assignment on social contract theory

Search Menu
Browse content in Arts and Humanities
Browse content in Archaeology
Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology
Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Archaeology by Region
Archaeology of Religion
Archaeology of Trade and Exchange
Biblical Archaeology
Contemporary and Public Archaeology
Environmental Archaeology
Historical Archaeology
History and Theory of Archaeology
Industrial Archaeology
Landscape Archaeology
Mortuary Archaeology
Prehistoric Archaeology
Underwater Archaeology
Urban Archaeology
Zooarchaeology
Browse content in Architecture
Architectural Structure and Design
History of Architecture
Residential and Domestic Buildings
Theory of Architecture
Browse content in Art
Art Subjects and Themes
History of Art
Industrial and Commercial Art
Theory of Art
Biographical Studies
Byzantine Studies
Browse content in Classical Studies
Classical History
Classical Philosophy
Classical Mythology
Classical Literature
Classical Reception
Classical Art and Architecture
Classical Oratory and Rhetoric
Greek and Roman Papyrology
Greek and Roman Epigraphy
Greek and Roman Law
Greek and Roman Archaeology
Late Antiquity
Religion in the Ancient World
Digital Humanities
Browse content in History
Colonialism and Imperialism
Diplomatic History
Environmental History
Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours
Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
Historical Geography
History by Period
History of Emotions
History of Agriculture
History of Education
History of Gender and Sexuality
Industrial History
Intellectual History
International History
Labour History
Legal and Constitutional History
Local and Family History
Maritime History
Military History
National Liberation and Post-Colonialism
Oral History
Political History
Public History
Regional and National History
Revolutions and Rebellions
Slavery and Abolition of Slavery
Social and Cultural History
Theory, Methods, and Historiography
Urban History
World History
Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning
Language Learning (Specific Skills)
Language Teaching Theory and Methods
Browse content in Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
Cognitive Linguistics
Computational Linguistics
Forensic Linguistics
Grammar, Syntax and Morphology
Historical and Diachronic Linguistics
History of English
Language Evolution
Language Reference
Language Acquisition
Language Variation
Language Families
Lexicography
Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic Theories
Linguistic Typology
Phonetics and Phonology
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Translation and Interpretation
Writing Systems
Browse content in Literature
Bibliography
Children's Literature Studies
Literary Studies (Romanticism)
Literary Studies (American)
Literary Studies (Asian)
Literary Studies (European)
Literary Studies (Eco-criticism)
Literary Studies (Modernism)
Literary Studies - World
Literary Studies (1500 to 1800)
Literary Studies (19th Century)
Literary Studies (20th Century onwards)
Literary Studies (African American Literature)
Literary Studies (British and Irish)
Literary Studies (Early and Medieval)
Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers)
Literary Studies (Gender Studies)
Literary Studies (Graphic Novels)
Literary Studies (History of the Book)
Literary Studies (Plays and Playwrights)
Literary Studies (Poetry and Poets)
Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature)
Literary Studies (Queer Studies)
Literary Studies (Science Fiction)
Literary Studies (Travel Literature)
Literary Studies (War Literature)
Literary Studies (Women's Writing)
Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
Mythology and Folklore
Shakespeare Studies and Criticism
Browse content in Media Studies
Browse content in Music
Applied Music
Dance and Music
Ethics in Music
Ethnomusicology
Gender and Sexuality in Music
Medicine and Music
Music Cultures
Music and Media
Music and Religion
Music and Culture
Music Education and Pedagogy
Music Theory and Analysis
Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti
Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques
Musicology and Music History
Performance Practice and Studies
Race and Ethnicity in Music
Sound Studies
Browse content in Performing Arts
Browse content in Philosophy
Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art
Epistemology
Feminist Philosophy
History of Western Philosophy
Metaphysics
Moral Philosophy
Non-Western Philosophy
Philosophy of Language
Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Perception
Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Action
Philosophy of Law
Philosophy of Religion
Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
Practical Ethics
Social and Political Philosophy
Browse content in Religion
Biblical Studies
Christianity
East Asian Religions
History of Religion
Judaism and Jewish Studies
Qumran Studies
Religion and Education
Religion and Health
Religion and Politics
Religion and Science
Religion and Law
Religion and Art, Literature, and Music
Religious Studies
Browse content in Society and Culture
Cookery, Food, and Drink
Cultural Studies
Customs and Traditions
Ethical Issues and Debates
Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts
Lifestyle, Home, and Garden
Natural world, Country Life, and Pets
Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge
Sports and Outdoor Recreation
Technology and Society
Travel and Holiday
Visual Culture
Browse content in Law
Arbitration
Browse content in Company and Commercial Law
Commercial Law
Company Law
Browse content in Comparative Law
Systems of Law
Competition Law
Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law
Government Powers
Judicial Review
Local Government Law
Military and Defence Law
Parliamentary and Legislative Practice
Construction Law
Contract Law
Browse content in Criminal Law
Criminal Procedure
Criminal Evidence Law
Sentencing and Punishment
Employment and Labour Law
Environment and Energy Law
Browse content in Financial Law
Banking Law
Insolvency Law
History of Law
Human Rights and Immigration
Intellectual Property Law
Browse content in International Law
Private International Law and Conflict of Laws
Public International Law
IT and Communications Law
Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law
Law and Politics
Law and Society
Browse content in Legal System and Practice
Courts and Procedure
Legal Skills and Practice
Primary Sources of Law
Regulation of Legal Profession
Medical and Healthcare Law
Browse content in Policing
Criminal Investigation and Detection
Police and Security Services
Police Procedure and Law
Police Regional Planning
Browse content in Property Law
Personal Property Law
Study and Revision
Terrorism and National Security Law
Browse content in Trusts Law
Wills and Probate or Succession
Browse content in Medicine and Health
Browse content in Allied Health Professions
Arts Therapies
Clinical Science
Dietetics and Nutrition
Occupational Therapy
Operating Department Practice
Physiotherapy
Radiography
Speech and Language Therapy
Browse content in Anaesthetics
General Anaesthesia
Neuroanaesthesia
Clinical Neuroscience
Browse content in Clinical Medicine
Acute Medicine
Cardiovascular Medicine
Clinical Genetics
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Dermatology
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Gastroenterology
Genito-urinary Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Medical Toxicology
Medical Oncology
Pain Medicine
Palliative Medicine
Rehabilitation Medicine
Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology
Rheumatology
Sleep Medicine
Sports and Exercise Medicine
Community Medical Services
Critical Care
Emergency Medicine
Forensic Medicine
Haematology
History of Medicine
Browse content in Medical Skills
Clinical Skills
Communication Skills
Nursing Skills
Surgical Skills
Browse content in Medical Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Paediatric Dentistry
Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics
Surgical Dentistry
Medical Ethics
Medical Statistics and Methodology
Browse content in Neurology
Clinical Neurophysiology
Neuropathology
Nursing Studies
Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Gynaecology
Occupational Medicine
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology (ENT)
Browse content in Paediatrics
Neonatology
Browse content in Pathology
Chemical Pathology
Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
Histopathology
Medical Microbiology and Virology
Patient Education and Information
Browse content in Pharmacology
Psychopharmacology
Browse content in Popular Health
Caring for Others
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Self-help and Personal Development
Browse content in Preclinical Medicine
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Reproduction, Growth and Development
Primary Care
Professional Development in Medicine
Browse content in Psychiatry
Addiction Medicine
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Forensic Psychiatry
Learning Disabilities
Old Age Psychiatry
Psychotherapy
Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Public Health
Browse content in Radiology
Clinical Radiology
Interventional Radiology
Nuclear Medicine
Radiation Oncology
Reproductive Medicine
Browse content in Surgery
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery
General Surgery
Neurosurgery
Paediatric Surgery
Peri-operative Care
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Surgical Oncology
Transplant Surgery
Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
Vascular Surgery
Browse content in Science and Mathematics
Browse content in Biological Sciences
Aquatic Biology
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Developmental Biology
Ecology and Conservation
Evolutionary Biology
Genetics and Genomics
Microbiology
Molecular and Cell Biology
Natural History
Plant Sciences and Forestry
Research Methods in Life Sciences
Structural Biology
Systems Biology
Zoology and Animal Sciences
Browse content in Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Crystallography
Environmental Chemistry
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry
Mineralogy and Gems
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Polymer Chemistry
Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry
Theoretical Chemistry
Browse content in Computer Science
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Architecture and Logic Design
Game Studies
Human-Computer Interaction
Mathematical Theory of Computation
Programming Languages
Software Engineering
Systems Analysis and Design
Virtual Reality
Browse content in Computing
Business Applications
Computer Security
Computer Games
Computer Networking and Communications
Digital Lifestyle
Graphical and Digital Media Applications
Operating Systems
Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography
Atmospheric Sciences
Environmental Geography
Geology and the Lithosphere
Maps and Map-making
Meteorology and Climatology
Oceanography and Hydrology
Palaeontology
Physical Geography and Topography
Regional Geography
Soil Science
Urban Geography
Browse content in Engineering and Technology
Agriculture and Farming
Biological Engineering
Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building
Electronics and Communications Engineering
Energy Technology
Engineering (General)
Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology
History of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical Engineering and Materials
Technology of Industrial Chemistry
Transport Technology and Trades
Browse content in Environmental Science
Applied Ecology (Environmental Science)
Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science)
Environmental Sustainability
Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science)
Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science)
Natural Disasters (Environmental Science)
Nuclear Issues (Environmental Science)
Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science)
Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science)
History of Science and Technology
Browse content in Materials Science
Ceramics and Glasses
Composite Materials
Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion
Nanotechnology
Browse content in Mathematics
Applied Mathematics
Biomathematics and Statistics
History of Mathematics
Mathematical Education
Mathematical Finance
Mathematical Analysis
Numerical and Computational Mathematics
Probability and Statistics
Pure Mathematics
Browse content in Neuroscience
Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience
Development of the Nervous System
Disorders of the Nervous System
History of Neuroscience
Invertebrate Neurobiology
Molecular and Cellular Systems
Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System
Neuroscientific Techniques
Sensory and Motor Systems
Browse content in Physics
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Biological and Medical Physics
Classical Mechanics
Computational Physics
Condensed Matter Physics
Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics
History of Physics
Mathematical and Statistical Physics
Measurement Science
Nuclear Physics
Particles and Fields
Plasma Physics
Quantum Physics
Relativity and Gravitation
Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics
Browse content in Psychology
Affective Sciences
Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Criminal and Forensic Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
Health Psychology
History and Systems in Psychology
Music Psychology
Neuropsychology
Organizational Psychology
Psychological Assessment and Testing
Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction
Psychology Professional Development and Training
Research Methods in Psychology
Social Psychology
Browse content in Social Sciences
Browse content in Anthropology
Anthropology of Religion
Human Evolution
Medical Anthropology
Physical Anthropology
Regional Anthropology
Social and Cultural Anthropology
Theory and Practice of Anthropology
Browse content in Business and Management
Business Ethics
Business Strategy
Business History
Business and Technology
Business and Government
Business and the Environment
Comparative Management
Corporate Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility
Entrepreneurship
Health Management
Human Resource Management
Industrial and Employment Relations
Industry Studies
Information and Communication Technologies
International Business
Knowledge Management
Management and Management Techniques
Operations Management
Organizational Theory and Behaviour
Pensions and Pension Management
Public and Nonprofit Management
Strategic Management
Supply Chain Management
Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice
Criminology
Forms of Crime
International and Comparative Criminology
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
Development Studies
Browse content in Economics
Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics
Asian Economics
Behavioural Finance
Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics
Econometrics and Mathematical Economics
Economic History
Economic Systems
Economic Methodology
Economic Development and Growth
Financial Markets
Financial Institutions and Services
General Economics and Teaching
Health, Education, and Welfare
History of Economic Thought
International Economics
Labour and Demographic Economics
Law and Economics
Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
Microeconomics
Public Economics
Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
Welfare Economics
Browse content in Education
Adult Education and Continuous Learning
Care and Counselling of Students
Early Childhood and Elementary Education
Educational Equipment and Technology
Educational Strategies and Policy
Higher and Further Education
Organization and Management of Education
Philosophy and Theory of Education
Schools Studies
Secondary Education
Teaching of a Specific Subject
Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs
Teaching Skills and Techniques
Browse content in Environment
Applied Ecology (Social Science)
Climate Change
Conservation of the Environment (Social Science)
Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science)
Natural Disasters (Environment)
Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science)
Browse content in Human Geography
Cultural Geography
Economic Geography
Political Geography
Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies
Communication Studies
Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences
Browse content in Politics
African Politics
Asian Politics
Chinese Politics
Comparative Politics
Conflict Politics
Elections and Electoral Studies
Environmental Politics
European Union
Foreign Policy
Gender and Politics
Human Rights and Politics
Indian Politics
International Relations
International Organization (Politics)
International Political Economy
Irish Politics
Latin American Politics
Middle Eastern Politics
Political Behaviour
Political Economy
Political Institutions
Political Methodology
Political Communication
Political Philosophy
Political Sociology
Political Theory
Politics and Law
Public Policy
Public Administration
Quantitative Political Methodology
Regional Political Studies
Russian Politics
Security Studies
State and Local Government
UK Politics
US Politics
Browse content in Regional and Area Studies
African Studies
Asian Studies
East Asian Studies
Japanese Studies
Latin American Studies
Middle Eastern Studies
Native American Studies
Scottish Studies
Browse content in Research and Information
Research Methods
Browse content in Social Work
Addictions and Substance Misuse
Adoption and Fostering
Care of the Elderly
Child and Adolescent Social Work
Couple and Family Social Work
Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work
Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work
Emergency Services
Human Behaviour and the Social Environment
International and Global Issues in Social Work
Mental and Behavioural Health
Social Justice and Human Rights
Social Policy and Advocacy
Social Work and Crime and Justice
Social Work Macro Practice
Social Work Practice Settings
Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice
Welfare and Benefit Systems
Browse content in Sociology
Childhood Studies
Community Development
Comparative and Historical Sociology
Economic Sociology
Gender and Sexuality
Gerontology and Ageing
Health, Illness, and Medicine
Marriage and the Family
Migration Studies
Occupations, Professions, and Work
Organizations
Population and Demography
Race and Ethnicity
Social Theory
Social Movements and Social Change
Social Research and Statistics
Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Sociology of Religion
Sociology of Education
Sport and Leisure
Urban and Rural Studies
Browse content in Warfare and Defence
Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research
Land Forces and Warfare
Military Administration
Military Life and Institutions
Naval Forces and Warfare
Other Warfare and Defence Issues
Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution
Weapons and Equipment

< Previous chapter
Next chapter >

4 (page 46) p. 46 The social contract: consent of those governed

Published: September 2023
Cite Icon Cite
Permissions Icon Permissions

This chapter focuses on the concept of a social contract, which was accepted as the core of modern conceptions of democratic national governments. Social contract theory’s driving insight is that legitimate government requires the consent of those governed. Moreover, early social contract theory offered new ideas about the best form and origins of governments. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau contributed to the modern theory of the social contract based on the fiction of the state of nature to justify forms of government relevant to their historical circumstances and the interests that they represented.

Signed in as

Institutional accounts.

Google Scholar Indexing
GoogleCrawler [DO NOT DELETE]

Personal account

Sign in with email/username & password
Get email alerts
Save searches
Purchase content
Activate your purchase/trial code
Add your ORCID iD

Institutional access

Sign in with username/password
Recommend to your librarian
Institutional account management
Get help with access

Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:

IP based access

Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.

Sign in through your institution

Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutionâ€™s website and Oxford Academic.

Click Sign in through your institution.
Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutionâ€™s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.

Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.

Society Members

Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:

Sign in through society site

Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see â€˜Sign in through society siteâ€™ in the sign in pane within a journal:

Click Sign in through society site.
When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.

If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.

Sign in using a personal account

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.

A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.

Viewing your signed in accounts

Click the account icon in the top right to:

View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
View the institutional accounts that are providing access.

Signed in but can't access content

Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.

For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.

Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.

About Oxford Academic
Publish journals with us
University press partners
What we publish
New features
Open access
Rights and permissions
Accessibility
Advertising
Media enquiries
Oxford University Press
Oxford Languages
University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
Cookie settings
Cookie policy
Privacy policy
Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

McCombs School of Business

Español ( Spanish )

Videos Concepts Unwrapped View All 36 short illustrated videos explain behavioral ethics concepts and basic ethics principles. Concepts Unwrapped: Sports Edition View All 10 short videos introduce athletes to behavioral ethics concepts. Ethics Defined (Glossary) View All 58 animated videos - 1 to 2 minutes each - define key ethics terms and concepts. Ethics in Focus View All One-of-a-kind videos highlight the ethical aspects of current and historical subjects. Giving Voice To Values View All Eight short videos present the 7 principles of values-driven leadership from Gentile's Giving Voice to Values. In It To Win View All A documentary and six short videos reveal the behavioral ethics biases in super-lobbyist Jack Abramoff's story. Scandals Illustrated View All 30 videos - one minute each - introduce newsworthy scandals with ethical insights and case studies. Video Series

Ethics Defined UT Star Icon

Social Contract Theory

Social Contract Theory is the idea that society exists because of an implicitly agreed-to set of standards that provide moral and political rules of behavior.

Social contract theory says that people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior. Some people believe that if we live according to a social contract, we can live morally by our own choice and not because a divine being requires it.

Over the centuries, philosophers as far back as Socrates have tried to describe the ideal social contract, and to explain how existing social contracts have evolved. Philosopher Stuart Rachels suggests that morality is the set of rules governing behavior that rational people accept, on the condition that others accept them too.

Social contracts can be explicit, such as laws, or implicit, such as raising one’s hand in class to speak. The U.S. Constitution is often cited as an explicit example of part of America’s social contract. It sets out what the government can and cannot do. People who choose to live in America agree to be governed by the moral and political obligations outlined in the Constitution’s social contract.

Indeed, regardless of whether social contracts are explicit or implicit, they provide a valuable framework for harmony in society.

Related Terms

Justice is a complicated concept that at its core requires fairness.

Morals are society’s accepted principles of right conduct that enable people to live cooperatively.

Prosocial Behavior

Prosocial Behavior occurs when people voluntarily help others.

Veil of Ignorance

The Veil of Ignorance is a device for helping people more fairly envision a fair society by pretending that they are ignorant of their personal circumstances.

Stay Informed

Support our work.

Social Contract Theory

November 20, 2023

Explore the essentials of social contract theory, its key thinkers, and its impact on modern governance and ethical norms in society.

Main, P. (2023, November 20). Social Contract Theory. Structural Learning. Retrieved from https://www.structural-learning.com/post/social-contract-theory

What is the Social Contract Theory?

Social Contract Theory, a cornerstone in the edifice of political philosophy , offers a window into the intricate relationship between individual people and societal structures . At its core, this theory posits that members of a society implicitly agree to surrender some freedoms to authority figures in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. This conceptual framework, championed by social contract theorists, delves into the origins of moral and political order, examining how collective agreements shape human life.

The theory's roots can be traced back to the Enlightenment era, where thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau pondered over the human condition in a 'state of nature' – a hypothetical life without political institutions. They argued that rational individuals would agree to form a society governed by mutual obligations, moving away from the brutish, solitary life that characterizes the state of nature. This transition, according to them, is guided by an inherent understanding of moral codes and the laws of nature.

In the 20th century, John Rawls revitalized the theory with his 'theory of justice', which reimagined the social contract as a fair agreement among equals. Rawls' perspective underscores the role of moral persons in shaping a just society, where political power is exercised in ways that are beneficial to all, especially the least advantaged. His ideas resonate profoundly in modern society , where equity and fairness in educational and political institutions are increasingly scrutinized.

Social Contract Theory offers a lens to view the evolution of societal norms and the balance between individual liberty and collective good. It remains a dominant theory in understanding the philosophical underpinnings of modern governance and social structures .

Key ideas to explore:

The Foundation of Societal Agreements : How implicit contracts form the basis of societal structures and individual relationships with authority.
Role of Rational Individuals : The impact of rational thinking in shaping political and moral frameworks within societies.
Evolution from Theory to Practice : The transition of Social Contract Theory from philosophical discourse to practical applications in modern political and educational systems.

Overview of the History of Social Contract Theory

The history of social contract theory dates back to ancient Greece, with the contributions of Socrates. Socrates believed that individuals enter into a social contract voluntarily in order to establish a just and moral society. However, it was Thomas Hobbes who popularized the concept of social contract theory in the 17th century.

Hobbes argued that in a state of nature, without any governing authority , individuals would suffer a constant fear of violent death. To avoid this, they willingly enter into a social contract where they surrender certain freedoms to a sovereign ruler in exchange for protection and security.

This idea was further developed by John Locke in the 17th century. Locke emphasized the importance of individual rights and believed that the purpose of the social contract was to protect these rights. He argued that if a government failed to do so, individuals had the right to rebel and establish a new social contract.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau contributed to the theory in the 18th century with his idea of the "general will." He believed that in order for a society to be just, decisions should be made collectively, considering the common good rather than individual interests.

Overall, social contract theory proposes that moral and political obligations are dependent on a contract or agreement among individuals to form a society. This theory has shaped modern political thought and continues to be relevant in discussions on governance and individual rights .

Overview of Key Contributors to Social Contract Theory

Social contract theory is a philosophical concept that explores the origin and nature of society and the obligations individuals have towards one another. Several key contributors have shaped this theory over time, each presenting their unique perspectives.

One of the earliest thinkers to delve into social contract theory is Thomas Hobbes. In his work Leviathan, Hobbes argued that humans naturally exist in a state of chaos and self-interest , known as the state of nature. According to Hobbes, individuals enter into a social contract to establish a sovereign ruler, giving up certain liberties in exchange for protection and order.

John Locke, another influential figure, offered a contrasting viewpoint. Locke posited that humans have inalienable rights, including life, liberty, and property. He argued that the purpose of government is to protect these rights, and if the government fails to do so, individuals have the right to rebel.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau proposed a different interpretation, emphasizing the concept of the collective will. Rousseau believed that society corrupts individuals, and true freedom can only be achieved through direct democracy where citizens make decisions collectively.

Immanuel Kant built upon these theories, emphasizing the moral aspect of social contract theory. He argued that individuals should act according to universal moral principles that can be justified through reason.

These key contributors to social contract theory presented distinct theories and ideas , shaping our understanding of society and the relationships between individuals and the state.

John Locke, an influential Enlightenment thinker, was born on August 29, 1632, in Wrington, Somerset, England. Throughout his life, Locke made significant contributions to various fields such as political philosophy, epistemology, and education. His ideas continue to shape modern democratic societies and serve as a foundation for many governmental systems around the world.

Locke's works, particularly his most famous work, "Two Treatises of Government," had a profound impact on the development of human rights, individual freedom, and the concept of a social contract. His theories on natural rights, limited government, and the consent of the governed laid the groundwork for the American Constitution and the principles upon which many liberal democracies are based.

Furthermore, Locke's epistemological theories provided a basis for empiricism, the idea that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than innate ideas. In the realm of education, Locke emphasized the importance of fostering critical thinking , self-reflection, and individual cultivation of knowledge .

Locke's revolutionary ideas continue to be studied and discussed by scholars today, solidifying his legacy as a prominent figure in the history of philosophy and political thought.

Biography of John Locke

John Locke (1632-1704) was an English philosopher and political theorist, widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Wrington, Somerset, England, Locke pursued an education at Oxford and eventually became a prominent figure in the intellectual circles of his time.

Locke's most influential work is undoubtedly his Two Treatises on Government, published in 1689. In this work, he argues for the natural rights and liberties of individuals and the limitations of government power. Locke's ideas on government, particularly his assertion that political authority should be based on the consent of the governed, heavily influenced the development of democratic thought and revolutions in the United States.

Locke's belief in the right to life, liberty, and property also played a significant role in shaping the American Revolution and the drafting of the United States Constitution. His ideas on individual rights and limited government were incorporated into the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights.

John Locke's impact on democratic revolutions, his influential political writings, particularly the Two Treatises on Government, continue to be highly respected and studied to this day. His emphasis on individual rights and limited government has left a lasting legacy on democratic societies worldwide.

Contributions to Social Contract Theory by Locke

John Locke, one of the most influential Enlightenment philosophers, made significant contributions to the social contract theory. Central to his perspective was his understanding of the state of nature and why individuals agree to establish a commonwealth.

Locke argued that in the state of nature, where there is no organized government, individuals are inherently equal and possess natural rights. These rights include the right to life, liberty, and property. However, the state of nature is also marked by insecurity and potential conflict , as there is no central authority to enforce and protect these natural rights.

To escape the chaos of the state of nature, individuals voluntarily agree to form a commonwealth or civil society. By entering into this social contract, individuals give up some of their freedoms but gain the benefits of a government that upholds and protects their natural rights. According to Locke, the purpose of government is to preserve and protect these fundamental rights.

Importantly, Locke believed that the obligation to obey civil government was contingent upon the government's ability to fulfill its role in safeguarding natural rights. If a government fails to protect these rights or becomes tyrannical, individuals retain the right to dissolve the social contract and establish a new government that better serves its purpose.

John Locke's contributions to the social contract theory include his perspective on the state of nature and the reasons individuals enter into a commonwealth. Furthermore, his belief that the obligation to obey the government is conditional upon the protection of natural rights reflects his commitment to the autonomy and well-being of individuals in a just society .

Criticisms of John Locke’s Ideas on Social Contract Theory

John Locke, a prominent philosopher, is often credited with developing the concept of social contract theory. While his ideas have had a significant impact in shaping modern democratic societies, it is crucial to consider the criticisms that have been raised against his theory, particularly in relation to law enforcement.

One criticism of Locke's social contract theory is the limited scope it offers for government authority and law enforcement. Some argue that Locke's emphasis on the preservation of individual rights and limited government power underestimates the important role law enforcement plays in maintaining societal order.

Additionally, critics highlight moral dilemmas that arise from Locke's theory. The concept of consent, which forms the basis of the social contract, can present challenges when applied to law enforcement, as individuals may not always consent to be subject to the authority of the state. This raises questions about how to handle individuals who refuse to recognize or abide by laws, posing a potential threat to society.

Critics also argue that Locke's theory fails to adequately address power imbalances within society and the potential for abuses by law enforcement authorities. Without sufficient checks and balances, law enforcement agencies may exploit their authority, infringing upon the rights of citizens and undermining the principles of justice and equality.

While John Locke's ideas on social contract theory have undoubtedly influenced the principles of modern governance, criticisms regarding their application to law enforcement should not be overlooked. The limitations on government authority and potential moral dilemmas surrounding consent and power imbalances deserve thoughtful consideration when examining the role of law enforcement within a democratic society.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an influential philosopher, writer, and composer who lived in the 18th century. Known for his innovative ideas and controversial perspectives on politics, education, and society, Rousseau's work also played a crucial role in shaping the Enlightenment period.

His profound writings, such as "The Social Contract" and "Emile," challenged the existing social order and advocated for individual freedom and the importance of nature in human development. Rousseau's philosophy emphasized the innate goodness of human beings while critiquing the corrupting influence of civilization and social institutions.

This introduction will explore Rousseau's ideas on the state of nature, the social contract, and his key contributions to educational theory .

Biography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a key figure in the Enlightenment, was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1712. He had a tumultuous life, marked by financial struggles, multiple affairs, and a series of estrangements from his children.

Rousseau's intellectual contributions were wide-ranging and influential. He published various works on political philosophy, education, and music. His ideas challenged traditional notions of government and society, emphasizing the importance of individual freedoms and the need for a more egalitarian social order. His belief in the natural goodness of humans contrasted sharply with prevailing theories of original sin.

Rousseau actively participated in the Enlightenment through his involvement in the Encyclopédie project. This monumental publication sought to compile and disseminate knowledge on a wide range of subjects, and Rousseau contributed articles on music and political economy.

He also frequented the salons in Paris, which were intellectual gatherings where thinkers and artists exchanged ideas. These salons provided Rousseau with a platform to discuss his political theories and engage in lively debates with other Enlightenment figures such as Voltaire and Diderot.

Rousseau's most notable works include his two social contract theories. In "The Social Contract," he argued that a legitimate state must be based on the consent of its citizens and that power should be vested in the general will. In "Discourse on Inequality," he explored the origins of inequality and its impact on human society.

Overall, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's biography illustrates his significant contributions to the Enlightenment and his lasting impact on political philosophy and social theory .

Contributions to Social Contract Theory by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau ideas differed greatly from those of his predecessors, John Locke and Thomas Hobbes.

Rousseau's collectivist conception of social contract theory emphasized the collective wellbeing of society over individual interests. He believed that individuals voluntarily give up their rights and freedoms to create a society that works for the common good. Rousseau argued that the social contract is formed to promote equality and social justice.

One of Rousseau's key contributions was his concept of the "general will." According to him, the general will is not merely the sum of individual wills but represents the collective interest of all society. Unlike Locke, who focused on protecting individual rights, Rousseau argued that the general will should guide the decision-making process in a society.

Furthermore, Rousseau's luminous conception of sovereignty challenged the idea held by Hobbes that sovereignty should come from a single ruler or government. Instead, Rousseau suggested that sovereignty lies with the people as a whole. In this view, the people have the ultimate authority and can collectively decide what is best for themselves.

Rousseau's political theory differs greatly from Locke and Hobbes in his emphasis on the common interest and the collective wellbeing of society. Instead of prioritizing individual rights, Rousseau's contributions to social contract theory lay in his collective vision and his belief in the power of the general will.

Criticisms of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Ideas on Social Contract Theory

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's social contract theory ideas have long been praised and criticized. While his theory emphasizes the idea of a collective agreement between individuals to form a society, there are several criticisms and objections against his theory.

One of the main objections raised against Rousseau's social contract theory is the unrealistic assumption of the state of nature. Rousseau argues that in the absence of society, individuals live in a peaceful and harmonious natural state, where their needs are met without conflict. However, critics argue that this assumption does not reflect the reality of human nature, as individuals are inherently self-interested and driven by selfish motives.

Another criticism is the lack of individual rights and freedoms in Rousseau's theory. His focus on the general will and the collective good often neglects the rights of individuals. Critics argue that this emphasis on the general will can lead to the suppression of individual liberties and the majority imposing their will on the minority.

Furthermore, Rousseau's theory is criticized for its lack of practicality. While his ideas on the social contract may offer an idealistic view of society, critics argue that they fail to provide practical solutions for the complexities and challenges that arise in real-world societies.

Rousseau's social contract theory has faced significant criticisms and objections. From the unrealistic assumption of the state of nature to the neglect of individual rights and practicality concerns, these criticisms highlight the limitations and flaws in his ideas.

Comparing the Key Theorists

Here is a comparative table outlining different perspectives on social contract theory by three prominent political philosophers. This table helps us understand the differences and similarities between these theories, especially in terms of human nature, political society, sovereign power, and their impact on daily lives and history.

It encapsulates the core ideas of each philosopher, highlighting their unique perspectives on the nature of human behavior, the role of political society, and the implications of their theories in both historical and contemporary contexts.

Ethical Implications of Social Contracts

There are numerous ethical implications of social contracts:

Ethical implications of social contracts in relation to democratic institutions arise from the necessity of ensuring fairness, justice, and accountability within the framework of governance.
Social contracts are agreements between the people and the government, binding both parties to certain rights and responsibilities.
In a democratic society, the ethical implications of social contracts lie in the need to protect individual freedoms, promote equality, and maintain the social welfare of the people.
Democratic institutions should uphold ethical values such as transparency, accountability, and the rule of law in order to honor the social contract.
Ethical implications also extend to the government's responsibility to protect the rights of all individuals, including minority groups, and to create and enforce laws that promote the common good.
The social contract also places responsibilities on the people, such as obeying the laws and supporting the democratic process through informed participation.
Ethical issues may arise when the government fails to fulfill its obligations outlined in the social contract, such as suppressing dissent, violating human rights, or engaging in corruption.
Additionally, the social contract may be challenged when the government restricts or infringes upon individual rights in the name of national security or public interest.
Upholding the ethical implications of social contracts in democratic institutions requires constant evaluation, dialogue, and accountability to ensure that the rights and responsibilities of both the people and the government are balanced and respected.

Applications of the Social Contract Theory

In this section, we delve into the diverse applications of Social Contract Theory, exploring how its principles influence various aspects of society, from governance and law to ethical norms and educational practices.

1. Government Legitimacy: The Social Contract Theory provides a framework for understanding the legitimacy of governing authorities. It argues that the government's power is derived from the consent of the governed, and that citizens willingly surrender some of their individual freedoms in exchange for protection and the common good.

2. Legal Rights and Responsibilities: The theory helps establish the rights and responsibilities of individuals within a society. It defines the boundaries of freedom and helps create laws and regulations that promote fairness, justice, and individual rights.

3. Social Stability: The Social Contract Theory emphasizes the importance of maintaining social stability in a society. By agreeing to abide by a set of rules and laws, individuals contribute to the creation of a cohesive and harmonious society where conflicts are resolved through peaceful means.

4. Social Welfare: This theory also touches upon the concept of social welfare, highlighting the responsibility of the government towards its citizens. It argues that the government has a duty to provide for the basic needs of its citizens and ensure a minimal level of well-being for all.

5. Democracy: The principles of the Social Contract Theory are fundamental to the concept of democracy. It asserts that power is vested in the people and that they have the right to participate in the decision-making process. This theory serves as a basis for democratic institutions and practices.

The Social Contract Theory helps us understand the relationship between rules and laws in a society. It suggests that rules and laws are established through a mutual agreement between the government and the citizens. The citizens willingly give up certain freedoms and abide by the laws in exchange for protection and the common good.

This understanding helps establish the authority and legitimacy of rules and laws in a society, as they are seen as a product of a social contract rather than arbitrary impositions.

The Social Contract Theory also explains how it can deliver society from a state of nature to a flourishing society. In a state of nature, individuals are driven by self-interest, leading to a chaotic and unstable society.

The social contract brings individuals together through a mutual agreement, establishing a system of rules, laws, and institutions. These structures promote social cooperation , resolve conflicts peacefully, and create a harmonious and flourishing society where the needs of all individuals are met.

The Social Contract Theory has several applications, including establishing government legitimacy, defining rights and responsibilities, ensuring social stability, promoting social welfare, and supporting democratic practices. It helps us understand the relationship between rules and laws and how the social contract can transform a state of nature into a flourishing society.

Social Contract Theory in the Digital Age

In the digital age, where societies heavily rely on digital technologies, the relevance and implications of social contract theory have become increasingly evident.

With the advent of digital advancements , the concept of consent and the individual-government relationship undergo significant transformations. In the digital realm, consent is at the center of individuals' interactions with technology and governments. The collection and use of personal data by governments and private companies raise questions about informed consent and the protection of individual privacy.

Digital advancements also influence the individual-government relationship, as governments utilize technologies to monitor citizens and enforce rules. This raises concerns about the balance between security and freedom, with increased surveillance through digital means potentially infringing upon individuals' rights.

In conclusion, the digital age has brought about new dimensions to the social contract theory. Consent and the relationship between individuals and governments are profoundly impacted by digital advancements.

As society continues to grapple with the implications of these technological developments , it is crucial to critically analyze and adapt the social contract to ensure that individual autonomy and privacy are protected in this digital era.

Enhance Learner Outcomes Across Your School

Download an Overview of our Support and Resources

We'll send it over now.

Please fill in the details so we can send over the resources.

What type of school are you?

We'll get you the right resource

Is your school involved in any staff development projects?

Are your colleagues running any research projects or courses?

Do you have any immediate school priorities?

Please check the ones that apply.

Download your resource

Thanks for taking the time to complete this form, submit the form to get the tool.

The Hypothetical Social Contract Theory

Cite this chapter.

Michael Huemer 2

726 Accesses

1 Altmetric

As we have seen, the traditional claim that individuals have consented to the state cannot plausibly be defended. Hypothetical social contract theorists turn instead to the claim that individuals would consent to the state under certain hypothetical conditions. 1 These conditions may involve stipulations regarding the knowledge, degree of rationality, and motivations of the parties to the social contract, in addition to the stipulation that all members of a society be given a choice as to what sort of society they shall live in. The fact that we would have agreed to a given arrangement in a particular hypothetical scenario is thought to legitimize that arrangement and generate obligations to support it. This approach has the dialectical advantage of avoiding the sort of dependence on empirical facts about the actual world that proved the downfall of the traditional social contract theory.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Available as EPUB and PDF
Read on any device
Instant download
Own it forever
Compact, lightweight edition
Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
Free shipping worldwide - see info
Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

The Classic Social Contract Tradition

Autonomy for Contract, Refined

Approval Theory and Social Contract

Author information, authors and affiliations.

University of Colorado, Boulder, USA

Michael Huemer

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

About this chapter

Huemer, M. (2013). The Hypothetical Social Contract Theory. In: The Problem of Political Authority. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137281661_3

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137281661_3

Publisher Name : Palgrave Macmillan, London

Print ISBN : 978-1-137-28165-4

Online ISBN : 978-1-137-28166-1

eBook Packages : Palgrave Religion & Philosophy Collection Philosophy and Religion (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Find a journal
Track your research

Find Study Materials for

Explanations
Business Studies
Combined Science
Computer Science
Engineering
English Literature
Environmental Science
Human Geography
Macroeconomics
Microeconomics
Social Studies
Browse all subjects
Read our Magazine

Create Study Materials

Flashcards Create and find the best flashcards.
Notes Create notes faster than ever before.
Study Sets Everything you need for your studies in one place.
Study Plans Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features.
Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract

Do you believe it's necessary to have laws to keep order in society? Or do you think it would be better if everyone just was allowed to do whatever they want, regardless of it might hurt other people? If you do believe there should be laws, you have something in common with Thomas Hobbes.

Create learning materials about Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract with our free learning app!

Instand access to millions of learning materials
Flashcards, notes, mock-exams and more
Everything you need to ace your exams
Birth of the USA
Crime and Punishment in Britain
Democracy and Dictatorship in Germany
Early Modern Spain
Elizabethan Era
Emergence of USA as a World Power
European History
Absolutism in Russia
Absolutist France
Adam Smith and Capitalism
Age of Anxiety
Age of Exploration
Age of Metternich
Atheism in the Enlightenment
Austrian Hungarian Empire
Cold War in Europe
Commonwealth of England
Communism in Europe
Concert of Europe
Conquistadors
Constitutionalism in England
Council of Trent
Counter Reformation
Decolonization
Denis Diderot
Eastern Europe
Economic Integration
Edwardian Reformation
Elizabethan Settlement
English Bill of Rights
Enlightenment & Religion
Enlightenment Ideologies
Enlightenment Thinkers
Europe WWII
European Explorers
European Renaissance
European Wars
Existentialism
Factory System
Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ferdinand Magellan
First Industrial Revolution
Francois Quesnay
French Wars of Religion
G.W.F Hegel
Giuseppe Mazzini
Globalization in Europe
Glorious Revolution
Harold Godwinson
Henry the Navigator
House of Medici
Immigration
Interwar Period
Italian Renaissance
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jeremy Bentham
Johannes Gutenberg
John Stuart Mill
Karl Marx and Communism
Leonardo Da Vinci
Marian Restoration
Michelangelo
Moderate Phase of the French Revolution
Modern Warfare
National Convention French Revolution
Nazism and Hitler
Neoclassicism
New Imperialism
New Monarchies
Northern Renaissance
Old Imperialism
Origins of Enlightenment
Peace of Westphalia
Peter the Great
Petition of Right
Political Changes In Europe
Political Ideologies of the 19th Century
Post War Europe
Post War Nationalism
Radical Phase of French Revolution
Raphael Painter
Realpolitik
Religion in Europe
Religious Divisions
Renaissance Art
Revolutions of 1848
Rise of Political Parties
Robespierre
Royal Absolutism
Second Empire
Soviet Union Economy
Storming of the Bastille
The Abolition of Feudalism
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
The English Civil War
The English Reformation
The German Unification
The King's Great Matter
The New World
The Stuart Restoration
Totalitarianism
US Involvement in WW2
Ulrich Zwingli
Unification of Italy
Vasco da Gama
War of the Roses
War of the Spanish Succession
Wars of Religion
Modern Britain
Modern World History
Political Stability In Germany
Protestant Reformation
Public Health In UK
Spread of Islam
The Crusades
The French Revolution
The Mughal Empire
Tsarist and Communist Russia
Viking History

Hobbes was an English philosopher who believed in the need for a social contract between people that limited their freedoms in the name of the greater good. Learn about Thomas Hobbes and the social contract as well as how other later Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke challenged some of his views.

Thomas Hobbes: A Man Shaped by His Experiences

Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588. He studied at Oxford and spent much of his life working as a tutor for an aristocratic family. By the 1640s, he became known for a number of philosophical works he had published.

It is around this time that Hobbes witnessed the horrors of war that would shape his political views and beliefs. The English Civil War was fought between 1642 and 1651 and most likely influenced his ideas of the social contract.

Hobbes spent much of the war in exile in France. However, he looked on with horror at the death and destruction in his native country. He had already been an outspoken supporter of absolute monarchy. The events of the war only reaffirmed that view and contributed to his ideas about human nature in what he called the "state of nature."

English Civil War

The English Civil War involved a series of conflicts between those supporting the Parliament and those supporting the monarchy of Charles I. The wars ultimately resulted in Charles being executed, and Parliament ruling England until a restoration of the monarchy in 1660.

However, now the king only ruled with Parliament's consent, and the Parliament chose a new king in the 1668 Glorious Revolution, establishing England and the later union of Great Britain as a true parliamentary monarchy where the king's power was checked by a legislature.

Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract and the State of Nature

Hobbes developed a theory of human nature in what he called the "state of nature." The state of nature was a hypothetical state in the past with no government or laws.

For Hobbes, the state of nature was one of constant competition, violence, and danger. With all men being relatively equal, none could ever establish dominance or security.

To help imagine Hobbes's idea of the state of nature, think about a group of humans competing for an apple. The tallest person may be able to get the apple from the tree the easiest. However, a more crafty one might be able to make plans to steal the apple. The strongest person may just take the apple by force, using violence if necessary. Finally, someone else could always just kill the strongest person in their sleep and take the apple for themselves.

This is an admittedly bleak view of human nature and Hobbes essentially saw the state of nature as one of perpetual war.

Continual fear, and danger of violent death, and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" 1

Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract, Portrait of Thomas Hobbes, StudySmarter

Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract Theory

Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory was based on the idea that human beings entered into an unwritten agreement with each other to escape from this warlike state of nature. This is what he referred to as the social contract.

For Thomas Hobbes, social contract theory was necessary to allow society to flourish. Without the social contract, humans could never move past the simple day to day search for food and survival. There would be no reason to develop agriculture or industry, because your hard work could just be taken from you by someone else.

In such condition, there is no place for Industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain, and consequently no Cultivation, no Navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by Sea, no Building, no Instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force, no Knowledge of the face of the Earth, no account of Time, no Arts, no Letters, no Society" 2

Thomas Hobbes and the Social Contract's Definition

Thomas Hobbes's social contract's definition was based on what he thought was the logical arrangement humans would make to escape this state of nature.

This is an abstract idea, and it shouldn't be thought of as a physical contract everyone has signed. To help understand it, think about your school. You and your classmates have not signed a contract that gives your teachers power over you, but you generally accept it to be the case in a sort of social contract.

Imagine your school with no rules. Sure, you could do whatever you want and that might be fun, for a while. If you decided you wanted someone else's lunch, you could just take it, at least assuming you were stronger, faster, or craftier than that person. However, you could also be the person whose lunch was taken or maybe that person would try to take revenge on you in some way. It would be difficult for anyone to ever just eat their lunch in peace.

It follows that, in such a condition, every man has a Right to everything--even to one another's body. And therefore, as long as this natural Right of every man to own everything exists, there can be no security to any man--no matter how strong or wise he is." 3

Instead, applying the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and the social contract, you can appeal to your teachers if someone takes your lunch. They can then decide who was right or wrong and, if necessary, apply a punishment. As unfair as you think your teachers are sometimes, this situation is probably preferable to no authority at all.

Applying that to society in general is a good way to think of Thomas Hobbes and the social contract's definition.

To put it more simply the definition Thomas Hobbes's social contract is giving up complete freedom to do whatever you want in exchange for security . This allows you to live your life, develop your talents, acquire wealth, or simply eat your lunch, without having to constantly look over your soldier worrying someone will take it from you.

Thomas Hobbes and The Leviathan

Hobbes's best-known work is The Leviathan , published in 1651. It is in this work that the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and social contract theory were expressed. In it, he argues people give up their freedom and submit to the power of a government, or what he called a sovereign, to rule them in the name escaping the state of nature.

Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract, Leviathan Cover, StudySmarter

He describes three potential types of sovereign government, a monarchy, an aristocracy, and a democracy. Hobbes argued the best type of sovereign was an absolute monarchy, with broad and unchecked power, including the ability to censor opposing ideas. He also explicitly rejected the idea that people had the right to change their government.

I authorize and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men" 4

Difference Between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's Social Contract

Thomas Hobbes's social contract definition and theory are often contrasted with that of John Locke.

Locke's More Optimistic View of the State of Nature

The difference between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's social contract is primarily due to Locke's completely different view of human nature.

Locke saw the state of nature as governed by natural laws where men did respect the "life, liberty, and property" of others. Unlike Hobbes, he did not see man in a perpetual state of war when living in the state of nature.

However, Locke recognized that some would violate these natural laws, taking man from a state of nature to a state of war. It is to prevent this that the social contract must be made, and government formed. In this way he is not totally unlike Hobbes, but he viewed the role of government differently.

Locke's Support for Just Government

This differing view of the role of government is the other key difference between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's social contract. Locke saw government's most important role as protecting the lives, liberty, and property of individuals. In the case that the government is failing to successfully do this, he argued people have a right to change that government.

Jean Jacques Rosseau, a French Enlightenment philosopher saw the social contract similar to Locke and also argued for the necessity of just government that ensured the rights of people and the collective good.

Hobbes, on the other hand, believed people must accept their leaders' rule in all cases to prevent a return to the state of nature.

Therefore, the difference between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's social contract was not so much on the social contract itself, since both believed man gave up some freedom to construct a government that served their collective interests, but on whether people had a right to change their government if they no longer felt it best served them.

Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract, Portrait of John Locke, StudySmarter

Considering Context

It can be easy to simply conclude that Hobbes was a pessimist and Locke an optimist. However, it's worth considering their contexts. Hobbes lived through a time when the monarchy was the only form of government that had existed and challenges to it resulted in a bloody civil war. Meanwhile, Locke had seen a successful challenge to monarchy and calls for more just government and his ideas represented an acceptance and evolution of that idea. Think about other political philosophers and ideas and how they may have been shaped by their context.

Thomas Hobbes's Social Contract Theory Legacy and Impact

Most democratic governments today are based on Locke's and Rousseau's ideas of government more than Hobbes's. However, that does not mean Hobbes's idea of the social contract and state of nature does not remain influential.

He was the first political philosopher to explicitly express this idea, and it is generally agreed today that we have to give up some freedom to do whatever want whenever we want in the name of the greater good and collective security, whether that be following laws, accepting the ruling of judges, not running a red light when we are in a hurry, or not taking your friend's lunch that looks tastier than yours.

Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract - Key takeaways

Thomas Hobbes's social contract theory was based on the idea that human beings give up their freedoms to avoid living in the state of nature.
Hobbes's view of the state of nature was one of constant competition and the threat of violence and death.
For Hobbes, the best form of government was one of absolute monarchy.
Hobbes's ideas of human nature and the social contract contrasted with Locke's ideas that humans were inherently good, and government could be replaced if they did not uphold the natural laws that protected life, liberty, and property.

1. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan , 1651.

2. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan , 1651.

3. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan , 1651.

4. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan , 1651.

Flashcards inThomas Hobbes and Social Contract 10

How did Thomas Hobbes describe the state of nature?

One of perpetual warfare or competition and the threat of violence.

What was Hobbes's idea of the state of nature?

It was a hypothetical time before government.

What was the name of Hobbes's most influential work?

The Leviathan

What was the best kind of government in Hobbes's opinion?

An absolute monarchy with a powerful ruler.

Did Hobbes believe people had the right to change government if they believed it to be bad?

No, Hobbes believed everyone had to submit to the government's rule.

Why did Hobbes think the social contract was necessary?

He believed it was the logical result of people wanting to escape the state of nature where they were constantly in danger.

Learn with 10 Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract flashcards in the free StudySmarter app

We have 14,000 flashcards about Dynamic Landscapes.

Already have an account? Log in

Frequently Asked Questions about Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract

What was the influence of Thomas Hobbes view on social contract?

Thomas Hobbes influenced the idea of the social contract by arguing it was an implied agreement humans entered into to give them security and avoid constant conflict.

Why was Thomas Hobbes attracted to the social contract?

Thomas Hobbes was attracted to the social contract because he believed human nature was cruel and a social contract would give people security. He was influenced by the events of the English Civil War.

What was Thomas Hobbes beliefs about the social contract?

Thomas Hobbes beliefs about the social contract were that people gave up some of their liberty to be ruled by an all powerful king that was responsible for ensuring their safety.

What ideas did Thomas Hobbes contribute to the social contract?

Thomas Hobbes contributed the ideas of the need for a strong rule to counterbalance human nature's evilness.

Did Thomas Hobbes propose the social contract theory?

Thomas Hobbes was the first modern political philosopher to propose the social contract theory, although later philosophers would build upon and challenge his views.

About StudySmarter

StudySmarter is a globally recognized educational technology company, offering a holistic learning platform designed for students of all ages and educational levels. Our platform provides learning support for a wide range of subjects, including STEM, Social Sciences, and Languages and also helps students to successfully master various tests and exams worldwide, such as GCSE, A Level, SAT, ACT, Abitur, and more. We offer an extensive library of learning materials, including interactive flashcards, comprehensive textbook solutions, and detailed explanations. The cutting-edge technology and tools we provide help students create their own learning materials. StudySmarter’s content is not only expert-verified but also regularly updated to ensure accuracy and relevance.

StudySmarter Editorial Team

Team Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract Teachers

11 minutes reading time
Checked by StudySmarter Editorial Team

Study anywhere. Anytime.Across all devices.

Create a free account to save this explanation..

Save explanations to your personalised space and access them anytime, anywhere!

By signing up, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and the Privacy Policy of StudySmarter.

Join over 22 million students in learning with our StudySmarter App

The first learning app that truly has everything you need to ace your exams in one place

Flashcards & Quizzes
AI Study Assistant
Study Planner
Smart Note-Taking

Join over 22 million students in learning with our StudySmarter App

Skip to primary navigation
Skip to main content
Skip to primary sidebar
Skip to footer

Opinion Front

An Easy Explanation of John Locke’s Social Contract Theory

The importance of a government that is appointed for the protection of our natural rights bound by the law of nature is what John Locke speaks about in his social contract theory.

A theory in political philosophy.

A Social Contract is not an official contract, but a fiction; that of mutual understanding.

No man in this world is free. We are all governed by the societies we live in. The natural rights we were born with are protected by a government we choose to govern us. A big question that intrigued the theorists of the social contract theory was, that how can people give away their freedom to a sovereignty in trade for some benefits? John Locke’s social contract theory is what we are living today. The American Constitution and all Western political systems today are based on this theory.

A short summary of ‘social contract theory’

You know what it is to sign a contract. It means you abide with all the rules and regulations of that contract and agree to follow them, discontinuity of which would cause serious punishable consequences. A social contract is what we all sign as a part of the society we live in, in order to enjoy its social benefits. It is not an official contract, but a fiction; that of mutual understanding.

To understand John Locke’s Social Contract Theory , we need to first understand these two concepts:

◆ State of nature ◆ Law of nature

State of nature

State of nature is equivalent to anarchy. It is based on a hypothetical situation that when years ago there were no societies, what it would have been like. What was it to be completely free, without anyone to judge or punish, and how societies came into existence. Philosophers have different views and theories on this concept. State of nature suggests that people have complete freedom to anything and everything, which was indeed the natural condition of the human race.

According to Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher of the 17th century, the rights people have in a state of nature, to their possessions, including property, and their will to do anything they wanted to, created a menace without a political hand to control the injustice one could do to the other in power of his rights. This created a state of war between every individual, if a person posed a threat to another in order to gain access to his belongings. This would cause invasion and insult of others rights, instigating them to take necessary actions to protect themselves against the harm a person having ill intentions can cause to them. To seek just protection and insure stability in their lives, people surrendered their freedom to a sovereignty.

Law of nature

Law of nature according to John Locke states that every individual is bound by a social responsibility towards the other. As it is said, ‘The rights of swinging my fist ends where your nose starts’, Locke claims that every person should realize his responsibility and understand the limitations of his rights and respect that of others. As he stated, law of nature is the groundwork of morality, and is given to us by God, which summons that we should not harm anything related to anyone be it life, possessions, liberty or health. We are all created equally by God, and so the thought of harming each other shouldn’t even cross our minds, since it is not our right to harm someone who rightfully belongs to God. This is a mutual understanding between every human being that to be a part of such immoral things is a disgrace to their existence, and it should be in the best of their interest to be away from such things.

John Locke’s Social Contract Theory

John Locke in his theory, applied the methodological device of Thomas Hobbes’ state of nature, but in a very different way. According to Locke, a state of nature is a condition, where humans are free to do anything that pleases them, with complete liberty, but also morality. Freedom doesn’t mean being inhumane towards others. Freedom is to be free within oneself, and to do anything regarding to self. Others should not be a part of your freedom, meaning, their life, property, or liberty is not a part of your freedom. This is what the law of nature states.

State of nature is that in which humans are free but bound by the rules of morality. This creates a peaceful atmosphere, as opposed to what Hobbes enunciates in his theory that a state of war emerges in state of nature. The difference here is due to the application of law of nature. However, Locke also says in his theory, that if there is threat to life by another person, breaking the law of nature, then in self-defense complete right to save one’s life by killing the other is considered right, and a state of war will emerge only when a person decides to revolt and involve in criminal activities. But since there is no rule other than that of morality, which has already been breached, the war will continue to go on, and bitter occurrences will arise giving birth to even worse ones. This is where the need for a political community comes in scene.

A government made by the people, with rules and regulations formed with the consent of people, to be acted upon those who violate the law of nature, comes in force in such situations. This benefits the people in the state of nature in many ways, providing them security against those that can be potential threats and the protection of their rights. Since the government is now a mutual head of the society, people contribute funds for their own conveniences like roads, institutes, industries and other social amenities, to be used by all those living in that area.

Governments are formed to be beneficial to its people. They are given the authority to judge right from wrong, and impose restrictions and punishments for offenses that are made to the people of the state of nature. If however, people feel that the government is being unjust, or partial, or imposing its own rules, the right to bring down the current government and elect for a new one, remains intact with the people in the state of nature.

The fact that Locke considered the state of nature to be a positive condition of living if bounded by the law of nature, made him extend his thoughts towards bringing down a built governance, going back to the being in the state of nature, to form a new and better one. This political theory of social contract is being followed almost in all the countries today, and its significance can be seen in a just and humane culture we live in.

Like it? Share it!

Get Updates Right to Your Inbox

Further insights.

Privacy Overview

A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Public Health Infrastructure Grant
Frequently Asked Questions
Health Department Profiles
CDC's Public Health Infrastructure Grant (PHIG) is a groundbreaking investment supporting critical public health infrastructure.
The goal is to support health departments across the United States.
One hundred and seven health departments and three national public health partners received funding through this 5-year grant (12/1/2022 - 11/30/2027)
The purpose is to implement activities that strengthen public health outcomes.
PHIG is a funding model that gives health departments the flexibility to direct funds towards specific organizational and community needs.

In January 2024, CDC awarded $4.35 billion through the Public Health Infrastructure Grant ( OE22-2203: Strengthening U.S. Public Health Infrastructure, Workforce, and Data Systems ) to help U.S. health departments promote and protect health in their communities.

The total award includes $4.01 billion for health departments and $340 million for three national public health partners.

CDC expects to award more than $5 billion over the 5-year grant period. This includes $4.01 billion for health departments and $340 million for three national public health partners.

The purpose is to create a stronger, more resilient public health system that is ready to face future health threats.

Recipient Health Department Profiles‎

Funding recipients.

Funding was awarded to:

One hundred seven (107) public health departments in all 50 states, Washington D.C., 8 territories/freely associated states, and 48 large localities (cities serving a population of 400,000 or more and counties serving a population of 2,000,000 or more based on the 2020 U.S. Census). Award amounts were based on a funding formula that included population size and community resilience. As of January 2024, a total of $4.01 billion for health departments [$3.685 billion in fiscal year (FY)23 and $325 million in FY24] has been awarded. Recipient-specific information is provided on the Health Department Profiles .
Three national partners that support the work of the 107 funded health departments. The Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) , National Network of Public Health Institutes (NNPHI) , and Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) received a total of $340 million ($155 million in FY23 and $185 million in FY24) . These organizations provide training and technical assistance, evaluate the program, and facilitate coordination and communication across recipients and CDC.

Strategies and outcomes

The three strategies of this grant are Workforce, Foundational Capabilities, and Data Modernization. Recipients are expected to achieve several key outcomes by the end of the 5-year performance period (see image below). Ultimately, this grant will lead to accelerated prevention, preparedness, and response to emerging health threats. Improved outcomes in other public health areas are also anticipated.

All work done as part of this grant is grounded in three key principles:

Data and evidence drive planning and implementation.
Partnerships play a critical role in grant program success.
Resources are directed to support diversity and health equity.

Grant Graphic Strategies Outcomes Table: Strategies: Short-term Outcomes, Long-term Outcomes

Recipient resources

Technical assistance ‎, phig project officer assignments‎, fiscal year 2023 funding‎, fiscal year 2024 funding‎.

CDC's Public Health Infrastructure Grant (PHIG) is a significant investment in America's public health system, directly supporting infrastructure (i.e., people, services, and systems) improvements within health departments.

For Everyone

Public health.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

GROUP 2 ASSIGNMENT CITIZEN AND THE STATE JOHN LOCKE'S SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

Related Papers

pelumi Okunoye

Paul Jerzy Rabe

Michael Davis

This books defends at least three related theses: 1) that social contract originates in medieval practice, not in philosophy ancient or modern; 2) that its original form was actual contract, not hypothetical, and that its actual practice retains actual consent as the basis of political obligation; and 3) that most theorists of social contract before Rousseau can best be read as concerned with actual consent.

Nini Tsuladze

ANTHONY MBAH

naomi muulu

Encyclopedia of Political Thought

Torrey Shanks

Shae Bernabe

The concept of natural law has taken several forms. The idea began with the ancient Greeks’ the conception of a universe governed in every particular by an eternal, immutable law and in their the distinction between what is just by nature and just by convention.

4 (page 46) p. 46 The social contract: consent of those governed

Signed in as

Personal account

Institutional access

IP based access

Sign in through your institution

Society Members

Sign in through society site

Sign in using a personal account

Viewing your signed in accounts

Signed in but can't access content

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Social Contract Theory

Related Terms

Prosocial Behavior

Veil of Ignorance

Stay Informed

Social Contract Theory

What is the Social Contract Theory?

Overview of the History of Social Contract Theory

Overview of Key Contributors to Social Contract Theory

Biography of John Locke

Contributions to Social Contract Theory by Locke

Criticisms of John Locke’s Ideas on Social Contract Theory

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Biography of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Contributions to Social Contract Theory by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Criticisms of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Ideas on Social Contract Theory

Comparing the Key Theorists

Ethical Implications of Social Contracts

Applications of the Social Contract Theory

Social Contract Theory in the Digital Age

Further Reading on Social Contract Theory

Enhance Learner Outcomes Across Your School

We'll send it over now.

What type of school are you?

Is your school involved in any staff development projects?

Do you have any immediate school priorities?

Download your resource

The Hypothetical Social Contract Theory

Access this chapter

Similar content being viewed by others

The Classic Social Contract Tradition

Autonomy for Contract, Refined

Approval Theory and Social Contract

Copyright information

About this chapter

Download citation

Share this chapter

Find Study Materials for

Create Study Materials

Create learning materials about Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract with our free learning app!

Thomas Hobbes: A Man Shaped by His Experiences

Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract and the State of Nature

Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract Theory

Thomas Hobbes and the Social Contract's Definition

Thomas Hobbes and The Leviathan

Difference Between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke's Social Contract

Locke's More Optimistic View of the State of Nature

Locke's Support for Just Government

Thomas Hobbes's Social Contract Theory Legacy and Impact

Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract - Key takeaways

Flashcards inThomas Hobbes and Social Contract 10

Learn with 10 Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract flashcards in the free StudySmarter app

Frequently Asked Questions about Thomas Hobbes and Social Contract

About StudySmarter

StudySmarter Editorial Team

Study anywhere. Anytime.Across all devices.

Join over 22 million students in learning with our StudySmarter App

An Easy Explanation of John Locke’s Social Contract Theory

A theory in political philosophy.

A short summary of ‘social contract theory’

State of nature

Law of nature

John Locke’s Social Contract Theory

Get Updates Right to Your Inbox

Privacy Overview

Recipient Health Department Profiles‎

Strategies and outcomes

Recipient resources