should i submit a cover letter if it is optional

Should You Submit an Optional Cover Letter? The Answer is Yes

The job application process is riddled with uncertainty, and one common dilemma job seekers face is whether to submit a cover letter when it is listed as optional. This article aims to answer that question by shedding light on the importance of cover letters in job applications and the potential drawbacks of not submitting one. We will also provide practical tips for crafting a compelling cover letter and share real-life examples of successful cover letters as well as expert opinions on the topic. So, let's dive in and explore the reasons why submitting an optional cover letter can significantly increase your chances of landing an interview.

The Importance of Cover Letters in Job Applications

Cover letters serve a vital purpose in job applications by showcasing the applicant's dedication and interest in the position. They complement resumes by offering a space to elaborate on one's skills, experiences, and motivations, providing context to the facts listed in a resume. As a result, cover letters can help create a more comprehensive picture of the applicant, ultimately increasing their chances of securing an interview.

Several studies highlight the impact of cover letters on interview chances. For instance, a study by ResumeGo found that job applications with tailored cover letters had a 53% higher callback rate than those without cover letters, emphasizing their significance in the application process. Despite these statistics, misconceptions persist about the importance of cover letters, with some job seekers underestimating their value and opting not to include them in their applications.

Reasons to Submit an Optional Cover Letter

Submitting an optional cover letter can be advantageous for job seekers in various ways:

• Demonstrates interest in the position : A well-crafted cover letter shows that the applicant has put in the effort to understand the job requirements and is genuinely interested in the position.
• Conveys professionalism and commitment : Taking the time to write a cover letter, even when optional, signals a high level of professionalism and dedication to potential employers.
• Helps the applicant stand out from the competition : Including a cover letter can differentiate an applicant from others who chose not to submit one, potentially improving their chances of being noticed by the hiring manager.
• Addresses potential concerns or gaps in the resume : A cover letter offers an opportunity to explain any gaps in employment, career changes, or other concerns that may arise from the resume.
• Personalizes the application : Tailoring a cover letter for the specific job and company demonstrates an understanding of the employer's needs and requirements, which can leave a lasting impression on the hiring manager.

Potential Drawbacks of Not Submitting a Cover Letter

Not submitting a cover letter, even when optional, can have negative consequences for the job seeker:

• Gives the impression of a lack of interest or dedication : Choosing not to include a cover letter may signal to the employer that the applicant is not fully committed to the position or lacks enthusiasm for the role.
• Risk of being overlooked in favor of candidates who submitted cover letters : In a competitive job market, not submitting a cover letter can put an applicant at a disadvantage compared to others who took the time to include one.
• Missed opportunities to address potential concerns : Not providing a cover letter means losing the chance to explain any discrepancies or concerns that may arise from the resume, which could negatively affect an applicant's chances of securing an interview.
• Not maximizing one's chances in the job market : In today's highly competitive job market, it is crucial for job seekers to take every opportunity to stand out and increase their chances of landing an interview. Not submitting a cover letter, even when optional, can hinder those chances.

Tips for Writing an Effective Optional Cover Letter

Crafting a compelling optional cover letter requires following certain best practices and guidelines:

• Personalize the cover letter for the specific job and company : Research the company's values, culture, and recent projects or achievements, and incorporate this information into the cover letter to demonstrate a genuine interest in the organization.
• Address the employer's needs and requirements : Make sure to review the job posting carefully and identify the key skills and qualifications the employer is looking for. Highlight how your experiences and skills align with these requirements and address how you can contribute to the company's success.
• Highlight relevant skills and experiences : Use the cover letter as an opportunity to elaborate on the specific skills and experiences that make you a strong candidate for the position. Provide concrete examples and anecdotes to support your claims.
• Maintain a professional tone and error-free content : Ensure your cover letter is well-written, free of grammatical errors and typos, and maintains a professional tone throughout.
• Make the cover letter engaging and memorable : Start with a strong opening that captures the reader's attention and use storytelling techniques to make your cover letter memorable and engaging.

"As a long-time admirer of XYZ Company's commitment to sustainability, I was thrilled to see the opening for a Project Manager on your team. With my background in environmental engineering and proven track record of managing successful green initiatives, I am confident that I can contribute significantly to your ongoing efforts to reduce the company's environmental footprint."

In conclusion, submitting an optional cover letter is an important step in the job application process that should not be overlooked. A well-crafted cover letter can demonstrate your interest in the position, convey your professionalism and commitment, help you stand out from the competition, address potential concerns, and add value by personalizing your application. By following the tips and insights provided in this article, you can maximize your chances of securing an interview and make a lasting impression on potential employers. So, don't hesitate – start crafting your optional cover letter today and increase your chances of landing that dream job.

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Do You Need a Cover Letter When It's Not Required?

When you do (and don't) need a cover letter to apply for a job

Why Write a Cover Letter?

Reasons to include a cover letter, reasons not to include a cover letter.

• Tips for Writing a Cover Letter

Do you really need a cover letter if a company doesn't ask for one? Writing a lot of cover letters during a job search is often both challenging and time-consuming. Because of this, it's not surprising that applicants often hesitate to include a cover letter when it is not explicitly required by an employer.

If you're wondering if you should include a cover letter, the short answer is yes. That said, there are a few exceptions.

You should  almost always submit a cover letter , even if the company doesn't ask for one. 

Here's what you need to know about the value of cover letters, along with the situations where you can skip a cover letter. 

If you're serious about landing the job, a well-written  cover letter  gives you a chance to sell yourself to the employer in a narrative format, and explain why you are an ideal candidate. Taking the time to  match your qualifications to the job  can help you get selected for an interview.

All of your efforts in the cover letter will help hiring managers do their job of screening applicants, and may get your resume a closer look.

A cover letter also affords you the opportunity to highlight your strongest qualifications.

An effective, well-written, and  customized cover letter  also makes it clear that you are highly interested in the job. That's because it shows the hiring manager that you want the job enough to go the extra distance.

To Share Extra Information

A cover letter gives you an opportunity to include details that your resume does not contain. For example, if you are applying from a distance, your cover letter will enable you to present a rationale for relocation and to mention that you will be in the area shortly for a possible interview. 

To Explain a Gap

Gaps in employment  with reasonable explanations can also be addressed in your letter. A cover letter is also an ideal place to provide specific examples that prove you have the skills and experience listed on your resume.

The Employer May Expect One

Additionally, some employers expect to receive cover letters even though they did not stipulate that a cover letter was required in their job advertisements.

Candidates who don't take the time to compose a letter are often viewed as less motivated for the job.

In many cases, employers won't even look at a job application that doesn't contain a cover letter or letter of interest.

For some jobs, you won't need a cover letter to apply. Some employers don't accept cover letters as part of the application process. For other positions, there may be no way to submit one. If a cover letter is optional, it's better to skip it if you don't have the time to compose a well-written one.

When the Employer Doesn't Want One

If the job application instructs that you should not include a cover letter, then it's definitely best to follow directions so as not to annoy your potential employer.

When You Don't Have Time

No letter is much better than a poorly written one. A well-composed cover letter serves as a sample of your writing ability, but the opposite is also true. If you don't have time to write a well-crafted cover letter that pitches your skills and positions you for the job, forego the effort.

When There's No Way to Submit One

Also, if the company asks you to submit your application through an online platform, and there is no place for you to submit a cover letter, don't worry about it. 

Tips for Writing a Cover Letter That Will Impress

When you do include a cover letter with your resume, it's important to make it a good one. Here are tips for writing a cover letter that will make the best impression and add value to your application.

Kelly Miller. / The Balance

• Make it targeted.  Be sure to compose a  targeted letter  that is written with the job listing in mind. Focus on the skills and abilities you possess that make you a strong fit for the specific job.
• Keep it short.  Make sure that your  letters are concise  (no more than one page topping out at five paragraphs) and that every statement you make conveys something significant about your qualifications for the candidacy.
• Go beyond your resume.  Avoid simply repeating your resume. Provide examples not listed in your resume, and expand upon things mentioned only briefly in your resume. Your cover letter should have a distinct purpose regarding your application.
• Edit, edit, edit.  Errors in your cover letter  can hurt your chances of getting an interview. Errors make you look sloppy, or worse, not educated. Be sure to thoroughly read your letter before submitting it. Consider asking a friend or colleague to read it as well to check for typos, grammatical errors, and confusing language.

Key Takeaways

• Writing a cover letter makes the hiring manager's job easier, by highlighting exactly why you're the right match for the role. That gives your application an edge. 
• Even if the company doesn't specifically request a cover letter, it's a good idea to write one if you're interested in the role at hand. 
• Skip a cover letter if the employer says not to write one, or if there isn't a place to include one in an online application form. 

A simple guide for writing the perfect cover letter

No one loves writing cover letters.

They can seem awkward or even boring when you’ve written many. And they are time-consuming.

So when a job posting includes the words “cover letter optional,” it can seem like a relief. With those three words, you are blissfully let off the hook on that arduous but tedious task. Right?

The bad news is that the cover letter is never really “optional.”

The only time you don’t need one is when the job description specifies: “No cover letters, please.”

For many years, I’ve advised professionals as they navigate their career searches. As the director of MBA Career Coaching at the University of Maryland’s Robert H. Smith School of Business, I help candidates get jobs in consulting and professional services, among other fields. Before this job, I spent several years as a recruiter for PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Today, in the wake of the “Great Resignation,” a lot of companies are scrambling to fill record numbers of employment vacancies. It’s a great time to be looking for work. And it may seem reasonable in this environment to assume that, as a jobseeker, you’re in the driver’s seat and don’t need to write those “optional” cover letters.

But a cover letter — a good cover letter — is worth the time and energy when you want the job. It introduces who you are in a way that goes beyond the resume, it demonstrates your interest in the position and the organization, and it inspires the reader to take action. The cover letter can be the difference between getting the offer or not.

A large percentage of today’s job postings either require a cover letter or make it optional. Only a small percentage will indicate no cover letters. That means you should be prepared to submit a cover letter as part of your application 80% to 90% of the time.

As a former recruiter, I know there are times when two candidates end up closely ranked in the hiring team’s estimation. In those times, a cover letter can make the difference and help you inch ahead of the competition.

Here’s my advice for writing a good one, without a ton of effort each time.

Create a boilerplate. This part does take time and effort. For the first paragraph: Write an introductory paragraph that you’ll adapt for each new role and each new company. For the second paragraph: Write out several of your skills, or competencies, in a skimmable, bulleted format. Each competency will be in bold type, with a sentence or two that tells a short story of how you have used this skill and what outcome it produced. Focus here on direct evidence — facts, not judgments. For the third paragraph, describe what drives you and what you’re like to work with. That is your value proposition. For that final, closing paragraph, restate your interest, thank the hiring team for its consideration and look ahead to next steps.

Customize, customize. That boilerplate is going to do so much heavy lifting. Using it, you’ll modify the introductory paragraph, asserting your interest in the role and the company. Then, you’ll select two or three of the bullet points from your boilerplate list to specifically highlight the skills mentioned in the job posting. The third and fourth paragraphs can likely remain just as they are. That’s the beauty of this strategy. It’s far less daunting to modify an old cover letter than to start from scratch each time.

Find an editor. It should go without saying, but a good cover letter is well-written and free of grammatical errors and other silly mistakes — like accidentally leaving in a reference to the last company you applied to. Achieving that requires a second pair of eyes or even a third. Enlist a friend or loved one who will be your editor, and be prepared to return the favor someday.

One final tip: Always re-read the job description once or twice. Make sure you know what the posting is asking for, so the cover letter speaks directly to that. And remember, it’s not about what you want the hiring team to know — it’s about what they need to know.

Dori Jamison is the director of MBA Career Coaching at the University of Maryland’s Robert H. Smith School of Business. Prior to coming to Maryland Smith, she worked for eight years as a recruiter for PricewaterhouseCoopers.

The Pulsifer Career Development Center's summer hours of operation are 8:00am - 5:30pm on Monday - Thursday.  The staff is remote on Mondays and in office on Tuesday - Thursday.  Bentley University strives to make web content accessible to all users. If you are having difficulty accessing information and need this content in an alternate format, please contact The Pulsifer Undergraduate Career Development Center  at  781-891-2165  or  [email protected] .

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Should You Write a Cover Letter if it is Not Required?

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When applying for jobs, writing cover letters can seem like a hassle, especially when you are applying to as many jobs as you can. Sometimes, you may come across an application where it says “optional” next to the cover letter. In this case, should you write a cover letter? The answer is yes because writing a cover letter even when it is optional shows that you are hardworking, care about the position, and take initiative. There are lots of other reasons why writing a cover letter can set you apart from other job applicants.

Writing a cover letter shows that you care

A lot of job postings nowadays are Easy Apply. What this means is that all you must do is click a button and submit your resume. As a result, companies are getting a ton of job applications. One way to make your application stand out is by writing a cover letter. Writing one shows that you took the time to research the company and are really interested in the position. Showing employers that you care and are willing to take the time to submit a cover letter may very well be the reason you get an interview or not.

Allows you to highlight your personality

Resumes only highlight your accomplishments and skills. By reading a resume, an employer won’t get a feel of who you are as a person in terms of personality. To combat this, you can write a cover letter. A well-written cover letter can convey the type of person you are and show the employer how you would fit in on the team. Soft skills are just as important as technical skills and one way to highlight your soft skills is through a cover letter.

You can mention something that doesn’t fit on your resume

Resumes are only supposed to be one page long, so you might not be able to fit everything on it. As a result, you can use a cover letter to talk about experiences that you couldn’t highlight on your resume. For instance, maybe you’re involved with a club on campus but because of your professional experiences, you cannot highlight it on your resume. Writing cover letters allows you to show off other experiences and activities that you are not able to do on your resume.

Overall, it is ultimately your decision if you want to write a cover letter if it is optional. However, writing one does show that you care, allows you to highlight who you are as a person, and lets you show off experiences that you otherwise would not be able to on your resume. While applying for jobs, keep these thoughts in your mind when you see the word “optional” next to a cover letter!

Insights gathered from: https://www.themuse.com/advice/cover-letter-optional

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The Optional Cover Letter: Do You Still Need to Add One?

We all want to put our best face forward when we are applying for a job. This includes supplying a top-notch resume and an engaging cover letter . But what if the job ad states “cover letter optional”? Do I still need to provide one or not? Will I lose some potential brownie points in the eyes of the employer? 

Career experts have done some research around optional cover letters and how you should treat such requests. Let’s take a closer look at this hot topic.

Should You Write a Cover Letter if It is Optional?

Yes, it’s best to provide a cover letter even if it’s stated as optional. Why? Because it’s another “touchpoint” between you and the potential employer. Use it to draw more attention to your resume (and skill set respectively) and give a preview of your personality. Candidates who provide a professionally written cover letter are usually viewed as more professional and interested in the position than those who don’t.

Also, actually taking the time to write a cover letter can set you apart from the competition. One small-scale study, done by a recruiter, suggests that 73% of applicants don’t bother filing a cover letter or even write a short introduction in an email. So doing the courtesy of writing a formal or more informal email cover letter can be pretty refreshing for some employers.

OK, But Why State ‘Optional Cover Letter’ At All?

If data suggests that employers prefer cover letters, why some companies state that the “cover letter is optional”? That’s totally confusing. Yeah, we get that. 

But there are two possible reasons for that:

• By “cover letter optional”, some companies mean that you should write a less formal letter of introduction (email), rather than attach a “traditional” cover letter. They still expect more than a resume, sent without any further notice. 
• Others treat the “optional” thing as a quick applicant test. Many large companies, receiving hundreds of submissions, may want to easily weed out those candidates that don’t put in any extra effort. A company may begin its candidate analysis process by eliminating those who are not interested in the job enough to submit a cover letter. In some cases that could be potentially hundreds of letters or emails that they don’t need to waste time on.

The bottom line: If a cover letter is optional, it’s not an excuse to skip it altogether. 

Are cover letters necessary when you are applying via an on-site hiring form? It depends. Some job application forms, however, provide extra questions that allow you to talk about your personality, skills, and reasons for applying. But even in such cases, it’s best to add a quick introductory letter if you feel like you’ve got a few more things to say. 

Does The Cover Letter Content Matter?

So, if we have already established that most employers want you to provide a cover letter, along with your resume. But do you need to bother making the cover letter content relevant to the position?

Oh yes, you do! The purpose of a cover letter is not simply to “check a box” with the employer – it’s a sales tool to persuade them to meet with you for an interview . For that to happen, your letter has to be personalized to the job. 

• Research the hiring person’s name and add it to the letter 
• Specify if you have a “shared connection” (even on LinkedIn)
• Reference a recent company event or accomplishment 
• Explain how the company values align with yours

To personalize your cover letter, do some company research in advance. 

Also, treat your cover letter as an opportunity to explain why you are interested in taking on the position – something that you cannot really do with your resume. When your cover letter is done well it may be the deciding factor for you landing an interview with the company.

What Else Should Be Included In An Optional Cover Letter?

Optional or not, a cover letter should do two things well:

• Communicate your interest in the role 
• Highlight your “fit” for the opportunity 

To convey the above, the lengths of the resume may not be enough. 

In essence, a cover letter is an opportunity to showcase how you use your core competencies (listed as skills on your resume)  in your day-to-day work. For example, if the job on offer is to support a certain area, such as product development, then you can use your cover letter to mention how you would be able to fit in with their plans. Mention how you previously led product development within your current company, what results you’ve achieved and how you plan to replicate this success if given a chance. You can check cover letter examples on your website to get a better sense of how to convey your skills via extra context. 

Apart from the above, a good cover letter should include:

• A strong opening
• Two-three paragraph, centered around your skills
• Closing statement with a call-to-action

What If You Don’t Send In An Optional Cover Letter?

You might not have enough time to write a decent cover letter to go with your job application. Or you are facing the worst writer’s block of all time. What happens if you don’t end that optional cover letter after all? 

If you are short on time, focus on your resume instead. Put your available time into making sure it is perfect and send it in. Also, prioritize answering other questions on the job application platform. 

Finally, instead of a full-length letter, provide a quick personalized note that briefly introduces you and expresses your interest. You can re-use a variation of your personal statement . For example, as a recent graduate applying for a business analyst job you may write something like this:

“Good day, [Name], I’m looking forward to becoming part of the XYZ BA Office and applying my skills in process analysis, requirements gathering, quantitative and qualitative research, to help XYZ maintain its position as a leader in industry X”. 

Also, for the next time around, prepare a generic cover letter — a pre-written cover letter template you can quickly personalize to different job offers. Having one will say you heaps of time (and stress)!  

Conclusion 

When a cover letter is optional, a lot of job applicants may be tempted to skip it. Don’t be one of them! A cover letter is a great means to convey your interest in the job and provide a quick “preview” of your personality and work abilities. Given that a lot of employers now seek out “cultural fits”, rather than applicants who tick all the job requirement boxes, a well-written cover letter can majorly increase your chances of landing a job with a prestigious employer!

Elena runs content operations at Freesumes since 2017. She works closely with copywriters, designers, and invited career experts to ensure that all content meets our highest editorial standards. Up to date, she wrote over 200 career-related pieces around resume writing, career advice... more

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How to Approach a ‘Cover Letter Optional’ Job Listing

Published: Apr 09, 2019

Have you ever been invited to a friend's birthday party and been told you shouldn't feel pressure to bring a gift? How often do you take this at face value? Do you assume your friend really doesn't want a present? Or do you think, "I'll just play it safe and get her something small to show I've thought of her?" 

Job seekers faced a similar dilemma when greeted with the words "cover letter optional" in a job posting. If you've been in this position, you've likely wondered, "Are they just testing me? Do they really want me to submit a cover letter, or are they genuinely fine with not receiving one? And what will it say about me if I don't attach one?" 

Read "optional" as "essential"

There is, of course, the chance that an employer has used the line "cover letter optional" because they honestly don't see much value in you attaching this document. But it's also entirely possible that recruiters give you the choice to submit or not to submit because they want to find out how keen you really are on the position.

Since you never know whether you're dealing with the first or second scenario, it's always safest to send a letter—even when doing so is not required and even when the job ad says nothing about it at all. The only time you wouldn't attach this invaluable document is if the posting explicitly requests that you don't.

Set yourself apart from the competition

First and foremost, submitting a cover letter when you don't have to shows that you really, truly want the job. If you're not willing to set aside an hour or two to craft a letter, recruiters might question whether you're really that motivated at all, and that won't reflect well on you.

Choosing to send a letter also offers hiring managers a preview of what's to come if they hire you—it shows that you're the sort of employee who’s prepared to go above and beyond and do more than the bare minimum. If you're being compared to similarly qualified candidates who didn't submit a letter, then this testament to your work ethic should give you an advantage over them. If a cover letter is potentially going to be the one thing that differentiates you from others, why wouldn't you attach one?

Demonstrate your soft skills

A cover letter also presents various other opportunities you don't want to miss out on. It's a chance to demonstrate strong communication skills, which are highly valued in almost every industry, and to say what you can't in your resume . In a letter, you can capture what it is about the role and the company that most appeals to you, showcase your unique personality, and make specific links between your skills and experience and the requirements of the position. Your resume offers a summary of your career history and qualifications; a cover letter acts as a bridge, showing how these details would translate to success in this particular job.

Make your cover letter work extra hard

If hiring managers include the line "cover letter optional" in a job posting, it might be because they don't want to be inundated with a heap of extra reading that doesn't add value. So, if you're going to give them something they haven't requested, make sure it's worth their time to engage with it. Compile a document that's customized, original, and attention-grabbing, and avoid making all the common cover letter mistakes . Never start with "To Whom It May Concern" (personalize the greeting with the hiring manager's name instead), stay away from clichés and tired buzzwords , and don't just repeat what's in your resume.

It's also best to keep the emphasis on the company's needs and how you can add value, rather than on what the job would bring to your life. And, of course, you should make sure your letter is free of any errors and is as concise as possible—the leaner, the better, especially if it's only optional.

A final note

If you're not sure where to start, it's a good idea to use one of the many cover letter templates available online to assist you. Cover letter templates are especially helpful in that they typically offer step-by-step guidance and even suggest job-specific keywords to include to beat applicant tracking systems that screen for certain phrases.

Since 2005, LiveCareer has been helping job seekers create resumes and cover letters via its free  resume builder  and  cover letter builder  tools. Also available are collections of free, professionally written  resume templates  and  resume samples , all of which are organized by industry and job title.

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Cover Letter Optional: Should I Submit One Anyway

April 5, 2016

You’re applying to a great job for college students on WayUp, and you see that the employer has made submitting a cover letter optional. Do you write one or just ignore it and apply anyway?

The answer is if you really want the job, then yes, you should absolutely submit a cover letter. “Students shouldn’t waste their time otherwise,” admits Liane Hadjuch, a former campus recruiter for RBC Capital Markets. “Cover letters tend to hurt you because so many people have mistakes or a generic template where they just change the name of the company.”

“If you’re going to do it, it should be a value add,” she suggests. “Something that hasn’t already been said in your application otherwise.”

So if you decide to submit, here’s how you can make sure that your cover letter really adds to your application and gives you a competitive edge.

Tell a story that speaks to qualifications in the job description.

Many times, interviewers will ask questions like, “Tell me about an accomplishment you’re most proud of” or “ Why should we hire you ?” These questions are meant to conjure a specific scenario that can help the employer determine how great of a fit you are for the role (and how you’ll perform in the job). Your cover letter is a great way to answer these questions right off the bat. Find a few of the job qualifications that match your own, and tell a story about a time when you solved a problem under pressure or found a mistake that everyone else missed.

For more cover letter tips, check out this simple guide to an impressive cover letter .

Strive to be original.

If you want to be a competitive candidate, don’t do what everyone else does. That means you shouldn’t be writing a generic, one-size-fits-all cover letter and sending it off to your first or second choice jobs. There are two key ways you can ensure that your cover letter stands out. First, make sure you’re addressing your cover letter to a real person instead of writing, “To Whom It May Concern.” This will show that you’ve done your homework on the company and will help to personalize your cover letter. Check out a few other overused phrases to delete from your cover letter .

Secondly, talk about what attracted you to the company and why you’re excited by the opportunity to join this particular team. Remember that you shouldn’t kiss up to the employer, but you should show that you’re eager to hear back from a company that has impacted you as a job seeker.

Explain something that needs more clarification.

Whether it’s a gap in employment, a change in career paths or the fact that your major and your career choice don’t match , you can explain yourself and your motivations through your cover letter. This can help employers to better understand your idea of your career path and why you want this particular job. Remember that as you’re clarifying, you shouldn’t make it seem like you’re apologizing or making excuses. Don’t spend too much time explaining yourself, just explain why you’re interested in the position, what led you to it and how your alternative background can be an advantage–then quickly move on. For example, if you’re a Psychology major applying for a Customer Support role, you can say something like, “I was first introduced to customer support during my junior year internship, where I discovered that my Psychology background helped me to go a step further in collecting and analyzing data, optimizing the company’s understanding of user behavior.”

Remember that you should only be putting in this much effort if you truly want this job! If that’s the case, follow these tips, double check that your cover letter is error-free and send it off! Employers will be impressed that you went the extra mile to submit a great cover letter.

It’s important to note however that most jobs on WayUp don’t require a cover letter, so if you’d rather skip the more traditional application process, we’ve got your back!

Top Photo Credit: blog.greatvectors.com

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Are Cover Letters Necessary?

Do cover letters matter these days? It depends on who you ask.

Some recruiters love learning more about each job applicant, while others find the practice antiquated. So should you write one if it might not even be read at all?

Keep reading for advice from career coaching experts, plus:

• When you should (and shouldn't) write a cover letter
• What to do when a cover letter is "optional"
• Tips for writing an effective cover letter
• What an effective cover letter template looks like

Do I Need a Cover Letter ?

In most cases, yes—you should submit a cover letter with your resume.

While the cover letter has increasingly become a divisive topic among recruiters and job seekers , it's still often listed as a requirement on job applications .

But regardless, many recruiters still think cover letters are important.

According to a 2023 study by recruitment website Zippia , more than a fourth (26 percent) of recruiters "always read cover letters " and think they're an important component of the hiring decision. And almost half (45 percent) said that not including a cover letter could get your application rejected.

So in most cases, it's best to be cautious and include one.

In short, including a cover letter will almost never hurt your job search —but it can help.

Here's how:

• It can help you stand out from the crowd . Recruiters read through countless resumes for just one role. If you have similar qualifications as other candidates, a cover letter allows you to showcase your personality and unique skills.
• It shows you're willing to go the extra mile . Searching for a new job is already a lot of effort, so it may be difficult to rationalize writing a customized cover letter for each role. But the Zippia study found that 61 percent of hiring managers consider a customized resume (with a cover letter, portfolio link, etc.) the "number one tactic for applicants to boost their chances of getting a job."
• You can address potential biases . In a perfect world, recruiters wouldn't count you out based on things like employment gaps or " job hopping ." Career coach Marlo Lyons recommends using your cover letter to "fill in any gaps" and provide context about these types of situations so recruiters don't get the wrong impression.

When You Should Include a Cover Letter

It's ultimately up to you whether you include a cover letter.

Octavia Goredema, career coach and author of Prep, Push, Pivot , says that the decision to submit a cover letter hinges on "where you are in your career journey and your personal career goals."

In addition to when it's a required part of the job posting, here are scenarios where it's in your best interest to submit one:

• If someone referred you to the job : According to Goredema, "If you were referred to an opportunity by someone at the company or have a personal history that correlates with the role, a cover letter enables you to share that."
• If you want to add additional information : Say the job you're applying to requires candidates to live on a specific coast. If you don't currently live in the area but are willing to relocate, mention that in your cover letter so you aren't automatically rejected based on your current location.
• If you're changing careers : Goredema recommends writing one "if you're in the early stages of your career or making a professional pivot. A cover letter provides the opportunity to add additional context to the information included in your resume."
• If you don't have any previous work experience : If you're new to the workforce, you may not have any applicable previous positions to include on your resume. Use your cover letter to highlight transferrable skills and explain why you think you'd still be a good fit.

Lastly, Goredema suggests that "if this is your dream job, a cover letter provides the space for you to explain with impact and highlight what you do best."

Debra Boggs, founder and CEO of D&S Executive Career Management, adds: "As long as a cover letter is well-written and error-free, it will never hurt your chances of winning an interview."

So the more important the role is to you, the more effort you should put in.

When You Shouldn't Include a Cover Letter

There are certainly times when you should send a cover letter with your resume—but are there times when you shouldn't send one in? Here are a few instances:

• If the application platform doesn't have a space to upload one : If there isn't a space for you to attach your cover letter or other supporting documents, don't sweat it. This means that other applicants won't be able to send one either.
• If the job posting doesn't require one : If the post specifically states that you shouldn't include a cover letter, it's not a trick. The recruiter likely doesn't plan to read it, so it's best to reserve your time for other job search activities .
• If you aren't a strong writer : Lyons recommends forgoing a cover letter if you aren't a good writer and don't have anyone to help you. "The cover letter could be your first impression, and a badly written one—especially with grammatical errors—could make recruiters not want to screen you for the job."
• If you don't have time : Strapped for time? Goredema suggests "[focusing] on your resume and the application requirements versus haphazardly throwing together a few sentences just to meet an application deadline."

What To Do When a Cover Letter is 'Optional'

"Optional" cover letters can feel like a trick. You want to show the recruiter you're interested in the role, but you don't want to waste your time if it isn't necessary.

Lyons recommends skipping the optional cover letter "if your resume and LinkedIn profile are complete and no further explanation is needed."

However, it can be helpful to write one if "your resume doesn't tell the whole story about you." (Think resume gaps or career changes.)

Goredema believes it can be helpful to include a cover letter, regardless of whether it's a requirement. "Why not take the opportunity? It may help you to stand out. Going the extra mile by sending a well-written, personalized cover letter can only work to your advantage versus working against you."

So it can be helpful to put in extra effort if you have more to add to your application. But you shouldn't include a subpar cover letter just for the sake of it.

7 Tips for Writing an Effective Cover Letter

Regardless of your feelings toward the now-controversial cover letter, you'll likely find yourself writing one for at least some of the jobs you apply to.

Here's how to draft one that actually grabs a recruiter's attention:

1. Keep Things Short

Lyons suggests writing "three to four paragraphs at most, with two to three sentences in each paragraph."

Goredema adds: "Avoid long rambling sentences and keep your letter concise to make it easy to read."

Even if a particular recruiter loves cover letters, they might sift through hundreds of applications to find the right candidates. So it's best to be brief.

2. Follow the Rules

Some recruiters will ask you to include a portfolio link, send the cover letter via email, ask you to answer specific questions, etc. Be sure to fully read the job post's requirements—you don't want to be counted out for failing to follow directions.

3. Don't Repeat Your Resume

Lyons cautions repeating information the recruiter already has access to. Instead, "Tell the story of you—something important that you did not cover on your resume and how that story connects to the current position."

Think of it as connecting the dots between your experience, skills and capabilities. Explain why you'd be a good fit for the role rather than repeating the skills section of your resume .

4. Use Active Voice and Action Verbs

With active voice, the subject of a sentence performs the action. Passive voice puts more emphasis on the object of the sentence.

Using active voice is more direct and straightforward. Plus, it helps keep things brief.

Aim to use active voice throughout your resume and cover letter. This will help you sound clear and confident.

Here's an example of passive voice, plus how to fix it to use active voice:

• Passive voice : The treats were eaten by the dogs.
• Active voice : The dogs ate the treats.

If you struggle with writing in active voice consistently, think about the action verbs you'd use to describe your skills and experiences.

For example, instead of "I was tasked with x," you could say, "I managed x."

5. Be Specific

Include specific examples (i.e., instead of "I'm a team player," allude to a situation where you were a team player). If you've ever taken a writing course, you've probably heard the advice "show don't tell." The same advice applies to your resume and cover letter.

You could say "I have marketing experience," but what does that communicate to the reader? Not much.

Be specific about your experience and accomplishments. Instead, say "I led a marketing campaign that increased quarterly newsletter sign-ups by 40%."

6. Proofread

Check your cover letter for grammar and spelling mistakes before submitting it to avoid a professional faux pas.

Use spellcheck or an external app like Grammarly, which is also compatible with web browsers.

7. Customize It

At best, a generic cover letter is boring or a little awkward. At worst, it can be unprofessional if what you wrote about has nothing to do with the job you're applying for.

Think about it this way: your cover letter might be the deciding factor between you and another candidate with the same skills and experience. So you want to grab the recruiter's attention.

You don't need to spend tons of time rewriting your cover letter for every job application, though. Here are a few things you can do to stand out:

• Address the hiring manager or recruiter by name (you can sometimes find this information on the LinkedIn job post)
• Include the company name and job title
• Mention what you like about the specific company and its culture
• Detail skills and experience specifically mentioned on the job post

Boggs advises to "create a template that you can easily customize to include the relevant skills and experience for each job and employer."

Read on for inspiration for your own template.

Cover Letter Template

It can be time-consuming to write a new cover letter for every job application. Here's a template you can customize for different positions:

Dear [name of recruiter, "hiring manager"] , I saw the job posting for [exact title of role] and am excited about the opportunity. [1-2 sentences detailing why you're interested in the role/company.] In my previous role, [brief description of your accomplishments beyond what your resume states.] I also have [1-2 sentences detailing relevant experience, including specific skills and level of proficiency.] [If applicable: include a short paragraph with a link to your portfolio or any other relevant links.] Thank you for your time—if you'd like to schedule an interview, please feel free to contact me [brief description of the best time and method for contact.] Sincerely, [Your Name] [Phone Number] [Email]

Cover Letter FAQs

Still wondering if you need a cover letter for your specific situation? Or if recruiters actually read every cover letter? Read on for answers.

Do I Need a Cover Letter for a Part-Time Job?

The same advice applies to part-time jobs—cover letters aren't always necessary, but they can help you stand out. If you're especially interested in a part-time role, it's a good idea to submit a cover letter.

Do I Need a Cover Letter for an Internship?

Many people who apply for internships don't have significant prior work experience, so a cover letter is especially helpful here.

Instead of previous jobs, you can talk about:

• Your education
• Extra-curricular activities
• Transferrable skills
• Volunteer experience

You can include similar points if you're looking for an entry-level job and don't have prior work experience.

Can I Use AI To Write a Cover Letter?

Proceed with caution when using ChatGPT or a similar tool to write content for you. Employers may be using AI content detectors to identify which candidates used a shortcut.

AI programs like ChatGPT create content based on their existing libraries, so content is never really "new." Meaning it's impossible to tell if you're accidentally plagiarizing someone unless you heavily edit the chatbot's answers.

Goredema points out a potential pitfall in relying too heavily on AI: "If your goal is to get an interview, you don't want there to be a huge gap between how you communicate on paper versus how you communicate in person ."

Here are a few ways you can use AI to add to the writing process :

• Checking for active voice
• Adding action verbs
• Creating a rough draft
• Checking your writing tone

Do Recruiters Actually Read Your Cover Letter?

The big question—is the effort behind your cover letter worth it? Again, there's no perfect answer.

The most important thing is to ensure hiring managers have all the information they need to fairly consider you for a position.

Boggs cautions: "Remember, not all recruiters and hiring managers read cover letters, so

make sure to include all your relevant qualifications and accomplishments

in your resume as well, so these details don't get missed."

But there are other creative ways to stand out apart from a cover letter.

According to Goredema, "The general feedback I hear from the recruiters I work with is that a resume accompanied by their LinkedIn profile supersedes a cover letter because they will tell a recruiter at first glance what they need to know about a candidate."

So, are cover letters really necessary these days?

Lyons says that recruiters primarily care about two things:

• "Does an applicant have the skills and capabilities to do the job?"
• "Will the applicant fit the culture of the team and the company?"

Cover letters can help you stand out among a sea of applicants or explain difficult job situations—so in most cases, it's helpful to include one with your resume.

But whether you decide to send a cover letter with your resume or not, be sure the recruiter has all the information they need to be confident about you and your experience.

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Many job announcements on USAJOBS state: Optional Cover Letter. I’ve asked my federal clients if they have ever submitted one with their application and most all of them said, “No. It was an option on the job announcement so I didn’t submit one.”

It’s true, it is optional, but is NOT submitting one the best strategy?

Has your career been so perfect that nothing needs further explanation in a cover letter? (Kudos, if the answer is yes!)

So, what if the cover letter could give you the edge over someone who didn’t submit a cover letter?

And, what if you could showcase your personality and your soft skills to stand out above your competition?

Additionally, what if you could demonstrate your writing abilities and skills using a cover letter?

…and there could be many reasons to include a cover letter with your application.

Yes, it’s going to require a little more time and effort. But if it’s done right, it could really pay off.

One of my clients posted in our Facebook group: “If a cover letter is optional, in what situation should I devote time to one?”

Another client asked, “What is the purpose of the cover letter?”

These are great questions.

First, the purpose of the cover letter is to introduce the résumé. It’s the headliner for the star of the show.

In the private sector, the cover letter is most often the first impression given by a job applicant. In the federal hiring process, it isn’t always the cover letter that is read first. However, if you write one and upload it into the proper location, it will be seen.

MAGNETIC TIP: Match the format of your cover letter to your résumé and don’t be hesitant to add some conservative colors and line enhancements to make it visually appealing.

What is the difference between a Federal Cover Letter vs Private Sector Cover Letter?

Nothing major, but I’ll address some nuances to each one. Both cover letters should follow a similar format.

1. Applicant Information

For private sector, include your name, address, email, daytime phone number, and LinkedIn URL.

For a federal cover letter, you should add an evening phone number if the job announcement asks for both day and evening phone numbers. If you use a mobile for both, list the number and write “Day/Evening” before or after it. And, this is a great place to list your citizenship.

I think this one is self-explanatory. However, for a federal application, it’s fine to use the closing date on the job announcement—unless the close date is one year away. In that case, use the date you submit your application.  

3. Inside Address

The inside address includes the contact’s name on the job announcement which is typically a representative from Human Resources. Then, the company, address, city, state, and zip code.   Sometimes in the larger private sector companies, you won’t find the name of the Human Resources representative on the job announcements, e.g., on Indeed.   Here’s an example for private sector:   Hiring Team Microsoft 1 Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052   For the inside address on a federal cover letter, it should include the contact’s name on the job announcement which is typically the representative from Human Resources. Then, the agency, address, city, state, and zip code.   Here’s an example for federal:   Mr. John Parker Department of Justice Executive Resources 145 North Street NE Washington, DC 20002

4. Subject Line

For both private sector and Federal Government, you should include the title of the job announcement and the job announcement number. This is really helpful to Human Resources.   Here’s an example for private sector: LOGISTICS SPECIALIST – Winston-Salem, North Carolina   Here’s an example for federal: LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST – Job Announcement Number NCFL20600046998S

5. Salutation

For both federal and private sector, the following is most appropriate:   Dear Mr. Crowson:   For business writing, use a colon behind the name. If you are writing to the “Hiring Team,” you would write:   Dear Hiring Team:

6. Paragraph 1 – The Introduction

Thank them for the opportunity and introduce why you are applying to the position. Then introduce your résumé. Remember, the purpose of the cover letter is to introduce the résumé. For example: Attached is my résumé where you will see that my qualifications align with every requirement on your job announcement.

7. Paragraph 2 – The Body

This is where you can reference your resume and summarize your knowledge, skills, and abilities. This section could actually be 3-4 lines of text and 2-4 short bullet points.

8. Paragraph 3 – The Conclusion

This paragraph is super important to get right. This is where you reiterate what you can do for them and when they invite you to the interview, you can demonstrate your knowledge and expertise further. You don’t need to waste cover letter real estate by adding your email and phone number again. Instead, tell them what they can expect from you and thank them for their time and consideration.

In my opinion, a good way to close is to say “Sincerely” then your name:   Sincerely, Your Name Your Name   Sincerely is more of a neutral gesture, whereas “Very truly yours” is…not so much.   It is acceptable to type your name using a different font because it’s generally submitted electronically.

10. Attachment

Remember, in Paragraph 1, you introduced the résumé. Be sure to reference the attachment at the bottom of your letter—your résumé! For example: Attachment: As Stated   Or   Attachment: Résumé

When you are applying for a federal job, it’s important to address your cover letter and federal resume to the Six Audiences ™ so you can land interviews that lead to lucrative job offers!

MAGNETIC TIP: Double-check your cover letter with Grammarly to ensure it sounds friendly and professional. You can also ask our eagle-eyed proofreading team to help. It’s very important to ensure there are no grammar, spelling, punctuation, or formatting errors and that it is aligned to the job announcement.

Do you have any questions about how to write a cover letter that makes the Six Audiences™ want to ‘turn the page’ to your résumé? We’d love to hear from you!

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What Supplemental Information Should Your Resume Include?

Your resume is a snapshot of your professional journey so far, and you’ve perfected it.

But now that you’re about to apply for that job you’ve been eyeing, you realize there might be something missing.

Whether you want to elaborate on something from your resume or the application asks for an additional document, you might need to provide some supplemental resume information.

The good news is that supplemental information can give your resume a boost while providing necessary documents. You just need to figure out exactly what those documents are.

The great news? We’re here to help.

In this article, we’re going to cover:

• What Supplemental Information Is
• Examples of Supplemental Resume Information and Supporting Documents
• Tips for Submitting Supplemental Resume Information

Let’s dive in.

What Is Supplemental Information?

Any additional documents or materials that can complement or expand on the details in your resume are supplemental information.

While your resume is meant to provide a concise overview of your work experience , skills, and education, the supplemental information can help show the hiring manager the bigger picture.

For example, supplemental information can give you the chance to explain your education in more detail through transcripts, elaborate on previous achievements with deliverables, or back up your skills or qualifications with certificates.

Including the right supplemental information and supporting documents alongside your resume can make your job application stand out. On top of that, it can give hiring managers a more comprehensive idea of you as a professional.

When Should You Include Supplemental Information?

In most cases, supplemental information isn’t mandatory.

Your most important career information should already be included in your resume .

However, if the job ad specifies that the company wants supporting documents from candidates, you should provide any supplemental information that the hiring manager asks for.

That said, if the job ad or hiring manager doesn’t ask you for supplemental information, there are still a few cases when it’s a good idea to provide it. These include:

• Explaining employment gaps. If your resume shows irregular employment periods or career gaps, you should always provide context for the hiring manager. The best place to do this is in a cover letter.
• Applying for a college program. Both university programs and internships for students often require supplemental information, such as transcripts or letters of recommendation.
• Showing relevant qualifications. You might want to provide a copy of a relevant degree, professional license, or other certification , depending on the industry you’re applying to. For example, nurses and estheticians usually have to submit their relevant licenses.
• Mentioning additional work experience. While your resume might include your most recent professional experience, you might want to prove a relevant internship or personal project through supplemental documentation.
• Providing client testimonials and product reviews. If you’re a business owner or a contractor, backing up your expertise with reviews is always a good idea.
• Including publications or a portfolio. Depending on your field, you might want to provide examples of your work, such as published books or a design portfolio.

7+ Types of Supplemental Information and Supporting Documents

There are different types of supplemental information you can provide for a job application. Let’s look at the most common documents you can expect to need:

#1. Letters of Recommendation

Whether you’re applying for college or looking for a new job, you might need a letter of recommendation .

A letter of recommendation is a document in which someone, usually a former employer, professor, or colleague, vouches for your skills, character, and accomplishments. It provides a third-party perspective on your capabilities and work ethic and adds credibility to your application.

A letter of recommendation can be particularly valuable when you're looking for a job that requires strong interpersonal skills or specific technical abilities. By attaching a letter of recommendation to your application, you’re giving the hiring manager tangible proof that someone was impressed with your past performance and professionalism.

#2. Client Testimonials

If you’re a freelancer, an independent contractor, or someone who has their own business, client testimonials can be valuable supplemental information for your job application.

Client testimonials are real-world endorsements of your work and professionalism and provide a first-hand account of your essential skills , reliability, and the quality of your work. 

They act as personal references that the prospective employer can trust and could influence their decision to hire you.

Usually, client testimonials are pinned somewhere on your product or service’s website. For example, if you’re a carpenter, you might have a personal website where you should include endorsements from past and current clients.

This helps build your reputation and increases your chances of landing your next project.

#3. Transcripts

If you’re a recent graduate or applying for a research position, you might need to provide transcripts along with your resume.

Transcripts provide potential employers and admissions committees with a detailed record of your education and academic performance , including the courses you’ve taken, your grades, and your degrees.

Employers might want transcripts to verify your knowledge in specific subject areas or to see your commitment to continuous learning. So, this is one of the cases where your relevant courses and GPA can make a difference.

#4. References

One of the most common bits of supplemental resume information is your professional references .

For some employers, references are vital since they offer them insight into your work ethic and skills directly from someone who has seen how you work. That said, they’re rarely something you need to list on your resume .

Typically, former supervisors, coworkers, or mentors may give you references. If you have no work experience , your references can even be former educators or classmates.

Employers use references to confirm the claims you make on your resume and cover letter, so make sure you choose references that can back up the most important information you’re giving the hiring manager.

For example, if your previous job includes impressive achievements, make sure that one of the references you choose confirms those accomplishments. For example, you don’t want to include your high school classmates as professional references if you’re applying for a job as a marketing executive .

#5. Salary History

Your salary history is information that’s rarely requested, and it doesn’t normally make it to your resume. Depending on where you live, it might not even be legal to disclose this information on a job application.

For starters, research your local labor laws to see if the employer is allowed to ask you about your salary history at all. The practice is banned in some countries and states, and sometimes it’s banned for specific industries.

If the employer has requested your salary history but you’ve found it’s not legal, just include a line in your cover letter that explains the situation and tell them you’d love to discuss your salary expectations instead. (E.g.: due to state laws, I cannot disclose my salary history. However, I would be more than happy to discuss my salary expectations during an interview.)

This can be the first step in negotiating your salary for the job.

Salary history might seem like an unusual request, but employers might not always know what an appropriate salary range for your position is. In that case, they might need your past salary information to base their offer on and set appropriate expectations for raises. 

To include your salary history in the supplemental information on your resume, you can simply add the approximate yearly salary next to your professional experience. We recommend using a salary range instead of an exact number. For example, if you earned $35.000 , we recommend writing it down as $30.000 - $40.000 .

Alternatively, you can also create a separate document known as a salary history letter, where you can provide more details about your career profession and your previous salaries.

#6. Publications

Other types of supplemental information you can include are any publications under your name.

Publications are common for academics and professional writers alike, though the types of publications are different. 

For example, editors can show their work across different platforms, like blogs or books, while digital marketers would need to show copywriting samples.

Academics, on the other hand, can provide copies or references to their research papers, articles, or books that have been published in academic journals or presses. Unlike writers who use publications to show their writing skills, an academic’s publications showcase their expertise in their field, including research skills or in-depth knowledge of a subject.

Both types of publications contribute to your credibility, and they can pique the hiring manager’s curiosity, so we recommend providing links to your published work.

You can include publications as supplemental information in your resume by adding them as separate sections. Then, you can list and link to your articles, essays, or other texts. You can even add a link somewhere on your resume to a separate portfolio with writing samples.

However, if you don’t have enough space on your resume, another great way to provide this information is by sending a separate document that lists your publications. For some positions, for example, you might be asked to provide separate writing samples, depending on what the employer requests.

#7. Portfolio

If you’re applying for a job in a creative field, such as illustration or photography , you need a portfolio.

Portfolios are essential for creatives because they give employers a clear visual demonstration of your skills, style, and range of work. A well-curated portfolio reflects your best projects and shows the hiring manager that you match what they’re looking for.

If you’re an artist who’s worked with different mediums or held different positions, make sure to tailor your portfolio to the specific job you’re after. An animator ’s portfolio looks very different from a graphic designer ’s. 

Your portfolio should reflect the style and medium that the employer is looking for, so if the job ad says they need someone skilled in Adobe Photoshop, make sure your digital paintings reflect your proficiency with the specific software.

There are several ways you can include a portfolio in your job application. The most common way is to include a link to a digital portfolio. This can either be hosted on a platform like Behance or a personal website.

We recommend bringing physical copies of some of your best work to your job interview. For video editors and musicians, this would have to be on a CD or flash drive.

If you’re applying for a job as an architect or interior designer , you might have to bring a larger physical copy of your portfolio. Read the instructions in the job ad carefully, or ask the company for more information on the dimensions you should use. In the US, the most common portfolio dimensions are 11” x 17” or 8 ½” x 11”.

#8. Cover Letter

Cover letters are the most versatile and impactful type of supporting document you can include with every job application.

By writing a cover letter , you can effectively cover most of the supplemental resume information the hiring manager might want to know.

You might be wondering if you need a cover letter at all , and the short answer is yes. While they aren’t usually mandatory, cover letters show the hiring manager that you’ve gone the extra mile with your job application and that you’re not just a random applicant.

While your resume is meant to factually summarize your skills and experiences, your cover letter allows you to provide context and insight into you as a person. Don’t just repeat your resume here —instead, explain how you accomplished your most impressive achievements and tell the hiring manager what motivates you to join their team.

Your cover letter is your opportunity to sell yourself, in your own words. You can include information about your portfolio or publications, mention significant projects you’ve worked on, or even briefly discuss your research interests if you’re an academic.

To give the hiring manager the best impression possible, choose a cover letter template that visually complements your resume. Just try our cover letter templates to get started!

How to Submit Supplemental Information

Now that you’ve gathered all the supplemental information and supporting documents you might need, it’s time to submit them.

Just follow these simple steps:

• Label it with your name. Make sure every document you submit includes your full name. This way, the hiring manager can easily find every document in your application.
• Send it to the right person. Address your email appropriately so your supporting documents make it to the hiring manager. If you can find the hiring manager’s name, address them respectfully, and also explain that you’re sending supplemental information for your job application.
• Bring copies to your job interview. It’s always a good idea to have copies on hand, just in case something gets lost. Print out copies of your resume, cover letter, and any supporting documents, such as your letters of recommendation and transcripts, or bring samples from your portfolio.

Key Takeaways

And that’s all there is to supplemental resume information!

After reading our article, we’re confident you’ll know when you need to provide supporting documents on your job hunt.

Before you go, let’s do a quick recap of our main points:

• Supplemental information on your resume is any extra information or supporting documents that can tip the scales in your favor. These include cover letters, references, transcripts, and portfolios.
• Unless the job ad specifically requires them, supporting documents aren’t mandatory. Your resume is the main event, and it’s what the hiring manager will be most interested in reading.
• You should still provide supplemental resume information if you have an employment gap or want to provide more context about your experiences. This is why we recommend always writing a cover letter to complement your resume.
• Different types of supplemental information or supporting documents might be necessary depending on your job, so do your research first. Reference the job ad, read more about the company, and think about what would make the biggest difference for your application.

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Submitting your manuscript.

Many Sage journals are hosted on Sage Track, a web based online submission and peer review system powered by ScholarOne™ Manuscripts. Please see the submission guidelines of the journal you wish to submit to find out its preferred submission method. 

IMPORTANT: If submitting through Sage Track, please check whether you already have an account in the system before trying to create a new one. If you have reviewed or authored for the journal in the past year it is likely that you will have had an account created. For further guidance on submitting your manuscript online please visit ScholarOne Online Help. 

Who should submit my manuscript? 

Sage authorship policy Authors should submit their manuscripts and should have the consent of all contributing authors. The individual responsible for submitting the manuscript should carefully check that all those whose work contributed to the manuscript are listed as authors. Third parties may in some cases submit manuscripts but where appropriate, Sage reserves the right to deny consideration to manuscripts submitted by a third party rather than by the authors themselves.  

Please view our authorship policies on the Sage Author Gateway , which includes information on criteria for authorship, who should be the corresponding author and more.  

What should I submit? 

Details about what specific information to submit will be included in your chosen journal’s guidelines but the below might be helpful to know:

• You may be asked to include a cover letter: To help the Editor in their preliminary evaluation you should indicate why you think the manuscript suitable for publication.
• A title page: with all required identifying information as laid out in the How to prepare your manuscript for submission page . This will not be sent to the peer reviewers.
• Your manuscript: properly formatted. If submitting to a journal that follows a double-anonymized peer review process please ensure it is anonymized. This version will be sent to the peer reviewers.
• Figures and images: all figures must be numbered consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text – they will appear in the published article in the order they are numbered. Figure resolution is 300dpi. More information can be found on the How to prepare your manuscript for submission page .
• Supplemental material:  This journal can host additional materials online (e.g. datasets, podcasts, videos, images, etc) alongside the full-text of the article. Your supplemental material must be one of our accepted file types. For that list and more information please refer to our guidelines on submitting supplemental files .
• ORCID ID of the submitting author (if required): we strongly encouraged that all co-authors ensure their ORCID IDs are linked to their accounts in the submission system prior to article acceptance, as this is the only way to have the ORCID ID present on the published article. ORCID IDs cannot be added to manuscripts after acceptance/publication. Please note that each co-author must log in to the submission system to add their own ORCID ID to their account. To add an ORCID ID, edit your account, click the link when prompted, and sign into your ORCID account to validate your ID. You will then be redirected back to the submission system and your ORCID ID will become part of your accepted publication’s metadata. If you do not already have an ORCID ID please follow this link to create one or visit our ORCID homepage to learn more.
• Complete list of authors, with their institutional affiliations: The author information you enter at submission must exactly match what is included on your manuscript and/or title page, including full names, academic affiliations, and corresponding author contact details.  The listed affiliation should be the institution where the research was conducted. If an author has moved to a new institution since completing the research, the new affiliation can be included in a note at the end of the manuscript.  All listed authors must meet the criteria for authorship and all those eligible for authorship must be included at the time of submission.  All authors must have given consent for the manuscript to be submitted in its current form. Please ensure the information you are supplying is correct. If feedback raised during peer review suggests the addition of an unlisted author, please use the Authorship Change Form to make this request. Please note that authorship cannot be changed post-acceptance.
• Keywords: During submission, you may be asked to select keywords from a pre-determined list. These keywords are used to match appropriate reviewers to your manuscript. Your selections should match the keywords on your manuscript as much as possible, but your manuscript may include keywords not on the list.
• The number of figures, tables, and words in your manuscript.
• Funder information: Name, grant/award number.
• You may be required to enter your declaration of conflicting interest as part of the submission process, in addition to listing it on your manuscript and/or title page.
• If you are submitting to a journal that considers preprints and you have posted your manuscript to a preprint server, you will be asked to supply the DOI (this does not prohibit submission, but no changes should be made to the preprint version while your manuscript is under evaluation in this journal). Please see our guidelines on prior publication . If the article is accepted for publication, the author may re-use their work according to the journal's author archiving policy. If your manuscript is accepted, you must include a link in your preprint to the final version of your published article.  
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