MLA Guide (7th edition)
The examples provided in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (seventh edition). For types of resources not included in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further information about the examples included below, please consult the MLA Handbook itself , and/or a Reference Librarian . For help with layout, margins, spacing and page numbering, see the MLA Handbook (Fig. 12, page 131). Consider using RefWorks to help you track your research and automatically create a bibliography in MLA style.
If you need help with the current version of MLA, please see the guide for MLA ( 8th edition, 2016). If you are unsure which version of MLA to use, please consult with your professor.
Table of Contents:
Parenthetical Documentation Preparing the List of Works Cited A Brief Note on Footnotes and Endnotes For More Help
PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTATION
When using MLA documentation style, you need to reference your sources by using a combination of a list of works cited (see below) and parenthetical notation . Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Generally, brief parenthetical notations consisting of the author's last name and a page reference are sufficient. For example: (Drucker 30) .
Note: If you mention the author in your sentence, then you need only cite the page number . And if you cite more than one work by the same author , include the title of the work in your notation. For example: (Drucker, Management Cases 30) .
1. ONE AUTHOR
The character Folly denies satirizing Christianity when she says, "it is no part of my present plan to rummage through the lives of popes and priests," yet she spends much of her encomium doing just that (Erasmus 115).
2. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS
Max Weber purported that value systems could be studied "without the social scientist's own values distorting such studies" (Keat and Urry 196).
According to Russell Keat and John Urry in Social Science as Theory, Max Weber believed that value systems could be studied "without the social scientist's own values distorting such studies" (196).
Max Weber believed that individuals can objectively study values without their own values interfering with their judgment (Keat and Urry 196).
3. CORPORATE AUTHOR
Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem (UNICEF 44).
4. NO AUTHOR
Marketers of health services and products will find the National Center for Health Statistics' site useful, particularly its statistics on mortality rates. Discovering a population's leading causes of death "tells the researcher a lot about its underlying health problems" ("Information to Die For" 40).
5. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY
Cite the author of the essay or story and not the editor of the anthology unless they are the same.
Although some critics disliked Mel Brook's 1993 parody of Robin Hood, it is actually "in the mainstream of the Robin Hood tradition" (Knight 461).
6. INDIRECT QUOTATION
Chief Joseph concluded his surrender by stating eloquently: "[.. .] I will fight no more forever" (qtd. in Safire 108).
7. ONLINE RESOURCE
If the work is not paginated, include the name of the author or editor within the context of your sentence (for example, from a discussion list).
Posting on the VICTORIA listserv, Karen O'Connell mentioned a relevant novel by Wilkie Collins that deals with the 19th-century use of arsenic as a complexion improver.
If the work is paginated, cite it as you would a print resource.
Imagine that the sentences above could somehow be synthesized and used in a single paper. The works cited page would look like this:
WORKS CITED
Erasmus, Desiderius. The Praise of Folly. Trans. Clarence H. Miller. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1979. Print.
"Information to Die For." Marketing Health Services 22.1 (2002): 40-42. ABI/Inform.
Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science. 2nd ed. London: Routledge
and K. Paul, 1982. Print.
Knight, Stephen. "Robin Hood: Men in Tights: Fitting the Tradition Snugly."
Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen
Knight. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 1999. 461-467. Print.
O'Connell, Karen. "Re: Poisoning." VICTORIA. Indiana U. 3 Nov. 2000. Web.
14 Aug. 2009.
Safire, William. Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History. New York: W. W.
Norton and Company, 1992. Print.
UNICEF. Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the
Former Soviet Union. Ed. Alexander Zouev. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.
Print.
PREPARING THE LIST OF WORKS CITED
As demonstrated above, a works cited page consists of an alphabetical listing of the books, articles and other sources that you parenthetically noted in your paper. The works cited page occurs at the end of your paper; however, it is useful to create a draft of it before you begin writing. Following are typical examples of the types of references you will use in your research.
Include some or all of the following elements in your book citation:
- Author or editor
- Title (italicized)
- Translator or compiler
- Volume(s) used
- Name of series
- Place of publication, publisher, and date of publication
- Page numbers
- Name of vendor, database, or provider (italicized)
- Medium of publication consulted (e.g., Print)
- Date of access (Web only; day, month, year)
- Supplementary information and annotation
1. ONE AUTHOR OR EDITOR
Cather, Willa. The Professor's House. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1925. Print.
UNICEF. Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe
and the Former Soviet Union. Ed. Alexander Zouev. Armonk: M. E.
Sharpe, 1999. Print.
Hudson, Valerie N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy. Boulder: L. Rienner
Publishers, 1997. Print.
2. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS OR EDITORS
Names should be given in the order in which they appear on the title page.
Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science. 2nd ed. London: Routledge
and K. Paul, 1982. Print.
Kennedy, Mary, Kathy Lubelska, and Val Walsh, eds. Making Connections: Women's
Studies, Women's Movements, Women's Lives. London: Taylor and Francis,
1993. Print.
3. ELECTRONIC BOOK
Include the vendor, database, or provider's name (italicized) and date of access (day, month, year) .
Turam, Berna. Between Islam and the State: The Politics of Engagement. Stanford,
CA: Stanford UP, 2007. NetLibrary. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
If the book is accessed from a SCHOLARLY PROJECT , also include the project name, place of publication, and the date of the electronic publication if available.
Child, Lydia Maria. An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans.
Boston: Allen and Ticknor, 1833. Women Writers Online. Brown U. Web. 14
Aug. 2009.
4. ANTHOLOGY
Knight, Stephen. "Robin Hood: Men in Tights: Fitting the Tradition Snugly."
Robin Hood: An Anthology of Scholarship and Criticism. Ed. Stephen
Barrick, Richard, John Sullivan, and Alexander White. "The American Bloody Register."
Pillars of Salt: An Anthology of Early American Criminal Narratives. Comp.
Daniel E. Williams. Madison: Madison House, 1993. 233-258. Print.
5. INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, FOREWORD, OR AFTERWORD
Ritterson, Michael. Introduction. The Odin Field: A Story. By Wilhem Raabe.
Trans. Michael Ritterson. Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture.
Rochester: Camden House, 2001. xi-xxvii. Print.
6. MULTIVOLUME WORK
Tomkins, Silvan S. Affect, Imagery, Consciousness. 4 vols. New York: Springer,
1962-1992. Print.
Anthony, Robert N., and James S. Reece. Accounting Principles. 7th ed. Chicago:
Irwin, 1995. Print.
8. TRANSLATION
Erasmus, Desiderius. The Praise of Folly. Trans. Clarence H. Miller. New Haven:
Yale, 1979. Print.
9. ARTICLE IN A REFERENCE BOOK
"Audubon, John James." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia. 15th
ed. 2002. Print.
"Audubon, John James." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 2009. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
Ebeling, Richard, ed. Global Free Trade: Rhetoric or Reality? Hillsdale, MI: Hillsdale
College Press, 1993. Print. Champions of Freedom 20.
B. Articles in Periodicals
Include some or all of the following in your article citation:
- Article title (usually in quotation marks)
- Periodical title (italicized)
- Series/Issue number or name
- Volume number
- Issue number (if available)
- Publication date (year for scholarly journals; day, month, year for others, as available)
- Medium of publication
- Name of database (italicized and placed before medium of publication) (Web only)
- Date of access (day, month, year) (Web only)
1. SCHOLARLY JOURNAL
Freedman, L. "The Changing Forms of Military Conflict." Survival 40.4 (1998): 39-56.
Print.
Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor." American Journal of Philology 118.4
(1997): 517-554. Print.
Online Journal -- Use n. pag. to indicate the absence of inclusive page numbers.
Ketabgian, Tamara. Rev. of The Body Economic: Life, Death, and Sensation in
Political Economy and the Victorian Novel, by Catherine Gallagher. Bryn Mawr
Review of Comparative Literature 6.2 (2007): n. pag. Web. 19 Aug. 2009.
Chan, Winnie. "Curry on the Divide in Rudyard Kipling's Kim and Gurinder Chadha's
Bend it Like Beckham." ARIEL: A Review of International English
Literature 36.3-4 (2005): 1-23. Web. 14. Aug. 2009.
Full text of an article from a Database -- Include the name of the database, the name of the database provider and the date of access. Use n. pag. to indicate the absence of inclusive page numbers.
Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Forms of Military Conflict." Survival 40.4 (1998):
39-56. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor." American Journal of Philology 118.4 (1997):
517-554. JSTOR. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
2. MAGAZINE
Monthly or Bimonthly
Goldberger, Paul. "Machines for Living: Architectonic Allure of the Automobile."
Architectural Digest Oct. 1996: 82.
Weekly
Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek 25 Mar.
2002: 42-50. Print.
2002: 42-50. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
3. ANONYMOUS ARTICLE
"Information to Die For." Marketing Health Services 22.1 (2002): 40-42. Print.
"Information to Die For." Marketing Health Services 22.1 (2002): 40-42. ABI/Inform. 14 Aug. 2009.
4. NEWSPAPER
Pianin, Eric. "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End." The Washington Post 13
Feb. 2002, final ed.: A2. Print.
Pianin, Eric. "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End." The Washington Post 13 Feb.
2002, final ed.: A2. LexisNexis Academic. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
Nash, Alanna. "Hit 'em with a lizard!" Rev. of Basket Case, by Carl Hiaasen. New
York Times 3 Feb. 2002, late ed., sec. 7: 24. Print.
York Times 3 Feb. 2002, late ed., sec. 7: 24. LexisNexis Academic. Web. 14
C. Web Sites
Following are elements to include when citing entire Web sites. Keep in mind that
if you cannot find all of the elements, you should include whatever is available on the site . The URL is no longer required unless locating the site requires it or your professor requires it.
- Title of Web site (italicized)
- Site publisher/sponsor
- Date of site's publication (if none, use n.d. )
- Date of access (day, month, year)
1. SCHOLARLY PROJECT
Crane, Gregory, ed. Perseus Digital Library. Dept. of the Classics, Tufts U.
n.d. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
2. PROFESSIONAL SITE
Financial Accounting Standards Board . Feb. 2002. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
3. PERSONAL SITE
Lewis, Paul. The Wilkie Collins Pages. n.d. Web. 14 Aug. 2009.
<http://www.paullewis.co.uk/>.
See also Electronic Book and Periodicals above.
D. Online Postings
To cite a posting from a discussion list, include the following elements if available:
- Author of posting
- Title of posting (from subject line of posting, in quotes)
- Name of discussion list
- Date of posting
- 5. Medium of publication
- Date of access
O'Connell, Karen. "Re: Poisoning." VICTORIA. Indiana U. 3 Nov. 2000. Web.
A BRIEF NOTE ON FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES
Long explanatory footnotes or endnotes can distract the reader. Nevertheless, you may occasionally need to clarify a citation with a bibliographic note . Or you may wish to incorporate information that might interest your reader but which would seem tangential if included within the text of your paper. In this case, you would use a content note. Notes are indicated with consecutive superscript numbers within the text of your paper. The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper.
1. BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE
Nineteenth-century critics of cheap, mass-produced fiction feared that the gory subject matter of stories like Sweeney Todd would lead a generation of youth into depravity. 1
1 For a selection of penny fiction as well as 19th-century criticism of it, see
Haining's The Penny Dreadful .
2. CONTENT NOTE
Charles Knight did not rely solely on the cheaply printed word in publications like the Penny Magazine to educate people; he also mass-produced images to diffuse knowledge visually. 2
2 Patricia Anderson's The Printed Image and the Transformation of Popular Culture, 1790-1860 provides examples of Penny Magazine images, such as depictions of flamingos, reproduced portraits of people like Benjamin Franklin, and engravings of famous artworks like "The Dying Gladiator" and "Laocoon" (50-83).
FOR MORE HELP
Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:
- RefWorks : Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of MLA style.
- Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) : Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.
- Citing Sources : Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.
- Citing Electronic Primary Sources : From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats such as films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.
Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .
Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition by Modern Language Association
Related Papers
Andrea Abestano
Robert Heaton
International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences
G. H. Abeyweera
Marivic Sumagaysay
PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
Kathleen Woodward
Dhirawit Pinyonatthagarn
Melanie Nogalski
MHRA Style Guide: a Handbook for Authors, Editors and Writers of Theses, 2nd ed. 2008 Student supplement to the SBL handbook of style (PDF). 2004. RESOURCES FOR AUTHORS. The SBL Handbook of Style, 2nd edition Writings from the Ancient World Supplements: Amelie Kuhrt. Writings. The Society of Biblical Literature offers the Student Supplement for the SBL Handbook of Style an excellent tool to help you format your paper consistently.
Elizabeth Isenkul
Roohullah Nawandish
College & Research Libraries
RELATED PAPERS
MODULEMA. Revista científica sobre Diversidad Cultural
Miguel Angel Gallardo Vigil
… W.; PAEZ, ML D'A.; CASTRO …
Julio Cesar Ferrolho
Beginning SQL Server 2008 Administration
Carmen Taglienti
Scientific Data
domenico vitale
Revista Estudos Feministas
Antonio Maia Goncalves
Water Science and Technology
Oliver Gabriel
Fanouria Antoniou
Anales de la Facultad de Medicina
Carlos Gómez Delgado
Neuro-Oncology
Antonella Cacchione
Materials Letters
Psychological Applications and Trends 2019
Snezana Stojiljkovic
Esther Cruz Iglesias
Journal of Microbiological Methods
Andrei Barkovskii
Mormon studies review
Eric Eliason
Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes
Enrique Jadresic
rtytrewer htytrer
Multi-Science Journal
Bryan Cubas
Paulo PINHEIRO
Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)
william Milsom
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Dr. Olivia Galea Seychell
International Journal of Biological Innovations
- We're Hiring!
- Help Center
- Find new research papers in:
- Health Sciences
- Earth Sciences
- Cognitive Science
- Mathematics
- Computer Science
- Academia ©2024
MLA Citation (7th edition)
Hanging indents, mla style manuals.
- Citing a book
- Citing the Parts of a Books
- Citing a journal or magazine article
- Citing a newspaper article
- Citing a Website
- MLA Resources
Subject Guide
Here you'll find information about citing books, periodicals, newspapers, and electronic material in your MLA reference page, as well information about in text citation formats. The topics covered in this guide refer to the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers . Check with your professor to see whether they are requiring the 7th edition or the newer 8th edition .
To navigate this MLA guide, click on the tab above that corresponds to the material you are interested in citing in MLA format.
The Works Cited page of a paper in MLA style require hanging indents, where the first line of each citation is not indented and every line after is. The examples in this guide will not show the hanging indents because the software used to create it cannot support them. Remember to include them in your paper.
Use the links below to learn how to create a hanging indent in Microsoft Word and Google Docs.
- Hanging Indent in Microsoft Word
- Hanging Indent in Google Docs
- Next: Citing a book >>
- Last Updated: Sep 30, 2022 1:39 PM
- URL: https://libguides.heidelberg.edu/mla7
Explore our new content updates to the MLA Handbook Plus platform!
What’s New on MLA Handbook Plus ?
What is mla handbook plus .
MLA Handbook Plus is a new, subscription-based digital product providing online access to the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook. To learn more about MLA Handbook… Read More
What’s New in the Ninth Edition of the MLA Handbook (Spring 2021)
Published in April 2021, the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook works as both a textbook and a reference guide. You can order a copy… Read More
MLA Guide to Digital Literacy , 2nd Edition: An Interview with the Author
by Ellen C. Carillo
Ellen C. Carillo talks to the MLA about the MLA Guide to Digital Literacy , second edition. Read More
How do I alphabetize a works-cited-list entry that begins with a hashtag or another symbol?
The MLA recommends that writers should “ignore symbols when alphabetizing” (“How”). This includes hashtags. Thus, if an entry begins with a hashtag or another symbol,… Read More
Teaching Resources
A Century of Queer Korean Fiction : An Interview with Samuel Perry
Toward Educational Justice: An Interview with the Editors of Teaching Literature and Writing in Prisons
Henrique Maximiano Coelho Neto’s Sphinx: A Neo-Gothic Novel from Brazil : An Interview with M. Elizabeth Ginway
A Reflection on Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities on Its Twentieth Anniversary
Teaching Claire de Duras’s Ourika
Teaching Nineteenth-Century Activist Rhetorics Today: An Interview
How and Why to Teach Late-Twentieth-Century Mexicana and Chicana Writers: An Interview
Advice from the Editors
Similar but Different: Using Compare with and Compare to
Forego versus Forgo
Was and Were with the Subjunctive
Their , There , and They’re : Learn the Difference
Attributive Nouns; or, Why There Is Sometimes No Apostrophe in Terms Such As Teachers Union
Terms for Key Concepts
Laying versus Lying
Getting to the Bottom of Principle and Principal
Ask the MLA
How do i cite a work accessed through wayback machine .
Wayback Machine is an archive of websites that lives on the Internet Archive ’s site, so you would treat the Internet Archive as the container of… Read More
MLA Handbook
Ninth edition.
- Published: 2021
- ISBN: 9781603293518 (Paperback)
- ISBN: 9781603295628 (Spiral)
- ISBN: 9781603295611 (Hardcover)
This product is not yet available. We are currently accepting preorders for this forthcoming title.
- Paperback ($25.00)
- Spiral ($36.00)
- Hardcover ($48.00)
Add to Cart
A Choice Outstanding Academic Title
“I’ve been using the MLA Handbook since my student years. The new ninth edition is an essential reference work for scholars.” —Viet Thanh Nguyen, MLA member, Pulitzer Prize–winning author, and professor at University of Southern California
- Description
View our convenient chart comparing the eighth and ninth editions of the MLA Handbook .
Relied on by generations of writers, the MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association and is the only official, authorized book on MLA style. The new, ninth edition builds on the MLA’s unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements—facts, common to most sources, like author, title, and publication date—that allows writers to cite any type of work, from books, e-books, and journal articles in databases to song lyrics, online images, social media posts, dissertations, and more. With this focus on source evaluation as the cornerstone of citation, MLA style promotes the skills of information and digital literacy so crucial today.
The many new and updated chapters make this edition the comprehensive, go-to resource for writers of research papers, and anyone citing sources, from business writers, technical writers, and freelance writers and editors to student writers and the teachers and librarians working with them. Intended for a variety of classroom contexts—middle school, high school, and college courses in composition, communication, literature, language arts, film, media studies, digital humanities, and related fields—the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook offers
- New chapters on grammar, punctuation, capitalization, spelling, numbers, italics, abbreviations, and principles of inclusive language
- Guidelines on setting up research papers in MLA format with updated advice on headings, lists, and title pages for group projects
- Revised, comprehensive, step-by-step instructions for creating a list of works cited in MLA format that are easier to learn and use than ever before
- A new appendix with hundreds of example works-cited-list entries by publication format, including Web sites, YouTube videos, interviews, and more
- Detailed examples of how to find publication information for a variety of sources
- Newly revised explanations of in-text citations, including comprehensive advice on how to cite multiple authors of a single work
- Detailed guidance on footnotes and endnotes
- Instructions on quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, and avoiding plagiarism
- A sample essay in MLA format
- Annotated bibliography examples
- Numbered sections throughout for quick navigation
- Advanced tips for professional writers and scholars
- Writing and Research Guides
- Publishing and Editing
Preface (xvii)
Acknowledgments (xix)
Introduction (xxi)
1. Formatting Your Research Project ( 1)
[1.1] Margins (1)
[1.2] Text Formatting (1)
[1.3] Title (2)
[1.4] Running Head and Page Numbers (4)
[1.5] Internal Headings and Subheadings (4)
[1.6] Placement of the List of Works Cited (5)
[1.7] Tables and Illustrations (6)
[1.8] Lists (9)
[1.9] Integrated into Your Prose (9)
[1.10] Set Vertically (10)
[1.11] Lists introduced with a complete sentence (10)
[1.12] Lists that continue the sentence introducing them (12)
[1.13] Paper and Printing (13)
[1.14] Proofreading and Spellcheckers (13)
[1.15] Binding a Printed Paper (13)
[1.16] Electronic Submission (14)
2. Mechanics of Prose (15)
[2.1] Spelling (15)
[2.2] Dictionaries (15)
[2.3] Plurals (15)
[2.4] Punctuation (16)
[2.5] Commas (16)
[2.6] When a comma is necessary (17)
[2.7] Before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses (17)
[2.8] Between coordinate adjectives (17)
[2.9] To set off parenthetical comments (18)
[2.10] After long introductory phrases and clauses (18)
[2.11] With contrasting phrases (18)
[2.12] In series (19)
[2.13] With dates and locations (19)
[2.14] With nonrestrictive modifiers (20)
[2.15] When a comma is incorrect (22)
[2.16] Subject and verb (22)
[2.17] Verb and object (22)
[2.18] Parts of a compound subject (22)
[2.19] Parts of a compound object (23)
[2.20] Two verbs that share a subject (23)
[2.21] Two subordinate elements that are parallel (23)
[2.22] When a comma is optional (23)
[2.23] With short introductory phrases and clauses (23)
[2.24] Around specific words (24)
[2.25] Before some coordinating conjunctions (24)
[2.26] Semicolons (24)
[2.27] Colons (25)
[2.28] Dashes and Parentheses (26)
[2.29] To enclose an interruption (27)
[2.30] To prevent misreading (27)
[2.31] To introduce an elaboration or an example (27)
[2.32] To introduce a list (27)
[2.33] Hyphens (28)
[2.34] When to hyphenate compound adjectives before a noun (28)
[2.35] Adverbs (28)
[2.36] Number-noun combinations (28)
[2.37] Prepositional phrases (29)
[2.38] Clarity (29)
[2.39] When not to hyphenate compound adjectives before a noun (29)
[2.40] Adverbs (29)
[2.41] Comparatives and superlatives (30)
[2.42] Familiar compound terms (30)
[2.43] Foreign language terms (30)
[2.44] Proper nouns (31)
[2.45] Hyphens before suppressed words (31)
[2.46] Hyphens with prefixes (31)
[2.47] Hyphens in fractions (32)
[2.48] Hyphens versus en dashes (32)
[2.49] Apostrophes (33)
[2.50] Singular and plural nouns (33)
[2.51] Proper nouns (33)
[2.52] Nouns expressing shared possession (34)
[2.53] Letters (34)
[2.54] Plural abbreviations and numbers (34)
[2.55] Quotation Marks (34)
[2.56] To flag provisional meaning (35)
[2.57] To mark translations of words or phrases (35)
[2.58] Slashes (35)
[2.59] Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points (36)
[2.60] Italics in Prose (36)
[2.61] Words and Phrases Referred to as Words (36)
[2.62] Letters Referred to as Letters (37)
[2.63] Foreign Words in an English-Language Text (37)
[2.64] Capitalization of Terms (37)
[2.65] English (37)
[2.66] French (38)
[2.67] German (39)
[2.68] Italian (39)
[2.69] Spanish (40)
[2.70] Latin (40)
[2.71] Names of Persons in Your Prose (41)
[2.72] First Uses of Personal Names (41)
[2.73] Surnames Used Alone (43)
[2.74] English (43)
[2.75] French (44)
[2.76] German (45)
[2.77] Italian (45)
[2.78] Spanish (46)
[2.79] Latin (47)
[2.80] Asian languages (47)
[2.81] Premodern names (48)
[2.82] Transliterated Names (48)
[2.83] Titles with Personal Names (49)
[2.84] Suffixes with Personal Names (50)
[2.85] Given Names and Personal Initials (50)
[2.86] Names of Fictional Characters (51)
[2.87] Names of Organizations and Groups (51)
[2.88] Names of Literary Periods and Cultural Movements (52)
[2.89] Titles of Works in Your Prose (53)
[2.90] Capitalizing Titles in English (54)
[2.91] Capitalizing Titles in Languages Other Than English (56)
[2.92] French (56)
[2.93] German (57)
[2.94] Italian (57)
[2.95] Spanish (57)
[2.96] Latin (58)
[2.97] Other languages in the Latin alphabet (58)
[2.98] Languages in non-Latin alphabets (58)
[2.99] Punctuation of Titles (59)
[2.100] Serial comma (59)
[2.101] Subtitles (61)
[2.102] Alternative titles (62)
[2.103] Dates appended to titles (64)
[2.104] Multivolume works (64)
[2.105] Punctuation around Titles (65)
[2.106] Styling Titles (66)
[2.107] Italicized titles (66)
[2.108] Italicized titles of works contained in a larger work (69)
[2.109] Titles in quotation marks (70)
[2.110] Titles with no formatting (71)
[2.111] Titles within Titles (73)
[2.112] Surrounding title in quotation marks (73)
[2.113] Surrounding title in italics (75)
[2.114] Surrounding title with no formatting (76)
[2.115] Quotations within Titles (77)
[2.116] Foreign Language Terms and Titles within Titles (77)
[2.117] Styling (77)
[2.118] Capitalization (78)
[2.119] Titles within titles (79)
[2.120] Shortened Titles in Your Prose (79)
[2.121] Subtitles (79)
[2.122] Conventional forms of titles (80)
[2.123] Very long titles (80)
[2.124] Punctuating shortened titles (80)
[2.125] Translating Titles in Languages Other Than English (81)
[2.126] Numbers (82)
[2.127] Use of Numerals or Words (82)
[2.128] Number-heavy contexts (82)
[2.129] Street addresses (83)
[2.130] Decimal fractions (83)
[2.131] Percentages and amounts of money (83)
[2.132] Items in numbered series (84)
[2.133] Large numbers (84)
[2.134] Plural forms (84)
[2.135] At the start of a sentence (84)
[2.136] In titles (85)
[2.137] Commas in Numbers (86)
[2.138] Dates and Times (86)
[2.139] Number Ranges (87)
3. Principles of Inclusive Language (89)
4. Documenting Sources: An Overview (95)
[4.1] Why Plagiarism Is a Serious Matter (96)
[4.2] Avoiding Plagiarism (97)
[4.3] Careful Research (97)
[4.4] Giving Credit (98)
[4.5] Paraphrasing (98)
[4.6] When to paraphrase (98)
[4.7] How to paraphrase (99)
[4.8] How to paraphrase and give credit (99)
[4.9] Quoting (100)
[4.10] When to quote (100)
[4.11] How to quote and give credit (100)
[4.12] When Documentation Is Not Needed (101)
[4.13] Common Knowledge (101)
[4.14] Passing Mentions (102)
[4.15] Allusions (102)
[4.16] Epigraphs (102)
5. The List of Works Cited (105)
[5.1] Creating and Formatting Entries: An Overview (105)
[5.2] The MLA Core Elements (107)
[5.3] Author: What It Is (107)
[5.4] Author: Where to Find It (108)
[5.5] Author: How to Style It (111)
[5.6] One author (111)
[5.7] Two authors (111)
[5.8] Three or more authors (112)
[5.9] Names not reversed (113)
[5.10] Languages that order surname first (113)
[5.11] Lack of surname (114)
[5.12] Variant forms of a personal name (115)
[5.13] Different spellings (115)
[5.14] Pseudonyms and name changes (115)
[5.15] When not to supply information, cross-reference, or use the published form of a name (117)
[5.16] Online handles (118)
[5.17] Organizations, groups, and government authors (119)
[5.18] Listing by name (119)
[5.19] Avoiding redundancy (119)
[5.20] Government authors (120)
[5.21] Standardizing and supplying information (120)
[5.22] Consolidating entries (120)
[5.23] Title of Source: What It Is (121)
[5.24] Title of Source: Where to Find It (125)
[5.25] Title of Source: How to Style It (130)
[5.26] Shortened titles (130)
[5.27] Sections of a work labeled generically (130)
[5.28] Description in place of a title (132)
[5.29] Quoted text in place of a title (132)
[5.30] Translations of titles (133)
[5.31] Title of Container: What It Is (134)
[5.32] Works that are self-contained (135)
[5.33] Works with more than one container (135)
[5.34] Determining when a website is a container (136)
[5.35] Apps and databases (138)
[5.36] Title of Container: Where to Find It (140)
[5.37] Title of Container: How to Style It (145)
[5.38] Contributor: What It Is (145)
[5.39] Key contributors (146)
[5.40] Key contributors in the Author element (147)
[5.41] Other types of contributors (148)
[5.42] Contributor: Where to Find It (149)
[5.43] Contributor: How to Style It (151)
[5.44] Labels describing the contributor’s role (151)
[5.45] Capitalization of labels (153)
[5.46] Multiple contributors in the same role (153)
[5.47] Repeated personal names in an entry (153)
[5.48] Version: What It Is (154)
[5.49] Version: Where to Find It (155)
[5.50] Version: How to Style It (157)
[5.51] Number: What It Is (158)
[5.52] Number: Where to Find It (159)
[5.53] Number: How to Style It (164)
[5.54] Publisher: What It Is (164)
[5.55] Publisher: Where to Find It (166)
[5.56] Books (166)
[5.57] Websites (167)
[5.58] Audio and visual media (168)
[5.59] Publisher: How to Style It (169)
[5.60] Capitalization (169)
[5.61] Copublishers (170)
[5.62] Divisions of nongovernment organizations as publishers (170)
[5.63] Government agencies as publishers (171)
[5.64] Terms omitted from publishers’ names (172)
[5.65] Common abbreviations in publishers’ names (172)
[5.66] Ampersands and plus signs in publishers’ names (172)
[5.67] City of publication (172)
[5.68] Publication Date: What It Is (173)
[5.69] Publication Date: Where to Find It (174)
[5.70] Books (174)
[5.71] E-books (176)
[5.72] News articles (177)
[5.73] Journal articles (178)
[5.74] Music (180)
[5.75] Government documents (182)
[5.76] Television episodes (184)
[5.77] Publication Date: How to Style It (185)
[5.78] Year (185)
[5.79] Season (185)
[5.80] Time (185)
[5.81] Date range (186)
[5.82] Approximate date given in source (186)
[5.83] Uncertain date given in source (186)
[5.84] Location: What It Is (187)
[5.85] Location: Where to Find It (189)
[5.86] Page numbers (189)
[5.87] Online works (189)
[5.88] Location: How to Style It (189)
[5.89] Inclusive pages (189)
[5.90] Descriptive label before page numbers (193)
[5.91] Numerals for page numbers (193)
[5.92] Plus sign with page number (193)
[5.93] DOIs (194)
[5.94] Permalinks (195)
[5.95] URLs (195)
[5.96] Truncating (195)
[5.97] Breaking (196)
[5.98] Including terminal slash (196)
[5.99] Physical locations and events (197)
[5.100] The Three Most Common Types of Entries (197)
[5.101] Works in One Container (198)
[5.102] Works in Two Containers (200)
[5.103] Works That Are Self-Contained (204)
[5.104] One Work Cited Different Ways (207)
[5.105] Supplemental Elements (208)
[5.106] Placement after Title of Source (208)
[5.107] Contributor (208)
[5.108] Original publication date (209)
[5.109] Section of a work labeled generically (210)
[5.110] Placement at End of Entry (210)
[5.111] Date of access (211)
[5.112] Medium of publication (211)
[5.113] Dissertations and theses (214)
[5.114] Publication history (214)
[5.115] Book series (214)
[5.116] Columns, sections, and other recurring titled features (215)
[5.117] Multivolume works (215)
[5.118] Government documents (216)
[5.119] Placement between Containers (217)
[5.120] Punctuation of Entries (217)
[5.121] More Than One Item in an Element (217)
[5.122] Supplied Publication Information (218)
[5.123] Ordering the List of Works Cited (219)
[5.124] Alphabetizing: An Overview (219)
[5.125] Alphabetizing by Author (221)
[5.126] Multiple works by one author (221)
[5.127] Multiple works by two authors (222)
[5.128] Multiple works by more than two authors (222)
[5.129] Multiple works by a single author and coauthors (223)
[5.130] Alphabetizing by Title (224)
[5.131] Cross-References (225)
[5.132] Annotated Bibliographies (226)
6. Citing Sources in the Text (227)
[6.1] In-Text Citations (227)
[6.2] Overview (227)
[6.3] What to Include and How to Style It (230)
[6.4] Citing a work listed by author (230)
[6.5] Coauthors (232)
[6.6] Corporate authors (233)
[6.7] Two authors with the same surname (234)
[6.8] Two or more works by the same author or authors (235)
[6.9] Citing a work listed by title (237)
[6.10] Shortening titles of works (237)
[6.11] Titles in quotation marks that start with a title in quotation marks (238)
[6.12] Titles in quotation marks that start with a quotation (239)
[6.13] Using abbreviations for titles of works (240)
[6.14] Shortening descriptions used in place of titles (240)
[6.15] When author and title are not enough (241)
[6.16] Page numbers and other divisions of works (242)
[6.17] One-page works (242)
[6.18] Quotations spanning two or more pages of a work (242)
[6.19] Quotations from a nonconsecutively paginated work (243)
[6.20] Numbered paragraphs, sections, and lines (244)
[6.21] Commonly cited works (244)
[6.22] Verse works (245)
[6.23] Prose works (246)
[6.24] Ancient and medieval works (247)
[6.25] Scripture (247)
[6.26] Works without numbered pages or divisions (248)
[6.27] Volume numbers for multivolume nonperiodical works (249)
[6.28] Time stamps (250)
[6.29] Numbered notes in your source (250)
[6.30] Punctuation in the parenthetical citation (250)
[6.31] Quoting and Paraphrasing Sources (252)
[6.32] Integrating Quotations into Prose (253)
[6.33] Prose works (253)
[6.34] Short quotations (253)
[6.35] Long quotations (block quotations) (254)
[6.36] Poetry (255)
[6.37] Short quotations (255)
[6.38] Long quotations (block quotations) (256)
[6.39] Dialogue (258)
[6.40] Drama (258)
[6.41] Prose (259)
[6.42] Poetry (260)
[6.43] Placement of Parenthetical Citations (260)
[6.44] Consolidating citations (261)
[6.45] References to a single source (262)
[6.46] References to multiple works citing the same idea (262)
[6.47] Omitting Citations for Repeated Quotations and Terms (263)
[6.48] Punctuation with Quotations (264)
[6.49] Introducing quotations (264)
[6.50] Quotations within quotations (265)
[6.51] Marking the end of a quotation (266)
[6.52] Periods and commas (266)
[6.53] Other punctuation marks (267)
[6.54] Capitalization with Quotations (268)
[6.55] When to capitalize (268)
[6.56] When to lowercase (270)
[6.57] When to follow the case of your source (271)
[6.58] Using an Ellipsis to Mark Material Omitted from Quotations (272)
[6.59] Omission within a sentence (272)
[6.60] Omission in a quotation of one or more sentences (273)
[6.61] Omission in a quotation of poetry (274)
[6.62] An ellipsis in the source (275)
[6.63] Other Permissible Alterations of Quotations (276)
[6.64] Emphasis (276)
[6.65] Errors in the source (276)
[6.66] Clarification (277)
[6.67] Syntax (278)
[6.68] What Not to Reproduce from Your Source (279)
[6.69] Languages Other Than Modern English (280)
[6.70] Accents (280)
[6.71] Umlauts (280)
[6.72] Ligatures (280)
[6.73] Letters in older languages (281)
[6.74] Orthography (spelling) (281)
[6.75] Translations of quotations (bilingual quotations) (281)
[6.76] Quotations from languages in non-Latin alphabets (283)
[6.77] Indirect Sources (284)
[6.78] Citations in Forms Other Than Print (285)
[6.79] Slides (285)
[6.80] Videos (285)
[6.81] Web Projects (286)
[6.82] Oral Presentations (286)
7. Notes (287)
[7.1] Bibliographic Notes (287)
[7.2] Content Notes (288)
[7.3] Styling of Notes (290)
[7.4] Placement of Notes in the Text (291)
Appendix 1: Abbreviations ( 293)
Punctuation (293)
Common Academic Abbreviations (294)
Months (295)
Titles of Works (295)
Appendix 2: Works-Cited-List Entries by Publication Format (303)
Appendix Contents (303)
Work-Cited-List Entries (313)
Index (347)
“Geared . . . to the needs of today’s students and teachers. . . . Essential.”
— Choice
“This well-organized update contains abundant examples, clear language, and helpful cross-referencing.”
— Library Journal
Search Bookstore
Browse subjects, browse periods, browse series, related links.
- Author Resources
- 2020–21 Catalog
- 2021–22 Catalog
- 2022–23 Catalog
- 2023–24 Catalog
- Writing and Research Titles Catalog
- Join Our Mailing List
- Course, Bulk, and International Book Orders
- Request a Desk, Exam, or Review Copy
MLA Style Guide, 7th Edition: Formatting Your Paper
- About In-text Citations
- In-text Examples
- How to Paraphrase and Quote
- What to Include
- Editors, Translators, etc.
- Publication Date
- Volume/Issue
- Place of Publication
- Date of Access (when needed)
- Book with Personal Author(s)
- Book with Editor(s)
- Book with Organization as Author
- Work with No Author
- Parts of Books or Anthologies
- Multi-Volume Works
- Journal Article
- Newspaper Article
- Magazine Article
- Government Publication
- Web Publications
- Other Common Sources
- Formatting Your Paper
- Formatting Your 'Works Cited' List
- Annotated Bibliography
MLA recommends using 12-point Times New Roman font or another readable typeface (e.g. serif ).
Line Spacing & Margins
Use double-spacing throughout the entire paper.
Leave 1 inch margins on the top, bottom, and each side.
Indent the first word of each paragraph 1/2 inch from the left margin.
Indent set-off quotations 1 inch from the left margin.
Heading and Title
An MLA research paper does not need a title page, but your instructor may require one. If no instructions are given, follow the MLA guidelines below:
Type the following one inch from the top of the first page, flush with the left margin (double spacing throughout).
Your Instructor's Name
Course Number
Center the title on the next line. Follow the rules for capitalization. Do not italicize, underline, or bold the title. An exception is when your title includes title. Example: The Attitude toward Violence in A Clockwork Orange
Indent the next line and begin typing your text.
Include your last name and page numbers in the upper right-hand corner of every page. The page numbers will be one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. If your instructor prefers no page number on the first page, begin numbering from 2 on the second page.
Sample MLA Paper
- MLA Research Paper Template Properly formatted MLA Style research paper. Download to your PC and save as a template, you will always have the correct format for writing.
MLA Format Setup in Word 2010
- << Previous: Other Common Sources
- Next: Formatting Your 'Works Cited' List >>
- Last Updated: Dec 11, 2020 4:39 PM
- URL: https://irsc.libguides.com/mla7
- Words, Language & Grammar
Enjoy fast, free delivery, exclusive deals, and award-winning movies & TV shows with Prime Try Prime and start saving today with fast, free delivery
Amazon Prime includes:
Fast, FREE Delivery is available to Prime members. To join, select "Try Amazon Prime and start saving today with Fast, FREE Delivery" below the Add to Cart button.
- Cardmembers earn 5% Back at Amazon.com with a Prime Credit Card.
- Unlimited Free Two-Day Delivery
- Streaming of thousands of movies and TV shows with limited ads on Prime Video.
- A Kindle book to borrow for free each month - with no due dates
- Listen to over 2 million songs and hundreds of playlists
- Unlimited photo storage with anywhere access
Important: Your credit card will NOT be charged when you start your free trial or if you cancel during the trial period. If you're happy with Amazon Prime, do nothing. At the end of the free trial, your membership will automatically upgrade to a monthly membership.
Buy new: .savingPriceOverride { color:#CC0C39!important; font-weight: 300!important; } .reinventMobileHeaderPrice { font-weight: 400; } #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPriceSavingsPercentageMargin, #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPricePriceToPayMargin { margin-right: 4px; } $45.10 $ 45 . 10 FREE delivery Thursday, May 16 Ships from: Amazon Sold by: WOODSOPHING
Return this item for free.
Free returns are available for the shipping address you chose. You can return the item for any reason in new and unused condition: no shipping charges
- Go to your orders and start the return
- Select the return method
Save with Used - Good .savingPriceOverride { color:#CC0C39!important; font-weight: 300!important; } .reinventMobileHeaderPrice { font-weight: 400; } #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPriceSavingsPercentageMargin, #apex_offerDisplay_mobile_feature_div .reinventPricePriceToPayMargin { margin-right: 4px; } $19.00 $ 19 . 00 FREE delivery May 22 - 28 on orders shipped by Amazon over $35 Ships from: Amazon Sold by: Tales and Treasures, LLC
Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required .
Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web.
Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app.
Follow the author
Image Unavailable
- To view this video download Flash Player
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Paperback – Large Print, March 1, 2009
There is a newer edition of this item:.
Purchase options and add-ons
- Print length 292 pages
- Language English
- Publisher Modern Language Assn of Amer
- Publication date March 1, 2009
- Dimensions 8.5 x 0.75 x 12.25 inches
- ISBN-10 1603290257
- ISBN-13 978-1603290258
- See all details
Frequently bought together
Similar items that may deliver to you quickly
Editorial Reviews
Product details.
- Publisher : Modern Language Assn of Amer; Large Print edition (March 1, 2009)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 292 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1603290257
- ISBN-13 : 978-1603290258
- Item Weight : 1.4 pounds
- Dimensions : 8.5 x 0.75 x 12.25 inches
- #124 in Medical Research (Books)
- #377 in Words, Language & Grammar Reference
About the author
David nicholls.
David G. Nicholls is an American editor and literary scholar. He began his career in the early 1990s as editor of the Chicago Review. The literary quarterly produced a variety of special issues at that time, including one which formed the basis for The Penguin New Writing in India. After completing the PhD in English at the University of Chicago, he was awarded Rockefeller and Fulbright postdoctoral fellowships to complete two books on African-American literature. In 2001, he began a decade of service to the Modern Language Association as its director of book publications. There, he edited the third edition of the MLA's Introduction to Scholarship and oversaw development of the third edition of the MLA Style Manual and the seventh edition of the MLA Handbook. He currently writes and edits from his home on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus.
Customer reviews
Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.
To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness.
- Sort reviews by Top reviews Most recent Top reviews
Top reviews from the United States
There was a problem filtering reviews right now. please try again later..
Top reviews from other countries
- Amazon Newsletter
- About Amazon
- Accessibility
- Sustainability
- Press Center
- Investor Relations
- Amazon Devices
- Amazon Science
- Sell on Amazon
- Sell apps on Amazon
- Supply to Amazon
- Protect & Build Your Brand
- Become an Affiliate
- Become a Delivery Driver
- Start a Package Delivery Business
- Advertise Your Products
- Self-Publish with Us
- Become an Amazon Hub Partner
- › See More Ways to Make Money
- Amazon Visa
- Amazon Store Card
- Amazon Secured Card
- Amazon Business Card
- Shop with Points
- Credit Card Marketplace
- Reload Your Balance
- Amazon Currency Converter
- Your Account
- Your Orders
- Shipping Rates & Policies
- Amazon Prime
- Returns & Replacements
- Manage Your Content and Devices
- Recalls and Product Safety Alerts
- Conditions of Use
- Privacy Notice
- Consumer Health Data Privacy Disclosure
- Your Ads Privacy Choices
We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us!
Internet Archive Audio
- This Just In
- Grateful Dead
- Old Time Radio
- 78 RPMs and Cylinder Recordings
- Audio Books & Poetry
- Computers, Technology and Science
- Music, Arts & Culture
- News & Public Affairs
- Spirituality & Religion
- Radio News Archive
- Flickr Commons
- Occupy Wall Street Flickr
- NASA Images
- Solar System Collection
- Ames Research Center
- All Software
- Old School Emulation
- MS-DOS Games
- Historical Software
- Classic PC Games
- Software Library
- Kodi Archive and Support File
- Vintage Software
- CD-ROM Software
- CD-ROM Software Library
- Software Sites
- Tucows Software Library
- Shareware CD-ROMs
- Software Capsules Compilation
- CD-ROM Images
- ZX Spectrum
- DOOM Level CD
- Smithsonian Libraries
- FEDLINK (US)
- Lincoln Collection
- American Libraries
- Canadian Libraries
- Universal Library
- Project Gutenberg
- Children's Library
- Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Books by Language
- Additional Collections
- Prelinger Archives
- Democracy Now!
- Occupy Wall Street
- TV NSA Clip Library
- Animation & Cartoons
- Arts & Music
- Computers & Technology
- Cultural & Academic Films
- Ephemeral Films
- Sports Videos
- Videogame Videos
- Youth Media
Search the history of over 866 billion web pages on the Internet.
Mobile Apps
- Wayback Machine (iOS)
- Wayback Machine (Android)
Browser Extensions
Archive-it subscription.
- Explore the Collections
- Build Collections
Save Page Now
Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future.
Please enter a valid web address
- Donate Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape
MLA Handbook 9th Edition
Bookreader item preview, share or embed this item, flag this item for.
- Graphic Violence
- Explicit Sexual Content
- Hate Speech
- Misinformation/Disinformation
- Marketing/Phishing/Advertising
- Misleading/Inaccurate/Missing Metadata
Description retrieved from the Modern Language Association website at: https://www.mla.org/Publications/Bookstore/Nonseries/MLA-Handbook-Ninth-Edition
Relied on by generations of writers, the MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association and is the only official, authorized book on MLA style. The new, ninth edition builds on the MLA’s unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements—facts, common to most sources, like author, title, and publication date—that allows writers to cite any type of work, from books, e-books, and journal articles in databases to song lyrics, online images, social media posts, dissertations, and more. With this focus on source evaluation as the cornerstone of citation, MLA style promotes the skills of information and digital literacy so crucial today.
The many new and updated chapters make this edition the comprehensive, go-to resource for writers of research papers, and anyone citing sources, from business writers, technical writers, and freelance writers and editors to student writers and the teachers and librarians working with them. Intended for a variety of classroom contexts—middle school, high school, and college courses in composition, communication, literature, language arts, film, media studies, digital humanities, and related fields—the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook offers
- New chapters on grammar, punctuation, capitalization, spelling, numbers, italics, abbreviations, and principles of inclusive language
- Guidelines on setting up research papers in MLA format with updated advice on headings, lists, and title pages for group projects
- Revised, comprehensive, step-by-step instructions for creating a list of works cited in MLA format that are easier to learn and use than ever before
- A new appendix with hundreds of example works-cited-list entries by publication format, including Web sites, YouTube videos, interviews, and more
- Detailed examples of how to find publication information for a variety of sources
- Newly revised explanations of in-text citations, including comprehensive advice on how to cite multiple authors of a single work
- Detailed guidance on footnotes and endnotes
- Instructions on quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, and avoiding plagiarism
- A sample essay in MLA format
- Annotated bibliography examples
- Numbered sections throughout for quick navigation
- Advanced tips for professional writers and scholars
plus-circle Add Review comment Reviews
5,379 Views
71 Favorites
DOWNLOAD OPTIONS
In collections.
Uploaded by ezrawilson on December 15, 2021
SIMILAR ITEMS (based on metadata)
Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts
Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out-of-class instruction.
The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives. The Purdue OWL offers global support through online reference materials and services.
A Message From the Assistant Director of Content Development
The Purdue OWL® is committed to supporting students, instructors, and writers by offering a wide range of resources that are developed and revised with them in mind. To do this, the OWL team is always exploring possibilties for a better design, allowing accessibility and user experience to guide our process. As the OWL undergoes some changes, we welcome your feedback and suggestions by email at any time.
Please don't hesitate to contact us via our contact page if you have any questions or comments.
All the best,
Social Media
Facebook twitter.
How To Do In-Text Citations with Multiple Authors in APA Format
APA (or American Psychological Association) Style was introduced in 1929 to establish a consistent style guide for scientific writing. It sought to make scientific works easier to read and understand. However, the style guidelines have expanded to include many disciplines, such as the humanities and health care.
The APA’s Publication Manual does not cover the general writing style rules in other editorial style guides, such as the MLA Handbook . APA Style seeks to create uniformity of common writing styles relevant to behavior and social sciences primarily.
Consistent formatting allows the reader to engage with the presented ideas rather than be distracted by the author’s personal formatting preferences. It also helps readers quickly review the document for references and sources to aid their research. Using APA Style keeps authors transparent by providing rules about citing their sources and giving credit for others’ ideas.
How to do in-text citations in APA
- Understanding “et. al.” usage in APA
Citing multiple authors in APA
- In-text citations for various author types in APA
Best practices and common mistakes
APA Style allows writers to credit and cite other works appropriately and avoid plagiarism through in-text citations. APA Style uses the author–date citation system, which requires notations to be included within the document to reference ideas, paraphrases and quotations from other bodies of work. Each in-text citation within the paper (or chart, footnote or figure) briefly identifies the cited work and guides the reader to a longer list of cited sources at the end of the document, called the reference list.
In-text citations can be written within a paper parenthetically or narratively. Both include the same information: the author’s last name and the publication date.
- Parenthetical citation : Great falls can be caused by sitting on tall walls (Dumpty, 1797).
- Narrative citation : Dumpty (1797) claims that great falls can be caused by sitting on tall walls.
- Reference list entry: Dumpty, Humpty (1797). Humpty Dumpty Sat on a Wall. Nursery Rhymes, 100.
APA Style requires citations to conform to a set of guidelines , which includes proper spelling of author names, consistency between the in-text citation information and its reference list entry and rules about crediting all facts and figures mentioned – especially those which are not common knowledge.
Understanding “et al.” usage in APA
Et al. is an abbreviation used to indicate multiple people. It’s the abbreviated version of “et alia,” a neutral plural version of “and others.” Most commonly, et al. indicates more than one contributor, such as multiple authors or editors, in a work.
In APA Style citations, et al. is used to indicate a cited work with three or more authors and serves as a way to condense the in-text citation to avoid confusion and unnecessary length. An APA in-text citation with three or more authors will include only the first author’s name plus “et al.” in every citation.
Citing multiple authors in APA Style is similar to MLA Style . For one or two authors, list the last name(s) followed by the year of publication.
- One author: (Beyonce, 1997)
- Contributors: Daryl Hall and John Oates
To cite three or more authors using APA Style, use only the first author’s last name listed, plus “et al.”
- Contributors: Earth, Wind and Fire
When two separate sources have the same abbreviated et al. form , spell out as many last names as needed to distinguish the sources from each other. It may include two last names followed by et al.
Similarly, when the first authors of separate sources share the same last name but have different initials, use their first initials in the in-text citations.
- Beyonce Knowles & Solange Knowles
In-text citation for various author types in APA
You may face a challenging situation where you must cite a group author , such as an institution or university, rather than a list of authors’ names. In this instance, you’ll list the group or organization.
- Group author: (Furman University, 2020)
If the group also has an abbreviation to its name, you may note the first and subsequent citations differently to be as concise as possible.
- Group author with abbreviation – 1st citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2024)
- Group author with abbreviation – 2nd citation : (APA, 2024)
The most common mistake when citing sources is forgetting to cite a source. One way to ensure you include all required sources is to document and manage your sources as you use their ideas within the document. This may mean you create the citations as you conduct your research, create your outline or type the final paper.
Some applications exist to help you manage and document citations, including EasyBib , Mendeley , EndNote and Zotero . Depending on your writing style, these applications can help you create citations, save your research sources, annotate documents and format references.
Regarding best practices for in-text citations in APA Style, it’s good practice to proofread your citations and reference list together. When citing multiple authors, ensure all spellings are accurate and consistent throughout the document and reference list. Refer to the APA Style Publication Manual and other guideline reference documents to confirm your citing within the latest citation guidelines.
Giving credit to other authors who have shaped your research and ideas is incredibly important. You can do so without risking plagiarism accusations through in-text citations that are marked and referenced. Not only does it provide you with an honest and accurate reputation, but it also helps your readers gain more valuable knowledge from other sources.
Citing sources should not discourage you from sharing your knowledge within academic writing. Sooner or later, you’ll become a pro at in-text citations in APA style! The more you write, the more familiar you’ll become with the guidelines; you’ll no longer need to reference the style guides for help.
The perspectives and thoughts shared in the Furman Blog belong solely to the author and may not align with the official stance or policies of Furman University. All referenced sources were accurate as of the date of publication.
What Can You Do with a Political Science Degree?
How to do in-text citations in mla format: a quick guide for students, how to become a therapist.
COMMENTS
MLA Guide (7th edition) The examples provided in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (seventh edition). For types of resources not included in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further information about ...
MLA HANDBOOK, 7th edition (your professor may prefer different formatting -please follow his/her guidelines) 1 . Overview of changes in the . MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7. th. edition, effective April 2009: • MLA no longer requires underlining. Titles, such as book and periodical titles, are now italicized rather than ...
Widely adopted in high schools, colleges, and publishing houses, the MLA Handbook treats every aspect of research writing, from selecting a topic to submitting the completed paper. The seventh edition is a comprehensive, up-to-date guide to research and writing in the online environment.
style used in published research. The MLA Handbook is a guide to writing with sources that has been used by students and teachers in rhetoric and writing courses for many years. In 2021, MLA published the ninth edition of the Handbook, offering updated advice and models for documenting the wide range of constantly
2015 •. MLA Handbook for writers of research papers (7th edition) What is MLA? MLA is a reference tool used in subject areas for the Humanities. It provides extensive guidelines on how to formulate a topic, format a research paper, cite parenthetical texts and compile a list of works cited in English as well as other foreign languages.
The MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association, the authority on MLA documentation style. Widely adopted in high schools, colleges, and publishing houses, the MLA Handbook treats every aspect of research writing, from selecting a topic to submitting the completed paper. The seventh edition is a comprehensive, up-to-date guide to research and writing in the online environment.
This MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition having great arrangement in word and layout, so you will not really feel uninterested in reading. ->>>Download: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition PDF ->>>Read Online: MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition PDF MLA Handbook for Writers of ...
The topics covered in this guide refer to the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Check with your professor to see whether they are requiring the 7th edition or the newer 8th edition. To navigate this MLA guide, click on the tab above that corresponds to the material you are interested in citing in MLA format.
Works!Cited!(MLA!7th!Ed.)! N.!Matsukawa,!2009.09!!LCC!Library!Help!"!4! Author.!!"Article!Title."!!Journal!Title!volume.Issue!(Year):!!pages![or!n.!pag.!if!none ...
The standard citation style guide for the humanities, especially languages and literature, is the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition, 2010. The American Modern Language Association (MLA) publishes the manual. It is commonly referred to it as the "MLA Manual". The English departments at IRSC recommend MLA format for papers ...
Research; Sample Essays: Writing with MLA Style; Teaching. Submit a Resource; Teaching Resources; Ask The MLA; menu search. Search for posts, topics, or tags. ... Published in April 2021, the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook works as both a textbook and a reference guide. You can order a copy… Read More.
the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers for additional information. Copies are available in the Nittany Success Center and in the library. An online MLA Quick Citation Guide is also available from the "Citation Styles" link on the Penn State University Libraries' home page. Basic Information MLA Handbook, pages ...
most common formatting guidelines. A newer MLA Handbook, Eighth Edition was published in 2016; the guide to the Eighth Edition is also available through the Writing Center. Check with your professor about which edition s/he prefers that you use. MLA format is a system that specifies how academic papers should be formatted and how sources
For nearly half a century, the style recommended by the Modern Language Association for scholarly manuscripts and student research papers has been widely adopted and required not only by journals and presses but also by schools, departments, and individual instructors. Since the publication of the first edition in 1977, the MLA Handbook has sold over five million copies worldwide.The fifth ...
View our convenient chart comparing the eighth and ninth editions of the MLA Handbook.. Relied on by generations of writers, the MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association and is the only official, authorized book on MLA style. The new, ninth edition builds on the MLA's unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements—facts, common to most sources ...
An MLA research paper does not need a title page, but your instructor may require one. If no instructions are given, follow the MLA guidelines below: Type the following one inch from the top of the first page, flush with the left margin (double spacing throughout). Your Name. Your Instructor's Name. Course Number. Date. Center the title on the ...
paper. Examples of references are listed on the reverse side. For questions not answered by this guide, consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) at the Reference Desk. BASIC FORMAT: Use standard-sized paper, 8 ½ x 11 inches. All margins (top, bottom, and sides) should be one inch wide. Type the paper double-spaced.
Students found the MLA Handbook a very useful tool when forced to write without internet access, and a wonderful grammatical `reminder' as well. ' For advanced students, I would prefer to use the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers 7th Edition and selected books/works than textbooks!
The handbook takes readers through the research paper process step by step, and includes information on narrowing the topic, outlining, note taking, etc. Before dealing with such mechanics of writing as spelling, punctuation, and format, the manual covers the use of catalogs (online and paper), indexes, and databases in the library and offers a ...
7th edition APA Style and MLA Style Reference Comparison Guide This guide compares APA Style and MLA style references for four common sources: journal articles, books, edited book chapters, and webpages. Format varies depending on the number of authors; the templates match the examples and show variations for one, two, and three or more authors.
MLA handbook for writers of research papers ... Edition 4. ed., 4. print. External-identifier urn:oclc:record:1036392793 urn:lcp:mlahandbookforwrgibaldi00giba:lcpdf:20605ec4-d160-4941-8422-cea7c4a920ac urn:lcp:mlahandbookforwrgibaldi00giba:epub:63319c72-adf3-48e2-986c-a85043406383 ... EPUB and PDF access not available for this item.
Widely adopted by universities, colleges, and secondary schools, the MLA Handbook is the guide millions of writers have relied on for over half a century.The seventh edition, taken out of print by the MLA in spring 2016 upon publication of the eighth edition, provides the MLA's previous recommendations on documentation style for use in student writing.Please note that copies of the seventh ...
The fourth edition of the MLA Handbook presents a comprehensive guide to preparing research papers and contains detailed information on using computers for research and writing and on citing electronic publications. Since the publication of the first edition in 1977, the MLA Handbook has sold more than three million copies worldwide. Completely revised and updated, the fourth edition presents ...
Relied on by generations of writers, the MLA Handbook is published by the Modern Language Association and is the only official, authorized book on MLA style. The new, ninth edition builds on the MLA's unique approach to documenting sources using a template of core elements—facts, common to most sources, like author, title, and publication ...
The Online Writing Lab at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service of the Writing Lab at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects.
Each in-text citation within the paper (or chart, footnote or figure) briefly identifies the cited work and guides the reader to a longer list of cited sources at the end of the document, called the reference list. In-text citations can be written within a paper parenthetically or narratively. Both include the same information: the author's ...