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• What is peer-reviewed? How do I know if a journal is scholarly?

What is an Abstract?

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An abstract is a summary of points (as of a writing) usually presented in skeletal form ; also : something that summarizes or concentrates the essentials of a larger thing or several things. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online)  

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given scientific paper or patent application. Abstraction and indexing services are available for a number of academic disciplines, aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject. (Wikipedia)

An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of an article. It allows readers to survey the contents of an article quickly. Readers often decide on the basis of the abstract whether to read the entire article. A good abstract should be: ACCURATE --it should reflect the purpose and content of the manuscript. COHERENT --write in clear and concise language. Use the active rather than the passive voice (e.g., investigated instead of investigation of). CONCISE --be brief but make each sentence maximally informative, especially the lead sentence. Begin the abstract with the most important points. The abstract should be dense with information. ( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association)

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What is an Abstract?

An abstract is a summary of points (as of a writing) usually presented in skeletal form ; also : something that summarizes or concentrates the essentials of a larger thing or several things. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online)  

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given scientific paper or patent application. Abstraction and indexing services are available for a number of academic disciplines, aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject. (Wikipedia)

An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of an article. It allows readers to survey the contents of an article quickly. Readers often decide on the basis of the abstract whether to read the entire article. A good abstract should be: ACCURATE --it should reflect the purpose and content of the manuscript. COHERENT --write in clear and concise language. Use the active rather than the passive voice (e.g., investigated instead of investigation of). CONCISE --be brief but make each sentence maximally informative, especially the lead sentence. Begin the abstract with the most important points. The abstract should be dense with information. ( Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association)

Abstract Guidelines

An abstract of a report of an empirical study should describe: (1) the problem under investigation (2) the participants with specific characteristics such as age, sex, ethnic group (3) essential features of the study method (4) basic findings (5) conclusions and implications or applications. An abstract for a literature review or meta-analysis should describe: (1) the problem or relations under investigation (2) study eligibility criteria (3) types of participants (4) main results, including the most important effect sizes, and any important moderators of these effect sizes (5) conclusions, including limitations (6) implications for theory, policy, and practice. An abstract for a theory-oriented paper should describe (1) how the theory or model works and the principles on which it is based and (2) what phenomena the theory or model accounts for and linkages to empirical results. An abstract for a methodological paper should describe (1) the general class of methods being discussed (2) the essential features of the proposed method (3) the range of application of the proposed method (4) in the case of statistical procedures, some of its essential features such as robustness or power efficiency. An abstract for a case study should describe (1) the subject and relevant characteristics of the individual, group, community, or organization presented (2) the nature of or solution to a problem illustrated by the case example (3) questions raised for additional research or theory.

• What is a Literature Review?

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area.A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. (Wikipedia)

Literature Review: An extensive search of the information available on a topic which results in a list of references to books, periodicals, and other materials on the topic. ( Online Library Learning Center Glossary )

"... a literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports."

Cooper, H. M. (1988), "The structure of knowledge synthesis", Knowledge in Society , Vol. 1, pp. 104-126

• Literature Review Guide
• Literature Review Defined

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Construction of a scientific abstract

Embargo lift date, committee members, degree year, journal title, journal issn, volume title.

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject [1]. It is used to help the reader quickly ascertain the authors’ principle messages. The aim of this text is to strengthen the understanding of abstract writing, define its specific components, and to help the writer evaluate and complete their abstract with enhanced clarity and quality [2]. Typically, the academic research abstract contains four elements: objective and study design, materials and methods, results, and discussion/conclusions. During peer review, it is important that authors adhere to this format, as reviewers often evaluate these parts separately.

Description

Item.page.description.tableofcontents, item.page.relation.haspart, series/report, sponsorship, alternative title, conference dates, conference host, conference location, conference name, conference panel, conference secretariat location, permanent link, full text available at, this item is under embargo {{howlong}}, collections.

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject. The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications …

Publications

COGR: Council on Governmental Relations · 21 May 2024 English

The Director is responsible for monitoring the regulatory landscape and leading in the preparation of COGR policy perspectives and activities related to the administration of and compliance with federal regulations …

and 2.5.2 Submitting revised project summary/ abstracts , specific aims, and/or Public Health Relevance …

(Pro-) Social Learning and Strategic Disclosure

NBER: National Bureau of Economic Research · 17 May 2024 English

We study a sequential experimentation model with endogenous feedback. Agents choose between a safe and risky action, the latter generating stochastic rewards. When making this choice, each agent is selfishly …

their experiences. The hard-evidence baseline abstracts from this possibility, thus providing a useful …

Paper Tiger? Chinese Science and Home Bias in Citations

We investigate the phenomenon of home bias in scientific citations, where researchers disproportionately cite work from their own country. We develop a benchmark for expected citations based on the relative …

conference proceedings, corrections, meeting abstracts , letters, book chapters and book reviews. Journal …

Global Indeterminacy in HANK Economies

We show that in Heterogeneous-Agent New-Keynesian (HANK) economies with countercyclical risk the natural interest rate is endogenous and co-moves with output, leaving the economy susceptible to self-fulfilling fluctuations. Unlike in …

indeterminacy in RANK. By contrast our paper purposely abstracts from an ELB, in order to highlight that countercyclical … effects of exogenous demand shocks. Since our model abstracts from aggregate risk rt = r is constant. More generally …

Shaping Inequality and Intergenerational Persistence of Poverty: Free College or Better Schools

We evaluate the aggregate, distributional and welfare consequences of alternative government education policies to encourage college completion, such as making college free and improving funding for public schooling. To do …

and Holter et al. (2023) suggests. 10The model abstracts from single fathers, given that this group constitutes …

Designing Dynamic Reassignment Mechanisms: Evidence from GP Allocation

Many centralized assignment systems seek to not only provide good matches for participants’ current needs, but also to accommodate changes in preferences and circumstances. We study the problem of designing …

we consider. Existing theoretical work largely abstracts from strategic behavior, or focuses on a limited …

Health Foundation long read (PDF version) - How would clinicians use time freed up by

The Health Foundation · 16 May 2024 English

Supporting information 22 How would clinicians use time freed up by technology? 2 Key points • The idea that technology can free up ‘time to care’ for NHS staff, allowing …

methodology (which relied mainly on screening abstracts ) may not have identified all relevant studies …

Conference and published proceedings to celebrate the scholarship of Prof Charles Fombad

CHR: Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria · 15 May 2024 English

Conference and published proceedings to celebrate the scholarship of Prof Charles Fombad 21 - 22 October 2024 Auditorium, Future Africa Campus, University of Pretoria and online Call for papers To …

the proposed to chapter to constitutionalism Abstracts for papers/ advance scholarship); 3) mailing address; … presenter. constitutionalism A committee will review abstracts that are in • Legal pluralism in African constitutionalism … constitutionalism English, are 300 words in length and in MS Abstracts and panel proposals must be sent • Religion in … in African constitutionalism Word format. Abstracts must be submitted in by email to • Constitutional … Faculty of Law University of the Free State The abstracts /full papers for this conference 21-22 October …

SWP-WebMonitor Nahost/Nordafrika - Nr. 32/2024 Inhaltsverzeichnis

SWP: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik · 15 May 2024 German

Inhaltsverzeichnis &gt; Israel / Palästina - aktuelle Konfrontation: Stellungnahmen und Dokumente &gt; Israel / Palästina - aktuelle Konfrontation: Berichte &gt; Israel / Palästina - aktuelle Konfrontation: Analysen und Kommentare &gt; …

100, Issue 3 (05.2024), S. 899-1110. Übersicht, Abstracts und Downloads für SWP: https://academic.oup.com/ia/issue/100/3 …

SWP-WebMonitor Subsahara-Afrika - Nr. 32/2024 Inhaltsverzeichnis

Inhaltsverzeichnis &gt; Horn von Afrika / Rotes Meer &gt; Somalia &gt; Äthiopien / Somalia &gt; Äthiopien &gt; Sudan &gt; Süsudan &gt; Tschad &gt; Niger &gt; Mali / Sahel &gt; Mauretanien …

Organizations

EU European Union

UNESCO United Nations Education…

NBER National Bureau of Econo…

WHO World Health Organization

CADTH Canadian Agency for Drug…

RAND Corporation

INREA National Institute for r…

OECD Organisation for Economi…

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About: Abstract (summary)

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.

Abstract (summary)

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis , review,as men of words conference proceeding , or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose. [1] When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application . Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.

Purpose and limitations

Abstract types, informative, descriptive, graphical abstracts, abstract quality assessment, further reading.

The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an "abstract". In management reports, an executive summary usually contains more information (and often more sensitive information) than the abstract does.

Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, platform/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an academic conference . Most bibliographic databases only index abstracts rather than providing the entire text of the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic form of the full text. [2]

The abstract can convey the main results and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discussion of the interpretations and conclusions. Abstracts are occasionally inconsistent with full reports. [3] [4] This has the potential to mislead clinicians who rely solely on the information present in the abstract without consulting the full report.

An abstract allows one to sift through copious numbers of papers for ones in which the researcher can have more confidence that they will be relevant to their research. Once papers are chosen based on the abstract, they must be read carefully to be evaluated for relevance.

It is generally agreed that one must not base reference citations on the abstract alone, but the content of an entire paper. [3] [5] This is because abstracts may not be fully representative of the full report or article. Therefore, basing reference citations solely on the information present in the abstract could be misleading. [3] [5]

According to the results of a study published in PLOS Medicine , the "exaggerated and inappropriate coverage of research findings in the news media" is ultimately related to inaccurately reporting or over-interpreting research results in many abstract conclusions. [6] A study published in JAMA concluded that "inconsistencies in data between abstract and body and reporting of data and other information solely in the abstract are relatively common and that a simple educational intervention directed to the author is ineffective in reducing that frequency." [7] Other "studies comparing the accuracy of information reported in a journal abstract with that reported in the text of the full publication have found claims that are inconsistent with, or missing from, the body of the full article." [3] [8] [9]

According to the Modern Language Association , there are almost no circumstances in which it is acceptable to cite an abstract: "It only makes sense to cite an abstract if you are writing about the abstract as an abstract and not about the work it summarizes: for instance, if you are writing about different styles of writing abstracts used in the sciences and humanities." [10]

The history of abstracting dates back to the point when it was felt necessary to summarise the content of documents in order to make the information contained in them more accessible. In Mesopotamia during the early second millennium BCE, clay envelopes designed to protect enclosed cuneiform documents from tampering were inscribed either with the full text of the document or a summary. In the Greco-Roman world , many texts were abstracted: summaries of non-fiction works were known as epitomes , and in many cases the only information about works which have not survived to modernity comes from their epitomes which have survived. Similarly, the text of many ancient Greek and Roman plays commenced with a hypothesis which summed up the play's plot. Non-literary documents were also abstracted: the Tebtunis papyri found in the Ancient Egyptian town of Tebtunis contain abstracts of legal documents. During the Middle Ages , the pages of scholarly texts contained summaries of their contents as marginalia , as did some manuscripts of the Code of Justinian . [11]

The use of abstracts to summarise science originates in the early 1800s, when the secretary of the Royal Society would record brief summaries of talks into the minutes of each meeting, which were referred to as 'abstracts'. [12] The Royal Society abstracts from 1800 – 1837 were later collated and published in the society's journal Philosophical Transactions , with the first group appearing in 1832. [13] These abstracts were generally one or more pages long. Other learned societies adopted similar practices. The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) may have been the first to publish its abstracts: the Monthly Notices of the RAS launched in 1827, containing (among other things) abstracts of talks given at their monthly meetings; [14] the full papers were published months or years later in the Memoirs of the RAS . [15] The RAS abstracts were between one and three paragraphs long. In both cases, these early abstracts were written by the learned society, not the author of the paper. Perhaps the earliest example of an abstract published alongside the paper it summarises was the 1919 paper On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum published in the Physical Review of the American Physical Society , [16] [12] which often published abstracts thereafter. [17]

Abstracts are protected under copyright law just as any other form of written speech is protected. [18]

Abstract is often expected to tell a complete story of the paper, as for most readers, abstract is the only part of the paper that will be read. It should allow the reader to give an elevator pitch of the full paper. [19]

An academic abstract typically outlines four elements relevant to the completed work:

• The research focus (statement of the problem(s)/specific gap in existing research/research issue(s) addressed);
• The research methods (experimental research, case studies, questionnaires , etc) used to solve the problem;
• The major results/findings of the research; and
• The main conclusions and recommendations (i.e., how the work answers the proposed research problem).

It may also contain brief references, [20] although some publications' standard style omits references from the abstract, reserving them for the article body (which, by definition, treats the same topics but in more depth).

Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Typical length ranges from 100 to 500 words, but very rarely more than a page and occasionally just a few words. [21] An abstract may or may not have the section title of "abstract" explicitly listed as an antecedent to content.

Sometimes, abstracts are sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper, with any of the following subheadings: Background, Introduction , Objectives , Methods , Results, Discussion, Conclusions. Abstracts in which these subheadings are explicitly given are often called structured abstracts . [22] Abstracts that comprise one paragraph (no explicit subheadings) are often called unstructured abstracts . Abstracts are important enough that IMRAD is even sometimes recast as AIMRAD .

Example taken from the Journal of Biology , Volume 3, Issue 2 .: [23]

The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting

by Daniel Weihs , Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Abstract: Background Drafting in cetaceans is defined as the transfer of forces between individuals without actual physical contact between them. This behavior has long been surmised to explain how young dolphin calves keep up with their rapidly moving mothers. It has recently been observed that a significant number of calves become permanently separated from their mothers during chases by tuna vessels. A study of the hydrodynamics of drafting, initiated inmechanisms causing the separation of mothers and calves during fishing-related activities, is reported here. Results Quantitative results are shown for the forces and moments around a pair of unequally sized dolphin-like slender bodies. These include two major effects. First, the so-called Bernoulli suction, which stems from the fact that the local pressure drops in areas of high speed, results in an attractive force between mother and calf. Second is the displacement effect, in which the motion of the mother causes the water in front to move forwards and radially outwards, and water behind the body to move forwards to replace the animal's mass. Thus, the calf can gain a 'free ride' in the forward-moving areas. Utilizing these effects, the neonate can gain up to 90% of the thrust needed to move alongside the mother at speeds of up to 2.4 m/s. A comparison with observations of eastern spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ) is presented, showing savings of up to 60% in the thrust that calves require if they are to keep up with their mothers. Conclusions A theoretical analysis, backed by observations of free-swimming dolphin schools, indicates that hydrodynamic interactions with mothers play an important role in enabling dolphin calves to keep up with rapidly moving adult school members. © 2004 Weihs; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL

The informative abstract , also known as the complete abstract , is a compendious summary of a paper's substance and its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. [24] [25] Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. [24] A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. [26] Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents. [24]

The descriptive abstract , also known as the limited abstract or the indicative abstract , provides a description of what the paper covers without delving into its substance. [27] A descriptive abstract is akin to a table of contents in paragraph form. [27]

During the late 2000s, due to the influence of computer storage and retrieval systems such as the Internet , some scientific publications, primarily those published by Elsevier , started including graphical abstracts alongside the text abstracts. [28] The graphic is intended to summarize or be an exemplar for the main thrust of the article. It is not intended to be as exhaustive a summary as the text abstract, rather it is supposed to indicate the type, scope, and technical coverage of the article at a glance. The use of graphical abstracts has been generally well received by the scientific community . [29] [30] Moreover, some journals also include video abstracts and animated abstracts made by the authors to easily explain their papers. [31] Many scientific publishers currently encourage authors to supplement their articles with graphical abstracts, in the hope that such a convenient visual summary will facilitate readers with a clearer outline of papers that are of interest and will result in improved overall visibility of the respective publication. However, the validity of this assumption has not been thoroughly studied, and a recent study statistically comparing publications with or without graphical abstracts with regard to several output parameters reflecting visibility failed to demonstrate an effectiveness of graphical abstracts for attracting attention to scientific publications. [32]

Various methods can be used to evaluate abstract quality, e.g. rating by readers, checklists), and readability measures (such as Flesch Reading Ease ). [29] [33]

• Abstract (law)
• Abstract management
• Academic conference
• Executive summary
• Fast abstract
• IMRAD – commonly used structure for academic journal articles and their abstracts
• List of academic databases and search engines

Related Research Articles

In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community. These journals serve as a platform for researchers, scholars, and scientists to share their latest discoveries, insights, and methodologies across a multitude of scientific disciplines. Unlike professional or trade magazines, scientific journals are characterized by their rigorous peer review process, which aims to ensure the validity, reliability, and quality of the published content. With origins dating back to the 17th century, the publication of scientific journals has evolved significantly, playing a pivotal role in the advancement of scientific knowledge, fostering academic discourse, and facilitating collaboration within the scientific community.

A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

Academic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship. Most academic work is published in academic journal articles, books or theses. The part of academic written output that is not formally published but merely printed up or posted on the Internet is often called "grey literature". Most scientific and scholarly journals, and many academic and scholarly books, though not all, are based on some form of peer review or editorial refereeing to qualify texts for publication. Peer review quality and selectivity standards vary greatly from journal to journal, publisher to publisher, and field to field.

Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences. It primarily consists of academic papers that present original empirical research and theoretical contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as “ the literature ” within specific research fields.

PubMed is a free database including primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval.

In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD is a common organizational structure. IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.

In academic publishing, a retraction is a mechanism by which a published paper in an academic journal is flagged for being seriously flawed to the extent that their results and conclusions can no longer be relied upon. Retracted articles are not removed from the published literature but marked as retracted. In some cases it may be necessary to remove an article from publication, such as when the article is clearly defamatory, violates personal privacy, is the subject of a court order, or might pose a serious health risk to the general public.

Chemical Abstracts Service ( CAS ) is a division of the American Chemical Society. It is a source of chemical information and is located in Columbus, Ohio, United States.

The impact factor ( IF ) or journal impact factor ( JIF ) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science.

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ( MNRAS ) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in astronomy and astrophysics. It has been in continuous existence since 1827 and publishes letters and papers reporting original research in relevant fields. Despite the name, the journal is no longer monthly, nor does it carry the notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. MNRAS publishes more articles per year than any other astronomy journal.

An academic conference or scientific conference is an event for researchers to present and discuss their scholarly work. Together with academic or scientific journals and preprint archives, conferences provide an important channel for exchange of information between researchers. Further benefits of participating in academic conferences include learning effects in terms of presentation skills and "academic habitus", receiving feedback from peers for one's own research, the possibility to engage in informal communication with peers about work opportunities and collaborations, and getting an overview of current research in one or more disciplines.

Scientific writing is writing about science, with an implication that the writing is by scientists and for an audience that primarily includes peers —those with sufficient expertise to follow in detail. Scientific writing is a specialized form of technical writing, and a prominent genre of it involves reporting about scientific studies such as in articles for a scientific journal. Other scientific writing genres include writing literature-review articles, which summarize the existing state of a given aspect of a scientific field, and writing grant proposals, which are a common means of obtaining funding to support scientific research. Scientific writing is more likely to focus on the pure sciences compared to other aspects of technical communication that are more applied, although there is overlap. There is not one specific style for citations and references in scientific writing. Whether you are submitting a grant proposal, literature review articles, or submitting an article into a paper, the citation system that must be used will depend on the publication you plan to submit to.

PLOS One is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006. The journal covers primary research from any discipline within science and medicine. The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O. Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Academic authorship of journal articles, books, and other original works is a means by which academics communicate the results of their scholarly work, establish priority for their discoveries, and build their reputation among their peers.

A review article is an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic within a certain discipline. A review article is generally considered a secondary source since it may analyze and discuss the method and conclusions in previously published studies. It resembles a survey article or, in news publishing, overview article , which also surveys and summarizes previously published primary and secondary sources, instead of reporting new facts and results. Survey articles are however considered tertiary sources, since they do not provide additional analysis and synthesis of new conclusions. A review of such sources is often referred to as a tertiary review.

Astronomy & Geophysics ( A&G ) is a scientific journal and trade magazine published on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) by Oxford University Press. It is distributed bimonthly to members of the RAS.

Scholarly peer review or academic peer review is the process of having a draft version of a researcher's methods and findings reviewed by experts in the same field. Peer review is widely used for helping the academic publisher decide whether the work should be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, or rejected for official publication in an academic journal, a monograph or in the proceedings of an academic conference. If the identities of authors are not revealed to each other, the procedure is called dual-anonymous peer review.

Metascience is the use of scientific methodology to study science itself. Metascience seeks to increase the quality of scientific research while reducing inefficiency. It is also known as "research on research" and "the science of science", as it uses research methods to study how research is done and find where improvements can be made. Metascience concerns itself with all fields of research and has been described as "a bird's eye view of science". In the words of John Ioannidis, "Science is the best thing that has happened to human beings   ... but we can do it better."

A graphical abstract is a graphical or visual equivalent of a written abstract. Graphical abstracts are a single image and are designed to help the reader to quickly gain an overview on a scholarly paper, research article, thesis or review: and to quickly ascertain the purpose and results of a given research, as well as the salient details of authors and journal. Graphical abstracts are intended to help facilitate online browsing, as well as help readers quickly identify which papers are relevant to their research interests. Like a video abstract, they are not intended to replace the original research paper, rather to help draw attention to it, increasing its readership. Instructions for designing a graphical abstract are available, e.g., "10 simple rules for designing graphical abstracts".

Elisabeth Margaretha Harbers-Bik is a Dutch microbiologist and scientific integrity consultant. Bik is known for her work detecting photo manipulation in scientific publications, and identifying over 4,000 potential cases of improper research conduct, including 400 research papers published by authors in China from a research paper mill company. Bik is the founder of Microbiome Digest, a blog with daily updates on microbiome research, and the Science Integrity Digest blog.

• ↑ Gliner, Jeffrey A.; Morgan, George A. (2000). Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis . Mahwah, NJ: Psychology Press. ISBN   978-0-8058-2992-1 . [ page   needed ]
• 1 2 3 4 Kamel, SA; El-Sobky, TA (23 August 2023). "Reporting quality of abstracts and inconsistencies with full text articles in pediatric orthopedic publications" . Research Integrity and Peer Review . 8 (1): 11. doi : 10.1186/s41073-023-00135-3 . PMC   10463470 . PMID   37608346 .
• ↑ Li, G; Abbade, LPF; Nwosu, I; Jin, Y; Leenus, A; Maaz, M; Wang, M; Bhatt, M; Zielinski, L; Sanger, N; Bantoto, B; Luo, C; Shams, I; Shahid, H; Chang, Y; Sun, G; Mbuagbaw, L; Samaan, Z; Levine, MAH; Adachi, JD; Thabane, L (29 December 2017). "A scoping review of comparisons between abstracts and full reports in primary biomedical research" . BMC Medical Research Methodology . 17 (1): 181. doi : 10.1186/s12874-017-0459-5 . PMC   5747940 . PMID   29287585 .
• 1 2 Pavlovic, Vedrana; Weissgerber, Tracey; Stanisavljevic, Dejana; Pekmezovic, Tatjana; Milicevic, Ognjen; Lazovic, Jelena Milin; Cirkovic, Andja; Savic, Marko; Rajovic, Nina; Piperac, Pavle; Djuric, Nemanja; Madzarevic, Petar; Dimitrijevic, Ana; Randjelovic, Simona; Nestorovic, Emilija; Akinyombo, Remi; Pavlovic, Andrija; Ghamrawi, Ranine; Garovic, Vesna; Milic, Natasa (12 March 2021). "How accurate are citations of frequently cited papers in biomedical literature?" . Clinical Science . 135 (5): 671–681. doi : 10.1042/CS20201573 . PMC   8048031 . PMID   33599711 .
• ↑ Yavchitz, Amélie; Boutron, Isabelle; Bafeta, Aida; Marroun, Ibrahim; Charles, Pierre; Mantz, Jean; Ravaud, Philippe; Bero, Lisa A. (11 September 2012). "Misrepresentation of randomized controlled trials in press releases and news coverage: a cohort study" . PLOS Medicine . 9 (9): e1001308. doi : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001308 . PMC   3439420 . PMID   22984354 .
• ↑ O'Donohoe, TJ; Dhillon, R; Bridson, TL; Tee, J (1 July 2019). "Reporting Quality of Systematic Review Abstracts Published in Leading Neurosurgical Journals: A Research on Research Study" . Neurosurgery . 85 (1): 1–10. doi : 10.1093/neuros/nyy615 . PMID   30649511 .
• ↑ How do I cite an abstract?
• ↑ Witty, Francis J. (October 1973). "The Beginnings of Indexing and Abstracting: Some Notes towards a History of Indexing and Abstracting in Antiquity and the Middle Ages" (PDF) . The Indexer . 8 (4): 193–198. doi : 10.3828/indexer.1973.8.4.1 . S2CID   239271784 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2021 . Retrieved 21 April 2021 .
• 1 2 "What's So Abstract About Scientific Abstracts? | Inside Science" . Archived from the original on 2020-09-21 . Retrieved 2020-09-24 .
• ↑ "Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London" .
• ↑ Goldingham, John (April 1827). "On the longitude of Madras". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 1 : 13. Bibcode : 1827MNRAS...1...13G . the end of this abstract
• ↑ Goldingham, John (1827). "Observations of the Eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites, taken at the Madras Observatory, in the Years 1817—1825". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society . 3 : 106–108. Bibcode : 1827MmRAS...3..106G .
• ↑ Longden, A. C. (1 April 1919). "On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum" . Physical Review . 13 (4): 241–258. Bibcode : 1919PhRv...13..241L . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.13.241 .
• ↑ Bazerman, Charles (1988). Shaping written knowledge   : the genre and activity of the experimental article in science . Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN   978-0299116903 .
• ↑ Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office practices . Library of Congress. 2014. p.   387.
• ↑ Mensh, Brett; Kording, Konrad (2016-11-28). "Ten simple rules for structuring papers" . bioRxiv . doi : 10.1101/088278 . S2CID   195953236 .
• ↑ mmm3 (2008-11-15). "Journal Paper Submission Guidelines" . Docstoc. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009-04-22 .
• ↑ Berry; Brunner, N; Popescu, S; Shukla, P (2011). "Can apparent superluminal neutrino speeds be explained as a quantum weak measurement?". J. Phys. A: Math. Theor . 44 (49): 2001. arXiv : 1110.2832 . Bibcode : 2011JPhA...44W2001B . doi : 10.1088/1751-8113/44/49/492001 . S2CID   3468441 .
• ↑ "Structured Abstracts – What are structured abstracts?" . Retrieved 12 September 2023 .
• ↑ Mann, J; Smuts, B (2004). "The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting" . Journal of Biology . 3 (2): 8. doi : 10.1186/jbiol2 . PMC   416558 . PMID   15132740 .
• 1 2 3 Finkelstein 2004 , pp.   212–214.
• ↑ "Types of Abstracts" . Colorado State University . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
• ↑ Hortolà, Policarp (2008). "An ergonomic format for short reporting in scientific journals using nested tables and the Deming's cycle". Journal of Information Science . 34 (2): 207–212. doi : 10.1177/0165551507082590 . S2CID   39334416 .
• 1 2 Finkelstein 2004 , pp.   211–212.
• ↑ "Graphical Abstracts" . Elsevier . Retrieved January 24, 2016 .
• 1 2 Bui, Lily (March 3, 2015). "A Glance at Graphical Abstracts" . Comparative Media Studies: Writing . MIT . Retrieved January 24, 2016 .
• ↑ Romans, Brian (February 16, 2011). "Are graphical abstracts a good idea?" . Wired . Retrieved January 24, 2016 .
• ↑ "Video Abstracts" . Journal of the American Chemical Society . Retrieved January 24, 2016 .
• ↑ Pferschy-Wenzig, EM; Pferschy, U; Wang, D; Mocan, A; Atanasov, AG (Sep 2016). "Does a Graphical Abstract Bring More Visibility to Your Paper?" . Molecules . 21 (9): 1247. doi : 10.3390/molecules21091247 . PMC   5283664 . PMID   27649137 .
• ↑ Ufnalska, Sylwia B.; Hartley, James (August 2009). "How can we evaluate the quality of abstracts?" (PDF) . European Science Editing . 35 (3): 69–71. ISSN   0258-3127 .
• Finkelstein, Leo Jr. (2004). Pocket Book of Technical Writing for Engineers and Scientists (2.   ed.). London: McGraw-Hill Education – Europe. ISBN   978-0072468496 .
• ISO 214: Documentation — Abstracts for publications and documentation.

Abstract (ABST)

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An Abstract (ABST) is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper’s purpose. When used, an ABST always appears at the beginning of an article, acting as the point-of-entry.

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