what is a warrant in an argumentative essay

What Is A Warrant In Writing? (Explained + 20 Examples)

Ever wondered how writers make their claims stick?

That’s where warrants come in, bridging the gap between evidence and conclusion.

What is a warrant in writing?

A warrant in writing connects a claim to evidence, serving as the underlying logic, ethical principle, or emotional appeal that makes an argument persuasive. It’s the bridge that ensures an argument’s coherence and strength.

In this guide, you’ll learn everything you need to know about warrants in writing.

What Is a Warrant in Writing (Long Explanation)?

Table of Contents

When we talk about a warrant in writing, we’re diving into the backbone of persuasive and argumentative writing.

It’s not the flashy evidence or the bold claim that gets the spotlight.

Rather, it’s the unsung hero that connects the two, ensuring your argument stands strong and coherent.

Through trial and error, I’ve learned that a well-crafted warrant can turn a skeptical reader into a believer, highlighting the nuanced art of persuasion that goes beyond mere facts.

Imagine you’re building a bridge.

Your claim is on one side, your evidence on the other, and the warrant is what lies beneath, holding it all together.

It answers the silent question of “Why does this evidence support my claim?” without which your argument might just fall into the water.

Warrants are based on logic, ethics, or emotions, tailored to your audience’s beliefs and values.

They’re not always explicitly stated but are crucial for the argument’s acceptability.

Think of them as the glue that binds your argument, making it not just a collection of statements but a coherent, persuasive message.

Types of Warrants in Writing (10 Types)

Warrants come in various forms, each serving a unique purpose in strengthening your argument.

Let’s explore the ten types of warrants that can transform your writing:

• Logical Warrants – These are grounded in logic, appealing to the reader’s sense of reason.
• Ethical Warrants – These appeal to the reader’s sense of morality and ethics.
• Emotional Warrants – Aimed at stirring the reader’s emotions.
• Authoritative Warrants – Rely on the credibility of the source or author.
• Analogical Warrants – Use analogies to draw parallels between concepts.
• Causal Warrants – Establish a cause-effect relationship.
• Generalization Warrants – Apply a general principle to a specific case.
• Sign Warrants – Use signs or indicators as evidence for the claim.
• Analogy Warrants – Similar to analogical but often use metaphors or similes for comparison.
• Statistical Warrants – Use statistics and numerical data to support the claim.

Understanding these types is crucial for effectively incorporating warrants into your writing, ensuring your arguments are not only heard but resonate with your audience.

20 Examples of Warrants in Writing

Before we dive into the examples, it’s essential to grasp the significance of each warrant type.

By understanding and applying these warrants, you can enhance the persuasiveness of your writing, making your arguments more compelling and impactful.

Logical Warrants: The Bridge of Reason

Imagine arguing that a well-balanced diet improves academic performance.

The logical warrant here connects the nutritional benefits of a balanced diet to enhanced brain function and, consequently, better academic outcomes.

It’s the reasoning that if your body gets the right nutrients, your brain operates more efficiently.

And that leads to improved academic performance.

Ethical Warrants: The Moral Compass

Consider the claim that companies should adopt more sustainable practices.

The ethical warrant appeals to the moral obligation of preserving the environment for future generations.

It’s the understanding that, as stewards of the planet, companies have a moral duty to minimize environmental harm, making the argument not just logical but morally compelling.

Emotional Warrants: The Heart’s Argument

Take the argument that animal shelters should receive more funding.

The emotional warrant plays on the audience’s compassion for animals, linking the plight of shelter animals to the emotional response of the audience.

It’s the heart-tugging connection that motivates action, not just through logic but through feeling.

Authoritative Warrants: The Voice of Credibility

Arguing that vaccinations are safe and effective might draw on authoritative warrants.

This warrant relies on the credibility of medical institutions and experts, asserting that if trusted sources endorse vaccinations, they must be safe and beneficial.

It’s the trust in authority that bolsters the argument’s weight.

Analogical Warrants: Connecting Dots with Similarity

If arguing for the importance of cybersecurity measures in small businesses, you might use an analogical warrant comparing cyber threats to burglaries.

This analogy highlights the necessity of protective measures, both physical and digital, to safeguard valuable assets.

Analogical warrants make the argument relatable and understandable.

Causal Warrants: Cause and Effect

In arguing that excessive screen time leads to poor sleep patterns, the causal warrant establishes a cause-effect relationship between screen time and sleep quality.

It’s the logical link that prolonged exposure to screens before bedtime disrupts sleep.

Casual warrants ground the argument in a cause-and-effect reality.

Generalization Warrants: The Broad Stroke

When claiming that reading enhances empathy, a generalization warrant might apply the broad principle that exposure to diverse perspectives through literature broadens one’s understanding and acceptance of different life experiences.

This warrant generalizes the benefit of reading to a wider application.

It suggests that engaging with a variety of characters and stories inherently fosters empathy among readers.

Sign Warrants: Reading the Signs

Consider the argument that a thriving local arts scene indicates a city’s economic health.

The sign warrant here uses the vibrancy of the arts community as an indicator or sign of broader economic prosperity.

It’s the interpretation of thriving cultural initiatives as evidence of sufficient disposable income and investment in community well-being, linking cultural vibrancy to economic health.

Analogy Warrants: Seeing in a New Light

In advocating for renewable energy sources, an analogy warrant might compare the transition from fossil fuels to renewables to upgrading from an old, inefficient car to a modern, fuel-efficient model.

This analogy makes the concept more accessible and relatable.

Analogy warrants illustrate the benefits of modernization and efficiency in energy sources through a familiar scenario.

Statistical Warrants: The Power of Numbers

This warrant leans on numerical data to substantiate the claim.

Arguing for the effectiveness of a new teaching method, a statistical warrant could highlight improved test scores in classes where the method was implemented.

These warrants offers concrete evidence that the new teaching approach leads to better academic outcomes.

Generalization Warrants: The Universal Principle

The warrant suggests that the benefits observed in the past are likely to recur under similar systems.

When arguing that democracy is the most effective form of government, a generalization warrant might draw from historical examples where democratic systems led to prosperous and stable societies.

This warrant applies the broad principle that, given the success of democracy across various contexts and times, it can be considered the best form of governance.

It’s a leap from specific historical instances to a universal conclusion.

Sign Warrants: The Indicator

In the debate over economic policies, one might claim that low unemployment rates signal a healthy economy.

The sign warrant here interprets low unemployment as an indicator of economic strength, suggesting that when more people are employed, it reflects well on the economic policies in place.

This warrant relies on the observable condition (employment rates) as a sign of broader economic health.

It makes a case for the effectiveness of current policies.

Analogy Warrants: Visual Metaphors

Advocating for regular breaks from digital devices, an analogy warrant could compare digital consumption to eating junk food.

For example, just as the latter requires moderation to maintain physical health, the former needs limits to preserve mental well-being.

This analogy helps audiences understand the concept of digital detox by relating it to a familiar practice of dietary moderation, enhancing the argument’s relatability and persuasiveness.

Statistical Warrants: Facts and Figures

This approach uses hard numbers to demonstrate the direct consequences of inaction.

Presenting an argument for urgent action on climate change, a statistical warrant might utilize data showing rising global temperatures and increasing frequency of natural disasters.

It aims to convince skeptics through undeniable evidence that climate change is not only real but also an immediate threat.

Logical Warrants: Deductive Reasoning

This warrant connects the dots between individual immunization and community health benefits.

In discussions about public health, arguing that vaccinations prevent widespread outbreaks relies on the logical warrant that vaccines build herd immunity, making it harder for diseases to spread.

Logical warrants employ deductive reasoning to make a case for widespread vaccination programs.

Ethical Warrants: The Right Thing to Do

Arguing for equal access to education, the ethical warrant might stem from the belief that education is a fundamental human right.

This warrant appeals to the sense of fairness and justice, positing that denying anyone access to education is morally wrong.

It’s an argument built on the ethical principle that equality in education is not just beneficial but a moral imperative.

Emotional Warrants: Pathos in Play

When making a case for conservation efforts, an emotional warrant could highlight the plight of endangered species facing extinction.

By evoking empathy for these animals, the warrant seeks to motivate action based on emotional response.

You can leverage the power of pathos to make the argument for conservation not just logical but emotionally compelling.

In my own writing, I’ve discovered that the most compelling arguments are those where the warrant is implicitly understood, yet powerfully resonant with the audience’s core beliefs.

Authoritative Warrants: Expert Endorsements

In advocating for a new health guideline, using authoritative warrants involves citing recommendations from health organizations or experts.

This type of warrant leans on the credibility and expertise of authorities in the field.

The warrant suggests that if such entities endorse a guideline, it is based on solid research and should be followed.

It’s an appeal to authority that lends weight to the argument through expert endorsement.

Causal Warrants: Tracing Effects to Causes

Arguing that social media can result in more loneliness and isolation, a causal warrant examines the effect (loneliness) and traces it back to its cause (social media usage).

This warrant establishes a direct link between the cause and effect.

Casual warrants offer a logical explanation for how too much social media exposure can disrupt and decrease your mental health.

Analogical Warrants: Bridging Concepts

In discussions about governance and policy, comparing the state to a ship and its government to the crew provides an analogical warrant that governance requires cooperation and direction, much like navigating a ship.

This analogy helps illustrate the complexity of governance and the importance of unified direction and teamwork.

Analogical warrants make the argument more accessible and understandable through the comparison.

Here is a good video about warrants in writing:

Final Thoughts: What Is a Warrant in Writing?

Understanding warrants is key to unlocking the full potential of your arguments.

Reflecting on my writing journey, I’ve come to appreciate that mastering the use of warrants is akin to fine-tuning a musical instrument—it’s delicate, requires practice, and when done right, makes your argument sing.

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What Is a Warrant in an Argument?

Essay Writing: How to Critically Analyze

There are many ways in which a person would utilize various strategies in order to help them to win an argument. One of those ways is through something called a warrant, which assists the individual making a strong claim by connecting facts to reasoning. The concept of the warrant in analyzing arguments was developed by the philosopher Stephen Toulmin. Toulmin conducted wide-ranging inquiries into ethics, science and moral reasoning. Warrants are essential in making an argument, whether the argument is in writing or part of a speech or debate.

What a Warrant Is

The book “The Craft of Research” defines a warrant as “a statement that connects a reason to a claim.” In other words, if someone makes a claim, he should have valid reasons -- or sufficient data -- to support that claim. The reason needs to have relevance to the claim. If the relevance of the reason, or warrant, is not well accepted, then there is room for disagreement as to the reasoning for the claim.

Why Warrants Are Important

Warrants determine whether the stated reasons support a given claim. Making claims is a practice done in situations that vary from everyday conversations to academic research papers. A warrant can be explicit or implicit. An explicit warrant is one that is stated; an implicit warrant is one that is unstated. You often see unstated warrants in commercials. If a commercial makes a claim that its product will improve your life in a certain way, it is assumed that you have bought into the underlying, unstated assumption that you want your life improved in that way. This is common in advertising, whether the product is a health or beauty product or another product. The product makes a claim and has data to back up that claim. An explicit or stated warrant differs in that stating the warrant is critical to the argument. Commercials employ this method frequently, as well. Do you want X, Y and Z to happen? Or, do you want to prevent A, B and C from happening? It is critical to the argument to establish this, because the claim the product makes and the data that supports the claim rests on the assumption that the customer wants the end result that the product claims will happen.

How to Identify a Warrant

Identifying a warrant in an argument is not always easy. Often, warrants are not stated, but implied. For example, if someone were to argue that based on specific data on the lifespan of a car that "Cars generally last a long time so switching to a hybrid car will make a positive impact on pollution" it may be hard to clearly draw a connection between the facts and the argument this person is making. But, that's ultimately the purpose of the warrant itself.

A warrant is generally stated only when the person making the argument anticipates that it may not be accepted. Therefore, examining the reasoning behind a claim is sometimes the only way to identify a warrant.

Assumptions vs. Warrants

The average person may not recognize it, but warrants can almost always be found in any argument. Another way to explain a warrant is by identifying it as a bridge or connection between data and the claim you're making; a connection that should be assumed by the observer. Using the terms "warrant" and "assumption" interchangeably is, therefore, common practice, but it's important to understand that the warrant comes from the person making the argument , while the assumption is made by others based on that argument. However, it's clear that both refer to the level of acceptability of the reasoning behind a claim that is supporting an argument.

Misconceptions of Warrants

Warrants considered valid may differ from person to person, culture to culture and even from generation to generation. The idea that a warrant is always either valid or invalid is not true. While most people in some cultures may agree with the claim that bullfighting is wrong because of inhumane treatment of the bull, the underlying warrant is not widely valid in other cultures.

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• The New York Times: Stephen Toulmin, a Philosopher and Educator, Dies at 87
• Owl Purdue: Organizing Your Argument

Writing professionally since 2008, Don Shepard has been published in a water resources laboratory manual and in various online publications. He holds a Bachelor of Science in meteorology from Ball State University. His most recent work includes performing editing team leading duties for a prominent political advocacy firm.

Argumentation and Persuasion

Sometimes an argument needs further reinforcement through the use of what is known as a warrant, which is an underlying belief that connects a reason and the claim. Usually it is unnecessary to include warrants in an argument since the audience will generally also hold those beliefs, but there are occasions when they are critical to use, such as:

• If the audience is outside of the discourse community, so it is not (as) familiar with the topic and needs additional information;
• If the reason is a new way of thinking or is heavily debated; and
• If the audience is likely to be (highly) resistant to the reason.

Including a warrant when any of these apply can make the difference between whether the argument is successful or unsuccessful.

Take, for example, the following paragraph, written to support the claim that bullying should be collaboratively addressed by educators, parents, and those who experience bullying:

When an adolescent is bullied, he/she often undergoes behavioral and emotional changes, changes that can pose significant harm to him/her as well as others. For example, sometimes the young person who is bullied will abuse substances in order to cope with what he/she is going through, as Litwiller and Brausch (2013) explain: “Several painful and provocative behaviors have been identified consistently as behaviors that relate to both bullying and adolescent suicidal behavior. Of all such risk behaviors, alcohol and/or illicit drug use has most frequently been shown to relate” (p. 676.). If these behaviors go unnoticed, then the person being bullied is likely to continue engaging in the alcohol and/or drug use, which can lead to further consequences for him/her as well as others. Hinduja and Patchin (2013) explain that “bullying (offline and online) has been tied to a host of other negative psychosocial and behavioral outcomes such as suicidal ideation, dropping out of school, aggression and fighting…and carrying a weapon to school” (p. 712). All of these outcomes affect not only the individual being bullied, but also those around him/her, with the potential for violence to occur in the school setting. Ignoring the effects of bullying is not an option, then, and bullying must be addressed by all parties involved.

In the paragraph, the first sentence is the topic sentence, which establishes a reason to support the claim and prepares the reader for the content that will appear in the paragraph. The next sentence then offers an example of the changes the topic sentence refers to, leading into the third sentence that integrates source material to show that substance abuse is indeed one of the behavioral changes that occur. At this point in the paragraph, we have been provided a reason to support the claim as well as evidence that supports the reason, and as the paragraph continues we are given additional examples and source material to demonstrate why the reason is a sound reason to support the claim. The paragraph then concludes by reinforcing the claim, asserting that the harm these changes present to the person who is bullied as well as others makes it critical for all relevant parties to address bullying. Presumably, for most readers, the paragraph represents a clear chain of reasoning, because if bullying presents a threat to the person who is bullied as well as those around him/her, then it is sensible to claim that the bullying should be stopped; further, since in many cases the bullied will be unable to end the abuse himself/herself, it is necessary for others in positions of power to step in.

However, some readers may not think that just because there are potential consequences of bullying for the bullied as well as those around him/her that educators, parents, and the bullied should work together to end the bullying. Instead, some readers may think that stopping bullying is the responsibility of educators and/or parents alone since adolescents are not in the same position of power as these other parties, and the bullying may only escalate if the bullied try to end it. Others may think that, depending on how the bullying is occurring (such as if it is limited to online bullying outside of school grounds) that it is beyond the scope and power of educators to step in, leaving the burden for parents and/or their children who are experiencing the bullying. For these readers then, a warrant would be necessary to demonstrate why the reason clearly supports the claim; otherwise, they would be unpersuaded by this part of the argument—and possibly the argument overall, depending on how central the reason was to supporting the claim.

Thus, when developing your argument you must keep in mind that its structure is sort of like the structure of a building. There are certain parts that are essential (i.e., the claim, reasons, and evidence, just like the foundation, walls, and entry/exit routes), whereas other parts may be useful, but are not always needed (i.e., counterarguments, acknowledgment and response, and warrants, just like upgrades such as heated flooring).

• Counterarguments, Acknowledgement and Response, and Warrants. Authored by : Karla Lyles and Jeanine Rauch. Provided by : University of Mississippi. Project : WRIT 250 Committee OER Project. License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike

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Writing Nestling

What Is A Warrant In Writing? (Explained+ 4 Types)

In the intricate tapestry of persuasive writing, warrants emerge as the linchpins that bridge the gap between evidence and claim, lending credibility and coherence to arguments.

Simply put, a warrant in writing acts as the logical connection or reasoning that links the evidence presented to the assertion or claim being made. It serves as the underlying justification or principle that allows readers to accept the leap from data to conclusion.

As such, warrants play a pivotal role in crafting convincing arguments, guiding readers through the intricacies of reasoning and persuasion.

However, warrants are not always explicitly stated; they can be implicit, implied through context or inferred from the structure of the argument.

Understanding the nuances of warrants is essential for effective communication and critical thinking, as they underpin the foundation of logical discourse in various fields, from academia to law to everyday rhetoric.

In this exploration, we delve into the multifaceted nature of warrants in writing, dissecting their forms, functions, and applications across diverse contexts to illuminate their significance in shaping our understanding and interpretation of the world around us.

Table of Contents

What Is A Warrant In Writing?

A warrant in writing is a legal document that authorizes or empowers a person or entity to perform certain actions or make specific decisions.

Identification of Parties

It typically involves at least two parties: the issuer of the warrant and the recipient or holder of the warrant.

The warrant is issued by an authorized party, such as a court, government agency, or corporate entity.

Authorization

The warrant confers authority upon the holder to carry out actions specified within the document.

Warrants are commonly used in various contexts, including law enforcement, finance, and business transactions, to grant permission, execute trades, or conduct searches.

Scope and Limitations

The warrant outlines the scope of authority granted to the holder and may include limitations or conditions under which it can be exercised.

Warrants may have an expiration date or remain valid until a specific event occurs.

Legal Implications

Violating the terms of a warrant or exceeding its authority can result in legal consequences for the holder.

Enforcement

In cases of non-compliance or misuse, the issuer of the warrant may take legal action to enforce its terms or revoke the warrant.

Documentation

Warrants are typically documented in writing to provide clarity and enforceability, often in the form of a written order or certificate.

Review and Renewal

Depending on the circumstances, warrants may need periodic review or renewal to remain valid.

Record-Keeping

Proper documentation and record-keeping of warrants are essential for accountability and legal compliance.

The Conceptual Framework of Warrants

In the vast tapestry of persuasive writing, the Conceptual Framework of Warrants stands as the luminary guiding star, illuminating the intricate pathways between evidence and conclusion.

Like the unseen architect of a grand cathedral, warrants provide the blueprint upon which compelling arguments are constructed.

They are the invisible threads weaving together logic, credibility, and persuasion, transcending mere assertion to forge the steel of conviction.

Rooted in the fertile soil of Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation, warrants burgeon forth as the fertile ground for the seeds of rational discourse to flourish.

Here, within this conceptual realm, ideas transcend the mundane and soar into the realm of the profound, transforming the ordinary into the extraordinary with each stroke of the writer’s pen.

Origins and Evolution of Warrants

The origins of warrants trace back through the annals of human discourse, echoing the ancient debates of philosophers and orators in the bustling agora of Athens and the hallowed halls of Rome.

Evolving alongside the evolution of argumentation itself, warrants have weathered the tides of intellectual history, adapting to the shifting currents of thought and belief.

From Aristotle’s enthymemes to the dialectics of the Enlightenment, warrants have been the bedrock upon which civilizations have built their edifices of knowledge and persuasion.

Over time, they have metamorphosed from simple syllogisms to complex frameworks of reasoning, as thinkers from diverse traditions have enriched and refined their conceptual underpinnings.

Today, in the digital age, warrants continue to evolve, shaped by the crucible of modernity and the transformative power of technology, yet still retaining the timeless essence of their ancient lineage.

Types of Warrants

Embark on a journey through the labyrinth of persuasion, where the Types of Warrants stand as formidable guardians, each holding the key to unlock the mysteries of compelling argumentation.

From the explicit declarations that boldly proclaim their presence to the subtle whispers of implicit assumptions, these warrants weave a tapestry of logic and persuasion that captivates the mind and ignites the soul.

Substantive warrants stand as pillars of strength, grounded in empirical evidence and rigorous analysis, while structural warrants dance gracefully between the lines, guiding the reader through the intricate architecture of thought.

Within this realm, the dichotomy of deduction and induction intertwines, as analogical reasoning draws unexpected connections and comparison illuminates the path forward.

As you navigate the rich tapestry of types, let each warrant be a beacon of inspiration, guiding you toward the pinnacle of persuasive mastery.

Explicit Warrants

Explicit warrants, like beacons in the fog of argumentation, shine forth with unyielding clarity, leaving no room for ambiguity or interpretation.

These warrants boldly declare their presence, standing as veritable signposts that guide the reader along the path of reasoning.

Through explicit warrants, writers lay bare the foundation of their arguments, articulating the logical connections between evidence and claim with unwavering precision.

Whether stated explicitly or implied through meticulous wording, these warrants serve as the linchpin of persuasive discourse, offering a solid foothold upon which readers can anchor their understanding.

In a world inundated with information and competing narratives, explicit warrants cut through the noise, commanding attention and demanding intellectual engagement.

They are the cornerstone of effective communication, empowering writers to build compelling cases that resonate with clarity and conviction.

Implicit Warrants

Implicit warrants, shrouded in the subtleties of language and inference, are the enigmatic sorcerers of persuasive writing, casting their spell upon the minds of readers without overt proclamation.

Unlike their explicit counterparts, implicit warrants operate in the realm of suggestion, beckoning the audience to discern the underlying assumptions and connections woven into the fabric of the text.

Like whispers in the wind, these warrants insinuate themselves into the subconscious, nudging readers towards particular interpretations and conclusions without ever fully revealing themselves.

Through the artful use of implication, innuendo, and context, implicit warrants invite readers on a journey of discovery, challenging them to unravel the intricacies of the argument and uncover the hidden truths concealed within.

In the dance between explicit and implicit warrants, it is often these elusive whispers that wield the greatest influence, shaping perceptions and swaying opinions with a deft touch that belies their ephemeral nature.

Substantive Warrants

Substantive warrants, sturdy pillars of logical reasoning, anchor the edifice of persuasive discourse with their robust foundation of empirical evidence and sound analysis.

Unlike their ethereal counterparts, substantive warrants stand firm in the face of scrutiny, fortified by the weight of data, research, and expert testimony.

These warrants serve as the bedrock upon which persuasive arguments are built, providing the necessary support to bridge the gap between evidence and claim.

Through meticulous attention to detail and rigorous examination of facts, substantive warrants lend credibility and authority to the writer’s assertions, imbuing them with a sense of trustworthiness and reliability.

In a world where misinformation and conjecture often masquerade as truth, substantive warrants stand as beacons of clarity and rationality, guiding readers towards informed conclusions and enlightened perspectives.

Structural Warrants

Structural warrants, the silent architects of persuasive discourse, intricately design the framework upon which arguments are constructed, directing the flow of logic and guiding readers through the labyrinth of reasoning. These warrants operate beyond the realm of explicit statement, weaving their influence subtly within the structure and organization of the text.

Through strategic placement of evidence, arrangement of ideas, and coherence of presentation, structural warrants shape the narrative trajectory, compelling readers to follow a predetermined path towards the desired conclusion.

Like the unseen hand of a master craftsman, they orchestrate the symphony of argumentation, ensuring that each element harmonizes seamlessly to produce a compelling and persuasive whole.

Within this intricate web of structure and form, structural warrants wield immense power, influencing not only what is said but also how it is perceived, ultimately shaping the reader’s understanding and interpretation of the argument.

Functions of Warrants in Writing

In the grand tapestry of persuasive writing, warrants serve as the clandestine guardians of coherence and conviction, wielding their influence with a subtle yet undeniable authority.

Like the masterful conductor of an orchestra, warrants harmonize the cacophony of evidence and claims into a symphony of logic, guiding readers on a mesmerizing journey of comprehension and persuasion.

Beyond mere connectivity, these warrants infuse arguments with the lifeblood of credibility and trust, elevating them from the mundane to the extraordinary.

They are the secret alchemists of rhetoric, transmuting raw data and abstract ideas into the golden currency of persuasion, compelling readers to surrender their doubts and embrace the truths laid bare before them.

In the hands of skilled writers, warrants transcend the boundaries of language and logic, transcending mere words to evoke profound insights and stir the deepest emotions.

Warrant Development Strategies

Navigating the labyrinth of persuasion demands not only clarity of thought but also mastery of the elusive art of warrant development.

Like a seasoned alchemist, writers wield an array of strategies to distill the essence of compelling reasoning from the cacophony of information.

From the alchemy of evidential support, where empirical data and expert testimony are transmuted into the gold of persuasive argumentation, to the intricate dance of reasoning techniques, where deduction, induction, and analogy intertwine to forge the steel of logical coherence, every strategy is a brushstroke on the canvas of persuasion.

Yet, the true alchemy lies in the ability to navigate the treacherous waters of contextual considerations, where warrants must be tailored to the audience’s disposition and the argument’s purpose, anticipating objections and weaving counterarguments into the very fabric of the discourse.

In this crucible of creativity and intellect, writers emerge as sorcerers of persuasion, wielding warrants as their potent spells to captivate minds and stir souls.

Examples and Case Studies

Embark on a captivating journey through the corridors of persuasion, where examples and case studies illuminate the path to mastery.

Like ancient artifacts unearthed from the depths of history, these narratives beckon readers to unravel their mysteries and glean wisdom from their depths.

From the riveting dramas of legal arguments and case briefs, where the clash of justice and injustice echoes through the halls of the courtroom, to the scholarly tapestries of academic essays and research papers, where the pursuit of knowledge leads seekers to the farthest reaches of human understanding, each example is a window into a world of intellectual discovery.

Yet, it is within the labyrinth of advertising campaigns and marketing copy that the true artistry of persuasion reveals itself, as writers wield the alchemy of language and imagery to weave spells of desire and captivate the hearts of consumers.

Through the lens of examples and case studies, readers are invited to traverse the boundaries of imagination and reality, where every turn offers new insights and every revelation sparks inspiration.

Challenges and Pitfalls in Warrant Usage

Embarking on the journey of persuasion, one must navigate the treacherous terrain of challenges and pitfalls that lurk beneath the surface.

Like hidden traps in a labyrinth, these obstacles threaten to ensnare even the most skilled rhetoricians. From the seductive allure of fallacies that masquerade as truth to the siren song of oversimplification that lulls the mind into complacency, the pitfalls of warrant usage are as varied as they are perilous.

Yet, perhaps the greatest danger lies in the murky waters of ethical ambiguity, where writers must tread carefully to avoid the pitfalls of manipulative practices that undermine the integrity of their arguments.

In this crucible of contention, where the clash of ideas reverberates through the corridors of discourse, writers must remain vigilant, guarding against the siren call of intellectual laziness and the temptation to sacrifice honesty on the altar of persuasion.

Only by confronting these challenges head-on, with courage and integrity, can writers hope to emerge unscathed, their arguments fortified by the crucible of adversity and their convictions tempered by the fires of ethical scrutiny.

Advanced Applications of Warrants

Step into the realm of advanced applications of warrants, where the boundaries of persuasion are pushed to their limits and innovation reigns supreme.

Here, in this crucible of intellectual exploration, warrants transcend the confines of traditional discourse, morphing into potent tools wielded by pioneers of communication.

From the dazzling world of multimodal communication, where words intertwine with images and sound to create immersive experiences that captivate the senses, to the cross-disciplinary frontiers where warrants bridge the chasm between disparate fields, ushering in a new era of collaboration and discovery.

In the digital age, where the boundaries between reality and virtuality blur, warrants find new expression in interactive and digital platforms, empowering users to engage with information in ways never before imagined.

Yet, amidst this whirlwind of innovation, ethical considerations loom large, challenging writers to wield warrants with integrity and responsibility, lest they become entangled in the web of manipulation and deceit.

In this brave new world of communication, where the possibilities are as limitless as the imagination, warrants stand as beacons of guidance, guiding seekers of truth through the labyrinth of information towards the light of understanding.

Future Directions and Innovations

As we stand on the precipice of a new dawn in communication, the future of warrants gleams with the promise of innovation and discovery.

Like pioneers charting unexplored territories, writers are poised to harness the transformative power of technology and insight to propel warrants into uncharted realms of possibility.

In the ever-expanding universe of computational approaches, warrants emerge as the focal point of cutting-edge algorithms and machine learning techniques, enabling the analysis of vast troves of data with unprecedented speed and accuracy.

Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence promises to revolutionize warrant generation, as algorithms evolve to anticipate and adapt to the nuances of human thought and emotion, forging connections that transcend the limitations of mere logic.

Yet, amidst this whirlwind of progress, ethical considerations loom large, challenging writers to navigate the delicate balance between innovation and responsibility, lest they become ensnared in the web of manipulation and deceit.

In this brave new world of communication, where the boundaries between reality and virtuality blur, warrants stand as beacons of guidance, guiding seekers of truth through the labyrinth of information towards the light of understanding.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about What Is A Warrant In Writing?

What exactly is a warrant in writing.

A warrant in writing serves as the logical bridge between the evidence provided and the claim being made in an argument. It provides the reasoning or justification that connects the two, essentially explaining why the evidence supports the claim.

How does a warrant differ from evidence and claims?

While evidence consists of factual information or data supporting an argument, and claims are the assertions or conclusions being made, warrants provide the reasoning or logical connection between the two. Think of evidence as the bricks, claims as the structure, and warrants as the mortar holding them together.

Are warrants always explicitly stated in writing?

No, warrants can be either explicit or implicit. Explicit warrants are directly stated within the text, while implicit warrants are implied through the context or structure of the argument. Identifying implicit warrants often requires critical thinking and analysis of the writer’s intent.

What are some common examples of warrants in writing?

Examples of warrants include appeals to authority, logical reasoning, empirical evidence, analogical reasoning, and cause-and-effect relationships. For instance, in a persuasive essay about climate change, a warrant might be the assumption that scientific consensus is a reliable indicator of truth.

How do warrants contribute to the overall effectiveness of writing?

Warrants play a crucial role in crafting persuasive and coherent arguments. They provide the necessary reasoning and justification to convince readers of the validity of the claims being made, thereby enhancing the credibility and persuasiveness of the writing.

Can warrants be misused or misrepresented in writing?

Yes, warrants can be misused in various ways, such as by employing faulty logic, cherry-picking evidence, or making unsupported assumptions. Misrepresenting warrants can undermine the integrity of the argument and lead to misleading or unconvincing conclusions.

How can I strengthen the warrants in my writing?

To strengthen warrants, it’s essential to ensure they are supported by relevant and credible evidence, employ sound reasoning and logic, consider alternative perspectives or counterarguments, and maintain clarity and coherence in the overall argument structure.

Are warrants only used in formal writing, or do they apply to everyday communication as well?

Warrants are fundamental elements of effective communication and critical thinking, applicable to various forms of writing, including academic essays, legal arguments, persuasive speeches, and everyday discourse. Understanding warrants can help improve clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness in both formal and informal writing contexts.

In conclusion, warrants in writing serve as the vital nexus between evidence and claim, providing the essential reasoning and justification that underpin persuasive arguments.

Whether explicit or implicit, warrants play a pivotal role in guiding readers through the complexities of logical discourse, enhancing the credibility and persuasiveness of the overall message.

By understanding the nuances of warrants and their applications across diverse contexts, writers can wield these powerful tools to craft compelling narratives, foster critical thinking, and ultimately, shape our understanding of the world.

As we navigate the intricacies of communication, let us remember that warrants are not merely components of writing but the very essence of reasoned discourse, illuminating the path to clarity, coherence, and persuasion.

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Home » English » AP English Language & Composition » Rhetoric Crash Course: Warrants

Rebekah Hendershot

Rhetoric Crash Course: Warrants

Table of contents, ap english language & composition rhetoric crash course: warrants.

Section 4: Rhetoric: Lecture 3 | 10:29 min

In the lesson, our professor Rebekah Hendershot goes through an introduction on a rhetoric crash course of warrants. She starts by reviewing the three elements of argument and then explains what a warrant is, the types of warrants and evaluation of warrants.

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• Lesson Overview 0:11
• The Three Elements of Argument 0:38
• An Example 1:17
• What is a Warrant? 1:53
• May Not Be Stated At All in Your Essay
• Types of Warrants 3:14
• Authoritative Warrants
• Substantive Warrants
• Motivational Warrants
• Evaluation of Warrants 5:32
• Ask These Questions to Evaluate Authoritative Warrants
• Ask These Questions to Evaluate Substantive Warrants
• Ask These Questions to Evaluate Motivational Warrants

AP English Language & Composition

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Teaching Resources for the Honors Program

Introduction to Claim Evidence Warrant

This resource introduces one of the most powerful—and most widely taught—methods for understanding and making arguments in the real world. It has many names: Claim/Evidence/Warrant, the Toulmin system, and others. Whatever you call it, however, learning this approach not only makes your writing stronger but also gives you a tool for critiqueing others’ arguments. It’s an easy-to-use formula for organizing an argument that’s as useful in the workplace as it is in school.

“If everyone’s entitled to their own opinion, why do I need a model for making arguments?”

            True, everyone’s equally entitled to their opinions, but that doesn’t mean all opinions are equally persuasive. And it’s often precisely your job to be persuasive in your writing. Claim/Evidence/Warrant (CL/EV/WA) helps you articulate logical—and so persuasive—arguments.

This system has three basic elements (and sometimes three additional elements). Those basic elements are:

Making a point with evidence in writing resembles conversation where you are trying to persuade someone of something.

CONTINUE TO PART 2->

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9.3: The Argumentative Essay

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Learning Objectives

• Examine types of argumentative essays

Argumentative Essays

You may have heard it said that all writing is an argument of some kind. Even if you’re writing an informative essay, you still have the job of trying to convince your audience that the information is important. However, there are times you’ll be asked to write an essay that is specifically an argumentative piece.

An argumentative essay is one that makes a clear assertion or argument about some topic or issue. When you’re writing an argumentative essay, it’s important to remember that an academic argument is quite different from a regular, emotional argument. Note that sometimes students forget the academic aspect of an argumentative essay and write essays that are much too emotional for an academic audience. It’s important for you to choose a topic you feel passionately about (if you’re allowed to pick your topic), but you have to be sure you aren’t too emotionally attached to a topic. In an academic argument, you’ll have a lot more constraints you have to consider, and you’ll focus much more on logic and reasoning than emotions.

Argumentative essays are quite common in academic writing and are often an important part of writing in all disciplines. You may be asked to take a stand on a social issue in your introduction to writing course, but you could also be asked to take a stand on an issue related to health care in your nursing courses or make a case for solving a local environmental problem in your biology class. And, since argument is such a common essay assignment, it’s important to be aware of some basic elements of a good argumentative essay.

When your professor asks you to write an argumentative essay, you’ll often be given something specific to write about. For example, you may be asked to take a stand on an issue you have been discussing in class. Perhaps, in your education class, you would be asked to write about standardized testing in public schools. Or, in your literature class, you might be asked to argue the effects of protest literature on public policy in the United States.

However, there are times when you’ll be given a choice of topics. You might even be asked to write an argumentative essay on any topic related to your field of study or a topic you feel that is important personally.

Whatever the case, having some knowledge of some basic argumentative techniques or strategies will be helpful as you write. Below are some common types of arguments.

Causal Arguments

• In this type of argument, you argue that something has caused something else. For example, you might explore the causes of the decline of large mammals in the world’s ocean and make a case for your cause.

Evaluation Arguments

• In this type of argument, you make an argumentative evaluation of something as “good” or “bad,” but you need to establish the criteria for “good” or “bad.” For example, you might evaluate a children’s book for your education class, but you would need to establish clear criteria for your evaluation for your audience.

Proposal Arguments

• In this type of argument, you must propose a solution to a problem. First, you must establish a clear problem and then propose a specific solution to that problem. For example, you might argue for a proposal that would increase retention rates at your college.

Narrative Arguments

• In this type of argument, you make your case by telling a story with a clear point related to your argument. For example, you might write a narrative about your experiences with standardized testing in order to make a case for reform.

Rebuttal Arguments

• In a rebuttal argument, you build your case around refuting an idea or ideas that have come before. In other words, your starting point is to challenge the ideas of the past.

Definition Arguments

• In this type of argument, you use a definition as the starting point for making your case. For example, in a definition argument, you might argue that NCAA basketball players should be defined as professional players and, therefore, should be paid.

https://assessments.lumenlearning.co...essments/20277

Essay Examples

• Click here to read an argumentative essay on the consequences of fast fashion . Read it and look at the comments to recognize strategies and techniques the author uses to convey her ideas.
• In this example, you’ll see a sample argumentative paper from a psychology class submitted in APA format. Key parts of the argumentative structure have been noted for you in the sample.

Link to Learning

For more examples of types of argumentative essays, visit the Argumentative Purposes section of the Excelsior OWL .

Contributors and Attributions

• Argumentative Essay. Provided by : Excelsior OWL. Located at : https://owl.excelsior.edu/rhetorical-styles/argumentative-essay/ . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Image of a man with a heart and a brain. Authored by : Mohamed Hassan. Provided by : Pixabay. Located at : pixabay.com/illustrations/decision-brain-heart-mind-4083469/. License : Other . License Terms : pixabay.com/service/terms/#license

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Toulmin Argument

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What is the Toulmin Method?

Developed by philosopher Stephen E. Toulmin, the Toulmin method is a style of argumentation that breaks arguments down into six component parts: claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing . In Toulmin’s method, every argument begins with three fundamental parts: the claim, the grounds, and the warrant.

A  claim  is the assertion that authors would like to prove to their audience. It is, in other words, the main argument.

The  grounds  of an argument are the evidence and facts that help support the claim.

Finally, the  warrant , which is either implied or stated explicitly, is the assumption that links the grounds to the claim.

For example, if you argue that there are dogs nearby:

In this example, in order to assert the claim that a dog is nearby, we provide evidence and specific facts—or the grounds—by acknowledging that we hear barking and howling. Since we know that dogs bark and howl (i.e., since we have a warrant) we can assume that a dog is nearby. 

Now, let’s try a more academic approach. Let’s say that you are writing a paper on how more research needs to be done on the way that computer-mediated communication influences online and offline relationships (a paper, in other words, very much like the OWL's APA Sample paper ).

In this case, to assert the claim that additional research needs to be made on how online communication affects relationships, the author shows how the original article needs to account for technological, demographic, and modality limitations in the study.  Since we know that when a study lacks a perspective, it would be beneficial to do more research (i.e., we have a warrant), it would be safe to assume that more research should be conducted (i.e. the claim).

The other three elements—backing, qualifier, and rebuttal—are not fundamental to a Toulmin argument, but may be added as necessary. Using these elements wisely can help writers construct full, nuanced arguments.

Backing  refers to any additional support of the warrant. In many cases, the warrant is implied, and therefore the backing provides support for the warrant by giving a specific example that justifies the warrant.

The  qualifier  shows that a claim may not be true in all circumstances. Words like “presumably,” “some,” and “many” help your audience understand that you know there are instances where your claim may not be correct. 

The  rebuttal  is an acknowledgement of another valid view of the situation. 

Including a qualifier or a rebuttal in an argument helps build your ethos, or credibility. When you acknowledge that your view isn’t always true or when you provide multiple views of a situation, you build an image of a careful, unbiased thinker, rather than of someone blindly pushing for a single interpretation of the situation.

For example:

We can also add these components to our academic paper example:

Note that, in addition to Stephen Toulmin’s  Uses of Argument , students and instructors may find it useful to consult the article “Using Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation” by Joan Karbach for more information. 

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What Are Warrants in Writing? A Comprehensive Guide for Writers

By Happy Sharer

Introduction

When it comes to writing an argument, having a good understanding of warrants can make all the difference. But what exactly are warrants, and how do they differ from assertions? In this article, we’ll explore the basics of warrants in writing, including how to use them effectively in academic and persuasive writing, and tips on crafting a strong argument.

Explaining the Difference between Warrants and Assertions in Writing

Before delving into the specifics of warrants in writing, it’s important to understand the difference between warrants and assertions. An assertion is a statement that is made without providing evidence or proof to back it up. On the other hand, a warrant is an inference or assumption that is made based on evidence or proof, which is then used to support an argument.

For example, if you were arguing that the Earth is round, an assertion would be to simply state “The Earth is round” without providing any evidence or proof to back it up. On the other hand, a warrant might be to say “The Earth appears round when viewed from space, therefore it must be round” – this is an inference or assumption based on evidence (i.e. that the Earth appears round when viewed from space) that is used to support your argument.

How to Write an Argument Using Warrants

Now that you understand the difference between warrants and assertions, let’s look at how to use warrants to write an effective argument. The first step is to identify valid warrants for your argument. This means looking for evidence and facts that support your position and using them as the basis for your argument. For example, if you were arguing that a certain policy should be implemented, you would need to find evidence that supports why this policy should be implemented.

Once you have identified valid warrants for your argument, the next step is to craft a logical argument using these warrants. This means organizing your warrants in a way that builds a convincing case for your position. For example, if you were arguing that a certain policy should be implemented, you could start by outlining the benefits of the policy, followed by evidence that supports those benefits, and finally a conclusion that ties everything together.

Understanding Warrant-Based Arguments in Academic Writing

Warrants are also an important part of academic writing. When writing an academic argument, it’s important to use warrants to provide evidence and support for your claims. To do this, you’ll want to find reliable sources of information that can provide evidence for your argument. This could include research studies, scholarly articles, and other authoritative sources of information.

It’s also important to be aware of common pitfalls when crafting an academic argument with warrants. One of the most common mistakes is relying too heavily on personal opinion or unsupported assumptions. It’s important to remember that an academic argument should be based on evidence and logical reasoning, rather than opinion or speculation.

The Role of Warrants in Persuasive Writing

Warrants are also an important part of persuasive writing. When crafting a persuasive argument, it’s important to use warrants to strengthen your argument and convince readers of your point of view. To do this, you’ll want to find evidence that supports your position, such as research studies, expert opinions, and other authoritative sources of information.

You’ll also want to consider how to best use warrants to make your argument more persuasive. For example, you could use warrants to show how your position is supported by the majority opinion, or how it has been successful in the past. By using warrants to strengthen your argument, you can make it more convincing and compelling.

Using Warrants to Strengthen Your Writing Argument

Now that you understand the role of warrants in writing, let’s look at how to use them to strengthen your argument. The first step is to identify effective warrants for your argument. This means finding evidence and facts that support your position and using them as the basis for your argument. You’ll also want to consider the strength of each warrant and whether it is valid and reliable.

Once you have identified effective warrants for your argument, the next step is to apply them to your argument. This means organizing your warrants in a way that builds a convincing case for your position. For example, you could start by outlining the benefits of your position, followed by evidence that supports those benefits, and finally a conclusion that ties everything together.

Crafting a Strong Argument with Warrants

In addition to identifying and applying warrants to your argument, it’s also important to understand the different types of warrants and how to analyze them. There are two main types of warrants: factual warrants, which are based on evidence and facts; and philosophical warrants, which are based on logic and reasoning. It’s important to understand the difference between the two and how to use them effectively in your argument.

When analyzing warrants, it’s also important to consider the strength of each one. This means looking at the quality of the evidence and facts that support the warrant, as well as the logical reasoning behind it. If the warrant is weak or based on unreliable sources, it won’t be as effective in supporting your argument.

Analyzing Warrants in Writing: A Guide for Writers

Now that you know the basics of warrants in writing, let’s look at how to analyze them in order to strengthen your argument. The first step is to identify weak warrants. This means looking for evidence and facts that don’t support your argument or are based on unreliable sources. Once you’ve identified weak warrants, you can find ways to improve your argument by eliminating them or replacing them with stronger ones.

By understanding the role of warrants in writing, you can craft a strong and convincing argument. Warrants are an important part of any written argument, so it’s important to understand how to use them effectively. By following the steps outlined in this article, you can better understand warrants and use them to strengthen your argument.

In conclusion, warrants are an important part of any written argument. Understanding the difference between warrants and assertions, how to use them effectively in academic and persuasive writing, and how to analyze them can help you craft a strong and convincing argument. So the next time you’re writing an argument, keep in mind the importance of warrants and how to use them effectively.

(Note: Is this article not meeting your expectations? Do you have knowledge or insights to share? Unlock new opportunities and expand your reach by joining our authors team. Click Registration to join us and share your expertise with our readers.)

Hi, I'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge with others. I have a passion for learning and enjoy explaining complex concepts in a simple way.

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English Composition 1

Developing effective arguments with claims, evidence, and warrants.

There are three major elements to persuasive writing and argumentation: claims, evidence, and warrants. Each is explained below.

• Thoreau believed that preoccupation with insignificant events caused nineteenth-century Americans to overlook what is important in life.
• Thoreau felt that technology was the primary cause of distress for nineteenth-century Americans.
• Thoreau thought that we should follow the ways of nature to lead more fulfilling lives.
• Thoreau felt that each individual has the responsibility to understand and reject the "shams and delusions" that are too often accepted as truths.
• Thoreau demonstrated his misanthropy (hatred of human beings) in his essay and saw no choice but to abandon civilization.

Notice how we could argue over the truth of the statements presented above. This fact alone should help you determine if you are presenting a claim. A claim, by its very nature, includes the possibility of at least two different, sometimes opposing, points of view. After all, there would be no reason to argue for a belief or interpretation if the subject of the belief or interpretation provided for only one possible point of view.

I think that most of the claims listed above could be argued well with specific evidence from Thoreau's essay, but I would be a little suspicious of one of the claims and downright skeptical about another one. To me, Thoreau seems disturbed by the emphasis on technological "improvements" in his day, such as the telegraph and railroad, but does he really believe that technology is the " primary cause of distress"? Right now, I really don't know, so I would wait to see how well the writer could support this interpretation before I would make up my mind. I approach the last claim with more skepticism, the claim that "Thoreau demonstrated his misanthropy (hatred of human beings) in his essay and saw no choice but to abandon civilization." Right now, I don't see Thoreau as a misanthrope, but I would be open to reading this writer's interpretation, examining carefully the way the writer argues this claim.

• that the claims really do convey your interpretation and are not simply statement of fact (see below), and
• that the claims can be supported with specific evidence.

Evidence is also referred to as support or facts . Evidence is just that: facts . Unlike claims, facts are indisputable. You may have heard the redundant phrase "true facts." The phrase is redundant because all facts are true: that's what makes them facts.

Evidence is what you use in persuasive writing to support the claims that you present.

Is it true that, in "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For," "Henry David Thoreau believed that preoccupation with insignificant events caused nineteenth-century Americans to overlook what is important in life"? The only way to find out is by examining the evidence. The evidence we should consider is easy to locate. We simply need to review Thoreau's essay and look for comments he makes that may support our claim. If we find such comments, these would be the facts we could use to support our interpretation.

• Thoreau says, "Men think that it is essential that the Nation have commerce, and export ice, and talk through a telegraph, and ride thirty miles an hour, without a doubt, whether they do or not; but whether we should live like baboons or like men, is a little uncertain."

Of course, this is a statement of fact. It is undoubtedly true that Thoreau made this comment in "Where I Lived, and What I Live For," so the sentence above might be good evidence to support a claim about Thoreau's essay. If someone questions if the sentence is true, the skeptic simply needs to open the book and read the passage. (But the quotation marks around the words above should make clear that these are Thoreau's actual words.)

Now, whether or not Thoreau's statement is a claim or a fact, whether people do or do not know if they should "live like baboons or like men," is irrelevant. Thoreau, in fact, is making a claim, but this is Thoreau's claim, not the claim of the writer using Thoreau's words as evidence. The fact that Thoreau made the comment, though, is indisputable.

All good arguments must be supported by a strong foundation of facts. An essay filled with claims but no supporting evidence is not really an argument at all. It is instead a collection of the writer's interpretations or beliefs, and readers will have no reason to believe the interpretations or beliefs is they are not well supported with facts.

How many facts do you need to support each claim that you make in a persuasive essay? Good question. To some extent, the amount of evidence you need depends on the claim you are trying to support. However, I think it's a good idea to present at least three facts to support each claim. One fact is almost never enough, and it's difficult to build a strong argument with only two facts. After all, I might be able to take one or even two statements that Thoreau makes and argue for all kinds of different meanings, ignoring the possibility that these meanings may not be suggested anywhere else in all of Thoreau's writings. Would you like someone drawing conclusions about beliefs you might have based upon only one statement you made at some point in your life?

Three facts seems to me the point when readers will start to be convinced that you have a well-supported interpretation. If you use at least three facts to support your interpretation of Thoreau's ideas, you are saying that Thoreau makes at least three different statements that all suggest the same thing to you, at least three statements that support your interpretation of Thoreau's beliefs. Could we draw a conclusion about some belief you may have based upon three statement you have made that suggest this belief? Well, we are more likely to be accurate than if we rely on only one statement to draw our conclusion.

• A Quotation : When you quote from the text, you copy the words exactly as they appear in the original , and you put quotation marks around the words you take from the text. Quotation marks tell readers that what they see in your essay is exactly what they would see in the original text.
• A Paraphrase : When you paraphrase, you put into your own words an idea that the writer conveys in the text. The paraphrase in itself should not convey any interpretation of the writer's ideas; instead, the paraphrase should be your own way of stating the exact idea that the writer conveys. In general, when you paraphrase, you use about the same number of words to convey the idea that the writer uses in the text. You should not put quotation marks around words you paraphrase, but you should make sure that you are conveying the same meaning that the writer conveys and that you really are using your own words to convey the idea.
• A Summary : When you summarize, you use considerably fewer words to convey a writer's ideas. A writer might make a good point that you could use as evidence to support your interpretation of the text, but the writer might develop this idea over several paragraphs. You would not want to bring such a long quotation into your essay, nor would you probably want to devote a large section of your essay to paraphrasing everything that the writer says. Instead, you could reread the information from the text carefully and then summarize the writer's points, perhaps using only a few sentences to convey an idea that the writer develops in a page or more. Of course, you need to make sure that your summary is accurate, that it really does convey concisely the points that the writer develops. When you summarize, you should not put quotation marks around your own words.

In general, writers will use a combination of quotations, paraphrases, and summaries when developing an interpretation of a text. Again, only words copies exactly from the original should go in quotation marks in your essay. In some cases, you might use paraphrases and summarizes to put the writer's ideas into your own words, but you might include a few key words or phrases from the original as part of your paraphrase or summary. If this is the case, you need to make sure that those key words and phrases from the original are in quotation marks.

Simply put, a warrant is the logical connection between a claim and a supporting fact. Sometimes, the logical connection, the way in which a fact logically supports a claim, will be clear, possibly so clear that no explanation from the writer is needed. More often, though, the writer needs to supply the warrant; in other words, the writer needs to explain how and why a particular piece of evidence is good support for a specific claim.

Look again at a claim and the one piece of supporting evidence for that claim I have mentioned so far as I discussed Thoreau's essay:

Claim: Henry David Thoreau believed that preoccupation with insignificant events caused nineteenth-century Americans to overlook what is important in life.

Evidence: Thoreau says, "Men think that it is essential that the Nation have commerce, and export ice, and talk through a telegraph, and ride thirty miles an hour, without a doubt, whether they do or not; but whether we should live like baboons or like men, is a little uncertain."

These two sentences could be the beginning of a paragraph. If so, what should my next sentence be? I suppose I could go on to present a second and then a third piece of supporting evidence for my claim, but am I sure that readers will be able to understand how the quotation I use is logically supporting my claim? I can assume that my readers are intelligent, so maybe they could figure out the connection, but I also should realize that, as the writer, it is my job to make sure everything in my essay is clear to readers. Therefore, I probably should supply some explanation as to how this quotation is supporting the claim, so my next sentence could be the following:

Warrant The apparent preoccupation with external events, with the commerce and business of everyday life, may cause people to focus on what they are doing and not to look inward to examine how they are living.

As I wrote this warrant, I looked at two things: the claim I am making and the piece of evidence I am using to support that claim. In fact, my eyes were darting back and forth between the two statements as I was writing the warrant. With the warrant, I try to bring together the claim and evidence, demonstrating to readers how and why the evidence logically supports the claim. In this case, I have even used in my warrant a few words from the claim and from the evidence to help clarify the relationship. In the warrant, I use the word "preoccupied," recalling my claim, and the word "commerce," recalling the evidence. Notice as well that the phrase " how [people] are living" from my warrant recalls an important phrase from my claim, "what is important in life," and an important phrase from my evidence, "'whether we should live like baboons or like men." With the warrant, I should not simply paraphrase the claim or the evidence but instead demonstrate how the evidence supports the claim.

After I add this warrant to my slowly developing paragraph, I am then ready for the next sentence. Most likely, the next sentence will use another piece of supporting evidence from Thoreau's essay, followed by my explanation of how this evidence supports the claim. I will continue this pattern until I feel that I have established a strong argument for my claim.

Once I am finished with the paragraph, I am then ready to move on to the next paragraph. Most likely, I will repeat this same pattern with a different claim, but one related to my first claim. I will begin the body paragraph with a claim, followed by more supporting evidence and more explanation of how each piece of evidence supports my claim for that paragraph.

Copyright Randy Rambo , 2019.

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• Writing Tips

How to Write an Argumentative Essay

4-minute read

• 30th April 2022

An argumentative essay is a structured, compelling piece of writing where an author clearly defines their stance on a specific topic. This is a very popular style of writing assigned to students at schools, colleges, and universities. Learn the steps to researching, structuring, and writing an effective argumentative essay below.

Requirements of an Argumentative Essay

To effectively achieve its purpose, an argumentative essay must contain:

●  A concise thesis statement that introduces readers to the central argument of the essay

●  A clear, logical, argument that engages readers

●  Ample research and evidence that supports your argument

Approaches to Use in Your Argumentative Essay

1.   classical.

●  Clearly present the central argument.

●  Outline your opinion.

●  Provide enough evidence to support your theory.

2.   Toulmin

●  State your claim.

●  Supply the evidence for your stance.

●  Explain how these findings support the argument.

●  Include and discuss any limitations of your belief.

3.   Rogerian

●  Explain the opposing stance of your argument.

●  Discuss the problems with adopting this viewpoint.

●  Offer your position on the matter.

●  Provide reasons for why yours is the more beneficial stance.

●  Include a potential compromise for the topic at hand.

Tips for Writing a Well-Written Argumentative Essay

●  Introduce your topic in a bold, direct, and engaging manner to captivate your readers and encourage them to keep reading.

●  Provide sufficient evidence to justify your argument and convince readers to adopt this point of view.

●  Consider, include, and fairly present all sides of the topic.

●  Structure your argument in a clear, logical manner that helps your readers to understand your thought process.

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●  Discuss any counterarguments that might be posed.

●  Use persuasive writing that’s appropriate for your target audience and motivates them to agree with you.

Steps to Write an Argumentative Essay

Follow these basic steps to write a powerful and meaningful argumentative essay :

Step 1: Choose a topic that you’re passionate about

If you’ve already been given a topic to write about, pick a stance that resonates deeply with you. This will shine through in your writing, make the research process easier, and positively influence the outcome of your argument.

Step 2: Conduct ample research to prove the validity of your argument

To write an emotive argumentative essay , finding enough research to support your theory is a must. You’ll need solid evidence to convince readers to agree with your take on the matter. You’ll also need to logically organize the research so that it naturally convinces readers of your viewpoint and leaves no room for questioning.

Step 3: Follow a simple, easy-to-follow structure and compile your essay

A good structure to ensure a well-written and effective argumentative essay includes:

Introduction

●  Introduce your topic.

●  Offer background information on the claim.

●  Discuss the evidence you’ll present to support your argument.

●  State your thesis statement, a one-to-two sentence summary of your claim.

●  This is the section where you’ll develop and expand on your argument.

●  It should be split into three or four coherent paragraphs, with each one presenting its own idea.

●  Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that indicates why readers should adopt your belief or stance.

●  Include your research, statistics, citations, and other supporting evidence.

●  Discuss opposing viewpoints and why they’re invalid.

●  This part typically consists of one paragraph.

●  Summarize your research and the findings that were presented.

●  Emphasize your initial thesis statement.

●  Persuade readers to agree with your stance.

We certainly hope that you feel inspired to use these tips when writing your next argumentative essay . And, if you’re currently elbow-deep in writing one, consider submitting a free sample to us once it’s completed. Our expert team of editors can help ensure that it’s concise, error-free, and effective!

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Elements of Argument

9 Toulmin Argument Model

By liza long, amy minervini, and joel gladd.

Stephen Edelston Toulmin (born March 25, 1922) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Toulmin devoted his works to analyzing moral reasoning. He sought to develop practical ways to evaluate ethical arguments effectively. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components, was considered Toulmin’s most influential work, particularly in the fields of rhetoric, communication, and computer science. His components continue to provide useful means for analyzing arguments.

The following are the parts of a Toulmin argument (see Figure 9.1 for an example):

Claim: The claim is a statement that you are asking the other person to accept as true (i.e., a conclusion) and forms the nexus of the Toulmin argument because all the other parts relate back to the claim. The claim can include information and ideas you are asking readers to accept as true or actions you want them to accept and enact. One example of a claim is the following:

My grandfather should wear a hearing aid.

This claim both asks the reader to believe an idea and suggests an action to enact. However, like all claims, it can be challenged. Thus, a Toulmin argument does not end with a claim but also includes grounds and warrant to give support and reasoning to the claim.

Grounds: The grounds form the basis of real persuasion and include the reasoning behind the claim, data, and proof of expertise. Think of grounds as a combination of premises and support. The truth of the claim rests upon the grounds, so those grounds should be tested for strength, credibility, relevance, and reliability. The following are examples of grounds:

Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing difficulty. Hearing aids raise hearing quality.

Information is usually a powerful element of persuasion, although it does affect people differently. Those who are dogmatic, logical, or rational will more likely be persuaded by factual data. Those who argue emotionally and who are highly invested in their own position will challenge it or otherwise try to ignore it. Thus, grounds can also include appeals to emotion, provided they aren’t misused. The best arguments, however, use a variety of support and rhetorical appeals.

Warrant: A warrant links data and other grounds to a claim, legitimizing the claim by showing the grounds to be relevant. The warrant may be carefully explained and explicit or unspoken and implicit. The warrant answers the question, “Why does that data mean your claim is true?” For example,

A hearing aid helps most people hear better.

The warrant may be simple, and it may also be a longer argument with additional sub-elements including those described below. Warrants may be based on logos, ethos or pathos, or values that are assumed to be shared with the listener. In many arguments, warrants are often implicit and, hence, unstated. This gives space for the other person to question and expose the warrant, perhaps to show it is weak or unfounded.

Backing: The backing for an argument gives additional support to the warrant. Backing can be confused with grounds, but the main difference is this: grounds should directly support the premises of the main argument itself, while backing exists to help the warrants make more sense. For example,

Hearing aids are available locally.

This statement works as backing because it gives credence to the warrant stated above, that a hearing aid will help most people hear better. The fact that hearing aids are readily available makes the warrant even more reasonable.

Qualifier: The qualifier indicates how the data justifies the warrant and may limit how universally the claim applies. The necessity of qualifying words comes from the plain fact that most absolute claims are ultimately false (all women want to be mothers, e.g.) because one counterexample sinks them immediately. Thus, most arguments need some sort of qualifier, words that temper an absolute claim and make it more reasonable. Common qualifiers include “most,” “usually,” “always,” or “sometimes.” For example,

Hearing aids help most people.

The qualifier “most” here allows for the reasonable understanding that rarely does one thing (a hearing aid) universally benefit all people. Another variant is the reservation, which may give the possibility of the claim being incorrect:

Unless there is evidence to the contrary, hearing aids do no harm to ears.

Qualifiers and reservations can be used to bolster weak arguments, so it is important to recognize them. They are often used by advertisers who are constrained not to lie. Thus, they slip “usually,” “virtually,” “unless,” and so on into their claims to protect against liability. While this may seem like sneaky practice, and it can be for some advertisers, it is important to note that the use of qualifiers and reservations can be a useful and legitimate part of an argument.

Rebuttal: Despite the careful construction of the argument, there may still be counterarguments that can be used. These may be rebutted either through a continued dialogue, or by pre-empting the counter-argument by giving the rebuttal during the initial presentation of the argument. For example, if you anticipated a counterargument that hearing aids, as a technology, may be fraught with technical difficulties, you would include a rebuttal to deal with that counterargument:

There is a support desk that deals with technical problems.

Any rebuttal is an argument in itself, and thus may include a claim, warrant, backing, and the other parts of the Toulmin structure.

Even if you do not wish to write an essay using strict Toulmin structure, using the Toulmin checklist can make an argument stronger. When first proposed, Toulmin based his layout on legal arguments, intending it to be used analyzing arguments typically found in the courtroom; in fact, Toulmin did not realize that this layout would be applicable to other fields until later. The first three elements–“claim,” “grounds,” and “warrant”–are considered the essential components of practical arguments, while the last three—“qualifier,” “backing,” and “rebuttal”—may not be necessary for all arguments.

Toulmin Exercise

Find an argument in essay form and diagram it using the Toulmin model. The argument can come from an Op-Ed article in a newspaper or a magazine think piece or a scholarly journal. See if you can find all six elements of the Toulmin argument. Use the structure above to diagram your article’s argument.

Attributions

“Toulmin Argument Model” by Liza Long, Amy Minervini, and Joel Gladd is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Writing Arguments in STEM Copyright © by Jason Peters; Jennifer Bates; Erin Martin-Elston; Sadie Johann; Rebekah Maples; Anne Regan; and Morgan White is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay: 101 Guide [+ Examples]

An argumentative essay is a genre of academic writing that investigates different sides of a particular issue. Its central purpose is to inform the readers rather than expressively persuade them. Thus, it is crucial to differentiate between argumentative and persuasive essays.

While composing an argumentative essay, the students have to demonstrate their research and analytical skills. The secret of a successful paper lies behind strong arguments and counterarguments. So, the writer should focus on facts and data rather than personal values and beliefs.

Besides, a good argumentative essay should be structured appropriately:

• The introduction and conclusion have to create a frame for the entire essay.
• The body paragraphs are supposed to cover the essential points.
• Supporting evidence should make a paper more professional and reputable.

Are you still wondering what an argumentative essay is and how to write it? Check out the sections below prepared by our experts . Here, you can find the most valuable info, helpful tips, and useful examples.

📜 Classic Strategy

📋 toulmin strategy, 🗣️ rogerian strategy, ✒️ fill in the blanks, 🔍 edit and proofread, 🔗 references, 📌 argumentative essay in a nutshell.

Are you trying to figure out what an argumentative essay is? It’s a type of academic paper that covers both sides of a given issue. An author can decide whether they aim to present both sides equally or support one side more dynamically.

One of the mistakes among students is the confusion of argumentative and persuasive essays . Do you want to figure out the differences? Take a look at the following table.

Before writing an argument essay, it would be helpful to choose an appropriate model to rely on. There are three strategies to consider: Classical, Toulmin, and Rogerian.

Look at the following sections and choose the most suitable one for you.

Are you wondering how to write an argumentative essay? Consider using the classical approach. It is the most popular way of composing an argumentative paper.

Under the classical strategy, the author has to follow these rules:

• research the issue;
• present both sides;
• express own opinion;
• prove the reader the validity of the conclusion.

It is up to the audience to decide whether your position is right or wrong. Yet, you should try to convince the readers of the effectiveness of your opinion.

Usually, the classical argument paper is structured in the following way:

• Introduction . Use the hook to catch the readers’ attention. State the problem and explain why your topic is relatable to the audience.
• General background. Introduce the general info and several facts about your issue.
• Thesis statement . State your position clearly and concisely.
• The central argument. Provide valid evidence and appropriate examples to support your position. Refer only to reliable sources.
• Rebuttal . Include a counter paragraph in your essay, presenting the opposing arguments. Provide specific examples to make the reader understand your position. Also, explain to the audience why the counterclaims are incorrect.
• Conclusion . Synthesize your arguments and counterarguments. Give the readers a question for further investigation of your problem. To make your essay more impressive, compose a memorable concluding sentence.

Toulmin strategy is the most suitable for the discussion of controversial issues. This model aims to find common ground through clear logic and valid evidence. Besides, the Toulmin strategy eliminates unnecessary things and limits the points to agree upon.

An argumentative essay written by the Toulmin model includes the following elements:

• Claim . A viewpoint that the author aims to prove.
• Evidence . Supportive facts from reliable resources that highlight the significance of the claim.
• Warrant . An element that connects the claim and that evidence.
• Backing . Additional reasoning that underlines the warrant’s validity.
• Rebuttal . Counterarguments that contradict the author’s position.
• Qualifier . An additional element (usually, a word or a short phrase) that narrows the claim’s capacity. Several examples of qualifiers: “typically,” “usually,” “occasionally,” etc.
• Exceptions . Specific limitations that indicate the cases where that claim may not be valid.

Like the Toulmin approach, Rogerian strategy attempts to find common ground between two sides of one issue. However, the technique is slightly different.

The Rogerian model is often used in highly controversial debates when the parties do not accept each other’s position. Thus, the given strategy focuses on finding the agreement by proving the validity of the opposing arguments.

Below, you can find the primary outline for the Rogerian argumentative essay:

• Introduce the problem. Present the issue clearly and explain why it is worth the readers’ attention.
• Summarize and analyze the counterarguments. Take into consideration all the possible counterpoints and look at them from different perspectives. Discuss the cases in which the opposing claims could be valid. Demonstrate your open-mindedness. This will make the opposite party more loyal to you.
• Present your position. After discussing the counterpoints, state your opinion. Convince the audience about the validity of your points.
• Prove the advantages of your position. Explain to the opposite party how the acceptance and adoption of your points will benefit them.

🧐 How to Write an Argumentative Essay

Before working on your essay, carefully read the assignment. Make sure you understand all the instructor’s requirements and the purpose of the paper.

• Pay enough attention to the task. Did your professor assign you a topic? Or do you need to choose it yourself ? Make sure you have an idea that will turn into an outstanding essay.
• Select the strategy you are going to apply. An argumentative essay format will depend on the model you choose to compose your paper. Analyze the issue you will arise and decide what strategy is the most suitable. Is it the Classical model, the Toulmin, or the Rogerian one?

After that, start composing your argumentative essay. Check out the following sections. We have a lot of insightful info to share with you!

📚 Research the Topic

The first step of writing an argumentative paper is an in-depth investigation of the topic. To validate your arguments, you have to refer to credible resources. The essay will look more professional if you use reliable sources in it.

To research like a professional , do the following:

• Use only credible sources. You can refer to the books, research articles, materials from academic databases, or Google Scholar. Webpages registered as governmental or educational institutions (.gov, .edu.) and widely-known news websites (New York Times, BBC, CNBC) are also considered appropriate. Avoid using blog posts, outdated materials, and any other data from unreliable sources. You may get into huge trouble, taking information from random websites, since it may be invalid.
• Pay attention to the publishing date . You may be required to use the sources released no later than five years ago. Yet, it is not always the case, especially when you’re dealing with historical documents. Thus, double-check your instructions regarding recommended sources.
• Keep your topic in mind. Concentrate on what you are writing about and select the sources for your exact issue. Avoid sources that provide too general information and look for more limited ones. If your idea is World War II’s economic consequences, the history book from ancient times to modern days will not be the best option.
• Become an expert. Take enough time to investigate the issue you are writing about. Read numerous articles, compare and contrast the scientists’ opinions. Prove your reader that you are a reliable person who selected the best sources.

📝 Outline Your Essay

The majority of students tend to underestimate the power of outlining. Don’t do this! An argumentative essay outline is a helpful tool for planning, structuring, and composing.

Firstly , a well-developed outline helps the writer to put all their thoughts in an appropriate order. None of the essential points will be lost if the student plans the essay before writing.

Secondly , it lets the writer figure out what evidence suits what argument most. Before writing, draft your essay first. Put examples, facts, etc. in the right parts of the paper. Then, write the entire text.

Thirdly , an outline provides a perfect opportunity to change the essay’s parts without rewriting the paper. Are you unsure of specific details? Not a problem. Change them in the outline without ruining the text.

There are essential elements that your outline should contain. Check out the following section to see them.

Introduction

How to start an argumentative essay? First and foremost, include an argumentative essay introduction in your outline.

This part should grab the readers’ attention from the first words. Thus, put enough effort into composing a compelling hook . What can it be? An impressive statistic or an exciting fact? Be creative – decide yourself! But make sure that your intro is catchy enough.

After the hook, introduce your topic’s general background . Prove the readers the significance of your issue and gradually come to the thesis statement .

The concept of studying abroad is becoming increasingly popular in both developed and developing countries. Students around the globe strive to explore the world and broaden their minds, and studying in a foreign country is an excellent opportunity to do so. Such experience may be extremely beneficial because meeting new people and discovering foreign cultures help students to gain valuable knowledge and see the world from a new perspective. However, while presenting significant opportunities for personal growth, it may also bring about some challenges.

Thesis Statement

A thesis is an essential part of your argumentative essay. It should state your position regarding the issue clearly and concisely. Avoid general statements, vague words, and be as specific and possible. Your thesis statement should guide the readers throughout the main points of the paper.

The location of the thesis in the essay plays a crucial role. The most appropriate place for it is the last sentence of the introductory paragraph.

Although students face difficulties such as loneliness while studying abroad, it is a worthy experience to introduce them to new knowledge, people, and culture and promote their independence.

Body Paragraphs

The body of your paper is supposed to develop your position, provide valid evidence and examples. Each paragraph has to focus only on one idea. This will ensure the logical structure of your argumentative essay.

A body paragraph should start from the topic sentence and end with the concluding sentence . Such a frame around every section will make your readers stay concentrated on your ideas and get your opinion.

• The topic sentence is the first sentence of the passage. It should reflect its point and correspond to the thesis statement.
• The concluding sentence aims to wrap up the author’s thoughts. Thus, make sure that the last sentence of a paragraph is insightful enough.

Each body paragraph should include an argument (or a counterargument) with supporting evidence. Get your proof from credible sources and ensure that it directly corresponds to the point.

An example of a topic sentence :

The benefits of education abroad are almost innumerable, prominent examples being gaining new knowledge, making friends with people who have different mindsets, and discovering new cultures.

An example of a concluding sentence:

Participants of student exchange programs usually return more driven and eager to develop both themselves and their country.

A conclusion plays a critical role in understanding the entire paper. It summarizes the body and leaves the final impression. Besides, it may push the readers on further investigation of the issue.

• To make your argumentative essay conclusion powerful, it is not enough just to summarize the arguments. It has to synthesize your ideas and show the connection between them. In other words, your points should be summarized and analyzed.
• Moreover, a conclusion refers to the thesis statement . A mere restatement of the central idea is not the most successful way of finishing your paper. You should try to develop it to demonstrate the reason you’ve written the previous paragraphs.

One more tip:

• Give the audience an incentive to explore the topic more in-depth. Insert the questions for further investigation at the end of your essay. It would play a significant role in making an impressive conclusion.

To sum up, studying abroad is beneficial as it helps a person evolve and perceive a world from new perspectives. It is an opportunity for a participant to explore the world, meet new people, gain valuable knowledge and experience, and broaden their horizons. Education abroad might pose problems like homesickness, loneliness, and trouble with getting accustomed to a new environment. However, all of them can be easily overcome if a student is flexible and eager to become autonomous and independent.

The list of references is a crucial part of any argumentative essay. It should contain all the sources the writer uses in the paper.

Before organizing your reference list , double-check your argumentative essay format. Is it written in MLA, APA, or maybe in Chicago style? How many references does the professor expect you to include? What kind of sources are you required to use?

After figuring out these issues, move to the format requirements of the writing style you use for your paper. The most popular ones are APA (7th edition), MLA, and ChicagoAD (author-date) styles. Below, you can find the examples of a reference for the same book in different formatting styles.

Did you develop a good outline? Congratulations! You are almost done with the essay. Now, you need to fill in the blanks and create a final version of your paper. Here is where you need to demonstrate a high level of your writing skills.

• Make sure your paper has no logical fallacies. Information from an untrustworthy source, a hasty generalization, or a false conclusion may put your reliability as an author under threat. So double-check all the data you include in your essay. Moreover, make sure all your statements are well-developed and supported by valid evidence.
• Check your argumentative essay structure . All the arguments should refer to the thesis statement and must be presented in the logical sequence. The supporting evidence and examples have to be inserted in the text logically, according to the arguments.
• Pay enough attention to the citations. References and in-text citations are incredibly tricky. Always check every detail according to your essay format. If you are unsure of specific issues, refer to a citation guide and make your paper free of formatting mistakes.
• Ensure the coherence of your argumentative essay. Often, the paper’s material seems raw only because it is presented without a logical connection. To ensure a smooth connection between the ideas, use transitions between the paragraphs and linking words inside them. Insert them in the text to connect the points. As a result, you will have a coherent essay with the logical flow of the arguments.

The final step of your writing process is editing and proofreading. Although it is not that energy and time consuming, it still plays a critical role in the work’s success.

While writing your argumentative paper, plan your time accordingly. This will provide you with an opportunity to polish your essay before submitting it. And take a look at our checklist and always use it to improve your papers:

• NO first and second person. Use only the third person in your argumentative essay. It is a general requirement for any kind of academic paper.
• NO slang. The word choice is an essential part of the essay writing process. Ensure you use only formal vocabulary and avoid using informal language (jargon, slang, etc.).
• NO unchecked words. Sometimes, words can raise questions and lead to misunderstandings. If you are unsure whether the term is used appropriately, double-check its meaning or replace it with another.
• NO plagiarism. While proofreading, make sure your citations are either properly paraphrased or taken in quotation marks. You can change the sentence structure to avoid plagiarism.
• NO minor mistakes. Grammar, spelling, punctuation play a crucial role. Want to make your paper look professional? Make sure it is free of minor mistakes then.

Argumentative Essay Topics

• Should student-athletes benefit from sports?  
• Do celebrities really have influence on people behavior?  
• Will decriminalization of drugs increase drug menace?  
• Does social and environmental reporting promote organizations’ financial success? 
• Should online learning be promoted?  
• Can space exploration resolve human problems?  
• Is success really the outcome of hard work? 
• Is there discrimination against women in sports?   
• Will banning tobacco sales promote public health?  
• Is euthanasia a clemency?  
• Should college education be free and accessible for every student?  
• Should football be banned for being too dangerous?  
• Is it time to change social norms?  
• Should public servants’ strikes be prohibited?  
• Does media create a negative image of ageing and older people?  
• Is capitalism the best economic system?  
• Can children under 18 make an appropriate decision on getting tattoo ?  
• Should net neutrality be protected?  
• Can an improper use of social media provoke a family crisis?  
• Is it right to use animals in biomedical research ?  
• Does the climate change affect our indoor environment? 
• Are children’s crimes a result of poor parenting?  
• Should health care be universal? 
• Does the increased use of technology hurt students’ efficiency? 
• Is transformative education a key to the system modernization?  
• Why should patients have access to truthful information?  
• How does language barrier affect health care access?  
• Would allowing adoption by same-sex couples benefit the country’s child welfare system? 
• Is spanking children a proper way to improve their behavior?  
• Does gun control law lowers crime rates?  
• Will ban on spamming improve users’ internet experience?  
• Should behavior be made illegal because it’s immoral?  
• Is globalization really a progress?  
• Does aid to developing countries bring more harm than good?  
• Can parents improve children mental health by restricting internet use ?  
• Is trusting our senses the best way to get the truth?  
• Why parents should not have the right to choose their children based on genetics.  
• Is college education really worth it? 
• Will wearing a body camera by police officer enhance public trust?    
• Immigration : a benefit or a threat?  
• Is it a duty of adult children to take care of their elderly parents?  
• Should abortions be legal? 
• Are agents an integral part of professional sports?  
• Will ban of cellphones while driving decrease the car accident rates? 
• Should marijuana be legal for medical use?  
• Is veganism diet universally beneficial?  
• Should museums return artefacts?  
• Is water birth beneficial for women’s health?  
• Will paying people to stay healthy benefit the nation in the long-term perspective?  
• Is obesity a disease or a choice?  

It is up to you to decide how many parts to include in your essay. However, the 5 paragraph structure is the most appropriate model for an argumentative paper. So, write an introduction, a conclusion, and three body paragraphs.

The pronoun “you” is acceptable for informal writing. Yet, in academic papers, avoid using the second person. The same situation is with the first person. Generally, academic papers require the use of the third person.

A hook aims to grab the readers’ attention. Thus, you could start your essay with an interesting fact about your issue. Another way to create a catchy hook is to prove the audience the relatability of your topic. Make the readers want to explore your essay by demonstrating the significance of your issue.

Yes, you can. A question might become a compelling hook. Just make sure that it is profound, thought-provocative, and concise. A too broad or complicated question will only confuse your readers.

A title is an essential part of the essay since it causes the first impression. While selecting a heading, take into consideration the following points:

1. The title must be catchy.

2. It has to be not too long (5-12 words).

3. The title has to reflect the topic of the paper.

4. It should not be too complicated: the simpler – the better.

Thank you for visiting our page! We hope the information was helpful and insightful. Do you have friends who seek help with writing an argumentative essay? Share our article with them. And don’t forget to leave your comments!

• Sample Argument Essays: Mesa Community College
• Argument: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Tips on How to Write an Argumentative Essay: Grace Fleming, ThoughtCo
• Tips for Organizing an Argumentative Essay: Judith L., Beumer Writing Center, Valparaiso University
• Argumentative Essay: Oya Ozagac, Bogazici University, Online Writing Lab
• Argumentative Essays: Purdue Online Writing Lab, College of Liberal Arts, Purdue University
• How to Write an Argumentative Essay Step by Step: Virginia Kearney, Owlcation
• Counterargument: Gordon Harvey for the Writing Center at Harvard University
• Basic Steps in the Research Process: North Hennepin Community College, Minnesota
• How to Recognize Plagiarism, Overview: School of Education, Indiana University Bloomington
• 15 Steps to Good Research: Georgetown University Library
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Backing (argument)

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

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In the Toulmin model of argument , backing is the support or explanation provided for the warrant . The backing is often characterized by the word because .

Examples and Observations

• "[Stephen] Toulmin's The Uses of Argument , which appeared in 1958, is mainly known for the model of argumentation presented in this book. This model represents the 'procedural form' of argumentation: the various steps that can be distinguished in the defense of a standpoint. According to Toulmin, the soundness of argumentation is primarily determined by the degree in which the warrant , which connects the data adduced in the argumentation with the claim that is defended, is made acceptable by a backing . . . . "What kind of backing is required, however, is dependent on the field to which the question at issue belongs. An ethical justification, for instance, requires a different kind of backing from a legal justification. Toulmin concludes from this that the evaluation criteria for determining the soundness of argumentation are 'field dependent.'" (Frans H. Van Eemeren, "Argumentation Theory: An Overview of Approaches and Research Themes," in Rhetorical Argumentation in Biblical Texts , edited by Anders Eriksson, et al. Continuum, 2002)
• Different Kinds of Backing "Toulmin . . . emphasizes the difference between backing and warrant: backings can be categorical statements of fact just like data, while warrants always are general bridge-like statements . . .. A central point in Toulmin's book [ The Uses of Argument ] is that different kinds of backings occur in different fields of argument. Among Toulmin's examples of backings are statutes and acts of Parliament, statistical reports, appeals to the results of experiments and references to taxonomical systems. All can provide the backing that warrant the arguments as they are acceptable in particular fields." (Bart Verheij, "" Evaluating Arguments Based on Toulmin's Scheme." Arguing on the Toulmin Model: New Essays in Argument Analysis and Evaluation , edited by David Hitchcock and Bart Verheij. Springer, 2006)
• Backing as Evidence " Initial Statement: It should be investigated whether Peter murdered George. Claim: Peter shot George. Backing: Witness W states that Peter shot George. [Here] . . . the backing statement is the kind of evidence you need to collect in a murder investigation. Of course, the witness may be lying, or what he says may not be true. But if he says that Peter shot George, that statement needs to be investigated in any proper investigation. It is relevant in that context." (Douglas N. Walton, Witness Testimony Evidence: Argumentation, Artificial Intelligence, and Law . Cambridge University Press, 2008)
• What Is the Toulmin Model of Argument?
• Warrants in the Toulmin Model of Argument
• Data Definition and Examples in Argument
• Argument (Rhetoric and Composition)
• Definition and Examples of Conclusions in Arguments
• Definitions and Examples of Debates
• Definition and Examples of the New Rhetorics
• testimony (rhetoric)
• Premise Definition and Examples in Arguments
• Informal Logic
• What Is a Critique in Composition?
• Proof in Rhetoric
• What is Judicial Rhetoric?
• Definition and Examples of Evidence in Argument
• Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric

Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance

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Rhetorical Analyses

A rhetorical analysis considers all elements of the rhetorical situation--the audience, purpose, medium, and context--within which a communication was generated and delivered in order to make an argument about that communication. A strong rhetorical analysis will not only describe and analyze the text, but will also evaluate it; that evaluation represents your argument.

• Description: What does this text look like? Where did you find the text? Who sponsored it? What are the rhetorical appeals? (i.e. calm music in the background of a commercial establishes pathos) When was it written?
• Analysis: Why does the author incorporate these rhetorical appeals? (For example, why does the author incorporate calm music? What is the point of the pathos?) How would the reception of this text change if it were written today, as opposed to twenty years ago? What is left out of this text and why? Should there be more logos in the ad? Why?
• Evaluation: Is the text effective? Is the text ethical? What might you change about this text to make it more persuasive?

Rhetoric Defined

• Classically, "the art of persuasion".
• "About using language purposefully, in order to get something done in the world" ("What is Rhetoric").
• "Something that allows you to formulate ethical reading strategies [...] but also to invent your own responses to the world" ("What is Rhetoric").

Keywords and Concepts

Following are some basic terms and concepts (far from inclusive) that you should consider and use in a rhetorical analysis.

Rhetorical Situation

The rhetorical situation identifies the relationship among the elements of any communication--audience, author (rhetor), purpose, medium, context, and content.

Spectator, listeners, and/or readers of a performance, a speech, a reading, or printed material. Depending on the author's/writer's perception, an audience may be real (actually listening or reading), invoked (those to whom the writer explicitly writes) or imagined(those who the writer believes will read/hear her work) (Dept. of English)

Author/Rhetor/Speaker/Writer

The person or group of people who composed the text.

Purpose of the Author

The reason for communicating; the expected or intended outcome.

The delivery method, which varies by type of text:

• Alphabetic Text (for example, written speech, newspaper editorial, essay, passage out of a novel, poetry)
• Images (for example, TV commercials, advertisements in magazines or on websites)
• Sound (for example, radio or TV commercials, a website advertisement, speeches)
• Multimodal texts (YouTube videos, performances, digital stories)

The time, place, public conversations surrounding the text during its original generation and delivery; the text may also be analyzed within a different context such as how an historical text would be received by its audience today.

The main idea, thesis, opinion, or belief of an argument that the author must prove. The claim should be debatable and answer the question, "What's the point?"

The statements given to back up the claim. These can take the form of facts, data, personal experience, expert opinion, evidence from other texts or sources, emotional appeals, or other means. The more reliable and comprehensive the support, the more likely the audience is to accept the claim.

The connection, often unstated and assumed, between the claim and the supporting reason(s), or support. The warrant is the assumption that makes the claim seem plausible. More specifically, warrants are the beliefs, values, inferences and/or experiences that the writers/speakers assume they share with the audience. If the audience doesn't share the writers'/speakers' assumptions within the text, the argument will not be effective.

Rhetorical Triangle

The elements of the rhetorical situation interact with and influence one another. In learning to write an analysis, it is thus helpful to think about the relationship among these elements within the rhetorical triangle. By doing this, writers will be able to better understand how the elements of each text come together (often overlap) to make an argument or persuade an audience.

The authority or credibility of the author. Can refer to any of the following: the actual character of the speaker/writer, the character of the writer as it is presented in a text, or as a series of ground rules/customs, which are negotiated between speaker, audience, and specific traditions or locations. The speaker must convince the audience of their credibility through the language they use and through the delivery, or embodied performance, of their speech.

Did you analyze ethos enough in your essay?

• Have you looked at what experiences or claims to authority qualify this author to speak or write?
• Have you considered the credibility and moral character of the writer/speaker?
• Have you considered the design or appearance of the text you are analyzing? Does it look professional? What can you say about the author based on the appearance of the text alone?

Emotional appeals to the audience to evoke feelings of pity, sympathy, tenderness, or sorrow. The speaker may also want the audience to feel anger, fear, courage, love, happiness, sadness, etc.

Have you analyzed pathos enough in your essay?

• Have you considered how the author appeals to the emotions of the reader/viewer?
• How does the author establish a bond with his audience?
• How might the author change his strategy if he was trying to establish a bond with a different audience?
• Have you considered your own personal reaction to the background music of this advertisement?
• What kinds of feelings do the colors that the author uses provoke?
• What other images in the text provoke an emotional response? Why would the author include these images?

In classical rhetoric, logos is the means of persuasion by demonstration of the truth, real or apparent, the reasons or supporting information used to support a claim, the use of logic or reason to make an argument. Logos can include citing facts and statistics, historical events, and other forms of fact based evidence.

Do you analyze logos enough in your essay?

• How does the author back up his argument in this text? Does he incorporate facts, statistics, or numbers?
• Have you considered how logical the author's argument is?
• Are the claims this author is making realistic?
• Does the author consider alternative arguments?

The right time to speak or write; advantageous, exact, or critical time; a window of time during which action is most effective. (Ex. Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a dream speech was delivered at the right moment in history—in the heat of civil rights debates.)

Literally, stasis is "a stand" or a "resting place" in an argument where opponents agree on what the issue is but disagree on what to do about it. The skilled rhetor is able to move the argument away from stasis. (Ex. Rhetor A asserts that abortion is murder. Rhetor B asserts that abortion is not murder. This is the point of stasis. The argument cannot rest here indefinitely. One of these rhetors must get the argument beyond the issue of murder.)

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The Beginner's Blueprint for Writing an Effective Argumentative Essay

Are you ready to learn how to write an argumentative essay that packs a punch? Buckle up, because we're about to embark on a journey that will transform you into a master of persuasive writing! Whether you're a student, writer, or just someone who loves a good debate, mastering the art of crafting a compelling argumentative essay is a skill that will serve you well.

In this article, we'll walk you through the essential steps to writing an argumentative essay that effectively supports your stance with solid evidence and convincing reasoning. From understanding the basics to structuring your essay for maximum impact, we've got you covered. So, let's dive in and discover how to write an argumentative essay that will leave your readers convinced and impressed!

Understanding the Basics of an Argumentative Essay

Before diving into the nitty-gritty of crafting an argumentative essay, it's crucial to grasp the fundamentals. An argumentative essay is all about presenting a well-researched and logical argument to persuade your readers to see things from your perspective. It's not just about stating your opinion; it's about backing it up with solid evidence and reasoning.

The Building Blocks of an Argumentative Essay

• Introduction: This is where you set the stage for your argument. Start with a hook to grab your readers' attention, provide some background information, and clearly state your thesis .
• Body Paragraphs: This is the meat of your essay, where you present your arguments and evidence. Each paragraph should focus on one main point and provide supporting evidence.
• Conclusion: Wrap up your essay by restating your thesis and summarizing your main points. Leave your readers with something to think about.

Types of Argumentative Essays

The writing process.

• Brainstorm and research your topic
• Prepare an outline
• Draft your essay
• Revise and refine
• Proofread and edit

Remember, an argumentative essay is all about presenting a confident and assertive stance while maintaining a logical and organized structure. With these basics in mind, you're well on your way to writing a compelling argumentative essay!

Choosing a Strong Topic

Alright, let's dive into the exciting world of choosing a strong topic for your argumentative essay! The key is to find a subject that sparks your interest and gets your audience fired up.

What Makes a Topic Arguable?

To ensure your topic is arguable, ask yourself these questions:

• Is it debatable? Can people have different opinions on the subject?
• Is it relevant to your audience? Will they find it interesting and engaging?
• Is it not too broad or too narrow? You want a topic that's just right!

Techniques for Generating Topic Ideas

Narrowing down your topic.

Once you have a list of potential topics, it's time to narrow it down:

• Consider your goals and purpose for the essay. What do you want to achieve?
• Ensure there is sufficient evidence available to support your argument.
• Test the topic by putting it in a general argument format, such as "Is...effective?" or "...should be allowed for..."

Remember, a strong argumentative essay topic should be debatable, relevant to your audience, and not too broad or too narrow. By following these guidelines and techniques, you'll be well on your way to choosing a topic that will make your essay shine!

Structuring Your Essay Effectively

Alright, let's talk about how to structure your argumentative essay like a pro! A well-organized essay is like a roadmap that guides your readers through your argument, making it easy for them to follow along and see things from your perspective.

The Building Blocks of a Winning Structure

Crafting a compelling argument.

• Present your perspective: Explain your stance on the topic clearly and concisely.
• Address the opposition: Acknowledge and refute counterarguments with solid evidence.
• Provide evidence: Back up your claims with facts, statistics, and expert opinions.
• Find common ground: Consider both sides of the issue and propose a middle ground, if possible.
• Conclude with conviction: Reinforce your thesis and summarize your main points, leaving a lasting impression.

Logical Flow and Organization

To ensure your essay is easy to follow, pay attention to:

• Clear transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion
• Body paragraphs that provide evidential support and explain how it connects to your thesis
• Consideration and explanation of differing viewpoints
• A conclusion that ties everything together and reinforces your argument

By structuring your essay effectively, you'll create a compelling and persuasive argument that leaves your readers convinced and impressed. So, go forth and organize your thoughts like a master debater!

Gathering and Evaluating Evidence

Alright, let's talk about gathering and evaluating evidence like a pro! This is where the real fun begins, as you dive into the world of research and uncover the juicy bits that will make your argumentative essay shine.

The Evidence Hunt

Using evidence effectively.

• Introduce the evidence and explain its significance.
• Show how the evidence supports your argument.
• Use quotations, paraphrasing, and summary to present the evidence.
• Always cite your sources properly.

Evaluating Evidence for Credibility

When assessing the credibility, accuracy, and reliability of your evidence, consider:

• The source: Is it primary or secondary? Is it reputable?
• Comparison with other sources: Does it align with or contradict other findings?
• Currency: Is the information up-to-date and relevant?
• Relevance: Does it directly support your claim and argument?

Evidence for Different Essay Types

• Literary Analysis Essays: Use quotes from the work itself or literary criticism.
• Research-Based Papers: Gather information from reliable sources, such as academic databases, libraries, and trusted websites.
• Document-Based Papers: Develop an argument based on provided documents, synthesizing material from at least three sources.

Putting It All Together

• Provide logical and persuasive evidence.
• Ensure your proof is appropriately documented.
• Consider your audience and present clear and convincing evidence.
• Explain the significance of each piece of evidence.
• Build evidence into your text strategically to prove your points.

Remember, well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information is key to supporting your thesis statement. By gathering and evaluating evidence like a pro, you'll be well on your way to crafting an argumentative essay that packs a punch!

Crafting a Persuasive Thesis Statement

Alright, let's dive into the art of crafting a persuasive thesis statement that will make your argumentative essay shine like a beacon of brilliance!

The Power of a Strong Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is like the heart of your essay - it pumps life into your argument and keeps everything flowing smoothly. Here's what makes a thesis statement truly persuasive:

• It takes a stand: Your thesis should make a clear, debatable claim that people could reasonably have differing opinions on.
• It's specific: Narrow down your focus to make your argument more effective and easier to support with evidence.
• It's supportable: Make sure you can back up your claim with solid facts and reasoning.
• It's not just an announcement: Your thesis should do more than just state your topic - it should make an argument about it.

Crafting Your Persuasive Thesis: A Step-by-Step Guide

Examples of persuasive thesis statements.

• "The surge in plastic products during the 21st century has had a notable impact on climate change due to increased greenhouse gas emissions at every stage of its lifecycle, from production to disposal."
• "While social media provides rapid access to information, it has inadvertently become a conduit for misinformation, causing significant societal implications that call for more robust regulations."
• "While zoos have been popular attractions for centuries, they often cause more harm than good to the animals, making their closure imperative for animal welfare."

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Being too vague or broad
• Stating a fact instead of an argument
• Lacking focus or clarity
• Writing the thesis statement last

Remember, a persuasive thesis statement is the foundation of your argumentative essay. By crafting a clear, specific, and debatable claim that directly addresses your prompt, you'll set yourself up for success in convincing your readers to see things from your perspective. So go forth and argue with confidence!

Revising and Editing Your Essay

Alright, let's dive into the nitty-gritty of revising and editing your argumentative essay like a pro! This is where the magic happens, as you transform your rough draft into a polished masterpiece that will knock your readers' socks off.

The Revision Process: Making Your Essay Shine

Revising your essay involves taking a step back and looking at the big picture. It's all about making changes to the content, organization, and source material to ensure your argument is clear, well-supported, and logically structured.

• Check the clarity and support of your argument
• Evaluate the organization and logical flow of your essay
• Ensure proper integration and citation of sources

The Editing Process: Polishing Your Prose

Once you've revised your essay, it's time to put on your editing hat and focus on the sentence-level details. This is where you'll hunt down those pesky grammatical, punctuation, and typographical errors that can detract from your brilliant argument.

Tips and Tricks for Effective Revision and Editing

• Allow time between writing and revising for a fresh perspective 
• Read your essay aloud to identify awkward phrasing or unclear points 
• Get feedback from others and consider their suggestions
• Use the ARMS strategy for revision: Add, Remove, Move, and Substitute 
• After revising, write a clean draft for publication, taking all revisions into account 

Remember, the revision and editing process is crucial to transforming your argumentative essay from good to amazing. By carefully evaluating your essay and making necessary changes, you'll ensure that your argument is clear, well-supported, and persuasive.

So, roll up your sleeves, grab your red pen, and get ready to revise and edit your way to argumentative essay success!

Writing an effective argumentative essay is a skill that can be mastered with practice and dedication. By understanding the basics, choosing a strong topic, structuring your essay effectively, gathering and evaluating evidence, crafting a persuasive thesis statement, and revising and editing your work, you'll be well-equipped to create compelling arguments that leave a lasting impact on your readers.

As you embark on your argumentative essay writing journey, remember to approach each step with enthusiasm and an open mind. Embrace the power of persuasion, and let your unique voice shine through your writing. With these tools and techniques at your disposal, you're ready to tackle any argumentative essay that comes your way and make your mark in the world of persuasive writing.

What is an effective way to begin an argumentative essay? 

To effectively initiate an argumentative essay, start with an engaging hook or a sentence that grabs attention. Provide a brief summary of the texts involved, clearly state your claim by restating the essay prompt, and include a topic sentence that reaffirms your claim and your reasoning.

How should I structure the opening of my argumentative essay? 

The opening of an argumentative essay should establish the context by offering a general overview of the topic. The author should then highlight the significance of the topic or why it should matter to the readers. Concluding the introduction, the thesis statement should be presented, clearly outlining the main argument of the essay.

What is the initial step in crafting an argumentative essay? 

The first step in writing an argumentative essay is selecting a topic and formulating a strong thesis statement. Your thesis should state your claim, your position on the claim, and outline the primary points that will bolster your stance within the context of the chosen topic. This statement will guide the development of the essay's body paragraphs.

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