theoretical value, we build on previous scholarly research on the conceptualisation of new public infrastructures, mixed physical and virtual spaces (Aslesen et al. 2019 ; Cocciolo, 2010 ), arguing for user, social and technological dimensions influencing the use of new public infrastructures by digitally disadvantaged groups in mixed physical and virtual spaces, and for the moderating role of social interaction anxiety. Meanwhile, this study prospectively explores the new phenomenon of digitally disadvantaged groups using new public infrastructures in mixed physical and virtual spaces, which paves the way for future scholars to explore the field both in theory and literature. In the practical value, the research findings will be helpful in promoting effective government policies and corporate designs and in prompting the development of a new public infrastructure that better meets the needs of digitally disadvantaged groups. Moreover, this study will help to direct social and government attention to the problems that exist in the use of new public infrastructures by digitally disadvantaged groups. It will have a significant implication for the future development of smart cities and urban digital inclusiveness in China and worldwide.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the confidentiality of the respondents’ information but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request for academic purposes only.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China, grant number 22BGJ037; the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang, grant number GB202301004; and the Zhejiang Province University Students Science and Technology Innovation Activity Program, grant numbers 2023R403013, 2023R403010 & 2023R403086.

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These authors contributed equally: Chengxiang Chu, Zhenyang Shen, Hanyi Xu.

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School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China

Chengxiang Chu, Zhenyang Shen, Qizhi Wei & Cong Cao

Law School, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China

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Conceptualisation: C.C., CX.C. and ZY.S.; Methodology: CX.C. and HY.X.; Validation: ZY.S. and QZ.W.; Formal analysis: HY.X.; Investigation: CX.C., ZY.S. and HY.X.; Resources: C.C.; Data curation: CX.C. and HY.X.; Writing–original draft preparation: CX.C, ZY.S., HY.X. and QZ.W.; Writing–review & editing: CX.C and C.C.; Visualisation: ZY.S. and HY.X.; Supervision: C.C.; Funding acquisition: C.C., CX.C. and ZY.S.; all authors approved the final manuscript to be submitted.

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Correspondence to Cong Cao .

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Chu, C., Shen, Z., Xu, H. et al. How to avoid sinking in swamp: exploring the intentions of digitally disadvantaged groups to use a new public infrastructure that combines physical and virtual spaces. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11 , 1135 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03684-0

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Synergistic Effects of Ph and Nano-Calcium Carbonate on Sodium Alginate Gels and Their Application for Encapsulation, Protection, Delivery and Yoghurt of Probiotics

39 Pages Posted: 2 Sep 2024

Northeast Agricultural University

Zhanqun Hou

affiliation not provided to SSRN

Jianming Guo

Guofang zhang.

The utilisation of advanced encapsulation technology is imperative for the enhancement of probiotic survival throughout processing, storage, and digestion. In this study, the gel was physically modified based on the pH sensitivity of nano calcium carbonate (NC) and sodium alginate (SA). The resistance of Bifidobacterium lactis BL-99 under modified gel encapsulation was evaluated. Findings indicated that NC-SA exhibited a denser cross-linked network structure, presented enhanced strength, elasticity, viscosity, and water-holding capacity, and demonstrated an 95.28% encapsulation efficiency of BL-99. In comparison to the SA gel, the survival rate of BL-99 encapsulated by the NC-SA modified gel was observed to be enhanced by 14.1% under pasteurization. Moreover, the number of viable cells after 6 hours of simulated gastrointestinal digestion remained above 8 Log CFU/g. Furthermore, the NC-SA gel was applied to the yoghurt, and it was found that BL-99 was still able to maintain above 7 Log CFU/mL with a survival rate of 86.99% (21 days, 4 ℃). In conclusion, the results of this study confirm the potential of the NC synergistic system pH-modified SA gel to protect probiotic activity. It is therefore expected that this technology will be applied in acidic liquid food matrices.

Keywords: Bifidobacterium lactis BL-99, sodium alginate, nano calcium carbonate, pH, Modification

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Northeast Agricultural University ( email )

Harbin, 150038 China

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A Case Study on the Impact of Brand Image on Customer Buying Behaviour with Special Reference to Nilgiris Supermarket in Mangalore

• Harish S. Pai
• Published in INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF… 15 January 2024

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Effects of y 2 o 3 content on the microstructure and tribological properties of wc-reinforced ti-based coatings on tc4 surfaces.

1. Introduction

2. experimental materials and procedure, 2.1. substrate material, 2.2. cladding material, 2.3. experimental procedure, 3. microstructure analysis of coatings, 3.1. xrd analysis of coatings, 3.2. sem and eds analysis of coatings, 3.3. tem analysis of coatings, 3.4. heterogeneous nucleation rule analysis of y 2 o 3 and reinforcements, 3.5. dependent growth relationship analysis between reinforcements, 4. mechanical properties analysis of coatings, 4.1. microhardness analysis of coatings, 4.2. friction-reducing properties analysis of coatings, 4.3. wear-resistant properties analysis of coatings, 4.4. worn mechanism analysis of coatings, 5. application and conclusions.

• These laser-cladded layers all contained Ti 2 S, Ti 2 Ni, TiC, β-Ti matrix, and residual unmelted WC powder. With the increase in Y 2 O 3 content, the diffraction peaks of the other phases in the coating gradually decrease except the matrix. The 3 wt.% Y 2 O 3 coating had the best distribution uniformity of microstructure.
• The calculation results of the two-dimensional lattice mismatch theory indicated that TiC, Ti 2 S, and Ti 2 Ni could be refined by Y 2 O 3 through heterogeneous nucleation and the TiC-Ti 2 S-Ti 2 Ni composite structural phases formed coherent structures. All the refined reinforcements formed a network structure on the grain boundary of the coatings because Y 2 O 3 was pinned on the grain boundary.
• The coating microhardness decreases and the dilution rate increases with the addition of Y 2 O 3 . The friction coefficients of all the coatings were higher than that of the TC4, indicating that the coatings did not possess self-lubricating properties. All the coatings exhibited higher wear resistance than the TC4, with abrasive particle wear mechanisms observed. The coating had the optimal tribological property under the condition of proper Y 2 O 3 addition (3 wt.%).

Author Contributions

Institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Wang, C.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, T.; Zhen, H.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Cao, H. Effects of Y 2 O 3 Content on the Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC-Reinforced Ti-Based Coatings on TC4 Surfaces. Coatings 2024 , 14 , 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091110

Wang C, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Zhen H, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Cao H. Effects of Y 2 O 3 Content on the Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC-Reinforced Ti-Based Coatings on TC4 Surfaces. Coatings . 2024; 14(9):1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091110

Wang, Changhao, Qiyu Zhang, Tiangang Zhang, Hao Zhen, Zhiqiang Zhang, Zhihao Zhang, and Huijun Cao. 2024. "Effects of Y 2 O 3 Content on the Microstructure and Tribological Properties of WC-Reinforced Ti-Based Coatings on TC4 Surfaces" Coatings 14, no. 9: 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091110

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Technological Advancement Essay

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Searching for a technological advancement essay? Look no further! This simple essay on breakthrough technologies describes all the benefits and drawbacks of the issue.

Introduction

Why write about technology advancement, breakthrough technologies in various sectors, technological advancement essay faq.

Technological advancement has taken major strides in bringing liberation to the divergent human wants and gratifications. After keen observation, I have come to realize that technological advancement plays a critical role in solving the major crisis of food shortages in the modern world. In the state of Virginia during the 17th century, human labor was imperative due to the pressing need to grow enough food to serve the people in the community during the winter spell hence the need to hire slaves from Africa to work on their farms (Brush, 1988).

This has since changed partly due to the technological advancements over the years that have led to the replacement of human and animal labor with more efficient energy sources as wind power, hydroelectric and steam energies that ultimately led to a significant increase in productivity. Thus, the thesis statement for this essay is to analyze the impact of technological advancement on people’s lives from ancient times to the present modern world.

It is evident that technology is the backbone of the industrial revolution process that has occurred over the years and leads to a total overhaul from crude systems to modern efficient machinery. With this in mind, we cannot overlook the role that technology has played on the social and economic fronts of many societies hence the need to have a deeper insight and research on this particular topic. The transformation brought about by technological advancement has helped many societies in Africa and the world at large to alleviate poverty and improve their standards of living through the increased food supply and significant growth in the economy and this integrates with the research question: Is technology liberating?

The three academic disciplines from which this research has drawn insight from include: agriculture, sociology and communication sectors.

Technology Advancement in Agriculture

In the ancient world, the main source of power was human labor obtained mainly from slaves. In North America for example, during the early 17th century, most whites purchased slaves as a chief source of labor to work on their farms but with the emancipation proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln during the civil war of 1863 that declared all slaves to be set free from bondage, their masters had no choice but to source for another alternative source of labor.

This act spearheaded the advancement of the agricultural revolution, which was also boosted by the industrial revolution that led to the development of more efficient agricultural machinery that required very few workers and resulted in higher farm production. Examples of some of the medieval technologies used in the ancient world included: water wheel, four-field crop rotation system, the horse collar and selective breeding of livestock with good traits.

In 1750, engineer John Smeaton working on the water wheel significantly increased its efficiency hence boosting its productivity. It was during this period that technological advancement, revolution, and innovation in agriculture were at its peak and it led to the emergence of new farm machinery like cultivators, combine harvesters and mowers that were pulled by oxen, mules, and horses. These machines were later powered by steam energy than a more efficient diesel fuel that led to a remarkable increase in farm output (Kedar, 2009). Previously, the land was prepared by a man using traditional mattocks and hoes made from raw materials obtained locally like wood and scrap metals.

With the mechanization of agriculture, farmers could now make use of the machinery like combine harvesters and petrol powered tractors to prepare large acres of land within a short period with minimum input on human labor to clear, plow and plant on their expansive farms. Technology has led to hybridization, selective breeding and inbreeding in livestock to obtain or maintain all the good qualities in their animals as high milk production, quality wool production, quality meat production, and other desirable animal traits.

Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke doing their research on selective breeding crossed Lincoln and Longhorn sheep, to produce a hybrid that exhibited all the good qualities of both Lincoln and Longhorn and was referred to as New Leicester variety. This has helped in alleviating the crisis of food shortages through maximization of farm output.

Technology Advancement in Everyday Lives

Technology has been indispensable in bettering the social lives of many people in society. Technological advancements have led to the development in infrastructure and social amenities which has in turn positively impacted on the general livelihood of many individuals. It was until the Roman era in the 18th century that good roads were constructed, during those days, slaves were also used to carry loads and farm produce from the farms to storage warehouses and vice versa. They also used canoes and boats to carry farm products from North America between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River during the early periods of the 19th century.

During this period, the transport system was still archaic and underdeveloped and people found it difficult to navigate from one region to another or carry heavy luggage over long distances because of poor roads and crude modes of transport. The canals preceded the construction of railroads that marked the beginning of the industrial revolution and from there we had significant developments in the transport sector with the construction of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869 and the subsequent construction of tarmac roads, sea canals and subway systems (Butler, 1996).

These developments made it easier for people to move around hence positively impacting on their social lives by enhancing communication, trade, and farming. This indirectly led to improved living standards as a result of the increased food supply by farmers and the development of business firms. Farmers could now effectively carry their farm inputs and fertilizers to the farm and farm products to the market without difficulties. Businesses also thrived because of the efficient transport system and in no time firms began proliferating from every sector of the economy. This enabled them to diversify their economic activities as they no longer depended on the agricultural sector for their daily provision but also ventured into the business sector within the community.

With the recent development in infrastructure, it paved the way to the development of social amenities as schools, hospitals, public toilets, shops and market centers that increased in number as more and more investors joined the market. These amenities played a critical role in the development of the economy and elevating the living standards of the people in the community as they could now easily access all the essential resources. Hence technology played a vital role in liberating the lives of many from the bondage of hunger and scarcity to a point of abundance and stable food supply.

Technology Advancement in Communication

Communication is the act of conveying information from one person to another either face to face or by means of a communication medium. According to Scruton (1996), during the ancient times, slaves used to communicate through hymns, quilts or underground railroads while others used drums to convey coded information since most had originated from Africa and drum beating was their cultural way of communicating. These primitive modes of communications were not very reliable as the information could at times be distorted or misinterpreted by the recipient leading to a communication breakdown.

During the ancient period, people used to communicate through messages carved on stone pillars but this type of communication had limitations as the recipients had to travel miles to receive them and the message could only be read within a certain reading range. Others like the American Indians used smoke to convey a particular message to the community while others used bonfires lit on hilltops but such signals were limited to conveying specific information like looming danger, war or victory.

Communication then developed to more elaborate form which included writing on portable materials like reeds and papyrus. This medium of communication was much more reliable than the earlier archaic communication system. With the emergence of technological advancement and innovations, the transmission of signals from one person to another through a more sophisticated medium like communication cables took center stage. In the early 1830s, the electrical communication system made significant progress in this industry as people could now get in touch through electronic devices like a telephone.

In the year 1833, scientists Carl Friedrich and Wilhelm Eduard Weber researching on the electric transmission devices, made use of the principle of “electromagnetic technology” that later acted as the fundamental basis or a prerequisite for the innovation of telephones (Williams, 1993). Subsequent experiments done by Alexander Bell and Thomas Watson worked to optimize its efficiency and could now be used for commercial purposes. This was later followed by other technological developments and innovations by telecommunication engineers and scientists that led to the production of the carbon microphone, telephone exchange, data storage devices, wireless phones, and computers.

At this point, we can only appreciate the technological advancements that the communication industry has taken overtime to come up with sophisticated and very efficient gadgets that can serve multiple purposes other than communication. Such progress in technology has acted as a remedy to the many communication snarl-ups that people in the ancient world had to contend with but now people can freely share information, ideas, thoughts, opinions, photos, video clips on very many communication platforms using the sophisticated devices and handsets.

For example, use of the internet on computers and mobile phones to share information and ideas across the globe hence making the world a small village and enabling the free flow of information that is objective and informative. Hence this technology could be used to positively impact the lives of people by making them more informed and educated.

In conclusion, technology has had quite a significant impact on people’s lives over the years by making life more bearable through the production of efficient systems that require little labor but produce a significantly high output. One significant finding from the above research is that African culture and tradition has been greatly revolutionized over the years from the archaic, crude and barbaric practices to sophisticated and more efficient processes through technological innovations and advancement. The introduction of western culture has worked to raise the living standards of many African communities that were previously languishing in hunger and poverty.

• What is technological advancement? Technological advancement implies the emergence and development of technical devices that affect various spheres of peoples’ life. It affects economic, political, social, and other sectors.
• How does technology affect the advancement of science? Modern technologies make it easier to share information and knowledge, allow scientists from different countries to interact effectively, and also involve the development of new methods of analysis.
• How does the advancement of technology affect society? Modern technologies influence various spheres of public life. They have significantly changed the labor market, transport and communications. People’s daily lives have become easier and more efficient.
• How do I start an essay about technology It is a good idea to start your technology advancement with a hook. One option is to use a quote, like the following one by Albert Einstein: “It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity.” One more option is to use an exciting fact like the following one: Over 6,000 new computer viruses are created and released every month.

Brush, S. G. (1988). The History of Modern Science. A Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution, 35 (10), 5-8.

Butler, G. (1996). A History of Information Technology and Systems. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Kedar, S. (2009). Database Management Systems . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Scruton, R. (1996 ). The Art of Communication Over the Years. The New Criterion, 15 (30), 9-13.

Williams, T. (1993). A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times . New York: Dover Publications.

• Industrialization and Changes of Western History
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• New Product: Laptop Assembling Machinery Nokia Corporation
• Domination in the Book "Animal Farm"
• Kimango Farm Enterprises: Business Plan
• Slavery in Islamic Civilisation
• World History: Is Competition Good?
• Imperialism' Impacts on Africa, Latin America and India
• White and Black People Cultural Relations
• History of Athens during Pericles
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Home — Essay Samples — Information Science and Technology — Impact of Technology — Negative Impacts of Technology

Negative Impacts of Technology

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Words: 967 |

Published: Jun 6, 2019

Words: 967 | Page: 1 | 5 min read

Table of contents

Negative impacts of technology development essay, negative effects of technology essay, negative effects of technology on students essay, mental and physical health, privacy and security, social relationships and communication, the production and disposal of electronic devices contribute to environmental degradation. e-waste is a growing concern, as many electronic components are not biodegradable and can contain harmful materials. additionally, the energy consumption required to power our digital lives contributes to the larger issue of climate change. economic displacement.

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