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• Education /

Physics Project for Class 12: Topic List (Download Free PDF)

• Updated on  
• Mar 6, 2024

Physics is a fascinating subject that studies the laws of nature and the elements of the universe including light , matter, energy , force , etc. An important branch of science, the subject works on the principle of observation and experimentation. Right from the very beginning, the concepts of Physics are taught but it is only in Senior Secondary Education that a separate book is dedicated to Physics and is taught as a separate subject. CBSE Class 12 Physics chapters cover a broad range of concepts that reinforce a student’s understanding of the subject. But being a practical-oriented subject, it demands practical work and project work at the end of the course. If you are looking for a Physics Project for Class 12 or physics project topics, then below are some of the projects that you can consider.

Download List of Topics for Physics Project for Class 12 (Free PDF)

This Blog Includes:

Electric car, electric motor, how to create a visual doppler, buoyancy 101, heat transfer in an incandescent lamp, insulation value, observations of gas in the infrared spectrum, marvelous magnetics, long and short wavelength colors, use and impact of recycled materials for thermal insulation, hydro power, salt water vs tap water, investigatory project physics project for class 12: cbse suggestions, list of 50 physics project topics for class 12, physics project for class 12 on electromagnetic induction and alternating currents, physics project for class 12 on current electricity, physics project for class 12 on electrostatics, physics project for class 12 on magnetic effects of current and magnetism, physics project for class 12 on optics, physics project for class 12 on oscillations and waves, modern physics project topics for class 12, general topics for physics project for class 12, physics project for class 12 working model example, popular physics projects for class 12.

Since you are not required to make hi-tech projects during in 12th class, simple and easy projects would be less time-consuming and easier to explain. Electric cars and electric motors are two of the most common projects or physics project topics. Below are the details about them:

Making an electric car for your Physics project for class 12th will set you apart from your classmates. It is easy to make and fascinating to see it work which makes it a perfect option for a project. The electric car works on a simple principle where the transmission of force from the motor to a wheel is carried through two gears and the use of rubber bands is made which act as a belt. You will get to explore various concepts of physics like Aerodynamics, Conversion of Energy, and electric circuits besides design while working on the project. 

Materials Required: A Plastic Board for Car Chassis; 4 Wheels; 4 Tyre Rings; Battery Holder; Battery; Motor Mount; Electric Motor; Rubber Bands; Transmission Pulley; Screws; Paper Clips; Straw.

You can also make a Physics class 12 project on Convex Mirror and Lens !

Electric Motor is one of the most common and basic projects that you can think of. Though the concepts involved in the motor are complex making an electric motor is relatively easy. With just a requirement of a coil of wire, a magnet, and a power source, it is a preferred choice for your Physics Project for Class 12 if you have limited time. 

Materials Required: Insulated Wire; Battery; Small Circular Magnet; Electric Tape; Modelling Clay; 2 Metal Sewing Needles; Knife.

Read our blog on Class 12 Physics Current Electricity to get more ideas on The physics class 12 syllabus!

Aim: The following experiment is conducted to check what happens to sound waves by creating a visual model of what happens when a vehicle passes by. 

Theory: The explanation for the Doppler effect is that each successive wave crest is produced from a position closer to the observer than the crest of the previous wave, as the source of the waves is heading towards the observer. A visual simulation of what happens to the sound waves is created by this project to make them sound very different as the vehicle approaches than when it exits.

Requirements: Ruler, Scissors, Tape, Toy car, Two pieces of coloured construction paper, Some plain paper, and a marker or a camera. 

Aim: The following experiment is to check and determine whether a rise in water density would cause a boat hull to sink deeper in the water to an observable degree as its temperature is elevated from 5 degrees C to 95 degrees C.

Theory:  This showed that increasing water temperature allows water molecules to move further out, decreasing upthrust in turn, and causing more water to be displaced by a floating mass as its buoyancy is decreased. If the water molecules spread outward due to high temperature, a large rise in water temperature can produce a noticeable difference in the water’s surface or even a small floating point

Requirements: 10 Identical Styrene Model Boats, 128 grams of steel, and a Digital Thermometer

Aim: How much of the electrical power supply of an incandescent lamp is lost by thermionic emission from the filament? If these damages are large, the operational performance of incandescent lamps could be substantially increased by their elimination.

Theory: The power output can be decomposed into thermionic emission and thermal-radiation elements using electricity, filament temperature, and ambient temperature details. The conduction is sequentially dependent upon the temperature of the filament (Fourier’s Law), but the exposure is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature of the filament (Stefan-Boltzmann Law).

Requirements: 25-watt evacuated light bulb, programmable power supply, two high-precision digital meters, and a precise digital thermometer.

Aim: The experiment is to equate straw insulation with traditional forms of insulation, which are fibreglass and rigid foam panels, which are widely used today.

Theory:  The most critical element in building an energy-effective contribution is adequate insulation. Insulation will hold the heat inside during cold days. Isolation will trap the sun outdoors on hot days. Insulation materials are structures that avoid the transmission of heat from a house inside and outside. To insulate walls, floors, and pipes, various materials may be used.

Requirements: Speakers, Insulation, and Digital Thermometer

Aim:  This project aimed to research the effect of gas chemical properties on its ability to process and transmit infrared radiation ts the transmission of infrared light. The primary aim was to mask a transmissive gas heating element.

Theory:  The molecular structure of gas that specifically influences transmissivity in the infrared spectrum is confirmed by the evidence from both forms of the est. The air has high absorption zones, allowing areas of low transmittance that cause some obstructing in the infrared spectrum.

Requirements: PVC pipe, Spectroradiometer, 8-12 micron infrared camera with digital imagery, Blackbody, and gases.

Aim: The purpose of this experiment was to decide how diamagnetism could influence levitation using graphite, paper, plastic, aluminium foil, or no substance.

Theory: Although many man-made objects today use magnetism or even diamagnetism, this study may even interact with the Earth. The world’s fastest train, for instance, is in Japan and runs on magnetism.

Requirements: Levitation Pedestal, Graphite, Adjustment Screw, Paper, Aluminum foil, and Plastic in Place of the Graphite. 

Aim: The aim of the project is that the houses be painted in both solid colours (red, blue, green, and orange) and mixed colours (red/blue and green/orange), this project examined the interior and exterior temperatures of houses and their insulation rates.

Theory: Data revealed that the order of internal temperature readings from peak to lowest matched the wavelengths of colour from longest to shortest fairly closely. Combination colour houses fell between their stable counterparts in general. Exterior temperature data shows that followed by red, red/blue, grey, blue, orange, and control, the green/orange house was the warmest. The highest insulation rate, followed by green, green/orange, red/blue, red, orange, and control, was obtained from the blue home.

Requirements: Oil paints, Control house painted white, and Digital and Infrared Thermometers.

Aim: Fiberglass, pine shavings, polystyrene, polyurethane, cellulose, perlite, polyethene foil, or bubble wrap where the goal of this experiment is to find which recycling process would be an effective electricity insulator.

Theory: This could be an asset in the summer, but even time would be spent on heating the house in the winter. It also took a bit longer than the other materials to cool fibreglass and only averaged around 12 minutes to heat it. As it warmed easily and also trapped heat to save energy, fibreglass was by far the most powerful insulator.

Requirements: Particle Board, Digital thermometer, Light Bulb, and Cardboard boxes. 

Aim: The following project is conducted to learn about the first-hand force of water.

Theory: At the foot of dams, hydropower plants are designed to take advantage of higher water pressure at the edge of a dam. The excess water is funnelled into a tube called a penstock into the dam. The water is then concentrated on a turbine’s blades. The water pressure of the water transforms the engine, and a power generator turns the turbine.

Requirements: Half gallon paper milk carton, Gallon of Water, Awl or 10p nail, Masking Tape, Ruler, Magic Marker, Pair of Scissors and Pad of Paper and Pencil to Make Notes

Aim: This experiment would be about magnets and water. Since water is diamagnetic, I used the magnets to transfer water, which means it appears to move further from magnets and electromagnets. A cookie tray with the magnets equally spread along the inside circumference of it.

Theory: Someone who studies water is a hydrologist . The study of the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids is called magnetohydrodynamics (MHD for short). One of them is salt water. You could levitate a frog if you had a powerful enough magnet. Diamagnetic and paramagnetic are also compounds. In addition, this may be the data that I require. To see whether the water is flowing or not, I would have to use rubber duckies or food colouring

Requirements: Rubber, Magnets, Angel food pie tin, Food colouring Timer, and Tape.

Besides a motor and electric car, there are several other concepts that you can set your project on. Depending on the time and the available resources, you can choose a project of your choice. Given below in a table are some of the ideas for the physics project topics for class 12th:

• To study the idea of a full-wave bridge rectifier and the idea of a coil’s self-inductance
• To Research the Self-Designed Transformer Concept
• To Research and Measure the AC Current’s Strength
• To Research the AC/DC Converter (Full Wave Rectifier)
• To investigate the magnetic induction in an AC generator
• To examine how input and output voltage relate to one another
• Physics Project for Grade 12: To Investigate the Tangent Galvanometer
• A circuit using four diodes to provide full-wave rectification converts an AC voltage to a pulsating DC voltage and is used to study the many factors affecting internal resistance or EMF.
• To learn about resistance and the Ohm law
• To establish the RC circuit’s time-constant
• To investigate the idea of electrical resistance variation
• The Future of Electricity: A Study of Wireless Energy
• To research and discover novel electricity-generating methods
• To investigate the parallel and series combinations of resistors
• Studying the operation of the Wheatstone Bridge Circuit and its use
• To Research Current Variation Using an LDR: 12th-grade physics projects
• To investigate the impact of different temperatures on the resistivity of insulators
• To determine how the following factors affect an avalanche cell’s internal resistance 
• To investigate how a series of capacitors charges and discharges
• To Research and Build a Capacitor Storage Circuit LED
• To Research and Build a Capacitor Charge Oscillator Circuit to Research the Electric Dipole Moment: Physics Project Subjects
• To learn about Coulomb’s law of forces at two points
• To research the electric field and the superposition principle
• To investigate the dipole’s torque in a consistent electric field
• To research dielectric materials for cutting-edge applications
• Project for Physics class 12: To Illustrate The Operation Of An Electrolytic Capacitor Using Its Charging And Discharging With The Aid Of An Audio Oscillator
• To examine and contrast the two capacitors when used in series and parallel
• To research the impact of applied voltage and magnetic field
• To Research the Bar Magnet as a Comparative Solenoid
• To research using magnetic levitation in elevators
• Physics Investigational Project on the Moving Coil Galvanometer to Study the Magnetic Force on the Current-Carrying Conductor Physics Experiment with Galvanometer to Voltmeter
• To investigate the torque that a current loop experiences in a consistent magnetic field.
• Physics projects for the 12th grade: To Study the Magnetic Properties of Materials
• To study the magnetic force between two parallel current-carrying conductors by experimenting with magnetic field lines surrounding them.
• How Does Distance Impact Light Intensity?
• Study of the Impact of Space-Time Curvature
• Changing the Speed of Light: Research and Analysis
• To study the idea of reflection in the concave mirror, are there more cosmic rays at higher altitudes?
• To Research the Reconstruction of the Cosmic Ray Shower Array To Research Light Refraction in a Rectangular Glass Slab
• To Research and Observe the Gas in the Infrared Spectrum to Showcase the Total Internal Reflection Phenomenon

Some of the physics project ideas or physics project topics on Oscillations and Waves are mentioned below.

• To research the laws governing sound reflection
• Utilizing sound to gauge the temperature
• To research and calculate the density of solids
• To Calculate the Sound Speed at Room Temperature
• To Measure the Speed of Sound at Room Temperature and Study the Doppler Effect and Fiber Gyroscope
• To Research and Test the Sound Decay in Various Gases
• To investigate mechanical systems’ nonlinear oscillations
• To learn the distinction between longitudinal waves and transverse waves, ethnic groups’ voice frequencies were studied and analyzed.

Some of the modern physics project topics for class 12 are listed below.

• Modern Physics and the Study of the Photoelectric Effect
• To research the assumptions and constraints of the Bohr atomic model
• To learn about Henry Moseley’s law and its applications
• To investigate the de Broglie Wavelength of Matter Waves Concept and Related Problems
• To learn about the several forms of radioactivity in modern physics

Some of the general physics project topics for class 12 are listed below.

• To Study the Effect of Pressure on the Water Velocity
• Charge Induced on Two Identical Stryo Foam Balls
• Study the Solar Cells: Physics Projects for Class 12
• To Study the Electrochemical Cell (Primary Cell)
• To Construct A Circuit of Two Transistor Oscillator
• To Study the Zero Gravity Elevator Physics Experiment

For your reference, shared below is a physics working model for class 12 on water level indicators.

Some of the best physics projects for Class 12 are Hydropower, Salt Water vs Tap Water, and Hooke’s Law.

No, studying physics in Class 12th can be difficult for candidates. There are many projects that a candidate can refer to and prepare accordingly.

Some of the best examples of Physics project for Class 12th is To Study the Effect of Pressure on Water Velocity, Charge Induced on Two Identical Stryo Foam Balls, To Study the Electrochemical Cell (Primary Cell), and the Solar Cells.

Physics project for class 12 or physics project topics for class 12 is an essential component of the assessment and it can be a part of your portfolio while applying for higher education at the universities abroad. To plan your future education, take help from our experts at Leverage Edu who will design a career map for you and prepare you in advance for the best universities in the world.  Call us immediately at 1800 57 2000 for a free 30-minute counselling session. For more on school education follow Leverage Edu now!!

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Having 2+ years of experience in educational content writing, withholding a Bachelor's in Physical Education and Sports Science and a strong interest in writing educational content for students enrolled in domestic and foreign study abroad programmes. I believe in offering a distinct viewpoint to the table, to help students deal with the complexities of both domestic and foreign educational systems. Through engaging storytelling and insightful analysis, I aim to inspire my readers to embark on their educational journeys, whether abroad or at home, and to make the most of every learning opportunity that comes their way.

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• Physics Important Questions
• Class 12 Physics

CBSE Important Questions for Class 12 Physics

CBSE Important Questions for Class 12 Physics provides you with an advanced level of questions which will prepare you for the Class 12 Physics examination. As students also need to prepare for various competitive examinations such as IIT-JEE, NEET etc., this article will provide them with different questions from various topics students generally skip. Practising CBSE Class 12 Important Questions will clarify their conceptual knowledge and also enhance their subject knowledge.

The syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Physics is vast. It contains a total of 10 units with 15 chapters. It is important for students to know the important topics and derivations in Class 12 Physics to study efficiently. Given below are the important topics in each chapter of Class 12 Physics.

The above listed are a few CBSE Important Questions for Class 12 that are most likely to be asked in the upcoming Physics exams. While studying for the board exam, students can plan accordingly, prioritising the above-mentioned topics.

Learn and practise more CBSE Important Questions on different topics to excel in Board and competitive examinations with BYJU’S – The Learning App.

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AP®︎/College Physics 1

Welcome to ap/college physics 1, unit 1: kinematics and introduction to dynamics, unit 2: newton's laws, unit 3: circular motion and gravitation, unit 4: energy and momentum, unit 5: simple harmonic motion and rotational motion.

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• Period and Frequency of a Pendulum
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• Decibel Scale
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• Nuclear Decay
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• Precipitation Reactions and Net Ionic Equations
• Pressure Concepts
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• Gibbs Free Energy
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• Acid-Base Properties
• Energy and Chemical Reactions
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• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
• Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
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• Vector Walk Interactive
• Name That Motion Interactive
• Kinematic Graphing 1 Concept Checker
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• Two Stage Rocket Interactive
• Rocket Sled Concept Checker
• Force Concept Checker
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• Vector Walk in Two Dimensions Interactive
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• River Boat Simulator Concept Checker
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• Hit the Target Interactive
• Turd the Target 1 Interactive
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• Balance It Interactive
• Go For The Gold Interactive
• Egg Drop Concept Checker
• Fish Catch Concept Checker
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• Collision Carts - Inelastic Collisions Concept Checker
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• Chart That Motion Interactive
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• Name That Charge Simulation
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• Circuit Builder Concept Checker (Series Circuits)
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• Young's Experiment Interactive
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• Refraction Concept Checker
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READ WATCH INTERACT

TEACHER TOOLS

PRACTICE REVIEW TEST

THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM TUTORIAL

A set of instructional pages written in an easy-to-understand language and complemented by graphics and Check Your Understanding sections. An ideal starting location for those grasping for understanding or searching for answers.

PHYSICS SIMULATIONS

The Physics Interactives includes a large collection of HTML5 interactive physics simulations. Designed with tablets such as the iPad and with Chromebooks in mind, this user-friendly section is filled with skill-building exercises, physics simulations, and game-like challenges.

PHYSICS VIDEO TUTORIAL

Our Video Tutorial provides a video-based alternative to the written Tutorial above. We aim to present relatively short, highly-organized presentations with a strong graphical component on discrete topics. Watch them on our site or follow the links to YouTube. We add videos quite frequently so stop back by if you don't find what you are looking for. Or subscribe to our YouTube channel,  tap the bell , and receive notifications when new videos come out.

MULTIMEDIA PHYSICS STUDIOS

A large collection of GIF animations and QuickTime movies designed to demonstrate physics principles in a visual manner. Each animation is accompanied by explanations and links to further information.

CONCEPT BUILDERS

Have you tried a Concept Builder lately? You should. This growing collection of cognitively-rich exercises will focus student attention on discrete learning goals. Filled with interactive elements, this section is the perfect tool for getting students thinking about the meaning of concepts. Perfect for students and 1:1 classrooms using iPads, Chromebooks, and the like. And for Chemistry types, we've added a large collection of Chemistry Concept Builders. 

MINDS ON PHYSICS - VERSION 5   

Minds On Physics - Version 5 is the HTML5 version of Minds On Physics that replaces our App and Legacy versions. Relying on a large bank of carefully crafted questions, Minds On Physics seeks to improve students' conceptions of physics. "MOPs" combines interactive questioning modules with a thorough, question-specific Help system to engage students in an exercise in thinking, reflecting, and learning. Version 5 is our best-yet version of Minds On Physics. There is a fully functional free version and a paid version that integrates seamlessly with our Task Tracker system and offers some rather enticing features.  

THE CALCULATOR PAD

Version 2 of the Calculator Pad is now available. Our newest version includes >2500 Physics and Chemistry problems organized into >250 ready-to-use problem sets. Numerical information is randomly-generated. An answer box allows students to solve and check their answers. Most problems are accompanied  by an audio-guided solution that explains how to solve a similar problem while hilighting the habits that can be adopted for solving any problem. Teachers with Task Tracker accounts can modify problems and problem sets and even create their own problems. Task Tracker also allows teachers to assign problems to their students and track their progress. 

CONCEPT CHECKERS  

Concept Checkers were built to coordinate with the Physics Interactives section of our website. Relying upon our Task Tracker tool to deliver questions, check answers, and track student progress, a Concept Checker is designed to coordinate with an interactive simulation. Use it as a follow-up check to understanding after exploring the simulation. Most sims are accompanied by a Concept Checker. Some sims have Task Tracker code built into the simulation. But not all sims will have a Concept Checker.  Concept Checkers can be used with or without a Task Tracker account. 

THE SCIENCE REASONING CENTER

The Science Reasoning Center is our most recent upgrade. This section includes about 70 activities that are perfect for encouraging scientific reasoning skills. Students use science and engineering practices, combined with cross cutting science concepts and core ideas from the disciplines of physics (and chemistry) to analyze phenomenon, experiments, and data presentations. We broke ground in April of 2023; we will continue work throughout the 2023-24 school year.

THE REVIEW SESSION

A collection of pages with questions and answers/explanations which serve as reviews or practice. Each review complements a chapter from The Physics Classroom Tutorial.

PHYSICS HELP

A variety of question-and-answer pages which target specific concepts and skills. Topics range from the graphical analysis of motion and drawing free body diagrams to a discussion of vectors and vector addition.

ACT TEST CENTER

Calling all high school juniors: You've trusted The Physics Classroom to help prepare you for that unit exam in physics. Why not trust us to help prepare you for the biggest test of the year - the ACT test? That's right. Let the TPC help you with the ACT.

CURRICULUM CORNER

A collection of classroom ready worksheets for use by teachers with their classes. Pages are synchronized to readings from The Physics Classroom Tutorial and to assignments of The Minds On Physics Internet Modules. And now teachers can purchase The Solutions Guide containing complete answers, explanations and solutions to all worksheets. This is a section of great usefulness to teachers and of little interest to students. The Solutions Guide is available as a Digital Download.

LESSON PLANS AND PACING GUIDES

We are building a collection of lesson plans and pacing guides for multiple units for a variety of course types. The lesson plans will provide teachers with a concrete demonstration of how resources at The Physics Classroom can be incorporated into a course. We will also have corresponding pre-built courses available for Task Tracker users that mirror the lesson plans viewed in this section. These pre-built courses allow teachers to easily hit the ground running  with their Task Tracker classes. We expect this project to be completed by August 1, 2024. Until then, we will release content incrementally as we complete it. Teachers can tap the link and view samples of what we currently have completed.

TEACHER PRESENTATION PACK

Our Teacher Presentation Pack is a downloadable product that includes nearly 190 Microsoft PowerPoint slide decks, about 170 animations and videos in .mp4 and .gif formats, too-many-to-count stand-alone images, and a Lesson Notes page for every slide deck. The slide decks are compatible with Google Slides. We did our best to make the product ready-to-use and at the same time fully customizable. It's a great tool in the toolbox for any early-career teacher, cross-over teacher, or even veteran teacher.

QUESTION BANK

Writing good tests and quizzes for your physics class just got a whole lot easier! With The Physics Classroom's Question Bank, physics teachers can quickly put together multiple choice and free-response quizzes and tests that target concepts discussed at The Physics Classroom website. The Question Bank is available for purchase as a both a CD resource and as a Digital Download. Use of the Question Bank requires the Microsoft Word application. (Answers are NOT included on the Question Bank.)

NGSS CORNER

Our newest section, the NGSS Corner assists teachers of Physics and Physical Science in aligning their curricula with the Next Generation Science Standards. Numerous resources are identified and their alignment with the NGSS is described.

TEACHER TOOLKITS

The Teacher Toolkits provide teachers with packages of online resources (simulations, movies, animations, demonstration ideas, etc.) that are organized around a topic and a set of learning objectives. These resources, when combined with the numerous resources on our own site, allow teachers to plan high-quality, engaging instruction and to map out a curriculum that is NGSS-based.

THE LABORATORY

While you explore the approximately 150 labs here at The Laboratory, you will likely generate some questions about how they are used and how you can use them. This page, and the pages it links to, are hoped to provide some answers to those questions.

THE PHOTO GALLERY

The Photo Gallery provides teachers a toolbox of physics-relevant photos from the wealth of photos on Flickr. The Photo Gallery offers teachers three things: access to photos, organized by topic; a collection of nearly 30 galleries; and an invitation to join this exciting project of capturing and sharing physics phenomenon with a camera. Of course, students are welcome to participate as well.  

Problems & Exercises

1.2 physical quantities and units.

The speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km/h. (a) What is this in meters per second? (b) How many miles per hour is this?

A car is traveling at a speed of 33 m/s 33 m/s size 12{"33"" m/s"} {} . (a) What is its speed in kilometers per hour? (b) Is it exceeding the 90 km/h 90 km/h size 12{"90"" km/h"} {} speed limit?

Show that 1 . 0 m/s = 3 . 6 km/h 1 . 0 m/s = 3 . 6 km/h size 12{1 "." 0`"m/s"=3 "." "6 km/h"} {} . Hint: Show the explicit steps involved in converting 1 . 0 m/s = 3 . 6 km/h. 1 . 0 m/s = 3 . 6 km/h. size 12{1 "." 0`"m/s"=3 "." "6 km/h"} {}

American football is played on a 100-yd-long field, excluding the end zones. How long is the field in meters? (Assume that 1 meter equals 3.281 feet.)

Soccer fields vary in size. A large soccer field is 115 m long and 85 m wide. What are its dimensions in feet and inches? (Assume that 1 meter equals 3.281 feet.)

What is the height in meters of a person who is 6 ft 1.0 in. tall? (Assume that 1 meter equals 39.37 in.)

Mount Everest, at 29,028 feet, is the tallest mountain on the Earth. What is its height in kilometers? (Assume that 1 kilometer equals 3,281 feet.)

The speed of sound is measured to be 342 m/s 342 m/s size 12{"342"" m/s"} {} on a certain day. What is this in km/h?

Tectonic plates are large segments of the Earth’s crust that move slowly. Suppose that one such plate has an average speed of 4.0 cm/year. (a) What distance does it move in 1 s at this speed? (b) What is its speed in kilometers per million years?

(a) Refer to Table 1.3 to determine the average distance between the Earth and the Sun. Then calculate the average speed of the Earth in its orbit in kilometers per second. (b) What is this in meters per second?

1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures

Express your answers to problems in this section to the correct number of significant figures and proper units.

Suppose that your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3% uncertainty. What is the uncertainty in your mass (in kilograms)?

A good-quality measuring tape can be off by 0.50 cm over a distance of 20 m. What is its percent uncertainty?

(a) A car speedometer has a 5.0 % 5.0 % size 12{5.0%} {} uncertainty. What is the range of possible speeds when it reads 90 km/h 90 km/h size 12{"90"" km/h"} {} ? (b) Convert this range to miles per hour. 1 km = 0.6214 mi 1 km = 0.6214 mi size 12{"1 km" "=" "0.6214 mi"} {}

An infant’s pulse rate is measured to be 130 ± 5 130 ± 5 size 12{"130" +- 5} {} beats/min. What is the percent uncertainty in this measurement?

(a) Suppose that a person has an average heart rate of 72.0 beats/min. How many beats does he or she have in 2.0 y? (b) In 2.00 y? (c) In 2.000 y?

A can contains 375 mL of soda. How much is left after 308 mL is removed?

State how many significant figures are proper in the results of the following calculations: (a) 106 . 7 98 . 2 / 46 . 210 1 . 01 106 . 7 98 . 2 / 46 . 210 1 . 01 size 12{ left ("106" "." 7 right ) left ("98" "." 2 right )/ left ("46" "." "210" right ) left (1 "." "01" right )} {} (b) 18 . 7 2 18 . 7 2 size 12{ left ("18" "." 7 right ) rSup { size 8{2} } } {} (c) 1 . 60 × 10 − 19 3712 1 . 60 × 10 − 19 3712 size 12{ left (1 "." "60" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - "19"} } right ) left ("3712" right )} {} .

(a) How many significant figures are in the numbers 99 and 100? (b) If the uncertainty in each number is 1, what is the percent uncertainty in each? (c) Which is a more meaningful way to express the accuracy of these two numbers, significant figures or percent uncertainties?

(a) If your speedometer has an uncertainty of 2 . 0 km/h 2 . 0 km/h size 12{2 "." 0" km/h"} {} at a speed of 90 km/h 90 km/h size 12{"90"" km/h"} {} , what is the percent uncertainty? (b) If it has the same percent uncertainty when it reads 60 km/h 60 km/h size 12{"60"" km/h"} {} , what is the range of speeds you could be going?

(a) A person’s blood pressure is measured to be 120 ± 2 mm Hg 120 ± 2 mm Hg size 12{"120" +- 2" mm Hg"} {} . What is its percent uncertainty? (b) Assuming the same percent uncertainty, what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of 80 mm Hg 80 mm Hg size 12{"80"" mm Hg"} {} ?

A person measures his or her heart rate by counting the number of beats in 30 s 30 s size 12{"30"" s"} {} . If 40 ± 1 40 ± 1 size 12{"40" +- 1} {} beats are counted in 30 . 0 ± 0 . 5 s 30 . 0 ± 0 . 5 s size 12{"30" "." 0 +- 0 "." 5" s"} {} , what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute?

What is the area of a circle 3 . 102 cm 3 . 102 cm size 12{3 "." "102"" cm"} {} in diameter?

If a marathon runner averages 9.5 mi/h, how long does it take him or her to run a 26.22-mi marathon?

A marathon runner completes a 42 . 188 -km 42 . 188 -km size 12{"42" "." "188""-km"} {} course in 2 h 2 h size 12{2" h"} {} , 30 min, and 12 s 12 s size 12{"12"" s"} {} . There is an uncertainty of 25 m 25 m size 12{"25"" m"} {} in the distance traveled and an uncertainty of 1 s in the elapsed time. (a) Calculate the percent uncertainty in the distance. (b) Calculate the uncertainty in the elapsed time. (c) What is the average speed in meters per second? (d) What is the uncertainty in the average speed?

The sides of a small rectangular box are measured to be 1 . 80 ± 0 . 01 cm 1 . 80 ± 0 . 01 cm size 12{1 "." "80" +- 0 "." "01"" cm"} {} , {} 2 . 05 ± 0 . 02 cm, and 3 . 1 ± 0 . 1 cm 2 . 05 ± 0 . 02 cm, and 3 . 1 ± 0 . 1 cm size 12{2 "." "05" +- 0 "." "02"" cm, and 3" "." 1 +- 0 "." "1 cm"} {} long. Calculate its volume and uncertainty in cubic centimeters.

When non-metric units were used in the United Kingdom, a unit of mass called the pound-mass (lbm) was employed, where 1 lbm = 0 . 4539 kg 1 lbm = 0 . 4539 kg size 12{1" lbm"=0 "." "4539"`"kg"} {} . (a) If there is an uncertainty of 0 . 0001 kg 0 . 0001 kg size 12{0 "." "0001"`"kg"} {} in the pound-mass unit, what is its percent uncertainty? (b) Based on that percent uncertainty, what mass in pound-mass has an uncertainty of 1 kg when converted to kilograms?

The length and width of a rectangular room are measured to be 3 . 955 ± 0 . 005 m 3 . 955 ± 0 . 005 m size 12{3 "." "955" +- 0 "." "005"" m"} {} and 3 . 050 ± 0 . 005 m 3 . 050 ± 0 . 005 m size 12{3 "." "050" +- 0 "." "005"" m"} {} . Calculate the area of the room and its uncertainty in square meters.

A car engine moves a piston with a circular cross section of 7 . 500 ± 0 . 002 cm 7 . 500 ± 0 . 002 cm size 12{7 "." "500" +- 0 "." "002"`"cm"} {} diameter a distance of 3 . 250 ± 0 . 001 cm 3 . 250 ± 0 . 001 cm size 12{3 "." "250" +- 0 "." "001"`"cm"} {} to compress the gas in the cylinder. (a) By what amount is the gas decreased in volume in cubic centimeters? (b) Find the uncertainty in this volume.

1.4 Approximation

How many heartbeats are there in a lifetime?

A generation is about one-third of a lifetime. Approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0 AD?

How many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human? (Hint: The lifetime of an unstable atomic nucleus is on the order of 10 − 22  s 10 − 22  s size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - "22"} } " s"} {} .)

Calculate the approximate number of atoms in a bacterium. Assume that the average mass of an atom in the bacterium is ten times the mass of a hydrogen atom. (Hint: The mass of a hydrogen atom is on the order of 10 − 27  kg 10 − 27  kg size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - "27"} } " kg"} {} and the mass of a bacterium is on the order of 10 − 15  kg. 10 − 15  kg. size 12{"10" rSup { size 8{ - "15"} } "kg"} {} )

Approximately how many atoms thick is a cell membrane, assuming all atoms there average about twice the size of a hydrogen atom?

(a) What fraction of Earth’s diameter is the greatest ocean depth? (b) The greatest mountain height?

(a) Calculate the number of cells in a hummingbird assuming the mass of an average cell is ten times the mass of a bacterium. (b) Making the same assumption, how many cells are there in a human?

Assuming one nerve impulse must end before another can begin, what is the maximum firing rate of a nerve in impulses per second?

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The Gaseous Electronics Conference takes place Sept. 30 – Oct. 4 in San Diego.

DPP Annual Meeting

The 66th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics takes place Oct. 7–11, 2024 in Atlanta.

Meetings and events calendar

Browse or search all upcoming and past events, webinars, and scientific meetings from the APS bulletin.

Watch on demand

March Meeting On-Demand

Revisit your favorite presentations, explore new physics research, and more through our on-demand content from March Meeting.

April Meeting On-Demand

Revisit your favorite presentations, explore new physics research, and more through our on-demand content from April Meeting

Event resources

Meeting Logistics

Prepare for APS and unit meetings by reviewing the instructions and logistics for presenters, session chairs, and attendees.

Travel and Visa Guidance

APS provides general visa and related information for physicists traveling internationally to attend scientific meetings and other events.

Travel Grants and Lectureships

APS fosters international collaborations and research sharing across the global physics community.

Mobile App for APS Meetings

Download the APS Physics Meetings & Events app to stay up-to-date at our in-person meetings.

Event policies and guidelines

Code of conduct for aps meetings.

APS's code of conduct for meetings is derived from our Ethics Guidelines.

Abstract Submission Policies

Share your research with the physics community at APS meetings and events.

Meetings Price Accessibility for Less-Resourced Countries

APS offers pricing to remove barriers to attendance for scientists in lower-income countries.

Session Chair Guidelines

The session chair guidelines ensure that chairs are prepared before and during the meeting to oversee a successful session.

Speaker and Abstract Guidelines

APS members may be invited to present one scientific abstract per APS March or April meeting.

Ethics Guidelines

Physicists wield the power of truth and compassion in the global pursuit of knowledge. Ethics guide our journey, shaping the integrity of our profession.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Policy

We look forward to welcoming you at APS meetings and ensuring your needs are met.

COVID-19 and Related Health and Safety Guidelines

APS is focused on ensuring safe and productive meetings for all participants.

If you have questions or concerns related to APS meetings and events, please reach out to one of the following:

• The APS Meetings team for general inquiries
• The Abstract Help Line for assistance submitting your abstract to present research at an APS meeting
• The APS Registrar for help registering to attend a meeting

Get involved, advance your career, and explore important topics for the physics community.

Funding and Recognition

APS honors exceptional contributions to the physics community, including travel support for students and early career physicists.

Committee on Scientific Meetings

The Committee on Scientific Meetings proposes and the Council adopts guidelines and rules for the operation of all Meetings of the Society.

Find other physicists in your region and specialty.

Join your Society

If you embrace scientific discovery, truth and integrity, partnership, inclusion, and lifelong curiosity, this is your professional home.