vector assignment problem

Vectors in Space: Supplemental Content

Problem set: vectors in the planes.

The problem set can be found using the Problem Set: Vectors in the Plane link. This link will open a PDF containing the problems for this section.

The answers to the odd questions in this section can be found using the Module 2: Answers to Odd Questions link. This link will open a PDF containing the answers to ALL of the odd problems in this module.

• Calculus Volume 3. Authored by : Gilbert Strang, Edwin (Jed) Herman. Provided by : OpenStax. Located at : https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-3/pages/1-introduction . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike . License Terms : Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-3/pages/1-introduction

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5.E: Vector Calculus (Exercises)

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5.2: Vector Fields

1. The domain of vector field \(\vecs{F}=\vecs{F}(x,y)\) is a set of points \((x,y)\) in a plane, and the range of \(\vecs F\) is a set of what in the plane?

For exercises 2 - 4, determine whether the statement is true or false .

2. Vector field \(\vecs{F}=⟨3x^2,1⟩\) is a gradient field for both \(ϕ_1(x,y)=x^3+y\) and \(ϕ_2(x,y)=y+x^3+100.\)

3. Vector field \(\vecs{F}=\dfrac{⟨y,x⟩}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\) is constant in direction and magnitude on a unit circle.

4. Vector field \(\vecs{F}=\dfrac{⟨y,x⟩}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\) is neither a radial field nor a rotation field.

For exercises 5 - 13, describe each vector field by drawing some of its vectors.

5. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

6. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=−y\,\hat{\mathbf i}+x\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

7. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}−y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

8. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=\,\hat{\mathbf i}+\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

9. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=2x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+3y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

10. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=3\,\hat{\mathbf i}+x\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

11. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=y\,\hat{\mathbf i}+\sin x\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

12. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+y\,\hat{\mathbf j}+z\,\hat{\mathbf k}\)

13. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=2x\,\hat{\mathbf i}−2y\,\hat{\mathbf j}−2z\,\hat{\mathbf k}\)

14. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=yz\,\hat{\mathbf i}−xz\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

For exercises 15 - 20, find the gradient vector field of each function \(f\).

15. \(f(x,y)=x\sin y+\cos y\)

16. \(f(x,y,z)=ze^{−xy}\)

17. \(f(x,y,z)=x^2y+xy+y^2z\)

18. \(f(x,y)=x^2\sin(5y)\)

19. \(f(x,y)=\ln(1+x^2+2y^2)\)

20. \(f(x,y,z)=x\cos\left(\frac{y}{z}\right)\)

21. What is vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)\) with a value at \((x,y)\) that is of unit length and points toward \((1,0)\)?

For exercises 22 - 24, write formulas for the vector fields with the given properties.

22. All vectors are parallel to the \(x\)-axis and all vectors on a vertical line have the same magnitude.

23. All vectors point toward the origin and have constant length.

24. All vectors are of unit length and are perpendicular to the position vector at that point.

25. Give a formula \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=M(x,y)\,\hat{\mathbf i}+N(x,y)\,\hat{\mathbf j}\) for the vector field in a plane that has the properties that \(\vecs{F}=\vecs 0\) at \((0,0)\) and that at any other point \((a,b), \vecs F\) is tangent to circle \(x^2+y^2=a^2+b^2\) and points in the clockwise direction with magnitude \(\|\vecs F\|=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}\).

26. Is vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(P(x,y),Q(x,y))=(\sin x+y)\,\hat{\mathbf i}+(\cos y+x)\,\hat{\mathbf j}\) a gradient field?

27. Find a formula for vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=M(x,y)\,\hat{\mathbf i}+N(x,y)\,\hat{\mathbf j}\) given the fact that for all points \((x,y)\), \(\vecs F\) points toward the origin and \(\|\vecs F\|=\dfrac{10}{x^2+y^2}\).

For exercises 28 - 29, assume that an electric field in the \(xy\)-plane caused by an infinite line of charge along the \(x\)-axis is a gradient field with potential function \(V(x,y)=c\ln\left(\frac{r_0}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right)\) , where \(c>0\) is a constant and \(r_0\) is a reference distance at which the potential is assumed to be zero.

28. Find the components of the electric field in the \(x\)- and \(y\)-directions, where \(\vecs E(x,y)=−\vecs ∇V(x,y).\)

29. Show that the electric field at a point in the \(xy\)-plane is directed outward from the origin and has magnitude \(\|\vecs E\|=\dfrac{c}{r}\), where \(r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\).

A flow line (or streamline ) of a vector field \(\vecs F\) is a curve \(\vecs r(t)\) such that \(d\vecs{r}/dt=\vecs F(\vecs r(t))\). If \(\vecs F\) represents the velocity field of a moving particle, then the flow lines are paths taken by the particle. Therefore, flow lines are tangent to the vector field.

For exercises 30 and 31, show that the given curve \(\vecs c(t)\) is a flow line of the given velocity vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)\).

30. \(\vecs c(t)=⟨ e^{2t},\ln|t|,\frac{1}{t} ⟩,\,t≠0;\quad \vecs F(x,y,z)=⟨2x,z,−z^2⟩\)

31. \(\vecs c(t)=⟨ \sin t,\cos t,e^t⟩;\quad \vecs F(x,y,z) =〈y,−x,z〉\)

For exercises 32 - 34, let \(\vecs{F}=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\), \(\vecs G=−y\,\hat{\mathbf i}+x\,\hat{\mathbf j}\), and \(\vecs H=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}−y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\). Match \(\vecs F\), \(\vecs G\), and \(\vecs H\) with their graphs. Explain.

For exercises 35 - 38, let \(\vecs{F}=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\), \(\vecs G=−y\,\hat{\mathbf i}+x\,\hat{\mathbf j}\), and \(\vecs H=−x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\). Match the vector fields with their graphs in (I)−(IV). Explain.

• \(\vecs F+\vecs G\)
• \(\vecs F+\vecs H\)
• \(\vecs G+\vecs H\)
• \(−\vecs F+\vecs G\)

For the following exercises, determine whether the vector field is conservative and, if so, find a potential function.

39. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=2xy^3\,\mathbf{\hat i}+3y^2x^2\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

40. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(−y+e^x\sin y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+((x+2)e^x\cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

41. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(e^{2x}\sin y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(e^{2x}\cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

42. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(6x+5y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(5x+4y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

43. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(2x\cos(y)−y\cos(x))\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(−x^2\sin(y)−\sin(x))\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

44. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(ye^x+\sin(y))\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(e^x+x\cos(y))\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

45. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(12xy)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+6(x^2+y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

46. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(e^x\cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+6(e^x\sin y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

47. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(2xye^{x^2y})\,\mathbf{\hat i}+6(x^2e^{x^2y})\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

48. \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=(ye^z)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(xe^z)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+(xye^z)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

49. \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=(\sin y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}−(x\cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

50. \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=\dfrac{1}{y}\,\mathbf{\hat i}-\dfrac{x}{y^2}\,\mathbf{\hat j}+(2z−1)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

51. \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=3z^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}−\cos y\,\mathbf{\hat j}+2xz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

52. \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=(2xy)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x^2+2yz)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+y^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

53. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(e^x\cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+6(e^x\sin y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

54. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(2xye^{x^2y})\,\mathbf{\hat i}+6(x^2e^{x^2y})\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

5.3: Line Integrals

1. True or False? Line integral \(\displaystyle\int _C f(x,y)\,ds\) is equal to a definite integral if \(C\) is a smooth curve defined on \([a,b]\) and if function \(f\) is continuous on some region that contains curve \(C\).

2. True or False? Vector functions \(\vecs r_1=t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+t^2\,\hat{\mathbf j}, \quad 0≤t≤1,\) and \(\vecs r_2=(1−t)\,\hat{\mathbf i}+(1−t)^2\,\hat{\mathbf j}, \quad 0≤t≤1\), define the same oriented curve.

3. True or False? \(\displaystyle\int _{−C}(P\,dx+Q\,dy)=\int _C(P\,dx−Q\,dy)\)

4. True or False? A piecewise smooth curve \(C\) consists of a finite number of smooth curves that are joined together end to end.

5. True or False? If \(C\) is given by \(x(t)=t,\quad y(t)=t, \quad 0≤t≤1\), then \(\displaystyle\int _Cxy\,ds=\int ^1_0t^2\,dt.\)

For the following exercises, use a computer algebra system (CAS) to evaluate the line integrals over the indicated path.

6. [T] \(\displaystyle\int _C(x+y)\,ds\)

\(C:x=t,y=(1−t),z=0\) from \((0, 1, 0)\) to \((1, 0, 0)\)

7. [T] \(\displaystyle \int _C(x−y)ds\)

\(C:\vecs r(t)=4t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+3t\,\hat{\mathbf j}\) when \(0≤t≤2\)

8. [T] \(\displaystyle\int _C(x^2+y^2+z^2)\,ds\)

\(C:\vecs r(t)=\sin t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+\cos t\,\hat{\mathbf j}+8t\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) when \(0≤t≤\dfrac{π}{2}\)

9. [T] Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _Cxy^4\,ds\), where \(C\) is the right half of circle \(x^2+y^2=16\) and is traversed in the clockwise direction.

10. [T] Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _C4x^3ds\), where C is the line segment from \((−2,−1)\) to \((1, 2)\).

For the following exercises, find the work done.

11. Find the work done by vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+3xy\,\hat{\mathbf j}−(x+z)\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) on a particle moving along a line segment that goes from \((1,4,2)\) to \((0,5,1)\).

12. Find the work done by a person weighing 150 lb walking exactly one revolution up a circular, spiral staircase of radius 3 ft if the person rises 10 ft.

13. Find the work done by force field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=−\dfrac{1}{2}x\,\hat{\mathbf i}−\dfrac{1}{2}y\,\hat{\mathbf j}+\dfrac{1}{4}\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) on a particle as it moves along the helix \(\vecs r(t)=\cos t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+\sin t\,\hat{\mathbf j}+t\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) from point \((1,0,0)\) to point \((−1,0,3π)\).

14. Find the work done by vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=y\,\hat{\mathbf i}+2x\,\hat{\mathbf j}\) in moving an object along path \(C\), which joins points \((1, 0)\) and \((0, 1)\).

15. Find the work done by force \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=2y\,\hat{\mathbf i}+3x\,\hat{\mathbf j}+(x+y)\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) in moving an object along curve \(\vecs r(t)=\cos(t)\,\hat{\mathbf i}+\sin(t)\,\hat{\mathbf j}+16\,\hat{\mathbf k}\), where \(0≤t≤2π\).

16. Find the mass of a wire in the shape of a circle of radius 2 centered at (3, 4) with linear mass density \(ρ(x,y)=y^2\).

For the following exercises, evaluate the line integrals.

17. Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int_C\vecs F·d\vecs{r}\), where \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=−1\,\hat{\mathbf j}\), and \(C\) is the part of the graph of \(y=x^3−3x\) from \((2,2)\) to \((−2,−2)\).

18. Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _γ(x^2+y^2+z^2)^{−1}ds\), where \(γ\) is the helix \(x=\cos t,y=\sin t,z=t,\) with \(0≤t≤T.\)

19. Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _Cyz\,dx+xz\,dy+xy\,dz\) over the line segment from \((1,1,1) \) to \((3,2,0).\)

20. Let \(C\) be the line segment from point (0, 1, 1) to point (2, 2, 3). Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle\int _Cy\,ds.\)

21. [T] Use a computer algebra system to evaluate the line integral \(\displaystyle\int _Cy^2\,dx+x\,dy\), where \(C\) is the arc of the parabola \(x=4−y^2\) from \((−5, −3)\) to \((0, 2)\).

22. [T] Use a computer algebra system to evaluate the line integral \(\displaystyle\int _C (x+3y^2)\,dy\) over the path \(C\) given by \(x=2t,y=10t,\) where \(0≤t≤1.\)

23. [T] Use a CAS to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle\int _C xy\,dx+y\,dy\) over path \(C\) given by \(x=2t,y=10t\), where \(0≤t≤1\).

24. Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle\int _C(2x−y)\,dx+(x+3y)\,dy\), where \(C\) lies along the \(x\)-axis from \(x=0\) to \(x=5\).

26. [T] Use a CAS to evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _C\dfrac{y}{2x^2−y^2}\,ds\), where \(C\) is defined by the parametric equations \(x=t,y=t\), for \(1≤t≤5.\)

27. [T] Use a CAS to evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _Cxy\,ds\), where \(C\) is defined by the parametric equations \(x=t^2,y=4t\), for \(0≤t≤1.\)

In the following exercises, find the work done by force field \(\vecs F\) on an object moving along the indicated path.

28. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=−x \,\hat{\mathbf i}−2y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

\(C:y=x^3\) from \((0, 0)\) to \((2, 8)\)

29. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=2x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+y\,\hat{\mathbf j}\)

<\(C\): counterclockwise around the triangle with vertices \((0, 0), (1, 0), \) and \((1, 1)\)

30. \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+y\,\hat{\mathbf j}−5z\,\hat{\mathbf k}\)

\(C:\vecs r(t)=2\cos t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+2\sin t\,\hat{\mathbf j}+t\,\hat{\mathbf k},0≤t≤2π\)

31. Let \(\vecs F\) be vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(y^2+2xe^y+1)\,\hat{\mathbf i}+(2xy+x^2e^y+2y)\,\hat{\mathbf j}\). Compute the work of integral \(\displaystyle\int _C\vecs F·d\vecs{r}\), where \(C\) is the path \(\vecs r(t)=\sin t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+\cos t\,\hat{\mathbf j},\quad 0≤t≤\dfrac{π}{2}\).

32. Compute the work done by force \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=2x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+3y\,\hat{\mathbf j}−z\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) along path \(\vecs r(t)=t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+t^2\,\hat{\mathbf j}+t^3\,\hat{\mathbf k}\),where \(0≤t≤1\).

33. Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _C\vecs F·d\vecs{r}\), where \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=\dfrac{1}{x+y}\,\hat{\mathbf i}+\dfrac{1}{x+y}\,\hat{\mathbf j}\) and \(C\) is the segment of the unit circle going counterclockwise from \((1,0)\) to \((0, 1)\).

34. Force \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=zy\,\hat{\mathbf i}+x\,\hat{\mathbf j}+z^2x\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) acts on a particle that travels from the origin to point \((1, 2, 3)\). Calculate the work done if the particle travels:

• along the path \((0,0,0)→(1,0,0)→(1,2,0)→(1,2,3)\) along straight-line segments joining each pair of endpoints;
• along the straight line joining the initial and final points.

35. Find the work done by vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=x\,\hat{\mathbf i}+3xy\,\hat{\mathbf j}−(x+z)\,\hat{\mathbf k}\) on a particle moving along a line segment that goes from \((1, 4, 2)\) to \((0, 5, 1).\)

36. How much work is required to move an object in vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=y\,\hat{\mathbf i}+3x\,\hat{\mathbf j}\) along the upper part of ellipse \(\dfrac{x^2}{4}+y^2=1\) from \((2, 0)\) to \((−2,0)\)?

37. A vector field is given by \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(2x+3y)\,\hat{\mathbf i}+(3x+2y)\,\hat{\mathbf j}\). Evaluate the line integral of the field around a circle of unit radius traversed in a clockwise fashion.

38. Evaluate the line integral of scalar function \(xy\) along parabolic path \(y=x^2\) connecting the origin to point \((1, 1)\).

39. Find \(\displaystyle\int _Cy^2\,dx+(xy−x^2)\,dy\) along \(C: y=3x\) from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 3).\)

40. Find \(\displaystyle\int _Cy^2\,dx+(xy−x^2)\,dy\) along \(C: y^2=9x\) from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 3).\)

For the following exercises, use a CAS to evaluate the given line integrals.

41. [T] Evaluate \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=x^2z\,\hat{\mathbf i}+6y\,\hat{\mathbf j}+yz^2\,\hat{\mathbf k}\), where \(C\) is represented by \(\vecs r(t)=t\,\hat{\mathbf i}+t^2\,\hat{\mathbf j}+\ln t \,\hat{\mathbf k},1≤t≤3\).

42. [T] Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle\int _γxe^y\,ds\) where, \(γ\) is the arc of curve \(x=e^y\) from \((1,0)\) to \((e,1)\).

43. [T] Evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle\int _γxy^2\,ds\), where \(γ\) is a triangle with vertices \((0, 1, 2), (1, 0, 3)\), and \((0,−1,0)\).

44. [T] Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle\int _γ(y^2−xy)\,dx\), where \(γ\) is curve \(y=\ln x\) from \((1, 0)\) toward \((e,1)\).

45. [T] Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle\int_γ xy^4\,ds\), where \(γ\) is the right half of circle \(x^2+y^2=16\).

46. [T] Evaluate \(\int C \vecs F⋅d\vecs{r},\int C \vecs F·d\vecs{r},\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=x^2y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x−z)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+xyz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and

\(C: \vecs r(t)=t\,\mathbf{\hat i}+t^2\,\mathbf{\hat j}+2\,\mathbf{\hat k},0≤t≤1\).

47. Evaluate \(\displaystyle\int _C \vecs F⋅d\vecs{r}\), where \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=2x\sin y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x^2\cos y−3y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) and

\(C\) is any path from \((−1,0)\) to \((5, 1)\).

48. Find the line integral of \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=12x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}−5xy\,\mathbf{\hat j}+xz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) over path \(C\) defined by \(y=x^2, z=x^3\) from point \((0, 0, 0)\) to point \((2, 4, 8)\).

49. Find the line integral of \(\displaystyle\int _C(1+x^2y)\,ds\), where \(C\) is ellipse \(\vecs r(t)=2\cos t\,\mathbf{\hat i}+3\sin t\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) from \(0≤t≤π.\)

For the following exercises, find the flux.

50. Compute the flux of \(\vecs{F}=x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}+y\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) across a line segment from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 2).\)

51. Let \(\vecs{F}=5\,\mathbf{\hat i}\) and let \(C\) be curve \(y=0,\) with \(0≤x≤4\). Find the flux across \(C\).

52. Let \(\vecs{F}=5\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) and let \(C\) be curve \(y=0,\) with \(0≤x≤4\). Find the flux across \(C\).

53. Let \(\vecs{F}=−y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+x\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) and let \(C: \vecs r(t)=\cos t\,\mathbf{\hat i}+\sin t\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) for \(0≤t≤2π\). Calculate the flux across \(C\).

54. Let \(\vecs{F}=(x^2+y^3)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(2xy)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\). Calculate flux \(\vecs F\) orientated counterclockwise across the curve \(C: x^2+y^2=9.\)

Complete the rest of the exercises as stated.

55. Find the line integral of \(\displaystyle\int _C z^2\,dx+y\,dy+2y\,dz,\) where \(C\) consists of two parts: \(C_1\) and \(C_2.\) \(C_1\) is the intersection of cylinder \(x^2+y^2=16\) and plane \(z=3\) from \((0, 4, 3)\) to \((−4,0,3).\) \(C_2\) is a line segment from \((−4,0,3)\) to \((0, 1, 5)\).

56. A spring is made of a thin wire twisted into the shape of a circular helix \(x=2\cos t,\;y=2\sin t,\;z=t.\) Find the mass of two turns of the spring if the wire has a constant mass density of \(ρ\) grams per cm.

57. A thin wire is bent into the shape of a semicircle of radius \(a\). If the linear mass density at point \(P\) is directly proportional to its distance from the line through the endpoints, find the mass of the wire.

58. An object moves in force field \(\vecs F(x,y)=y^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}+2(x+1)y\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) counterclockwise from point \((2, 0)\) along elliptical path \(x^2+4y^2=4\) to \((−2,0)\), and back to point \((2, 0)\) along the \(x\)-axis. How much work is done by the force field on the object?

59. Find the work done when an object moves in force field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=2x\,\mathbf{\hat i}−(x+z)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+(y−x)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) along the path given by \(\vecs r(t)=t^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(t^2−t)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+3\,\mathbf{\hat k}, \; 0≤t≤1.\)

60. If an inverse force field \(\vecs F\) is given by \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=\dfrac{k}{‖r‖^3}r\), where \(k\) is a constant, find the work done by \(\vecs F\) as its point of application moves along the \(x\)-axis from \(A(1,0,0)\) to \(B(2,0,0)\).

61. David and Sandra plan to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle\int _C\vecs F·d\vecs{r}\) along a path in the \(xy\)-plane from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 1)\). The force field is \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(x+2y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(−x+y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\). David chooses the path that runs along the \(x\)-axis from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 0)\) and then runs along the vertical line \(x=1\) from \((1, 0)\) to the final point \((1, 1)\). Sandra chooses the direct path along the diagonal line \(y=x\) from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 1)\). Whose line integral is larger and by how much?

5.4: Conservative Vector Fields

1. True or False? If vector field \(\vecs F\) is conservative on the open and connected region \(D\), then line integrals of \(\vecs F\) are path independent on \(D\), regardless of the shape of \(D\).

2. True or False? Function \(\vecs r(t)=\vecs a+t(\vecs b−\vecs a)\), where \(0≤t≤1\), parameterizes the straight-line segment from \(\vecs a\) to \(\vecs b\).

3. True or False? Vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=(y\sin z)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x\sin z)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+(xy\cos z)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) is conservative.

4. True or False? Vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x+z)\,\mathbf{\hat j}−y\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) is conservative.

5.  Use the Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals to evaluate \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs F·d\vecs r\) in the case when \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(2x+2y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(2x+2y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) and \(C\) is a portion of the positively oriented circle \(x^2+y^2=25\) from \((5, 0)\) to \((3, 4).\)

6. [T] Find \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs F·d\vecs r,\) where \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(ye^{xy}+\cos x)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+\left(xe^{xy}+\frac{1}{y^2+1}\right)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) and \(C\) is a portion of curve \(y=\sin x\) from \(x=0\) to \(x=\frac{π}{2}\).

7. [T] Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs F·d\vecs r\), where \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(e^x\sin y−y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(e^x\cos y−x−2)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\), and \(C\) is the path given by \(\vecs r(t)=(t^3\sin\frac{πt}{2})\,\mathbf{\hat i}−(\frac{π}{2}\cos(\frac{πt}{2}+\frac{π}{2}))\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) for \(0≤t≤1\).

For the following exercises, evaluate the line integrals using the Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals.

8. \(\displaystyle ∮_C(y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+x\,\mathbf{\hat j})·d\vecs r,\) where \(C\) is any path from \((0, 0)\) to \((2, 4)\)

9 . \(\displaystyle ∮_C(2y\,dx+2x\,dy),\) where \(C\) is the line segment from \((0, 0)\) to \((4, 4)\)

10. [T] \(\displaystyle ∮_C\left[\arctan\dfrac{y}{x}−\dfrac{xy}{x^2+y^2}\right]\,dx+\left[\dfrac{x^2}{x^2+y^2}+e^{−y}(1−y)\right]\,dy\), where \(C\) is any smooth curve from \((1, 1)\) to \((−1,2).\)

11. Find the conservative vector field for the potential function \(f(x,y)=5x^2+3xy+10y^2.\)

For the following exercises, evaluate the integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals.

12. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs ∇f·d\vecs r\), where \(f(x,y,z)=\cos(πx)+\sin(πy)−xyz\) and \(C\) is any path that starts at \((1,12,2)\) and ends at \((2,1,−1)\).

13. [T] Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs ∇f·d\vecs r\), where \(f(x,y)=xy+e^x\) and \(C\) is a straight line from \((0,0)\) to \((2,1)\).

14. [T] Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs ∇f·d\vecs r,\) where \(f(x,y)=x^2y−x\) and \(C\) is any path in a plane from (1, 2) to (3, 2).

15. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs ∇f·d\vecs r,\) where \(f(x,y,z)=xyz^2−yz\) and \(C\) has initial point \((1, 2, 3)\) and terminal point \((3, 5, 2).\)

For the following exercises, let \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=2xy^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(2yx^2+2y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) and \(G(x,y)=(y+x)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(y−x)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) , and let \(C_1\) be the curve consisting of the circle of radius 2, centered at the origin and oriented counterclockwise, and\(C_2\) be the curve consisting of a line segment from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 1)\) followed by a line segment from \((1, 1)\) to \((3, 1).\)

16. Calculate the line integral of \(\vecs F\) over \(C_1\).

17. Calculate the line integral of \(\vecs G\) over \(C_1\).

18. Calculate the line integral of \(\vecs F\) over \(C_2\).

19. Calculate the line integral of \(\vecs G\) over \(C_2\).

20. [T] Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}+z\sin(yz)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+y\sin(yz)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\). Calculate \(\displaystyle ∮_C\vecs F·d\vecs{r}\), where \(C\) is a path from \(A=(0,0,1)\) to \(B=(3,1,2)\).

21. [T] Find line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C\vecs F·dr\) of vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z)=3x^2z\,\mathbf{\hat i}+z^2\,\mathbf{\hat j}+(x^3+2yz)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) along curve \(C\) parameterized by \(\vecs r(t)=(\frac{\ln t}{\ln 2})\,\mathbf{\hat i}+t^{3/2}\,\mathbf{\hat j}+t\cos(πt),1≤t≤4.\)

For exercises 22 - 24, show that the following vector fields are conservative. Then calculate \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs F·d\vecs r\) for the given curve.

22. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(xy^2+3x^2y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x+y)x^2\,\mathbf{\hat j}\); \(C\) is the curve consisting of line segments from \((1,1)\) to \((0,2)\) to \((3,0).\)

23. \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=\dfrac{2x}{y^2+1}\,\mathbf{\hat i}−\dfrac{2y(x^2+1)}{(y^2+1)^2}\,\mathbf{\hat j}\); \(C\) is parameterized by \(x=t^3−1,\;y=t^6−t\), for \(0≤t≤1.\)

24. [T] \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=[\cos(xy^2)−xy^2\sin(xy^2)]\,\mathbf{\hat i}−2x^2y\sin(xy^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\); \(C\) is the curve \(\langle e^t,e^{t+1}\rangle,\) for \(−1≤t≤0\).

25. The mass of Earth is approximately \(6×10^{27}g\) and that of the Sun is 330,000 times as much. The gravitational constant is \(6.7×10^{−8}cm^3/s^2·g\). The distance of Earth from the Sun is about \(1.5×10^{12}cm\). Compute, approximately, the work necessary to increase the distance of Earth from the Sun by \(1\;cm\).

26. [T] Let \(\vecs{F}(x,y,z)=(e^x\sin y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(e^x\cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+z^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\). Evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs F·d\vecs r\), where \(\vecs r(t)=\langle\sqrt{t},t^3,e^{\sqrt{t}}\rangle,\) for \(0≤t≤1.\)

27. [T] Let \(C:[1,2]→ℝ^2\) be given by \(x=e^{t−1},y=\sin\left(\frac{π}{t}\right)\). Use a computer to compute the integral \(\displaystyle \int _C\vecs F·d\vecs r=\int _C 2x\cos y\,dx−x^2\sin y\,dy\), where \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=(2x\cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}−(x^2\sin y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}.\)

28. [T] Use a computer algebra system to find the mass of a wire that lies along the curve \(\vecs r(t)=(t^2−1)\,\mathbf{\hat j}+2t\,\mathbf{\hat k},\) where \(0≤t≤1\), if the density is given by \(d(t) = \dfrac{3}{2}t\).

29. Find the circulation and flux of field \(\vecs{F}(x,y)=−y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+x\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) around and across the closed semicircular path that consists of semicircular arch \(\vecs r_1(t)=(a\cos t)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(a\sin t)\,\mathbf{\hat j},\quad 0≤t≤π\), followed by line segment \(\vecs r_2(t)=t\,\mathbf{\hat i},\quad −a≤t≤a.\)

30. Compute \(\displaystyle \int _C\cos x\cos y\,dx−\sin x\sin y\,dy,\) where \(\vecs r(t)=\langle t,t^2 \rangle, \quad 0≤t≤1.\)

31. Complete the proof of the theorem titled THE PATH INDEPENDENCE TEST FOR CONSERVATIVE FIELDS by showing that \(f_y=Q(x,y).\)

5.5: Green’s Theorem

For the following exercises, evaluate the line integrals by applying Green’s theorem.

1. \(\displaystyle \int_C 2xy\,dx+(x+y)\,dy\), where \(C\) is the path from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 1)\) along the graph of \(y=x^3\) and from \((1, 1)\) to \((0, 0)\) along the graph of \(y=x\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction

2. \(\displaystyle \int_C 2xy\,dx+(x+y)\,dy\), where \(C\) is the boundary of the region lying between the graphs of \(y=0\) and \(y=4−x^2\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction

3. \(\displaystyle \int_C 2\arctan\left(\frac{y}{x}\right)\,dx+\ln(x^2+y^2)\,dy\), where \(C\) is defined by \(x=4+2\cos θ,\;y=4\sin θ\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction

4. \(\displaystyle \int_C \sin x\cos y\,dx+(xy+\cos x\sin y)\,dy\), where \(C\) is the boundary of the region lying between the graphs of \(y=x\) and \(y=\sqrt{x}\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction

5. \(\displaystyle \int_C xy\,dx+(x+y)\,dy\), where \(C\) is the boundary of the region lying between the graphs of \(x^2+y^2=1\) and \(x^2+y^2=9\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction

6. \(\displaystyle ∮_C (−y\,dx+x\,dy)\), where \(C\) consists of line segment \(C_1\) from \((−1,0)\) to \((1, 0)\), followed by the semicircular arc \(C_2\) from \((1, 0)\) back to \((1, 0)\)

For the following exercises, use Green’s theorem.

7. Let \(C\) be the curve consisting of line segments from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 1)\) to \((0, 1)\) and back to \((0, 0)\). Find the value of \(\displaystyle \int_C xy\,dx+\sqrt{y^2+1}\,dy\).

8. Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C xe^{−2x}\,dx+(x^4+2x^2y^2)\,dy\), where \(C\) is the boundary of the region between circles \(x^2+y^2=1\) and \(x^2+y^2=4\), and is a positively oriented curve.

9. Find the counterclockwise circulation of field \(\vecs F(x,y)=xy\,\mathbf{\hat i}+y^2\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) around and over the boundary of the region enclosed by curves \(y=x^2\) and \(y=x\) in the first quadrant and oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

10. Evaluate \(\displaystyle ∮_C y^3\,dx−x^3y^2\,dy\), where \(C\) is the positively oriented circle of radius \(2\) centered at the origin.

11. Evaluate \(\displaystyle ∮_C y^3\,dx−x^3\,dy\), where \(C\) includes the two circles of radius \(2\) and radius \(1\) centered at the origin, both with positive orientation.

12. Calculate \(\displaystyle ∮_C −x^2y\,dx+xy^2\,dy\), where \(C\) is a circle of radius \(2\) centered at the origin and oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

13. Calculate integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C 2[y+x\sin(y)]\,dx+[x^2\cos(y)−3y^2]\,dy\) along triangle \(C\) with vertices \((0, 0), \,(1, 0)\) and \((1, 1)\), oriented counterclockwise, using Green’s theorem.

14. Evaluate integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C (x^2+y^2)\,dx+2xy\,dy\), where \(C\) is the curve that follows parabola \(y=x^2\) from \((0,0), \,(2,4),\) then the line from \((2, 4)\) to \((2, 0)\), and finally the line from \((2, 0)\) to \((0, 0)\).

15. Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C (y−\sin(y)\cos(y))\,dx+2x\sin^2(y)\,dy\), where \(C\) is oriented in a counterclockwise path around the region bounded by \(x=−1, \,x=2, \,y=4−x^2\), and \(y=x−2.\)

For the following exercises, use Green’s theorem to find the area.

16. Find the area between ellipse \(\frac{x^2}{9}+\frac{y^2}{4}=1\) and circle \(x^2+y^2=25\).

17. Find the area of the region enclosed by parametric equation

\(\vecs p(θ)=(\cos(θ)−\cos^2(θ))\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(\sin(θ)−\cos(θ)\sin(θ))\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) for \(0≤θ≤2π.\)

18. Find the area of the region bounded by hypocycloid \(\vecs r(t)=\cos^3(t)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+\sin^3(t)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\). The curve is parameterized by \(t∈[0,2π].\)

19. Find the area of a pentagon with vertices \((0,4), \,(4,1), \,(3,0), \,(−1,−1),\) and \((−2,2)\).

20. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_{C^+}(y^2+x^3)\,dx+x^4\,dy\), where \(C^+\) is the perimeter of square \([0,1]×[0,1]\) oriented counterclockwise.

21. Use Green’s theorem to prove the area of a disk with radius \(a\) is \(A=πa^2\;\text{units}^2\).

22. Use Green’s theorem to find the area of one loop of a four-leaf rose \(r=3\sin 2θ\). ( Hint : \(x\,dy−y\,dx=r^2\,dθ\)).

23. Use Green’s theorem to find the area under one arch of the cycloid given by the parametric equations: \(x=t−\sin t,\;y=1−\cos t,\;t≥0.\)

24. Use Green’s theorem to find the area of the region enclosed by curve

\(\vecs r(t)=t^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}+\left(\frac{t^3}{3}−t\right)\,\mathbf{\hat j},\) for \(−\sqrt{3}≤t≤\sqrt{3}\).

25. [T] Evaluate Green’s theorem using a computer algebra system to evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle \int_C xe^y\,dx+e^x\,dy\), where \(C\) is the circle given by \(x^2+y^2=4\) and is oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

26. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_C(x^2y−2xy+y^2)\,ds\), where \(C\) is the boundary of the unit square \(0≤x≤1,\;0≤y≤1\), traversed counterclockwise.

27. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_C \frac{−(y+2)\,dx+(x−1)\,dy}{(x−1)^2+(y+2)^2}\), where \(C\) is any simple closed curve with an interior that does not contain point \((1,−2)\) traversed counterclockwise.

28. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_C \frac{x\,dx+y\,dy}{x^2+y^2}\), where \(C\) is any piecewise, smooth simple closed curve enclosing the origin, traversed counterclockwise.

For the following exercises, use Green’s theorem to calculate the work done by force \(\vecs F\) on a particle that is moving counterclockwise around closed path \(C\).

29. \(\vecs F(x,y)=xy\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x+y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}, \quad C:x^2+y^2=4\)

30. \(\vecs F(x,y)=(x^{3/2}−3y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(6x+5\sqrt{y})\,\mathbf{\hat j}, \quad C\): boundary of a triangle with vertices \((0, 0), \,(5, 0),\) and \((0, 5)\)

31. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_C (2x^3−y^3)\,dx+(x^3+y^3)\,dy\), where \(C\) is a unit circle oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

32. A particle starts at point \((−2,0)\), moves along the \(x\)-axis to \((2, 0)\), and then travels along semicircle \(y=\sqrt{4−x^2}\) to the starting point. Use Green’s theorem to find the work done on this particle by force field \(\vecs F(x,y)=x\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x^3+3xy^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\).

33. David and Sandra are skating on a frictionless pond in the wind. David skates on the inside, going along a circle of radius \(2\) in a counterclockwise direction. Sandra skates once around a circle of radius \(3\), also in the counterclockwise direction. Suppose the force of the wind at point \((x,y)\) is \(\vecs F(x,y)=(x^2y+10y)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x^3+2xy^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\). Use Green’s theorem to determine who does more work.

34. Use Green’s theorem to find the work done by force field \(\vecs F(x,y)=(3y−4x)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(4x−y)\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) when an object moves once counterclockwise around ellipse \(4x^2+y^2=4.\)

35. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C e^{2x}\sin 2y\,dx+e^{2x}\cos 2y\,dy\), where \(C\) is ellipse \(9(x−1)^2+4(y−3)^2=36\) oriented counterclockwise.

36. Evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C y^2\,dx+x^2\,dy\), where \(C\) is the boundary of a triangle with vertices \((0,0), \,(1,1)\), and \((1,0)\), with the counterclockwise orientation.

37. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C \vecs h·d\vecs r\) if \(\vecs h(x,y)=e^y\,\mathbf{\hat i}−\sin πx\,\mathbf{\hat j}\), where \(C\) is a triangle with vertices \((1, 0), \,(0, 1),\) and \((−1,0),\) traversed counterclockwise.

38. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C\sqrt{1+x^3}\,dx+2xy\,dy\) where \(C\) is a triangle with vertices \((0, 0), \,(1, 0),\) and \((1, 3)\) oriented clockwise.

39. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C x^2y\,dx−xy^2\,dy\) where \(C\) is a circle \(x^2+y^2=4\) oriented counterclockwise.

40. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C \left(3y−e^{\sin x}\right)\,dx+\left(7x+\sqrt{y^4+1}\right)\,dy\) where \(C\) is circle \(x^2+y^2=9\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

41. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C (3x−5y)\,dx+(x−6y)\,dy\), where \(C\) is ellipse \(\frac{x^2}{4}+y^2=1\) and is oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

42. Let \(C\) be a triangular closed curve from \((0, 0)\) to \((1, 0)\) to \((1, 1)\) and finally back to \((0, 0).\) Let \(\vecs F(x,y)=4y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+6x^2\,\mathbf{\hat j}.\) Use Green’s theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle ∮_C\vecs F·d\vecs r.\)

43. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C y\,dx−x\,dy\), where \(C\) is circle \(x^2+y^2=a^2\) oriented in the clockwise direction.

44. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C (y+x)\,dx+(x+\sin y)\,dy,\) where \(C\) is any smooth simple closed curve joining the origin to itself oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

45. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C \left(y−\ln(x^2+y^2)\right)\,dx+\left(2\arctan \frac{y}{x}\right)\,dy,\) where \(C\) is the positively oriented circle \((x−2)^2+(y−3)^2=1.\)

46. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle ∮_C xy\,dx+x^3y^3\,dy,\) where \(C\) is a triangle with vertices \((0, 0), \,(1, 0),\) and \((1, 2)\) with positive orientation.

47. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C \sin y\,dx+x\cos y\,dy,\) where \(C\) is ellipse \(x^2+xy+y^2=1\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

48. Let \(\vecs F(x,y)=\left(\cos(x^5)−13y^3\right)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+13x^3\,\mathbf{\hat j}.\) Find the counterclockwise circulation \(\displaystyle ∮_C\vecs F·d\vecs r,\) where \(C\) is a curve consisting of the line segment joining \((−2,0)\) and \((−1,0),\) half circle \(y=\sqrt{1−x^2},\) the line segment joining \((1, 0)\) and \((2, 0),\) and half circle \(y=\sqrt{4−x^2}.\)

49. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∫_C \sin(x^3)\,dx+2ye^{x^2}\,dy,\) where \(C\) is a triangular closed curve that connects the points \((0, 0), \,(2, 2),\) and \((0, 2)\) counterclockwise.

50. Let \(C\) be the boundary of square \(0≤x≤π,\;0≤y≤π,\) traversed counterclockwise. Use Green’s theorem to find \(\displaystyle ∫_C \sin(x+y)\,dx+\cos(x+y)\,dy.\)

51. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∫_C \vecs F·d\vecs r,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y)=(y^2−x^2)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x^2+y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j},\) and \(C\) is a triangle bounded by \(y=0,\;x=3,\) and \(y=x,\) oriented counterclockwise.

52. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate integral \(\displaystyle ∫_C \vecs F·d\vecs r,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y)=(xy^2)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+x\,\mathbf{\hat j},\) and \(C\) is a unit circle oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

53. Use Green’s theorem in a plane to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle ∮_C (xy+y^2)\,dx+x^2\,dy,\) where \(C\) is a closed curve of a region bounded by \(y=x\) and \(y=x^2\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

54. Calculate the outward flux of \(\vecs F(x,y)=−x\,\mathbf{\hat i}+2y\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) over a square with corners \((±1,\,±1),\) where the unit normal is outward pointing and oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

55. [T] Let \(C\) be circle \(x^2+y^2=4\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction. Evaluate \(\displaystyle ∮_C \left[\left(3y−e^{\arctan x})\,dx+(7x+\sqrt{y^4+1}\right)\,dy\right]\) using a computer algebra system.

56. Find the flux of field \(\vecs F(x,y)=−x\,\mathbf{\hat i}+3y\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) across \(x^2+y^2=16\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction.

57. Let \(\vecs F=(y^2−x^2)\,\mathbf{\hat i}+(x^2+y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j},\) and let \(C\) be a triangle bounded by \(y=0, \,x=3,\) and \(y=x\) oriented in the counterclockwise direction. Find the outward flux of \(\vecs F\) through \(C\).

58. [T] Let \(C\) be unit circle \(x^2+y^2=1\) traversed once counterclockwise. Evaluate \(\displaystyle ∫_C \left[−y^3+\sin(xy)+xy\cos(xy)\right]\,dx+\left[x^3+x^2\cos(xy)\right]\,dy\) by using a computer algebra system.

59. [T] Find the outward flux of vector field \(\vecs F(x,y)=xy^2\,\mathbf{\hat i}+x^2y\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) across the boundary of annulus \(R=\big\{(x,y):1≤x^2+y^2≤4\big\}=\big\{(r,θ):1≤r≤2,\,0≤θ≤2π\big\}\) using a computer algebra system.

60. Consider region \(R\) bounded by parabolas \(y=x^2\) and \(x=y^2.\) Let \(C\) be the boundary of \(R\) oriented counterclockwise. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle ∮_C \left(y+e^{\sqrt{x}}\right)\,dx+\left(2x+\cos(y^2)\right)\,dy.\)

5.6: Divergence and Curl

For the following exercises, determine whether the statement is True or False .

1. If the coordinate functions of \(\vecs F : \mathbb{R}^3 \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^3\) have continuous second partial derivatives, then \(\text{curl} \, (\text{div} \,\vecs F)\) equals zero.

2. \(\vecs\nabla \cdot (x \,\mathbf{\hat i} + y \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z \,\mathbf{\hat k} ) = 1\).

3. All vector fields of the form \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = f(x)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + g(y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + h(z)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) are conservative.

4. If \(\text{curl} \, \vecs F = \vecs 0\), then \(\vecs F\) is conservative.

5. If \(\vecs F\) is a constant vector field then \(\text{div} \,\vecs F = 0\).

6. If \(\vecs F\) is a constant vector field then \(\text{curl} \,\vecs F =\vecs 0\).

For the following exercises, find the curl of \(\vecs F\).

7. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy^2z^4\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (2x^2y + z)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + y^3 z^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

8. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (y + 2z)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

9. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 3xyz^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 \sin z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xe^{2z}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

10. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2 yz\,\mathbf{\hat i} + xy^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xyz^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

11. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x \, \cos y)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + xy^2\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

12. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x - y)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (y - z)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z - x)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

13. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xyz\,\mathbf{\hat i} + x^2y^2z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + y^2z^3 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

14. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} + yz \,\mathbf{\hat j} + xz \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

15. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

16. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = ax\,\mathbf{\hat i} + by \,\mathbf{\hat j} + c \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) for constants \(a, \,b, \,c\).

For the following exercises, find the divergence of \(\vecs F\).

17. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 x \,\mathbf{\hat j} + (y + 2z) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

18. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 3xyz^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 \sin z \,\mathbf{\hat j} + xe^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

19. \(\vecs{F}(x,y) = (\sin x)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (\cos y) \,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

20. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

21. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x - y)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (y - z) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z - x) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

22. \(\vecs{F}(x,y) = \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\,\mathbf{\hat i} + \dfrac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

23. \(\vecs{F}(x,y) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} - y \,\mathbf{\hat j}\)

24. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = ax\,\mathbf{\hat i} + by \,\mathbf{\hat j} + c \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) for constants \(a, \,b, \,c\).

25. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xyz\,\mathbf{\hat i} + x^2y^2z^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + y^2z^3\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

26. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} + yz\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

For exercises 27 & 28, determine whether each of the given scalar functions is harmonic.

27. \(u(x,y,z) = e^{-x} (\cos y - \sin y)\)

28. \(w(x,y,z) = (x^2 + y^2 + z^2)^{-1/2}\)

29. If \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2x j + 3y k\) and \(\vecs G(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} - y \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z \,\mathbf{\hat k}\), find \(\text{curl} \, (\vecs F \times \vecs G)\).

30. If \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2x j + 3y k\) and \(\vecs G(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} - y \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z \,\mathbf{\hat k}\), find \(\text{div} \, (\vecs F \times \vecs G)\).

31. Find \(\text{div} \,\vecs F\), given that \(\vecs F = \vecs \nabla f\), where \(f(x,y,z) = xy^3z^2\).

32. Find the divergence of \(\vecs F\) for vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (y^2 + z^2) (x + y) \,\mathbf{\hat i} + (z^2 + x^2)(y + z) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + (x^2 + y^2)(z + x) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\).

33. Find the divergence of \(\vecs F\) for vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = f_1(y,z)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + f_2 (x,z) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + f_3 (x,y) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\).

For exercises 34 - 36, use \(r = |\vecs r|\) and \(\vecs r(x,y,z) = \langle x,y,z\rangle\).

34. Find the \(\text{curl} \, \vecs r\)

35. Find the \(\text{curl}\, \dfrac{\vecs r}{r}\).

36. Find the \(\text{curl}\, \dfrac{\vecs r}{r^3}\).

37. Let \(\vecs{F}(x,y) = \dfrac{-y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+x\,\mathbf{\hat j}}{x^2+y^2}\), where \(\vecs F\) is defined on \(\big\{(x,y) \in \mathbb{R} | (x,y) \neq (0,0) \big\}\). Find \(\text{curl}\, \vecs F\).

For the following exercises, use a computer algebra system to find the curl of the given vector fields.

38. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \arctan \left(\dfrac{x}{y}\right)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + \ln \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} \,\mathbf{\hat j}+ \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

39. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \sin (x - y)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + \sin (y - z) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + \sin (z - x) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

For the following exercises, find the divergence of \(\vecs F\) at the given point.

40. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \,\mathbf{\hat i} + \,\mathbf{\hat j} + \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((2, -1, 3)\)

41. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xyz \,\mathbf{\hat i} + y \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((1, 2, 3)\)

42. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = e^{-xy}\,\mathbf{\hat i} + e^{xz}\,\mathbf{\hat j} + e^{yz}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((3, 2, 0)\)

43. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xyz \,\mathbf{\hat i} + y \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((1, 2, 1)\)

44. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = e^x \sin y \,\mathbf{\hat i} - e^x \cos y\,\mathbf{\hat j} \) at \((0, 0, 3)\)

For exercises 45- 49, find the curl of \(\vecs F\) at the given point.

45. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \,\mathbf{\hat i} + \,\mathbf{\hat j} + \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((2, -1, 3)\)

46. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xyz \,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((1, 2, 3)\)

47. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = e^{-xy}\,\mathbf{\hat i} + e^{xz}\,\mathbf{\hat j} + e^{yz}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((3, 2, 0)\)

48. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xyz \,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) at \((1, 2, 1)\)

49. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = e^x \sin y \,\mathbf{\hat i} - e^x \cos y\,\mathbf{\hat j} \) at \((0, 0, 3)\)

50. Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (3x^2 y + az) \,\mathbf{\hat i} + x^3\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (3x + 3z^2)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\). For what value of \(a\) is \(\vecs F\) conservative?

51. Given vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y) = \dfrac{1}{x^2+y^2} \langle -y,x\rangle\) on domain \(D = \dfrac{\mathbb{R}^2}{\{(0,0)\}} = \big\{(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 |(x,y) \neq (0,0) \big\}\), is \(\vecs F\) conservative?

52. Given vector field \(\vecs{F}(x,y) = \dfrac{1}{x^2+y^2} \langle x,y\rangle\) on domain \(D = \dfrac{\mathbb{R}^2}{\{(0,0)\}}\), is \(\vecs F\) conservative?

53. Find the work done by force field \(\vecs{F}(x,y) = e^{-y}\,\mathbf{\hat i} - xe^{-y}\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) in moving an object from\(P(0, 1)\) to \(Q(2, 0)\). Is the force field conservative?

54. Compute divergence \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (\sinh x)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (\cosh y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} - xyz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\).

55. Compute \(\text{curl }\, \vecs F = (\sinh x)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (\cosh y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} - xyz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\).

For the following exercises, consider a rigid body that is rotating about the \(x\)-axis counterclockwise with constant angular velocity \(\vecs \omega = \langle a,b,c \rangle\). If \(P\) is a point in the body located at \(\vecs r = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), the velocity at \(P\) is given by vector field \(\vecs F = \vecs \omega \times \vecs r\).

56. Express \(\vecs F\) in terms of \(\,\mathbf{\hat i},\;\,\mathbf{\hat j},\) and \(\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) vectors.

57. Find \(\text{div} \, F\).

58. Find \(\text{curl} \, F\)

In the following exercises, suppose that \(\vecs \nabla \cdot \vecs F = 0\) and \(\vecs \nabla \cdot \vecs G = 0\).

59. Does \(\vecs F + \vecs G\) necessarily have zero divergence?

60. Does \(\vecs F \times \vecs G\) necessarily have zero divergence?

In the following exercises, suppose a solid object in \(\mathbb{R}^3\) has a temperature distribution given by \(T(x,y,z)\). The heat flow vector field in the object is \(\vecs F = - k \vecs \nabla T\), where \(k > 0\) is a property of the material. The heat flow vector points in the direction opposite to that of the gradient, which is the direction of greatest temperature decrease. The divergence of the heat flow vector is \(\vecs \nabla \cdot \vecs F = -k \vecs \nabla \cdot \vecs \nabla T = - k \vecs \nabla^2 T\).

61. Compute the heat flow vector field.

62. Compute the divergence.

63. [T] Consider rotational velocity field \(\vecs v = \langle 0,10z, -10y \rangle\). If a paddlewheel is placed in plane \(x + y + z = 1\) with its axis normal to this plane, using a computer algebra system, calculate how fast the paddlewheel spins in revolutions per unit time.

5.7: Surface Integrals

In exercises 1 - 4, determine whether the statements are true or false .

1. If surface \(S\) is given by \(\{(x,y,z) : \, 0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, z = 10 \}\), then \(\displaystyle \iint_S f(x,y,z) \, dS = \int_0^1 \int_0^1 f (x,y,10) \, dx \, dy.\)

2. If surface \(S\) is given by \(\{(x,y,z) : \, 0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, z = x \}\), then \(\displaystyle \iint_S f(x,y,z) \, dS = \int_0^1 \int_0^1 f (x,y,x) \, dx \, dy.\)

3. Surface \(\vecs r = \langle v \, \cos u, \, v \, \sin u, \, v^2 \rangle,\)  for  \( 0 \leq u \leq \pi, \, 0 \leq v \leq 2\) is the same surface \(\vecs r = \langle \sqrt{v} \, \cos 2u, \, \sqrt{v} \, \sin 2u, \, v \rangle,\)  for  \( 0 \leq u \leq \dfrac{\pi}{2}, \, 0 \leq v \leq 4\).

4. Given the standard parameterization of a sphere, normal vectors \(t_u \times t_v\) are outward normal vectors.

In exercises 5 - 10, find parametric descriptions for the following surfaces.

5. Plane \(3x - 2y + z = 2\)

6. Paraboloid \(z = x^2 + y^2\), for \(0 \leq z \leq 9\).

7. Plane \(2x - 4y + 3z = 16\)

8. The frustum of cone \(z^2 = x^2 + y^2\), for \(2 \leq z \leq 8\)

9. The portion of cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 9\) in the first octant, for \(0 \leq z \leq 3\)

10. A cone with base radius \(r\) and height \(h,\) where \(r\) and \(h\) are positive constants.

For exercises 11 - 12, use a computer algebra system to approximate the area of the following surfaces using a parametric description of the surface.

11. [T] Half cylinder \(\{ (r, \theta, z) : \, r = 4, \, 0 \leq \theta \leq \pi, \, 0 \leq z \leq 7 \}\)

12. [T] Plane \(z = 10 - z - y\) above square \(|x| \leq 2, \, |y| \leq 2\)

In exercises 13 - 15, let \(S\) be the hemisphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 4\), with \(z \geq 0\), and evaluate each surface integral, in the counterclockwise direction.

13. \(\displaystyle \iint_S z\, dS\)

14. \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x - 2y) \, dS\)

15. \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x^2 + y^2) \, dS\)

In exercises 16 - 18, evaluate \(\displaystyle \int \int_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs N \, dS\) for vector field \(\vecs F\) where \(\vecs N\) is an outward normal vector to surface \(S.\)

16. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i}+ 2y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 3z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), and \(S\) is that part of plane \(15x - 12y + 3z = 6\) that lies above unit square \(0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1\).

17. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j}+ z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), and \(S\) is hemisphere \(z = \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}\).

18. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), and \(S\) is the portion of plane \(z = y + 1\) that lies inside cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\).

In exercises 19 - 20, approximate the mass of the homogeneous lamina that has the shape of given surface \(S.\) Round to four decimal places.

19. [T] \(S\) is surface \(z = 4 - x - 2y\), with \(z \geq 0, \, x \geq 0, \, y \geq 0; \, \xi = x.\)

20. [T] \(S\) is surface \(z = x^2 + y^2\), with \(z \leq 1; \, \xi = z\).

21. [T] \(S\) is surface \(x^2 + y^2 + x^2 = 5\), with \(z \geq 1; \, \xi = \theta^2\).

22. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (y^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat i}+ y^3\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xz\,\mathbf{\hat k}) \cdot dS,\) where \(S\) is the surface of cube \(-1 \leq x \leq 1, \, -1 \leq y \leq 1\), and \(0 \leq z \leq 2\) in a counterclockwise direction.

23. Evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S g \, dS,\) where \(g(x,y,z) = xz + 2x^2 - 3xy\) and \(S\) is the portion of plane \(2x - 3y + z = 6\) that lies over unit square \(R: 0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1\). Graph surface S.

24. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x + y + z)\, dS,\) where \(S\) is the surface defined parametrically by \(\vecs R(u,v) = (2u + v)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (u - 2v)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (u + 3v)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) for \(0 \leq u \leq 1\), and \(0 \leq v \leq 2\).

25. [T] Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x - y^2 + z)\, dS,\) where \(S\) is the surface defined parametrically by \(\vecs R(u,v) = u^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + v\,\mathbf{\hat j} + u\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) for \(0 \leq u \leq 1, \, 0 \leq v \leq 1\).

26. [T] Evaluate where \(S\) is the surface defined by \(\vecs R(u,v) = u\,\mathbf{\hat i} - u^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + v\,\mathbf{\hat k}, \, 0 \leq u \leq 2, \, 0 \leq v \leq 1\) for \(0 \leq u \leq 1, \, 0 \leq v \leq 2\).

27. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x^2 + y^2) \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the surface bounded above hemisphere \(z = \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}\), and below by plane \(z = 0\). Graph surface S.

28. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x^2 + y^2 + z^2) \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the portion of plane that lies inside cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\).

29. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S x^2 z \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the portion of cone \(z^2 = x^2 + y^2\) that lies between planes \(z = 1\) and \(z = 4\). Graph surface S.

\(\displaystyle \iint_S x^2 zdS = \dfrac{1023\sqrt{2}\pi}{5}\)

30. [T] Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \frac{xz}{y} \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the portion of cylinder \(x = y^2\) that lies in the first octant between planes \(z = 0, \, z = 5\), and \(y = 4\).

31. [T] Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (z + y) \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the part of the graph of \( z = \sqrt{1 - x^2}\) in the first octant between the \(xy\)-plane and plane \(y = 3\).

32. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S xyz\, dS\) if \(S\) is the part of plane \(z = x + y\) that lies over the triangular region in the \(xy\)-plane with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), and (0, 2, 0).

33. Find the mass of a lamina of density \(\xi (x,y,z) = z\) in the shape of hemisphere \(z = (a^2 - x^2 - y^2)^{1/2}\).

34. Compute \(\displaystyle \int \int_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs N \, dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} - 5y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 4z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(\vecs N\) is an outward normal vector \(S,\) where \(S\) is the union of two squares \(S_1\) : \(x = 0, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, 0 \leq z \leq 1\) and \(S_2 \, : \, x = 0, \, 0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1\).

35. Compute \(\displaystyle \int \int_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs N \, dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} + z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (x + y)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(\vecs N\) is an outward normal vector \(S,\) where \(S\) is the triangular region cut off from plane \(x + y + z = 1\) by the positive coordinate axes.

36. Compute \(\displaystyle \int \int_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs N \, dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2yz\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (\tan^{-1}xz)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + e^{xy}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(\vecs N\) is an outward normal vector \(S,\) where \(S\) is the surface of sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1\).

37. Compute \(\displaystyle \int \int_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs N \, dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xyz\,\mathbf{\hat i} + xyz\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xyz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(\vecs N\) is an outward normal vector \(S,\) where \(S\) is the surface of the five faces of the unit cube \(0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, 0 \leq z \leq 1\) missing \(z = 0\).

For exercises 38 - 39, express the surface integral as an iterated double integral by using a projection on \(S\) on the \(yz\)-plane.

38. \(\displaystyle \iint_S xy^2 z^3 \, dS;\) \(S\) is the first-octant portion of plane \(2x + 3y + 4z = 12\).

39. \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x^2 - 2y + z) \, dS;\) \(S\) is the portion of the graph of \(4x + y = 8\) bounded by the coordinate planes and plane \(z = 6\).

For exercises 40 - 41, express the surface integral as an iterated double integral by using a projection on \(S\) on the \(xz\)-plane.

40. \(\displaystyle \iint_S xy^2z^3 \, dS;\) \(S\) is the first-octant portion of plane \(2x + 3y + 4z = 12\).

41. \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x^2 - 2y + z) \, dS;\) is the portion of the graph of \(4x + y = 8\) bounded by the coordinate planes and plane \(z = 6\).

42. Evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S yz \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the first-octant part of plane \(x + y + z = \lambda\), where \(\lambda\) is a positive constant.

43. Evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x^2 z + y^2 z) \, dS,\) where \(S\) is hemisphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = a^2, \, z \geq 0.\)

44. Evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S z \, dA,\) where \(S\) is surface \(z = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}, \, 0 \leq z \leq 2\).

45. Evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S x^2 yz \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the part of plane \(z = 1 + 2x + 3y\) that lies above rectangle \(0 \leq x \leq 3\) and \(0 \leq y \leq 2\).

46. Evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S yz \, dS,\) where \(S\) is plane \(x + y + z = 1\) that lies in the first octant.

47. Evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S yz \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the part of plane \(z = y + 3\) that lies inside cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\).

For exercises 48 - 50, use geometric reasoning to evaluate the given surface integrals.

48. \(\displaystyle \iint_S \sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2} \, dS,\) where \(S\) is surface \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 4, \, z \geq 0\)

49. \(\displaystyle \iint_S (x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j}) \cdot dS,\) where \(S\) is surface \(x^2 + y^2 = 4, \, 1 \leq z \leq 3\), oriented with unit normal vectors pointing outward

50. \(\displaystyle \iint_S (z\,\mathbf{\hat k}) \cdot dS,\) where \(S\) is disc \(x^2 + y^2 \leq 9\) on plane \(z = 4\) oriented with unit normal vectors pointing upward

51. A lamina has the shape of a portion of sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = a^2\) that lies within cone \(z = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}\). Let \(S\) be the spherical shell centered at the origin with radius a , and let \(C\) be the right circular cone with a vertex at the origin and an axis of symmetry that coincides with the \(z\)-axis. Determine the mass of the lamina if \(\delta(x,y,z) = x^2 y^2 z\).

52. A lamina has the shape of a portion of sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = a^2\) that lies within cone \(z = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}\). Let \(S\) be the spherical shell centered at the origin with radius a , and let \(C\) be the right circular cone with a vertex at the origin and an axis of symmetry that coincides with the z -axis. Suppose the vertex angle of the cone is \(\phi_0\), with \(0 \leq \phi_0 < \dfrac{\pi}{2}\). Determine the mass of that portion of the shape enclosed in the intersection of \(S\) and \(C.\) Assume \(\delta(x,y,z) = x^2y^2z.\)

53. A paper cup has the shape of an inverted right circular cone of height 6 in. and radius of top 3 in. If the cup is full of water weighing \(62.5 \, lb/ft^3\), find the magnitude of the total force exerted by the water on the inside surface of the cup.

For exercises 54 - 55, the heat flow vector field for conducting objects i \(\vecs F = - k\vecs\nabla T\), where \(T(x,y,z)\) is the temperature in the object and \(k > 0\) is a constant that depends on the material. Find the outward flux of \(\vecs F\) across the following surfaces \(S\) for the given temperature distributions and assume \(k = 1\).

54. \(T(x,y,z) = 100 e^{-x-y}\); \(S\) consists of the faces of cube \(|x| \leq 1, \, |y| \leq 1, \, |z| \leq 1\).

55. \(T(x,y,z) = - \ln (x^2 + y^2 + z^2)\); \(S\) is sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = a^2\).

For exercises 56 - 57, consider the radial fields \(\vecs F = \dfrac{\langle x,y,z \rangle}{(x^2+y^2+z^2)^{\dfrac{p}{2}}} = \dfrac{r}{|r|^p}\), where \(p\) is a real number. Let \(S\) consist of spheres \(A\) and \(B\) centered at the origin with radii \(0 < a < b\). The total outward flux across \(S\) consists of the outward flux across the outer sphere \(B\) less the flux into \(S\) across inner sphere \(A.\)

56. Find the total flux across \(S\) with \(p = 0\).

57. Show that for \(p = 3\) the flux across \(S\) is independent of \(a\) and \(b.\)

5.8: Stokes’ Theorem

In exercises 1 - 6, without using Stokes’ theorem, calculate directly both the flux of \(curl \, \vecs F \cdot \vecs N\) over the given surface and the circulation integral around its boundary, assuming all are oriented clockwise.

1. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = y^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + z^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + x^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is the first-octant portion of plane \(x + y + z = 1\).

2. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + y\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is hemisphere \(z = (a^2 - x^2 - y^2)^{1/2}\).

3. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = y^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 5\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is hemisphere \(z = (4 - x^2 - y^2)^{1/2}\).

4. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 3y\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is upper hemisphere \(z = \sqrt{9 - x^2 - y^2}\).

5. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x + 2z)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (y - x)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z - y)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is a triangular region with vertices \((3, 0, 0), \, (0, 3/2, 0),\) and \((0, 0, 3).\)

6. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 6z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 3x\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is a portion of paraboloid \(z = 4 - x^2 - y^2\) and is above the \(xy\)-plane.

In exercises 7 - 9, use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (curl \, \vecs F \cdot \vecs N) \, dS\) for the vector fields and surface.

7. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} - z\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) and \(S\) is the surface of the cube \(0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, 0 \leq z \leq 1\), except for the face where \(z = 0\) and using the outward unit normal vector.

8. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} + x^2 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\); and \(C\) is the intersection of paraboloid \(z = x^2 + y^2\) and plane \(z = y\), and using the outward normal vector.

9. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 4y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + z \,\mathbf{\hat j} + 2y \,\mathbf{\hat k}\); and \(C\) is the intersection of sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 4\) with plane \(z = 0\), and using the outward normal vector.

10. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_C \big[2xy^2z \, dx + 2x^2yz \, dy + (x^2y^2 - 2z) \, dz\big],\) where \(C\) is the curve given by \(x = \cos t, \, y = \sin t, \, 0 \leq t \leq 2\pi\), traversed in the direction of increasing \(t.\)

11. [T] Use a computer algebraic system (CAS) and Stokes’ theorem to approximate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C (y \, dx + z \, dy + x \, dz),\) where \(C\) is the intersection of plane \(x + y = 2\) and surface \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 2(x + y)\), traversed counterclockwise viewed from the origin.

12. [T] Use a CAS and Stokes’ theorem to approximate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C (3y\, dx + 2z \, dy - 5x \, dz),\) where \(C\) is the intersection of the \(xy\)-plane and hemisphere \(z = \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}\), traversed counterclockwise viewed from the top—that is, from the positive \(z\)-axis toward the \(xy\)-plane.

13. [T] Use a CAS and Stokes’ theorem to approximate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C [(1 + y) \, z \, dx + (1 + z) x \, dy + (1 + x) y \, dz],\) where \(C\) is a triangle with vertices \((1,0,0), \, (0,1,0)\), and \((0,0,1)\) oriented counterclockwise.

14. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = e^{xy} cos \, z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + x^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xy\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), and \(S\) is half of sphere \(x = \sqrt{1 - y^2 - z^2}\), oriented out toward the positive \(x\)-axis.

15. [T] Use a CAS and Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (curl \, \vecs F \cdot \vecs N) \, dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2 y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + xy^2 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^3 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(C\) is the curve of the intersection of plane \(3x + 2y + z = 6\) and cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 4\), oriented clockwise when viewed from above.

16. [T] Use a CAS and Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \left( \sin(y + z) - yx^2 - \dfrac{y^3}{3}\right)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + x \, \cos (y + z) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + \cos (2y) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) consists of the top and the four sides but not the bottom of the cube with vertices \((\pm 1, \, \pm1, \, \pm1)\), oriented outward.

17. [T] Use a CAS and Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = z^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 3xy\,\mathbf{\hat j} + x^3y^3\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the top part of \(z = 5 - x^2 - y^2\) above plane \(z = 1\) and \(S\) is oriented upward.

18. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (curl \, \vecs F \cdot \vecs N) dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = z^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + x\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is a triangle with vertices \((1, 0, 0), \, (0, 1, 0)\) and \((0, 0, 1)\) with counterclockwise orientation.

19. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate line integral \(\displaystyle \int_C (z \, dx + x \, dy + y \, dz),\) where \(C\) is a triangle with vertices \((3, 0, 0), \, (0, 0, 2),\) and \((0, 6, 0)\) traversed in the given order.

20. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_C \left(\dfrac{1}{2} y^2 \, dx + z \, dy + x \, dz \right),\) where \(C\) is the curve of intersection of plane \(x + z = 1\) and ellipsoid \(x^2 + 2y^2 + z^2 = 1\), oriented clockwise from the origin.

21. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (curl \, \vecs F \cdot \vecs N) dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + ze^{xy}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the part of surface \(z = 1 - x^2 - 2y^2\) with \(z \geq 0\), oriented counterclockwise.

22. Use Stokes’ theorem for vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 3x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 2z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) where \(S\) is surface \(z = 1 - x^2 - 2y^2, \, z \geq 0\), \(C\) is boundary circle \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\), and \(S\) is oriented in the positive \(z\)-direction.

23. Use Stokes’ theorem for vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = - \dfrac{3}{2} y^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} - 2 xy\,\mathbf{\hat j} + yz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), where \(S\) is that part of the surface of plane \(x + y + z = 1\) contained within triangle \(C\) with vertices \((1, 0, 0), \, (0, 1, 0),\) and \((0, 0, 1),\) traversed counterclockwise as viewed from above.

24. A certain closed path \(C\) in plane \(2x + 2y + z = 1\) is known to project onto unit circle \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\) in the \(xy\)-plane. Let \(C\) be a constant and let \(\vecs R(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\). Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \int_C(c \,\mathbf{\hat k} \times \vecs R) \cdot dS.\)

25. Use Stokes’ theorem and let \(C\) be the boundary of surface \(z = x^2 + y^2\) with \(0 \leq x \leq 2\) and \(0 \leq y \leq 1\) oriented with upward facing normal. Define \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \big(\sin (x^3) + xz\big) \,\mathbf{\hat i} + (x - yz)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + \cos (z^4) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and evaluate \(\int_C \vecs F \cdot dS\).

26. Let \(S\) be hemisphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 4\) with \(z \geq 0\), oriented upward. Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2 e^{yz}\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 e^{xz} \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2 e^{xy}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) be a vector field. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS.\)

27. Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (e^{z^2} + y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (x + y)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and let \(S\) be the graph of function \(y = \dfrac{x^2}{9} + \dfrac{z^2}{9} - 1\) with \(z \leq 0\) oriented so that the normal vector \(S\) has a positive y component. Use Stokes’ theorem to compute integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS.\)

28. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \oint \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + x\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(C\) is a triangle with vertices \((0, 0, 0), \, (2, 0, 0)\) and \(0,-2,2)\) oriented counterclockwise when viewed from above.

29. Use the surface integral in Stokes’ theorem to calculate the circulation of field \(\vecs F,\) \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2y^3 \,\mathbf{\hat i} + \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) around \(C,\) which is the intersection of cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 4\) and hemisphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 16, \, z \geq 0\), oriented counterclockwise when viewed from above.

30. Use Stokes’ theorem to compute \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS.\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \,\mathbf{\hat i} + xy^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xy^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is a part of plane \(y + z = 2\) inside cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\) and oriented counterclockwise.

31. Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = -y^2 \,\mathbf{\hat i} + x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the part of plane \(x + y + z = 1\) in the positive octant and oriented counterclockwise \(x \geq 0, \, y \geq 0, \, z \geq 0\).

32. Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2z\,\mathbf{\hat j} - 2y\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and let \(C\) be the intersection of plane \(x + z = 5\) and cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 9\), which is oriented counterclockwise when viewed from the top. Compute the line integral of \(\vecs F\) over \(C\) using Stokes’ theorem.

33. [T] Use a CAS and let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (yz - x)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + e^{yxz}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\). Use Stokes’ theorem to compute the surface integral of curl \(\vecs F\) over surface \(S\) with inward orientation consisting of cube \([0,1] \times [0,1] \times [0,1]\) with the right side missing.

34. Let \(S\) be ellipsoid \(\dfrac{x^2}{4} + \dfrac{y^2}{9} + z^2 = 1\) oriented counterclockwise and let \(\vecs F\) be a vector field with component functions that have continuous partial derivatives.

35. Let \(S\) be the part of paraboloid \(z = 9 - x^2 - y^2\) with \(z \geq 0\). Verify Stokes’ theorem for vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 3z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 4x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 2y\,\mathbf{\hat k}\).

36. [T] Use a CAS and Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \oint \vecs F \cdot dS,\) if \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (3z - \sin x) \,\mathbf{\hat i} + (x^2 + e^y) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + (y^3 - \cos z) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\), where \(C\) is the curve given by \(x = \cos t, \, y = \sin t, \, z = 1; \, 0 \leq t \leq 2\pi\).

37. [T] Use a CAS and Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + e^z\,\mathbf{\hat j} - \arctan x \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) with \(S\) as a portion of paraboloid \(z = 4 - x^2 - y^2\) cut off by the \(xy\)-plane oriented counterclockwise.

38. [T] Use a CAS to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S curl (F) \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 3x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 5y\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the surface parametrically by \(\vecs r(r,\theta) = r \, \cos \theta \,\mathbf{\hat i} + r \, \sin \theta \,\mathbf{\hat j} + (4 - r^2) \,\mathbf{\hat k} \, (0 \leq \theta \leq 2\pi, \, 0 \leq r \leq 3)\).

39. Let \(S\) be paraboloid \(z = a (1 - x^2 - y^2)\), for \(z \geq 0\), where \(a > 0\) is a real number. Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = \langle x - y, \, y + z, \, z - x \rangle\). For what value(s) of \(a\) (if any) does \(\displaystyle \iint_S (\vecs \nabla \times \vecs F) \cdot \vecs n \, dS\) have its maximum value?

For application exercises 40 - 41, the goal is to evaluate \(\displaystyle A = \iint_S (\vecs \nabla \times \vecs F) \cdot \vecs n \, dS,\) where \(\vecs F = \langle xz, \, -xz, \, xy \rangle\) and \(S\) is the upper half of ellipsoid \(x^2 + y^2 + 8z^2 = 1\), where \(z \geq 0\).

40. Evaluate a surface integral over a more convenient surface to find the value of \(A.\)

41. Evaluate \(A\) using a line integral.

42. Take paraboloid \(z = x^2 + y^2\), for \(0 \leq z \leq 4\), and slice it with plane \(y = 0\). Let \(S\) be the surface that remains for \(y \geq 0\), including the planar surface in the \(xz\)-plane. Let \(C\) be the semicircle and line segment that bounded the cap of \(S\) in plane \(z = 4\) with counterclockwise orientation. Let \(\vecs F = \langle 2z + y, \, 2x + z, \, 2y + x \rangle\). Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S (\vecs \nabla \times \vecs F) \cdot \vecs n \, dS.\)

For exercises 43 - 45, let \(S\) be the disk enclosed by curve \(C \, : \, \vecs r(t) = \langle \cos \varphi \, \cos t, \, \sin t, \, \sin \varphi \, \cos t \rangle\), for \(0 \leq t \leq 2\pi\), where \(0 \leq \varphi \leq \dfrac{\pi}{2}\) is a fixed angle.

43. What is the length of \(C\) in terms of \(\varphi\)?

44. What is the circulation of \(C\) of vector field \(\vecs F = \langle -y, \, -z, \, x \rangle\) as a function of \(\varphi\)?

45. For what value of \(\varphi\) is the circulation a maximum?

46. Circle \(C\) in plane \(x + y + z = 8\) has radius \(4\) and center \((2, 3, 3).\) Evaluate \(\displaystyle \oint_C \vecs F \cdot d\vecs{r}\) for \(\vecs F = \langle 0, \, -z, \, 2y \rangle\), where \(C\) has a counterclockwise orientation when viewed from above.

47. Velocity field \(v = \langle 0, \, 1 -x^2, \, 0 \rangle \), for \(|x| \leq 1\) and \(|z| \leq 1\), represents a horizontal flow in the \(y\)-direction. Compute the curl of \(\vecs v\) in a clockwise rotation.

48. Evaluate integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S (\vecs \nabla \times \vecs F) \cdot \vecs n \, dS,\) where \(\vecs F = - xz\,\mathbf{\hat i} + yz\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xye^z \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the cap of paraboloid \(z = 5 - x^2 - y^2\) above plane \(z = 3\), and \(\vecs n\) points in the positive \(z\)-direction on \(S.\)

In exercises 49 - 50, use Stokes’ theorem to find the circulation of the following vector fields around any smooth, simple closed curve \(C.\)

49. \(\vecs F = \vecs \nabla (x \, \sin ye^z)\)

50. \(\vecs F = \langle y^2z^3, \, z2xyz^3, 3xy^2z^2 \rangle \)

5.9: The Divergence Theorem

For exercises 1 - 9, use a computer algebraic system (CAS) and the divergence theorem to evaluate surface integral \(\displaystyle \int_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs n \, ds\) for the given choice of \(\vecs F\) and the boundary surface \(S.\) For each closed surface, assume \(\vecs N\) is the outward unit normal vector.

1. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is the surface of cube \(0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, 0 < z \leq 1\).

2. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (\cos yz) \,\mathbf{\hat i} + e^{xz}\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 3z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is the surface of hemisphere \(z = \sqrt{4 - x^2 - y^2}\) together with disk \(x^2 + y^2 \leq 4\) in the \(xy\)-plane.

3. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x^2 + y^2 - x^2)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + x^2 y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 3z\,\mathbf{\hat k}; \) \(S\) is the surface of the five faces of unit cube \(0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, 0 < z \leq 1.\)

4. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}; \) \(S\) is the surface of paraboloid \(z = x^2 + y^2\) for \(0 \leq z \leq 9\).

5. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is the surface of sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 4\).

6. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z^2 - 1)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is the surface of the solid bounded by cylinder \( x^2 + y^2 = 4\) and planes \(z = 0\) and \(z = 1\).

7. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\); \(S\) is the surface bounded above by sphere \(\rho = 2\) and below by cone \(\varphi = \dfrac{\pi}{4}\) in spherical coordinates. (Think of \(S\) as the surface of an “ice cream cone.”)

8. [T] \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^3\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^3 \,\mathbf{\hat j} + 3a^2z \,\mathbf{\hat k} \, (constant \, a > 0)\); \(S\) is the surface bounded by cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = a^2\) and planes \(z = 0\) and \(z = 1\).

9. [T] Surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(S\) is the solid bounded by paraboloid \(z = x^2 + y^2\) and plane \(z = 4\), and \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x + y^2z^2)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (y + z^2x^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z + x^2y^2) \,\mathbf{\hat k}\)

10. Use the divergence theorem to calculate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (e^{y^2} \,\mathbf{\hat i} + (y + \sin (z^2))\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z - 1)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is upper hemisphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1, \, z \geq 0\), oriented upward.

11. Use the divergence theorem to calculate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^4\,\mathbf{\hat i} - x^3z^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 4xy^2z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the surface bounded by cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\) and planes \(z = x + 2\) and \(z = 0\).

12. Use the divergence theorem to calculate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), when \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2z^3 \,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2xyz^3\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xz^4 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the surface of the box with vertices \((\pm 1, \, \pm 2, \, \pm 3)\).

13. Use the divergence theorem to calculate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), when \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = z \, \tan^{-1} (y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + z^3 \ln(x^2 + 1) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is a part of paraboloid \(x^2 + y^2 + z = 2\) that lies above plane \(z = 1\) and is oriented upward.

14. [T] Use a CAS and the divergence theorem to calculate flux \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x^3 + y^3)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (y^3 + z^3)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z^3 + x^3)\,\mathbf{\hat k} \) and \(S\) is a sphere with center \((0, 0)\) and radius \(2.\)

15. Use the divergence theorem to compute the value of flux integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (y^3 + 3x)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (xz + y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + \left(z + x^4 \cos (x^2y)\right)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the area of the region bounded by \(x^2 + y^2 = 1, \, x \geq 0, \, y \geq 0\), and \(0 \leq z \leq 1\).

16. Use the divergence theorem to compute flux integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = y\,\mathbf{\hat j} - z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) consists of the union of paraboloid \(y = x^2 + z^2, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1\), and disk \(x^2 + z^2 \leq 1, \, y = 1\), oriented outward. What is the flux through just the paraboloid?

17. Use the divergence theorem to compute flux integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^4 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is a part of cone \(z = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}\) beneath top plane \(z = 1\) oriented downward.

18. Use the divergence theorem to calculate surface integral \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\) for \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^4\,\mathbf{\hat i} - x^3z^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 4xy^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), where \(S\) is the surface bounded by cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\) and planes \(z = x + 2\) and \(z = 0\).

19. Consider \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + xy\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z + 1)\,\mathbf{\hat k}\). Let \(E\) be the solid enclosed by paraboloid \(z = 4 - x^2 - y^2\) and plane \(z = 0\) with normal vectors pointing outside \(E.\) Compute flux \(\vecs F\) across the boundary of \(E\) using the divergence theorem.

In exercises 20 - 23, use a CAS along with the divergence theorem to compute the net outward flux for the fields across the given surfaces \(S.\)

20. [T] \(\vecs F = \langle x,\, -2y, \, 3z \rangle; \) \(S\) is sphere \(\{(x,y,z) : x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 6 \}\).

21. [T] \(\vecs F = \langle x, \, 2y, \, z \rangle\); \(S\) is the boundary of the tetrahedron in the first octant formed by plane \(x + y + z = 1\).

22. [T] \(\vecs F = \langle y - 2x, \, x^3 - y, \, y^2 - z \rangle\); \(S\) is sphere \(\{(x,y,z) \,:\, x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 4\}.\)

23. [T] \(\vecs F = \langle x,y,z \rangle\); \(S\) is the surface of paraboloid \(z = 4 - x^2 - y^2\), for \(z \geq 0\), plus its base in the \(xy\)-plane.

For exercises 24 - 26, use a CAS and the divergence theorem to compute the net outward flux for the vector fields across the boundary of the given regions \(D.\)

24. [T] \(\vecs F = \langle z - x, \, x - y, \, 2y - z \rangle\); \(D\) is the region between spheres of radius 2 and 4 centered at the origin.

25. [T] \(\vecs F = \dfrac{\vecs r}{\|\vecs r\|} = \dfrac{\langle x,y,z\rangle}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\); \(D\) is the region between spheres of radius 1 and 2 centered at the origin.

26. [T] \(\vecs F = \langle x^2, \, -y^2, \, z^2 \rangle\); \(D\) is the region in the first octant between planes \(z = 4 - x - y\) and \(z = 2 - x - y\).

27. Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2x\,\mathbf{\hat i} - 3xy\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xz^2\,\mathbf{\hat k}\). Use the divergence theorem to calculate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\), where \(S\) is the surface of the cube with corners at \((0,0,0), \, (1,0,0), \, (0,1,0), \, (1,1,0), \, (0,0,1), \, (1,0,1), \, (0,1,1)\), and \((1,1,1)\), oriented outward.

28. Use the divergence theorem to find the outward flux of field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x^3 - 3y)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (2yz + 1)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xyz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) through the cube bounded by planes \(x = \pm 1, \, y = \pm 1, \) and \(z = \pm 1\).

29. Let \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2x\,\mathbf{\hat i} - 3y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 5z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and let \(S\) be hemisphere \(z = \sqrt{9 - x^2 - y^2}\) together with disk \(x^2 + y^2 \leq 9\) in the \(xy\)-plane. Use the divergence theorem.

30. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs n \, dS\), where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^2 \,\mathbf{\hat i} + xy\,\mathbf{\hat j} + x^3y^3\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the surface consisting of all faces except the tetrahedron bounded by plane \(x + y + z = 1\) and the coordinate planes, with outward unit normal vector \(\vecs N.\)

31. Find the net outward flux of field \(\vecs F = \langle bz - cy, \, cx - az, \, ay - bx \rangle\) across any smooth closed surface in \(R^3\) where \(a, \, b,\) and \(c\) are constants.

32. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S ||\vecs R||\vecs R \cdot \vecs n \, ds,\) where \(\vecs R(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = a^2\), with constant \(a > 0\).

33. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = y^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^3\,\mathbf{\hat j} + xz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the boundary of the cube defined by \(-1 \leq x \leq 1, \, -1 \leq y \leq 1\), and \(0 \leq z \leq 2\).

34. Let \(R\) be the region defined by \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 \leq 1\). Use the divergence theorem to find \(\displaystyle \iiint_R z^2 \, dV.\)

35. Let \(E\) be the solid bounded by the \(xy\)-plane and paraboloid \(z = 4 - x^2 - y^2\) so that \(S\) is the surface of the paraboloid piece together with the disk in the \(xy\)-plane that forms its bottom. If \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (xz \, \sin(yz) + x^3) \,\mathbf{\hat i} + \cos (yz) \,\mathbf{\hat j} + (3zy^2 - e^{x^2+y^2})\,\mathbf{\hat k}\), find \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\) using the divergence theorem.

36. Let \(E\) be the solid unit cube with diagonally opposite corners at the origin and \((1, 1, 1),\) and faces parallel to the coordinate planes. Let \(S\) be the surface of \(E,\) oriented with the outward-pointing normal. Use a CAS to find \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\) using the divergence theorem if \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 2xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 3ye^z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + x \sin z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\).

37. Use the divergence theorem to calculate the flux of \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x^3\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^3\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z^3\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) through sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1\).

38. Find \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the outwardly oriented surface obtained by removing cube \([1,2] \times [1,2] \times [1,2]\) from cube \([0,2] \times [0,2] \times [0,2]\).

39. Consider radial vector field \(\vecs F = \dfrac{\vecs r}{\|\vecs r\|} = \dfrac{\langle x,y,z \rangle}{(x^2+y^2+z^2)^{1/2}}\). Compute the surface integral, where \(S\) is the surface of a sphere of radius a centered at the origin.

40. Compute the flux of water through parabolic cylinder \(S \,:\, y = x^2\), from \(0 \leq x \leq 2, \, 0 \leq z \leq 3\), if the velocity vector is \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 3z^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 6\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 6xz\,\mathbf{\hat k}\).

41. [T] Use a CAS to find the flux of vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + z\,\mathbf{\hat j} + \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) across the portion of hyperboloid \(x^2 + y^2 = z^2 + 1\) between planes \(z = 0\) and \(z = \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\), oriented so the unit normal vector points away from the \(z\)-axis.

42. Use a CAS to find the flux of vector field \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (e^y + x)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (3 \, \cos (xz) - y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) through surface \(S,\) where \(S\) is given by \(z^2 = 4x^2 + 4y^2\) from \(0 \leq z \leq 4\), oriented so the unit normal vector points downward.

43. [T] Use a CAS to compute \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 2z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is a part of sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 2\) with \(0 \leq z \leq 1\).

44. Evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = bxy^2\,\mathbf{\hat i} + bx^2y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (x^2 + y^2)z^2 \,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is a closed surface bounding the region and consisting of solid cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 \leq a^2\) and \(0 \leq z \leq b\).

45. [T] Use a CAS to calculate the flux of \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x^3 + y \, \sin z)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (y^3 + z \, \sin x)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 3z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) across surface \(S,\) where \(S\) is the boundary of the solid bounded by hemispheres \(z = \sqrt{4 - x^2 - y^2}\) and \(z = \sqrt{1 - x^2 - y^2}\), and plane \(z = 0\).

46. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = xy\,\mathbf{\hat i} - \dfrac{1}{2}y^2\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the surface consisting of three pieces: \(z = 4 - 3x^2 - 3y^2, \, 1 \leq z \leq 4\) on the top; \(x^2 + y^2 = 1, \, 0 \leq z \leq 1\) on the sides; and \(z = 0\) on the bottom.

47. [T] Use a CAS and the divergence theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (2x + y \, \cos z)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (x^2 - y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + y^2 z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is sphere \(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 4\) orientated outward.

48. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS,\) where \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = x\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k}\) and \(S\) is the boundary of the solid enclosed by paraboloid \(y = x^2 + z^2 - 2\), cylinder \(x^2 + z^2 = 1\), and plane \(x + y = 2\), and \(S\) is oriented outward.

For the following exercises, Fourier’s law of heat transfer states that the heat flow vector \(\vecs F\) at a point is proportional to the negative gradient of the temperature; that is, \(\vecs F = - k \vecs \nabla T\), which means that heat energy flows hot regions to cold regions. The constant \(k > 0\) is called the conductivity , which has metric units of joules per meter per second-kelvin or watts per meter-kelvin. A temperature function for region \(D\) s given. Use the divergence theorem to find net outward heat flux \(\displaystyle \iint_S \vecs F \cdot \vecs n \, dS = -k \iint_S \vecs \nabla T \cdot N \, dS\) across the boundary \(S\) of \(D,\) where \(k = 1\).

49. \(T(x,y,z) = 100 + x + 2y + z\);

\(D = \{(x,y,z) : 0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 1, \, 0 \leq z \leq 1 \}\)

50. \(T(x,y,z) = 100 + e^{-z}\);

51. \(T(x,y,z) = 100 e^{-x^2-y^2-z^2}\); \(D\) is the sphere of radius \(a\) centered at the origin.

Chapter Review Exercises

True or False?   Justify your answer with a proof or a counterexample.

1. The vector field \(\vecs F(x,y) = x^2 y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + y^2 x\,\mathbf{\hat j}\) is conservative.

2. For vector field \(\vecs F(x,y) = P(x,y)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + Q(x,y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} \), if \(P_y(x,y) = Q_z(x,y)\) in open region \(D\), then \(\displaystyle \int_{\partial D} P \,dx + Q \, dy = 0.\)

3. The divergence of a vector field is a vector field.

4. If \(curl \, \vecs F = \vecs 0\), then \(\vecs F\) is a conservative vector field.

Draw the following vector fields.

5. \(\vecs F(x,y) = \dfrac{1}{2}\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2x\,\mathbf{\hat j} \)

6. \(\vecs F(x,y) = \sqrt{\dfrac{y\,\mathbf{\hat i}+3x\,\mathbf{\hat j}}{x^2+y^2}}\)

Are the following the vector fields conservative? If so, find the potential function \(\vecs F\) such that \(\vecs F =  \vecs \nabla f\).

7. \(\vecs F(x,y) = y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (x - 2e^y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} \)

8. \(\vecs F(x,y) = (6xy)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (3x^2 - ye^y)\,\mathbf{\hat j} \)

9. \(\vecs F(x,y) = (2xy + z^2)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (x^2 + 2yz)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (2xz + y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat k} \)

10. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (e^xy)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (e^x + z)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (e^x + y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat k} \)

Evaluate the following integrals.

11. \(\displaystyle \int_C x^2 \, dy + (2x - 3xy) \, dx\), along \(C : y = \dfrac{1}{2}x\) from \((0, 0)\) to \((4, 2)\)

12. \(\displaystyle \int_C y\, dx + xy^2 \, dy\), where \(C : x = \sqrt{t}, \, y = t - 1, \, 0 \leq t \leq 1\)

13. \(\displaystyle \iint_S xy^2 \, dS,\) where \(S\) is the surface \(z = x^2 - y, \, 0 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 4\)

Find the divergence and curl for the following vector fields.

14. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 3xyz \,\mathbf{\hat i} + xye^x \,\mathbf{\hat j} - 3xy \,\mathbf{\hat k} \)

15. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = e^x \,\mathbf{\hat i}  + e^{xy} \,\mathbf{\hat j} - e^{xyz} \,\mathbf{\hat k} \)

Use Green’s theorem to evaluate the following integrals.

16. \(\displaystyle \int_C 3xy \, dx + 2xy^2 \, dy\), where \(C\) is a square with vertices \((0, 0), \, (0, 2), \, (2, 2)\) and \((2, 0).\)

17. \(\displaystyle \oint_C 3y\, dx + (x + e^y)\, dy\), where \(C\) is a circle centered at the origin with radius \(3.\)

Use Stokes’ theorem to evaluate \(\iint_S curl \, \vecs F \cdot dS\).

18. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = y\,\mathbf{\hat i} - x\,\mathbf{\hat j} + z\,\mathbf{\hat k} \), where \(S\) is the upper half of the unit sphere

19. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = y\,\mathbf{\hat i} + xyz \,\mathbf{\hat j} - 2zx\,\mathbf{\hat k} \), where \(S\) is the upward-facing paraboloid \(z = x^2 + y^2\) lying in cylinder \(x^2 + y^2 = 1\)

Use the divergence theorem to evaluate \(\iint_S \vecs F \cdot dS\).

20. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (x^3y)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (3y - e^x)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (z + x)\,\mathbf{\hat k} \), over cube \(S\) defined by \(-1 \leq x \leq 1, \, 0 \leq y \leq 2, \, 0 \leq z \leq 2\)

21. \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = (2xy)\,\mathbf{\hat i} + (-y^2)\,\mathbf{\hat j} + (2z^3)\,\mathbf{\hat k} \), where \(S\) is bounded by paraboloid \(z = x^2 + y^2\) and plane \(z = 2\)

22. Find the amount of work performed by a 50-kg woman ascending a helical staircase with radius 2 m and height 100 m. The woman completes five revolutions during the climb.

23. Find the total mass of a thin wire in the shape of a semicircle with radius \(\sqrt{2}\), and a density function of \(\rho (x,y) = y + x^2\).

24. Find the total mass of a thin sheet in the shape of a hemisphere with radius \(2\) for \(z \geq 0\) with a density function \(\rho (x,y,z) = x + y + z\).

25. Use the divergence theorem to compute the value of the flux integral over the unit sphere with \(\vecs F(x,y,z) = 3z\,\mathbf{\hat i} + 2y\,\mathbf{\hat j} + 2x\,\mathbf{\hat k} \).

Contributors

Gilbert Strang (MIT) and Edwin “Jed” Herman (Harvey Mudd) with many contributing authors. This content by OpenStax is licensed with a CC-BY-SA-NC 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org .

5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods

Section learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

• Describe the graphical method of vector addition and subtraction
• Use the graphical method of vector addition and subtraction to solve physics problems

Teacher Support

The learning objectives in this section will help your students master the following standards:

• (E) develop and interpret free-body force diagrams.

Section Key Terms

The graphical method of vector addition and subtraction.

Recall that a vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction. For example, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force are all vectors. In one-dimensional or straight-line motion, the direction of a vector can be given simply by a plus or minus sign. Motion that is forward, to the right, or upward is usually considered to be positive (+); and motion that is backward, to the left, or downward is usually considered to be negative (−).

In two dimensions, a vector describes motion in two perpendicular directions, such as vertical and horizontal. For vertical and horizontal motion, each vector is made up of vertical and horizontal components. In a one-dimensional problem, one of the components simply has a value of zero. For two-dimensional vectors, we work with vectors by using a frame of reference such as a coordinate system. Just as with one-dimensional vectors, we graphically represent vectors with an arrow having a length proportional to the vector’s magnitude and pointing in the direction that the vector points.

[BL] [OL] Review vectors and free body diagrams. Recall how velocity, displacement and acceleration vectors are represented.

Figure 5.2 shows a graphical representation of a vector; the total displacement for a person walking in a city. The person first walks nine blocks east and then five blocks north. Her total displacement does not match her path to her final destination. The displacement simply connects her starting point with her ending point using a straight line, which is the shortest distance. We use the notation that a boldface symbol, such as D , stands for a vector. Its magnitude is represented by the symbol in italics, D , and its direction is given by an angle represented by the symbol θ . θ . Note that her displacement would be the same if she had begun by first walking five blocks north and then walking nine blocks east.

Tips For Success

In this text, we represent a vector with a boldface variable. For example, we represent a force with the vector F , which has both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of the vector is represented by the variable in italics, F , and the direction of the variable is given by the angle θ . θ .

The head-to-tail method is a graphical way to add vectors. The tail of the vector is the starting point of the vector, and the head (or tip) of a vector is the pointed end of the arrow. The following steps describe how to use the head-to-tail method for graphical vector addition .

• If there are more than two vectors, continue to add the vectors head-to-tail as described in step 2. In this example, we have only two vectors, so we have finished placing arrows tip to tail.
• To find the magnitude of the resultant, measure its length with a ruler. When we deal with vectors analytically in the next section, the magnitude will be calculated by using the Pythagorean theorem.
• To find the direction of the resultant, use a protractor to measure the angle it makes with the reference direction (in this case, the x -axis). When we deal with vectors analytically in the next section, the direction will be calculated by using trigonometry to find the angle.

[AL] Ask two students to demonstrate pushing a table from two different directions. Ask students what they feel the direction of resultant motion will be. How would they represent this graphically? Recall that a vector’s magnitude is represented by the length of the arrow. Demonstrate the head-to-tail method of adding vectors, using the example given in the chapter. Ask students to practice this method of addition using a scale and a protractor.

[BL] [OL] [AL] Ask students if anything changes by moving the vector from one place to another on a graph. How about the order of addition? Would that make a difference? Introduce negative of a vector and vector subtraction.

Watch Physics

Visualizing vector addition examples.

This video shows four graphical representations of vector addition and matches them to the correct vector addition formula.

• Yes, if we add the same two vectors in a different order it will still give the same resultant vector.
• No, the resultant vector will change if we add the same vectors in a different order.

Vector subtraction is done in the same way as vector addition with one small change. We add the first vector to the negative of the vector that needs to be subtracted. A negative vector has the same magnitude as the original vector, but points in the opposite direction (as shown in Figure 5.6 ). Subtracting the vector B from the vector A , which is written as A − B , is the same as A + (− B ). Since it does not matter in what order vectors are added, A − B is also equal to (− B ) + A . This is true for scalars as well as vectors. For example, 5 – 2 = 5 + (−2) = (−2) + 5.

Global angles are calculated in the counterclockwise direction. The clockwise direction is considered negative. For example, an angle of 30 ∘ 30 ∘ south of west is the same as the global angle 210 ∘ , 210 ∘ , which can also be expressed as −150 ∘ −150 ∘ from the positive x -axis.

Using the Graphical Method of Vector Addition and Subtraction to Solve Physics Problems

Now that we have the skills to work with vectors in two dimensions, we can apply vector addition to graphically determine the resultant vector , which represents the total force. Consider an example of force involving two ice skaters pushing a third as seen in Figure 5.7 .

In problems where variables such as force are already known, the forces can be represented by making the length of the vectors proportional to the magnitudes of the forces. For this, you need to create a scale. For example, each centimeter of vector length could represent 50 N worth of force. Once you have the initial vectors drawn to scale, you can then use the head-to-tail method to draw the resultant vector. The length of the resultant can then be measured and converted back to the original units using the scale you created.

You can tell by looking at the vectors in the free-body diagram in Figure 5.7 that the two skaters are pushing on the third skater with equal-magnitude forces, since the length of their force vectors are the same. Note, however, that the forces are not equal because they act in different directions. If, for example, each force had a magnitude of 400 N, then we would find the magnitude of the total external force acting on the third skater by finding the magnitude of the resultant vector. Since the forces act at a right angle to one another, we can use the Pythagorean theorem. For a triangle with sides a, b, and c, the Pythagorean theorem tells us that

Applying this theorem to the triangle made by F 1 , F 2 , and F tot in Figure 5.7 , we get

Note that, if the vectors were not at a right angle to each other ( 90 ∘ ( 90 ∘ to one another), we would not be able to use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of the resultant vector. Another scenario where adding two-dimensional vectors is necessary is for velocity, where the direction may not be purely east-west or north-south, but some combination of these two directions. In the next section, we cover how to solve this type of problem analytically. For now let’s consider the problem graphically.

Worked Example

Adding vectors graphically by using the head-to-tail method: a woman takes a walk.

Use the graphical technique for adding vectors to find the total displacement of a person who walks the following three paths (displacements) on a flat field. First, she walks 25 m in a direction 49 ∘ 49 ∘ north of east. Then, she walks 23 m heading 15 ∘ 15 ∘ north of east. Finally, she turns and walks 32 m in a direction 68 ∘ 68 ∘ south of east.

Graphically represent each displacement vector with an arrow, labeling the first A , the second B , and the third C . Make the lengths proportional to the distance of the given displacement and orient the arrows as specified relative to an east-west line. Use the head-to-tail method outlined above to determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement, which we’ll call R .

(1) Draw the three displacement vectors, creating a convenient scale (such as 1 cm of vector length on paper equals 1 m in the problem), as shown in Figure 5.8 .

(2) Place the vectors head to tail, making sure not to change their magnitude or direction, as shown in Figure 5.9 .

(3) Draw the resultant vector R from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector, as shown in Figure 5.10 .

(4) Use a ruler to measure the magnitude of R , remembering to convert back to the units of meters using the scale. Use a protractor to measure the direction of R . While the direction of the vector can be specified in many ways, the easiest way is to measure the angle between the vector and the nearest horizontal or vertical axis. Since R is south of the eastward pointing axis (the x -axis), we flip the protractor upside down and measure the angle between the eastward axis and the vector, as illustrated in Figure 5.11 .

In this case, the total displacement R has a magnitude of 50 m and points 7 ∘ 7 ∘ south of east. Using its magnitude and direction, this vector can be expressed as

The head-to-tail graphical method of vector addition works for any number of vectors. It is also important to note that it does not matter in what order the vectors are added. Changing the order does not change the resultant. For example, we could add the vectors as shown in Figure 5.12 , and we would still get the same solution.

[BL] [OL] [AL] Ask three students to enact the situation shown in Figure 5.8 . Recall how these forces can be represented in a free-body diagram. Giving values to these vectors, show how these can be added graphically.

Subtracting Vectors Graphically: A Woman Sailing a Boat

A woman sailing a boat at night is following directions to a dock. The instructions read to first sail 27.5 m in a direction 66.0 ∘ 66.0 ∘ north of east from her current location, and then travel 30.0 m in a direction 112 ∘ 112 ∘ north of east (or 22.0 ∘ 22.0 ∘ west of north). If the woman makes a mistake and travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the trip, where will she end up? The two legs of the woman’s trip are illustrated in Figure 5.13 .

We can represent the first leg of the trip with a vector A , and the second leg of the trip that she was supposed to take with a vector B . Since the woman mistakenly travels in the opposite direction for the second leg of the journey, the vector for second leg of the trip she actually takes is − B . Therefore, she will end up at a location A + (− B ), or A − B . Note that − B has the same magnitude as B (30.0 m), but is in the opposite direction, 68 ∘ ( 180 ∘ − 112 ∘ ) 68 ∘ ( 180 ∘ − 112 ∘ ) south of east, as illustrated in Figure 5.14 .

We use graphical vector addition to find where the woman arrives A + (− B ).

(1) To determine the location at which the woman arrives by accident, draw vectors A and − B .

(2) Place the vectors head to tail.

(3) Draw the resultant vector R .

(4) Use a ruler and protractor to measure the magnitude and direction of R .

These steps are demonstrated in Figure 5.15 .

In this case

Because subtraction of a vector is the same as addition of the same vector with the opposite direction, the graphical method for subtracting vectors works the same as for adding vectors.

Adding Velocities: A Boat on a River

A boat attempts to travel straight across a river at a speed of 3.8 m/s. The river current flows at a speed v river of 6.1 m/s to the right. What is the total velocity and direction of the boat? You can represent each meter per second of velocity as one centimeter of vector length in your drawing.

We start by choosing a coordinate system with its x-axis parallel to the velocity of the river. Because the boat is directed straight toward the other shore, its velocity is perpendicular to the velocity of the river. We draw the two vectors, v boat and v river , as shown in Figure 5.16 .

Using the head-to-tail method, we draw the resulting total velocity vector from the tail of v boat to the head of v river .

By using a ruler, we find that the length of the resultant vector is 7.2 cm, which means that the magnitude of the total velocity is

By using a protractor to measure the angle, we find θ = 32.0 ∘ . θ = 32.0 ∘ .

If the velocity of the boat and river were equal, then the direction of the total velocity would have been 45°. However, since the velocity of the river is greater than that of the boat, the direction is less than 45° with respect to the shore, or x axis.

Teacher Demonstration

Plot the way from the classroom to the cafeteria (or any two places in the school on the same level). Ask students to come up with approximate distances. Ask them to do a vector analysis of the path. What is the total distance travelled? What is the displacement?

Practice Problems

Virtual physics, vector addition.

In this simulation , you will experiment with adding vectors graphically. Click and drag the red vectors from the Grab One basket onto the graph in the middle of the screen. These red vectors can be rotated, stretched, or repositioned by clicking and dragging with your mouse. Check the Show Sum box to display the resultant vector (in green), which is the sum of all of the red vectors placed on the graph. To remove a red vector, drag it to the trash or click the Clear All button if you wish to start over. Notice that, if you click on any of the vectors, the | R | | R | is its magnitude, θ θ is its direction with respect to the positive x -axis, R x is its horizontal component, and R y is its vertical component. You can check the resultant by lining up the vectors so that the head of the first vector touches the tail of the second. Continue until all of the vectors are aligned together head-to-tail. You will see that the resultant magnitude and angle is the same as the arrow drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector. Rearrange the vectors in any order head-to-tail and compare. The resultant will always be the same.

Grasp Check

True or False—The more long, red vectors you put on the graph, rotated in any direction, the greater the magnitude of the resultant green vector.

Check Your Understanding

• backward and to the left
• backward and to the right
• forward and to the right
• forward and to the left

True or False—A person walks 2 blocks east and 5 blocks north. Another person walks 5 blocks north and then two blocks east. The displacement of the first person will be more than the displacement of the second person.

Use the Check Your Understanding questions to assess whether students achieve the learning objectives for this section. If students are struggling with a specific objective, the Check Your Understanding will help identify which objective is causing the problem and direct students to the relevant content.

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Vectors Questions

Vectors questions and answers may help students grasp the idea more effectively. Vectors are important in higher-level mathematical concepts and three-dimensional spaces. Students can use these questions to get a thorough summary of the topics and practice answering them to enhance their understanding. To verify your answers, check the whole explanations for each question. To know more about vectors, click here .

Vectors Questions with Solutions

1. Determine the magnitude of the vector: \(\begin{array}{l}\vec{a}= 3\hat{i}-2\hat{j}+6\hat{k}\end{array} \)

Here, x = 3, y = -2 and z = 6

As we know, the formula to find the magnitude of vector A is given by:

Now, substitute the values of x, y and z in the formula, we get

Hence, the magnitude of the given vector is 7.

2. Compute the vector’s magnitude: 5i – 4j + 2k.

Let the given vector be A.

I.e., A = 5i – 4j + 2k

Here, the components x, y and z of vector A are 5, -4, and 2, respectively.

Now, substitute the values in the magnitude of a vector formula:

Hence, we get

Hence, the magnitude of the vector 5i – 4j + 2k is √45.

3. Calculate the angle between two vectors:

\(\begin{array}{l}\hat{i}-2\hat{j}+3\hat{k}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}3\hat{i}-2\hat{j}+\hat{k}\end{array} \)

We know that the formula to find the angle between two vectors is given by:

Let the above equation be (1)

Here, θ is the angle between two vectors.

Now, take the dot product for two vectors.

= 1(3) + (-2)(-2) + 3(1)

= 3 + 4 + 3

Now, find the magnitude of two vectors:

Now, substituting the derived values in equation (1), we get

4. Calculate the projection on the vector \(\begin{array}{l}\hat{i}+ 3\hat{j}+7\hat{k}\end{array} \) on the vector \(\begin{array}{l}7\hat{i}-\hat{j}+8\hat{k}\end{array} \)

The formula to find the projection of vector on the other vector is given by:

Now, find the magnitude:

Now, substitute the obtained values in the formula, we get

5. A girl walks 4 kilometers west, then 3 kilometers in a direction 30 degrees east of north, before coming to a halt. Determine the girl’s distance from her starting position.

According to the given conditions, let O and B are the starting and final positions of the girl as shown in the below diagram.

Thus, the position of girl can be shown as follows:

Now, using the triangle law of vector addition, we can write:

Therefore, the girl’s distance from her starting position is:

6. Add the given vectors and find their sum:

\(\begin{array}{l}\vec{a}=\hat{i}-2\hat{j}+\hat{k}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}\vec{b}=-2\hat{i}+4\hat{j}+5\hat{k}\end{array} \)

\(\begin{array}{l}\vec{c}=\hat{i}-6\hat{j}-7\hat{k}\end{array} \)

Given vectors are:

Finding the sum of three vectors:

7. Determine the unit vector in the direction of vector:

\(\begin{array}{l}\vec{a}=2\hat{i}+3\hat{j}+\hat{k}\end{array} \)

Given vector:

Finding Magnitude of the vector:

Thus, the formula to find the unit vector in the direction of given vector is:

Now, substituting the values in the formula, we get

Also, read : Unit Vectors .

8. Prove that the given point A, B, C are collinear using vector method:

A(6,−7,−1), B(2,−3,1) and C(4,−5,0).

Given points are A(6,−7,−1), B(2,−3,1) and C(4,−5,0).

Finding Magnitudes:

Hence, clearly we can say that

Hence, the three points A(6,−7,−1), B(2,−3,1) and C(4,−5,0) are collinear.

9. Show that the parallelogram on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area using the vector method.

Let PQRS and PQR’S’ be two parallelograms on the same base PQ and between the same parallels l and m

Thus, the vector area of parallelogram PQRS is given by:

Since, vector AB and vector S’S are parallel, we can write:

Therefore, the vector area of parallelogram PQRS = vector area of parallelogram PQR’S’.

Hence, the parallelogram on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area using the vector method is proved.

10. Determine the vector joining the points A(2,3,0) and B(-1, -2, -4) directed from A to B.

Given points are A(2,3,0) and B(-1, -2, -4).

Hence, the vectors joining the points P and Q is given by:

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Practice questions.

• Determine the position vector of the midpoint of the vector that joins the points P(2, 3, 4) and Q(4, 1, -2).
• Calculate the unit vector in the vector’s direction: \(\begin{array}{l}\vec{a}=\hat{i}+hat{j}+2\hat{k}\end{array} \)
• Determine the projection on the vector \(\begin{array}{l}2\hat{i}+ 3\hat{j}+2\hat{k}\end{array} \) on the vector \(\begin{array}{l}\hat{i}+2\hat{j}+1\hat{k}\end{array} \)

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Vector Scheduling Problems

• Reference work entry
• First Online: 01 January 2016
• pp 2323–2326
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• Tjark Vredeveld 2  

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Years and Authors of Summarized Original Work

2004; Chekuri, Khanna

Problem Definition

Vector scheduling is a multidimensional extension of traditional machine scheduling problems. Whereas in traditional machine scheduling a job only uses a single resource, normally time, in vector scheduling a job uses several resources. In traditional scheduling, the load of a machine is the total resource consumption by the jobs that it serves. In vector scheduling, we define the load of a machine as the maximum resource usage over all resources of the jobs that are served by this machine. In the setting that we consider here, the makespan, which is normally defined to be the time by which all jobs are completed, is equal to the maximum machine load.

To define the vector scheduling problem that we consider more formally, we let \(\|\mathbf{x}\|_{\infty }\) denote the standard \(\ell_{\infty }\) -norm of the vector x . In the vector scheduling problem, the input consists of a set J of n jobs, where...

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Recommended Reading

Bansal N, Rutten C, van der Ster S, Vredeveld T, van der Zwaan R (2014) Approximating real-time scheduling on identical machines. In: LATIN 2014, Montevideo. LNCS, vol 8392. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 550–561

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Bansal N, Vredeveld T, van der Zwaan R (2014) Approximating vector scheduling: almost matching upper and lower bounds. In: LATIN 2014, Montevideo. LNCS, vol 8392. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 47–59

Baruah S, Bonifaci V, D’Angelo G, Marchetti-Spaccamela A, van der Ster S, Stougie L (2011) Mixed criticality scheduling of sporadic task systems. In: Proceedings of the 19th annual European symposium on algorithms (ESA), Saarbrücken. LNCS, vol 6942. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 555–566

Bonifaci V, Wiese A (2012) Scheduling unrelated machines of few different types. CoRR abs/1205.0974

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Department of Quantitative Economics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Tjark Vredeveld

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Correspondence to Tjark Vredeveld .

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Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Ming-Yang Kao

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Vredeveld, T. (2016). Vector Scheduling Problems. In: Kao, MY. (eds) Encyclopedia of Algorithms. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2864-4_504

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2864-4_504

Published : 22 April 2016

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