From “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Data & Statistics,” by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018 (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/data.html).
In this example, the author created the table from original data.
Variable | Average height | Average weight | Average behavior incident | Average truancy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys ( = 60) | 5 ft 1 in | 120 lbs | 14 | 6 days |
Girls ( = 62) | 5 ft 2 in | 105 lbs | 4 | 0.5 days |
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Additional resources, tables and figures.
Tables and figures are used to display quantitative information. Readers find technical information easier to understand when the description or discussion contains a visual element. Tables and figures do not replace technical information; rather, they make it easier for readers to understand large quantities of data. When organizing data, keep the following in mind (Knisely, C.W. and Knisely, K.I., 2015):
Tables are defined by rows and columns containing text or numerical data. Figures are defined as any visual element that is not a table. Line graphs, pie charts, photographs, sketches, schematics are all types of figures. In technical documents, a table or a figure—not both—are used to present data. Tables and figures should be understandable to the reader without reference to the text.
Tables and figures are numbered independently in the sequence in which they are referred to in the text and start with Table 1 and Figure 1. Note: it is acceptable to abbreviate the word “Figure” as “Fig.” The word “Table” is not abbreviated.
Every figure and table used MUST be referred to in the text. The reference to the figure or table should be informational and draw the reader’s attention to the relationship or trend being highlighted. Text should not flow around a figure or table.
Germination rates were significantly higher after 24 h in running water than in controls (Fig. 4).
DNA sequence homologies for the purple gene from the four congeners (Table 1) show high similarity, differing by at most 4 base pairs.
Sentences that only refer the reader to the figure or table and give no information about the data should be avoided.
Table 1 shows the summary results for male and female heights at Bates College.
Tables and figures should be placed as near as possible to where the data is first referred to in the document. Never split a figure or table on two pages. Multiple figures or tables used in a document should all be similar in style (font style, font size, etc.).
In written reports, titles are not used on figures or tables; instead, the information is placed in a caption. Captions for tables are placed above the table (typically left aligned), and captions for figures are placed below the figure. NOTE: Titles for figures and graphs can be used for oral presentations and posters.
Captions should contain a number, title, and any other appropriate explanatory information, including citations if the data was taken from another source.
Captions convey information to the reader about the “story” being told with the figure or table. Effective captions should:
Tables are used when illustrating exact numbers rather than trends.
Tables should:
The below ground requirements, based on the amount of rock volume needed to sustain plant operations for a 20-year period, are tabulated for a range of plant sizes on a per MW e basis for the surface plant and auxillaries and for the subsurface reservior in Table 1.
Table is disucssed in text prior to table placement.
Caption is usually 1-2 font sizes smaller than text
Table 1. Estimated land area and subsurface reservoir volume needed for EGS development. Note: Above 100 MW e reservoir size scaling should be linear.
Column headings are centered and bolded with the first word capitalized (and poper nouns)
Plant size (MV ) | Surface area for power plant and auxiliaries (km ) | Subsurface reservoir volume (km ) |
---|---|---|
25 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
70 | 1.4 | 2.7 |
75 | 1.8 | 3.9 |
100 | 2.1 | 5.0 |
Units included in column heading
Numerical data centered; data containing decimals right aligned (unless easy to center); text left aligned
No vertical lines for simple tables
Horizontal lines used sparingly
Additional guidelines for tables:
Figures are visual presentations of results, including graphs, diagrams, photos, drawings, source code, and schematics. Engineers have a need to communicate quantitative data, and graphs are the best way to visually represent that data. Graphs, therefore, should require minimal effort on the part of the reader in both understanding and interpreting data.
While there are generally accepted guidelines for creating graphs, opinions differ on best practices. Easy-to-read graphs are not easy to make, and software defaults rarely produce effective graphs. Because graphs are the most common type of figure used by engineers, guidelines for creating effective graphs are discussed below.
Figures should be simple and clear. Grid lines, borders, background patterns, and 3-D effects distract from the message and should generally be avoided. Formatting recommendations include:
Figure 1. Tesla turbine front and side view [6]. OR Figure 1 Tesla turbine front and side view [6].
NOTE: The word Figure or Table and the associated number are typically bolded. The use of a period after the figure or table number is optional.
Use color carefully. It is generally recommended that color not be used in graphs that will be published or reproduced. Graphs using color when reproduced in black and white will distort the meaning of the data. Eliminate gray-scale shading and patterning. When displaying multiple lines on the same graph, an alternative to using color is to change the line types (solid, dashes, dots, etc.).
NOTE: For poster presentations or PowerPoint presentations, color can be used.
Clearly label both axes, including measurement units. Identify symbols and patterns in a legend within axis boundaries (preferably) or in the caption. If the graph has error bars, indicate in the caption whether they are 95% confidence interval, standard error, standard deviation, comparison interval, etc.
Although there are few “hard and fast” rules when plotting data, the following guidelines should be observed:
10 -4 or smaller.
Although Excel produces visually appealing graphs, the software defaults are seldom standard for technical documents. Whenever possible, use graphic software (Kaleidagraph, SigmaPlot).
Almost Everything You Wanted to Know About Making Figures and Tables, abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/.../HTW_Guide_Table-Figures_9-30-08.pdf, 2008
(Knisely C.W., and Knisely, K.I. 2015)
Guide to Fairly Good Graphs
First Detailed View of the Tesla Turbine
Table of Contents
Data is the most important component of any research. It needs to be presented effectively in a paper to ensure that readers understand the key message in the paper. Figures and tables act as concise tools for clear presentation . Tables display information arranged in rows and columns in a grid-like format, while figures convey information visually, and take the form of a graph, diagram, chart, or image. Be it to compare the rise and fall of GDPs among countries over the years or to understand how COVID-19 has impacted incomes all over the world, tables and figures are imperative to convey vital findings accurately.
So, what are some of the best practices to follow when creating meaningful and attractive tables and figures? Here are some tips on how best to present tables and figures in a research paper.
Now that we know how to go about including tables and figures in the manuscript, let’s take a look at what makes tables and figures stand out and create impact.
For effective and concise presentation of data in a table, make sure to:
It is important to get tables and figures correct and precise for your research paper to convey your findings accurately and clearly. If you are confused about how to suitably present your data through tables and figures, do not worry. Elsevier Author Services are well-equipped to guide you through every step to ensure that your manuscript is of top-notch quality.
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The writing of the results section of a scientific paper is very important for the readers for clearly understanding of the study. This review summarizes the rules for writing the results section of a scientific paper and describes the use of tables and figures.
Medical articles consist of review articles, case reports, and letters to the editor which are prepared with the intention of publishing in journals related to the medical discipline of the author. For an academician to be able to progress in carreer, and make his/her activities known in the academic environment, require preparation of the protocol of his/her academic research article, and acquiring sufficient information, and experience related to the composition of this article. In this review article, the information related to the writing of the ‘Results’ section, and use of tables, and figures will be presented to the attention of the readers.
The ‘Results’ section is perhaps the most important part of a research article. In fact the authors will share the results of their research/study with their readers. Renown British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) indicated his feelings as “The great tragedy of science: the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.” which emphasizes the importance of accurately, and impressively written results.
In essence results provide a response for the question” What is found in the research performed?”. Therefore, it is the most vital part of the article. As a priority, while drafting the ‘Results’ section of a manuscript one should not firstly write down methods in the ‘Material and Method’ section. The first sentence should give information about the number of patients who met the inclusion criteria, and thus enrolled in the study. [ 1 ] Besides information about the number of patients excluded from the study, and the reasons for exclusion is very important in that they will enlighten the readers, and reviewers who critically evaluate the manuscript, and also reflect the seriousness of the study. On the other hand, the results obtained should be recorded in chronological order, and without any comments. [ 2 ] In this section use of simple present tense is more appropriate. The findings should be expressed in brief, lucid, and explicable words. The writing style should not be boring for the reader. During writing process of a research article, a generally ill-conceived point is that positive, and significant findings are more important, attractive, and valuable, while negative, and insignificant findings are worthless, and less attractive. A scientific research is not performed to confirm a hypothesis, rather to test it. Not only positive, and significant results are worth writing, on the other hand negative or statistically insignificant result which support fallacy of a widely accepted opinion might be valuable. Therefore, all findings obtained during research should be inclıuded in the ‘Results’ section. [ 1 ]
While writing the ‘Results’ section, the sequence of results, tabulated data, and information which will be illustrated as figures should be definitively indicated. In indicating insignificant changes, do not use expressions as “decreased” or “increased”, these words should be reserved for significant changes. If results related to more than one parameter would be reported, it is appropriate to write the results under the subheading of its related parameter so as to facilitate reading, and comprehension of information. [ 2 ] Only data, and information concerning the study in question should be included in the ‘Results’ section. Results not mentioned in this section should not be included in the ‘Discussion’ and ‘Summary’ sections. Since the results obtained by the authors are cited in the ‘Results’ section, any reference should not be indicated in this section. [ 3 ]
In the ‘Results’ section, numerical expressions should be written in technically appropriate terms. The number of digits (1, 2 or 3 digits) to be written after a comma (in Turkish) or a point (in especially American English) should be determined The number of digits written after the punctuation marks should not be changed all throughout the text. Data should be expressed as mean/median ± standard deviation. Data as age, and scale scores should be indicated together with ranges of values. Absolute numerical value corresponding to a percentage must be also indicated. P values calculated in statistical analysis should be expressed in their absolute values. While writing p values of statistically significant data, instead of p<0.05 the actual level of significance should be recorded. If p value is smaller than 0.001, then it can be written as p <0.01. [ 2 ] While writing the ‘Results’ section, significant data which should be recalled by the readers must be indicated in the main text. It will be appropriate to indicate other demographic numerical details in tables or figures.
As an example elucidating the abovementioned topics a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the Turkish Journal of Urology in the year 2007 (Türk Üroloji Dergisi 2007;33:18–23) is presented below:
“A total of 9 (56.2%) female, and 7 (43.8%) male patients with were included in this study. Mean age of all the patients was 44.3±13.8 (17–65) years, and mean dimensions of the adrenal mass was 4.5±3.4 (1–14) cm. Mean ages of the male, and female patients were 44.1 (30–65), and 42.4 (17–64) years, while mean diameters of adrenal masses were 3.2 (1–5), and 4.5 (1–14) cm (p age =0.963, p mass size =0.206). Surgical procedures were realized using transperitoneal approach through Chevron incision in 1 (6.2%), and retroperitoneal approach using flank incision with removal of the 11. rib in 15 (93.7%) patients. Right (n=6; 37.5%), and left (n=2; 12.5%) adrenalectomies were performed. Two (12.5%) patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy in the same session because of clinical Cushing’s syndrome persisted despite transsphenoidal hipophysectomy. Mean operative time, and length of the hospital stay were 135 (65–190) min, and 3 (2–6) days, respectively. While resecting 11. rib during retroperitoneal adrenalectomy performed in 1 patient, pleura was perforated for nearly 1.5 cm. The perforated region was drained, and closed intraoperatively with 4/0 polyglyctan sutures. The patient did not develop postoperative pneumothorax. In none of the patients postoperative complications as pneumothorax, bleeding, prolonged drainage were seen. Results of histopathological analysis of the specimens retrieved at the end of the operation were summarized in Table 1 .” Table 1. Histopathological examination results of the patients Histopathological diagnosis Men n (%) Women n (%) Total n (%) Adrenal cortical adenoma 5 (31.3) 6 (37.6) 11 (68.8) Pheochromocytoma 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) 2 (12.6) Ganglioneuroma 1 (6.2) - 1 (6.2) Myelolipoma - 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) Adrenal carcinoma - 1 (6.2) 1 (6.2) Total 7 (43.7) 9 (56.2) 16 (100) Open in a separate window
To prevent the audience from getting bored while reading a scientific article, some of the data should be expressed in a visual format in graphics, and figures rather than crowded numerical values in the text. Peer-reviewers frequently look at tables, and figures. High quality tables, and figures increase the chance of acceptance of the manuscript for publication.
Number of tables in the manuscript should not exceed the number recommended by the editorial board of the journal. Data in the main text, and tables should not be repeated many times. Tables should be comprehensible, and a reader should be able to express an opinion about the results just at looking at the tables without reading the main text. Data included in tables should comply with those mentioned in the main text, and percentages in rows, and columns should be summed up accurately. Unit of each variable should be absolutely defined. Sampling size of each group should be absolutely indicated. Values should be expressed as values±standard error, range or 95% confidence interval. Tables should include precise p values, and level of significance as assessed with statistical analysis should be indicated in footnotes. [ 2 ] Use of abbreviations in tables should be avoided, if abbreviations are required they should be defined explicitly in the footnotes or legends of the tables. As a general rule, rows should be arranged as double-spaced Besides do not use pattern coloring for cells of rows, and columns. Values included in tables should be correctly approximated. [ 1 , 2 ]
As an example elucidating the abovementioned topics a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the Turkish Journal of Urology in the year 2007 (Türk Üroloji Dergisi 2007;33:18–23).is shown in Table 1 .
Most of the readers priorly prefer to look at figures, and graphs rather than reading lots of pages. Selection of appropriate types of graphs for demonstration of data is a critical decision which requires artist’s meticulousness. As is the case with tables, graphs, and figures should also disploay information not provided in the text. Bar, line, and pie graphs, scatter plots, and histograms are some examples of graphs. In graphs, independent variables should be represented on the horizontal, and dependent variables on the vertical axis. Number of subjects in every subgroup should be indicated The labels on each axis should be easily understandable. [ 2 ] The label of the Y axis should be written vertically from bottom to top. The fundamental point in writing explanatory notes for graphs, and figures is to help the readers understand the contents of them without referring to the main text. Meanings of abbreviations, and acronyms used in the graphs, and figures should be provided in explanatory notes. In the explanatory notes striking data should be emphasized. Statistical tests used, levels of significance, sampling size, stains used for analyses, and magnification rate should be written in order to facilitate comprehension of the study procedures. [ 1 , 2 ]
Flow diagram can be utilized in the ‘Results’ section. This diagram facilitates comprehension of the results obtained at certain steps of monitorization during the research process. Flow diagram can be used either in the ‘Results’ or ‘Material and Method’ section. [ 2 , 3 ]
Histopathological analyses, surgical technique or radiological images which are considered to be more useful for the comprehension of the text by the readers can be visually displayed. Important findings should be marked on photos, and their definitions should be provided clearly in the explanatory legends. [ 1 ]
As an example elucidating the abovementioned issues, graphics, and flow diagram in the ‘Results’ section of a research paper written by the authors of this review article, and published in the World Journal of Urology in the year 2010 (World J Urol 2010;28:17–22.) are shown in Figures 1 , and and2 2 .
a The mean SHIM scores of the groups before and after treatment. SHIM sexual health inventory for male. b The mean IPSS scores of the groups before and after treatment. IPSS international prostate symptom score
Flowchart showing patients’ progress during the study. SHIM sexual health inventory for male, IIEF international index of erectile function, IPSS international prostate symptom score, QoL quality of life, Q max maximum urinary flow rate. PRV post voiding residual urine volume
In conclusion, in line with the motto of the famous German physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955). ‘If you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor .’ results obtained in a scientific research article should be expressed accurately, and with a masterstroke of a tailor in compliance with certain rules which will ensure acceptability of the scientific manuscript by the editorial board of the journal, and also facilitate its intelligibility by the readers.
Published on November 6, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 27, 2023.
When you reprint or adapt a table or figure from another source, the source should be acknowledged in an in-text citation and in your reference list . Follow the format for the source type you took the table or figure from.
You also have to include a copyright statement in a note beneath the table or figure. The example below shows how to cite a figure from a journal article .
Shi, F., & Zhu, L. (2019). Analysis of trip generation rates in residential commuting based on mobile phone signaling data. , (1), 201–220. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264 | |
(Shi & Zhu, 2019, p. 212) | |
. From “Analysis of Trip Generation Rates in Residential Commuting Based on Mobile Phone Signaling Data,” by F. Shi and L. Zhu, 2019, , (1), p. 212 ( ). CC BY-NC. |
Citing tables and figures, including a copyright note, examples from different source types, frequently asked questions about apa style citations.
Tables and figures taken from other sources are numbered and presented in the same format as your other tables and figures . Refer to them as Table 1, Figure 3, etc., but include an in-text citation after you mention them to acknowledge the source.
You should also include the source in the reference list. Follow the standard format for the source type you took the table or figure from.
As well as a citation and reference, when you reproduce a table or figure in your own work, you also need to acknowledge the source in a note directly below it.
The image below shows an example of a table with a copyright note.
If you’ve reproduced a table or figure exactly, start the note with “From …” If you’ve adapted it in some way for your own purposes (e.g. incorporating part of a table or figure into a new table or figure in your paper), write “Adapted from …”
This is followed by information about the source (title, author, year, publisher, and location), and then copyright information at the end.
A source will either be under standard copyright, under a Creative Commons license, or in the public domain. You need to state which of these is the case.
Standard copyright | Copyright 2020 by Scribbr. |
---|---|
Creative Commons | CC-BY-NC. |
Public domain | In the public domain. |
Under standard copyright, you sometimes also need permission from the publisher to reprint or adapt materials. If you sought and obtained permission, mention this at the end of the note.
Look for information on copyright and permissions from the publisher. If you’re having trouble finding this information, consult your supervisor for advice.
. From or Adapted from “Article Title,” by Initials. Last name, Year, , (Issue), p. Page number (URL or DOI). Copyright statement. | |
. Adapted from “Analysis of Trip Generation Rates in Residential Commuting Based on Mobile Phone Signaling Data,” by F. Shi and L. Zhu, 2019, , (1), p. 212 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264). CC BY-NC. | |
Shi, F., & Zhu, L. (2019). Analysis of trip generation rates in residential commuting based on mobile phone signaling data. , (1), 201–220. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26911264 |
. From or Adapted from , by Initials. Last name, Year (URL). Copyright statement. | |
. From , by R. Streefkerk, 2020 (https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/). Copyright 2020 by Scribbr. | |
Streefkerk, R. (2020, October 2). . Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/in-text-citation/ |
. From or Adapted from (p. Page number), by Initial. Last name, Year, Publisher (DOI or URL). Copyright statement. | |
. From (p. 107), by H. B. Simon, 2004, Free Press. Copyright 2004 by Free Press. Reprinted with permission. | |
Simon, H. B. (2002). . Free Press. |
Copyright information can usually be found wherever the table or figure was published. For example, for a diagram in a journal article , look on the journal’s website or the database where you found the article. Images found on sites like Flickr are listed with clear copyright information.
If you find that permission is required to reproduce the material, be sure to contact the author or publisher and ask for it.
APA doesn’t require you to include a list of tables or a list of figures . However, it is advisable to do so if your text is long enough to feature a table of contents and it includes a lot of tables and/or figures .
A list of tables and list of figures appear (in that order) after your table of contents, and are presented in a similar way.
If you adapt or reproduce a table or figure from another source, you should include that source in your APA reference list . You should also include copyright information in the note for the table or figure, and include an APA in-text citation when you refer to it.
Tables and figures you created yourself, based on your own data, are not included in the reference list.
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, December 27). Citing Tables and Figures in APA Style | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-examples/citing-tables-figures/
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It is rare for student papers to utilize a table of contents or list of tables/figures. However, documents that follow the Saybrook Handbook of Format and Style (2020) will need to include a table of contents and, in some cases, may also require a list of tables and/or figures.
To generate a table of contents in Microsoft Word, use the following instructions.
Anything that is tagged with a Heading style will be pulled into the table of contents and formatted there according to the TOC formatting input.
If a video walkthrough is beneficial, check out Microsoft 365's video “ How to add a table of contents in Microsoft Word ." This video presents the basic instructions for generating a table of contents. Additionally, check out Microsoft's webpage “ Format or customize a table of contents " for more details on how to make modifications to the table.
Updating the Entire Table of Contents: During the writing and revision process, headings may be added, deleted, or edited in the body of the paper. Rather than typing in new headings or editing headings in the table of contents manually, the table of contents can be automatically updated to match the document.
Updating Page Numbers in the Table of Contents: Headings may shift to different pages during revision. The page numbers of a table of contents generated in Microsoft Word can be automatically updated.
Some longer works (e.g., dissertations) that use tables and/or figures must have a corresponding list of tables and/or figures. See Formatting Tables & Figures for more information about what lists of tables and/or figures are, what documents require them, and how they should be formatted.
The video How to Insert a List of Tables or Figures in Word from the Research Masterminds YouTube channel provides a thorough explanation of how to insert a list of tables or figures into your Word document. Watch the video or use the following instructions to insert a list of tables/figures.
Once all tables/figures are captioned, the list is ready to be generated.
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This Research Topic is the first volume of 'Case Reports in Cardiovascular Nursing'. This Research Topic aims to collect all the Case Reports submitted to the Cardiovascular Nursing section. If submitted directly to this collection the paper will be personally assessed by the Specialty Chief Editor before the beginning of the peer-review process. Please make sure your article adheres to the following guidelines before submitting it. Case Reports highlight unique cases of patients who present with an unexpected diagnosis, treatment outcome, or clinical course: 1) Rare cases with Typical features 2) Frequent cases with Atypical features 3) Cases with a convincing response to new treatments, i.e. single case of off-label use Case Report format: - Maximum word count: 3000 words - Title: Case Report: “Area of focus” - Abstract. - Introduction: including what is unique about the case and medical literature references. - Case description: including de-identified patient information, relevant physical examination and other clinical findings, relevant past interventions, and their outcomes. - A figure or table showcasing a timeline with relevant data from the episode of care. - Diagnostic assessment, details on the therapeutic intervention, follow-up, and outcomes, as specified in the CARE guidelines. - Discussion: strengths and limitations of the approach to the case, discussion of the relevant medical literature (similar and contrasting cases), and take-away lessons from the case. - Patient perspective. Please, note that authors are required to obtain written informed consent from the patients (or their legal representatives) for the publication. IMPORTANT: Only Case Reports that are original and significantly advance the field will be considered.
Keywords : Cardiovascular Nursing, Case Reports, Diagnostic Assessment, Therapeutic Intervention, Clinical Outcomes
Important Note : All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.
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Learn how to format and label tables and figures in APA style (7th edition) with examples and guidelines. Find out how to number, title, head, and note your visual materials.
Learn the rules and examples of how to create and cite tables and figures in APA Style. Find out how to number, title, label, and note your tables and figures correctly.
For additional information on writing a research paper in MLA style, visit the MLA Style Center's page on Formatting a Research Paper. General guidelines. ... Align the table flush-left to the margin. Label the table 'Table' and provide its corresponding Arabic numeral. No punctuation is necessary after the label and number (see example below
Learn how to use tables, images, and appendices in your research paper. Find out when and how to add them within the body or at the end of your draft.
Tables, figures, and equations are the three categories of extra-textual items that require numbering and labelling. Each should be numbered consecutively throughout the paper - i.e., the numbering system does not start over in a new section or in an appendix, but simply continues on. For instance, if you have four figures in Section I, the ...
How to Create Tables in Research Paper. Here are the steps to create tables in a research paper: Plan your table: Determine the purpose of the table and the type of information you want to include. Consider the layout and format that will best convey your information. Choose a table format: Decide on the type of table you want to create.
Learn how to use tables and figures to present complicated information in a way that is accessible and understandable to your reader. Find out the elements, conventions, and tips for creating and labeling tables and figures in your research paper.
Placement of tables in a paper. There are two options for the placement of tables (and figures) in a paper. The first is to embed tables in the text after each is first mentioned (or "called out"); the second is to place each table on a separate page after the reference list. An embedded table may take up an entire page; if the table is ...
Learn how to design and label tables and figures for your research paper. See examples of well-designed display items and tips to avoid image manipulation.
1) Determine the purpose and information to be conveyed. 2) Plan the layout, including rows, columns, and headings. 3) Use spreadsheet software like Excel to design and format the table. 4) Input accurate data into cells, aligning it logically. 5) Include column and row headers for context.
In APA style, a table is a representation of information that uses rows and columns. Keep the following in mind when including a table in your paper: Place the table number above the table, in bold text and flush with the left margin. Place the title of the table (in title case and italics), double-spaced, under the table number, flush left.
Navigate to the References tab, and click "Insert Caption," which you can find in the Captions group. Give your caption a name. In the Label list, you can select the label that best describes your figure or table, or make your own by selecting "New Label.". Next, you can insert the list of tables and figures directly by clicking ...
Tables are defined by rows and columns containing text or numerical data. Figures are defined as any visual element that is not a table. Line graphs, pie charts, photographs, sketches, schematics are all types of figures. In technical documents, a table or a figure—not both—are used to present data.
To keep your tables consistent, it's important that you use the same formatting throughout your dissertation. For example, make sure that you always use the same line spacing (e.g., single vs. double), that the data is aligned the same way (namely center, left or right) and that your column and row headings always reflect the same style same (for example, bold).
Consistency: There should be consistency in the values and figures in the tables and figures and the main text of the research paper. Informative titles: Titles should be concise and describe the purpose and content of the table. It should draw the reader's attention towards the key findings of the research. Column heads, axis labels, figure ...
All figures and tables should stay within the page margins. Figures and tables, if necessary, may appear in landscape mode. Make sure that the top of them are at the binding edge and also the captions are in landscape mode too. All photos need a scale. All axes need a label with units. All rows and columns of a table need a title.
Tables: These are used to present large amounts of data in a structured format. Photographs or images: ... Here are the steps to label figures in a research paper: Decide on the numbering system: Before labeling the figures, decide on the numbering system that you want to use. Typically, figures are numbered consecutively throughout the paper ...
1. Ensure image clarity: Make sure that all the parts of the figure are clear:18 Use standard font; check that labels are legible against the figure background; and ensure that images are sharp.24. 2. Use legends to explain the key message:25 Figure legends are pivotal to the effectiveness of a figure.
American Chemical Society (ACS) is the documentation style most commonly used for papers in the field of chemistry This handout offers examples for the general format of ACS research papers, including in-text citations, reference pages, and figures. Most of the information in this document was gathered from the ACS Style Guide (2006), which can ...
Tables should be comprehensible, and a reader should be able to express an opinion about the results just at looking at the tables without reading the main text. Data included in tables should comply with those mentioned in the main text, and percentages in rows, and columns should be summed up accurately.
The rules for the use of tables and graphs in abstracts (Table 1) are different from the rules for their insertion in a full report published in a journal, where space is less limited. In contrast to abstracts, in a full manuscript in a journal, multiple illustrations should be used and can be expanded. Tables, graphs, and figures can be used ...
Table 2 Measurements of wind speed are subject to wide uncertainties. or. Table 2 Range of uncertainty in measured wind speeds. European countries have stringent regulations governing noise pollution. or. Regulations Concerning Noise Pollution in Europe. Lastly, place table titles at the top of each table and figure captions below each figure.
Tables and figures taken from other sources are numbered and presented in the same format as your other tables and figures. Refer to them as Table 1, Figure 3, etc., but include an in-text citation after you mention them to acknowledge the source. In-text citation example. The results in Table 1 (Ajzen, 1991, p. 179) show that ….
Highlight the name of the first table or figure (such as "Table 1"). On the References tab, select "Insert Caption." In the window that pops up, make sure the Label is set to the correct type, either "Table" or "Figure." Click "Okay." This usually changes the font of the table/figure name so that it is formatted incorrectly.
At baseline, the mean AHI was 51.5 events per hour in trial 1 and 49.5 events per hour in trial 2, and the mean body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in ...
This paper proposes a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) approach to detect localized damage by employing a Multi-Label Radial Basis Function Neural Network (ML-RBFNN). The proposed research methodology aims to identify structural damage more efficiently.
This Research Topic is the first volume of 'Case Reports in Cardiovascular Nursing'. This Research Topic aims to collect all the Case Reports submitted to the Cardiovascular Nursing section. If submitted directly to this collection the paper will be personally assessed by the Specialty Chief Editor before the beginning of the peer-review process. Please make sure your article adheres to the ...