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Social casework, a problem-solving process

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Social Casework: A Problem-Solving Process . By Helen Harris Perlman. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1957. 292 pp. $5.00

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Dorothy M. McKay, Social Casework: A Problem-Solving Process . By Helen Harris Perlman. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1957. 292 pp. $5.00, Social Work , Volume 2, Issue 4, October 1957, Page 75, https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/2.4.75

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5 phases of Social Case Work Process

Empower individuals to overcome challenges! Explore the 5 phases of the Social Case Work Process: intake, assessment, intervention, termination, and evaluation. Learn how social workers guide clients towards positive change.

Ready to take the next step? Now that you understand the basics of social casework , let's get into the different stages involved. These stages, like threads in a weaving project, work together to guide individuals towards positive change. They include:

• Understanding the situation (assessment): This involves gathering information and getting a clear picture of the client's challenges.
• Creating a plan (intervention): This is where social workers and clients work together to develop strategies for improvement.
• Ending the helping relationship (termination): As progress is made, the social worker helps the client become independent.
• Checking progress (evaluation): Throughout the process, the social worker assesses how well the plan is working and makes adjustments as needed.

According to Mary Richmond (1917) there are three phases of social case work practice: social investigation or psycho-social study, diagnosis and treatment or management. In contemporary social case work practice these three phases have been divided into five divisions namely

5 Phase of the Social Casework Process 

• Social investigation or study, 
• Assessment,
• Intervention, 
• Termination and
• Evaluation 

Phase-1-Social investigation or study, 

• The type of the presenting problem,
• The significance of the problem,
• The problem's cause(s), onset, and precipitants
•  Efforts made to deal with problem-solving situations
• The nature of the solution or goals sought from the casework agency, and 6. The agency's actual character and problem-solving methods in connection to the client and his situation.
• Current problem and its origins (when, how, and where the problem began, interventions made, and current state, i.e. problem management)
• Information on the client (birth, weaning, eating habits, mobility, potty training, measure incidents, and experiences, aggressiveness, fear, school progress, learning challenges, and replies). Traumatic events, accidents, handicaps, family profile, cultural and economic status, significant family relationships, marital life, recreational activities, interests, and abilities).

Phase-2-Social Diagnosis (Assessment)

• An explanation based on facts that are already known (both tangible facts and psychological facts)
• An explanation is given in the knowledge of other plausible explanations and is susceptible to change or revision as new information becomes available.
• Dynamic diagnosis-  Dynamic diagnosis elucidates the client's current problem and the forces at work within the client, his social context, and between his surroundings. It answers the inquiry, "What is the problem?" What psychological, physical, and societal aspects play a role? What is the desired outcome? What resources are available to the client, in his or her environment? What are the organized services and resources that may be used to address a problem? Because this is the initial phase of social casework practice, the nature of such diagnosis is subject to change.
• Clinical diagnosis :- Clinical diagnosis is the process through which the caseworker seeks to categorize the client according to the nature of his illness/condition. He identifies certain aspects and characteristics of the client's personality as well as dysfunctional aspects of his behavior. Clinical diagnosis encompasses both the nature of the problem and its relationship to the client, as well as the means and objectives of the intervention. This form of diagnosis is effective only when it becomes clear that a personality illness coexists with the social condition, contributing to and exacerbating it.
• Etiological diagnos is is focused on elucidating the origins of the client's problem, which is essentially a problem with the client's personality make-up or functioning. The history of his development as a problem-solving human being may help the caseworker comprehend what his client is going through and the extent to which he is likely to be able to cope. A more helpful etiological diagnosis is one that explains or rigid responses. When, despite the client's current problem being the focus of attention, the client's response is inconsistent, the client's past history and its assessment in light of the client's current capacities, goals, and difficulties are used to guide the intervention. This form of diagnostic aids in comprehending the nature of the problem at hand, the individual who is experiencing it, and the possible solutions.
• The worker's attention is drawn to undesirable behaviors. He begins by doing a survey of his environment's functional and dysfunctional behaviors. He quantifies numerous grievances and issues in terms of excesses and deficiencies. He assesses both the client's inherent qualities and his environment.
•  He focuses on the behaviors that are defined. This entails attempting to deconstruct complex behaviors into their constituent pieces.
• Baseline data are gathered to identify the events that appear to be controlling the troublesome behaviors at the moment.
• The obtained data is analyzed in an attempt to anticipate major problems during the intervention and to begin establishing intervention objectives.

Phase-3-Intervention (Treatment )

• initial phase,
• Motivation and role induction, 
• The primary contract, 
• Diagnosis and assessment, 
• Setting intervention goals, 
• Developing an intervention plan, 
• Preparing for actual intervention, 
• Intervention in practice 
• Monitoring and evaluating intervention effects, and 
• Planning follow-up and termination of the therapeutic relationship.

Application of Intervention Methods 

Social workers use a variety of techniques to empower clients. Here's a breakdown of some key approaches:

• Building self-awareness (insight): Counseling, interviews, and clear explanations help clients understand their situations and emotions.
• Supportive interventions: Reassurance, suggestions, and encouragement can provide immediate relief and motivation.
• Behavioral modification: Techniques like positive reinforcement can help clients develop healthier habits.
• Strengthening relationships: Social workers may use family counseling or communication skills training to improve client interactions.
• Clarifying the situation: Sometimes, clients lack information about themselves or their environment. Social workers help them gain a clearer picture.
• Understanding emotions: Powerful emotions can cloud judgment. Social workers guide clients to see situations more objectively.

Environmental modification means changing the client's social and physical surroundings to reduce too much stress and strain on them. The caseworker suggests steps that may or may not help the client cope better with their challenges. They plan the client's emotional, work, and recreational activities together. They guide the people around the client and try to change their attitudes in a positive way.

In this method, an interview is used, but the main focus is on changing the client's circumstances. When social resources and social situations are used as the main way to solve a problem, this is called social intervention. Such programs include home services, camps, group activities, training and jobs for self-sufficiency, and other adjustment activities. The goal of these activities is always to reduce the client's tension.

The social caseworker organizes activities that help the client develop and adjust in society. While actual services are provided, the emphasis is always on changing circumstances. Efforts are also made to influence and adjust the attitudes of parents, teachers, spouses, employers, friends, and relatives to meet the client's needs. Generally, caseworkers modify (manipulate) the environment only when the environmental pressures on the client are out of the client's control, but can be controlled by the caseworker.

• People who work in practical service are those who help a person choose and use a social resource that is available in their community. Hamilton says that the administration of practical services is the oldest and most well-known way to help people in a case. Porter Lee was the first social worker to emphasize and classify these kinds of resources, and he did this for the first time. The administration of practical services means that the client will be helped so that he can choose and use the resources in the community that he needs. 
• The social caseworker helps the client get enough information about available resources by talking, giving information, clarifying things, and giving them a direction. When a person has a problem, they need to use services to help them solve it. If the problem is of a social nature, then it is even more important for the worker to help the client in this way. 
• These services are called interventions because they meet his or her needs and make him or her happy. The client knows what kind of service they want. It is the job of a caseworker to get the client the resources that they need. In order to solve a problem in your daily life, you might need money, medical care, nursery schools, scholarships, foster homes, legal aid, recreational facilities, and so on. These are all types of services that you might need.

Phase-4-Termination and Follow-up 

Phase-5-evaluation .

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Social Casework: A Problem-solving Process Hardcover – Import, 1 March 1957

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• Print length 283 pages
• Language English
• Publisher University of Chicago Press
• Publication date 1 March 1957
• Dimensions 16.51 x 2.54 x 24.13 cm
• ISBN-10 0226660338
• ISBN-13 978-0226660332
• See all details

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Models of Social-Work Practice

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• Zofia T. Butrym 2  

63 Accesses

The concept of ‘social functioning’, as described in the previous chapter, provides social work with its basic terms of reference in relation to its broad objectives. It is, however, too abstract a concept for operational purposes and it calls for ‘middle-range’ generalisations for its application to social-work practice to be effective. It is not surprising, therefore, that an integral element in all conceptualisations of social-work practice has been an attempt to ‘translate’ the meaning of social functioning into some more tangible terms. An analysis of these different attempts provides valuable insights into the nature of the complexity of social work as a helping activity, and can thus serve as a useful supplement to some of the discussion in the preceding chapter.

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R. W. Roberts and R. H. Nee (eds), Theories of Social Casework (University of Chicago Press, 1970).

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J. W. Reid and L. Epstein, Task Centred Casework (Columbia University Press, 1972) pp. 7, 10.

H. Goldstein, Social Work Practice: A Unitary Approach (Columbia University Press, 1973) p. 187.

H. H. Perlman, Social Casework: A Problem-Solving Process (University of Chicago Press, 1957).

H. H. Perlman, ‘The Problem-Solving Model in Social Casework’, in Theories of Social Casework , ed. Roberts and Nee.

H. H. Perlman, ‘Social Casework in Social Work: its Place and Purpose’, in Casework within Social Work , ed. J. Parker (Department of Social Studies, University of Newcastle, 1973).

Perlman, ‘Social Casework in Social Work’, pp. 13–14.

Perlman, ‘The Problem-Solving Model in Social Casework’, pp. 151–2.

Ibid. p. 152.

F. Hollis, ‘The Psycho-Social Approach to the Practice of Casework’, in Theories of Social Casework , ed. Roberts and Nee, p. 35.

Ibid. p. 48.

Ibid. p. 46.

Ibid. p. 65.

R. E. Smalley, Theory for Social Work Practice (Columbia University Press, 1967) and ‘The Functional Approach to Casework Practice’, in Theories of Social Casework , ed. Roberts and Nee.

Smalley, ‘The Functional Approach to Casework Practice’, p. 93.

Ibid. p. 80.

N. Timms, Social Casework: Principles and Practice (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964) ch. 1.

C. Winnicott, ‘Casework and Agency Function’, in Child Care and Social Work (Welwyn: Codicote Press, 1964).

Ibid. p. 62.

Ibid. pp. 61–2.

Report of the Committee on Local Authority and Allied Personal Social Services , Cmnd. 3703 (London: H.M.S.O., 1968).

P. Halmos, The Faith of the Counsellors (London: Constable, 1965).

Ibid. pp. 26, 27, 28, 182, 190.

C. Rogers, ‘The Characteristics of a Helping Relationship’, Personnel and Guidance Journal , no. 37 (1953) p. 6.

Ibid. p. 16.

E. J. Thomas, ‘Behavioural Modification and Casework’, in Theories of Social Casework , ed. Roberts and Nee, p. 187.

D. Jehu et al. , Behaviour Modification in Social Work (New York: Wiley, 1972).

M. Shaw, ‘Ethical Implications of a Behavioural Approach’, in ibid.

D. Kaplan, ‘A Concept of Acute Situational Disorder’, Social Work (April 1962).

L. Rapoport, ‘Crisis Intervention as a Mode of Brief Treatment’, in Theories of Social Casework , ed. Roberts and Nee, p. 277.

Ibid. p. 277.

Ibid. p. 267.

Reid and Epstein, Task Centred Casework .

J. W. Reid and A. W. Shyne, Brief and Extended Casework (Columbia University Press, 1969).

Reid and Epstein, Task Centred Casework , p. 20.

Ibid. p. 20.

Smalley, Theory for Social Work Practice .

L. von Bertalanffy, General Systems Theory (New York: George Braziller, 1968).

W. Buckley, Sociology and Modern Systems Theory (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967).

E. J. Thomas and R. A. Feldman, ‘Concepts of Role Theory’, in Behavioural Science for Social Workers , ed. E. J. Thomas (London: Macmillan, 1967).

Sister Mary Paul Janchill, R.G.S., ‘Systems Concepts in Casework Theory and Practice’, Social Casework (February 1969).

A. Pincus and A. Minahan, Social Work Practice: Model and Method (Illinois: Peacock, 1973).

Goldstein, Social Work Practice: A Unitary Approach .

Pincus and Minahan, Social Work Practice , pp. 247–71.

A. Pincus and A. Minahan, ‘An Integrated Framework for Social Work: Some Implications for Education and Practice’ , in A Unitary Approach to Social Work Practice , ed. F. Ainsworth and J. Hunter, Conference Report (University of Dundee, 1975) p. 48.

Goldstein, Social Work Practice , p. XIII.

Ibid. p. 54.

Ibid. p. 55.

Ibid. p. 118.

Ibid. p. 188.

Ibid. p. XIII.

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Butrym, Z.T. (1976). Models of Social-Work Practice. In: The Nature of Social Work. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15685-6_2

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Social casework: A problem-solving process Unknown Binding – Import, January 1, 1957

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