research questions examples on disease

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Evidence-Based Research: Phrasing Research Questions

The researchable question.

The first step in doing evidence-based practice research is forming a researchable question. Questions that are too broad or too narrow can make your research difficult, if not impossible.

Clinical example:

This topic is so broad that you'd have difficulty wading through all of the results.
This question is so specific that there probably hasn't been anything published on that specific location regarding that specific population.
Just right : In the NICU, what is the effect of hand washing on infection control compared with hand sanitizers, over 6 months?

Non-clinical example:

This topic is so broad that you'd have difficulty wading through all of the results. Also the wording in the question has to be more specific (use synonyms to include all possible versions). For instance, heart disease is better known in the literature as cardiovascular disease, so search both ways.
This question is so specific that there probably hasn't been anything published on that specific location regarding that specific population. It can be only be determined by accessing the electronic medical records in the hospital and finding the rate.
This question is just right because the variable name like “cardiovascular mortality” are descriptive and reflective of what is found in the literature. Additionally, there are some control variables included to make sure that even if each group of race had individuals with different ages or different incomes, this would not explain away the differences in cardiovascular mortality impacted by race.

PICOT and other models

PICOT is a mnemonic that helps you remember the key components of a well-focused question. It stands for:

P = Patient, Population or Problem
I = Intervention, Prognostic Factor, or Exposure
C = Comparison (optional)
O = Outcome

PICOT examples:

Intervention/therapy

In _______(P), what is the effect of _______(I) on ______(O) compared with _______(C) within ________ (T)?

In the aged population, what is the effect of exercise programs on accidental falls, as compared with no exercise?

Are ____ (P) who have _______ (I) at ___ (Increased/decreased) risk for/of_______ (O) compared with ______ (P) with/without ______ (C) over _____ (T)?

Are adult smokers with a history of childhood asthma at increased risk of COPD compared to adult smokers with no history of asthma?

Diagnosis or diagnostic test

Are (is) _________ (I) more accurate in diagnosing ________ (P) compared with ______ (C) for _______ (O)?

Is the Hemoglobin A1C test more accurate in diagnosing diabetes as compared with fasting blood sugar levels?

For ________ (P) does the use of ______ (I) reduce the future risk of ________ (O) compared with _________ (C)?

For people with type 2 diabetes, does zinc supplementation reduce the future risk of foot ulcers compared with placebo?

Prognosis/Predictions

Does __________ (I) influence ________ (O) in patients who have _______ (P) over ______ (T)?

In adults with osteoarthritis, does low vitamin D levels in the bloodstream predict the rate of future hip fractures?

Meaning

How do ________ (P) diagnosed with _______ (I) perceive ______ (O) during _____ (T)?

How do cancer patients diagnosed with alopecia perceive their self-esteem during and after chemotherapy?

Public Health:

PICO(T) is commonly used to formulate research questions, sometimes referred to as ‘PI/ECO’ (Population/participants, Intervention/Exposure, Comparison, Outcome). The PI/ECO structure can be readily amended for different question types ( NHMRC Guidelines, 2019 ). A simple example might be:

Population / participants: Non-institutionalized civilian residents of the United States
Intervention (or Exposure): Hypertension (or Low Socioeconomic Status)
Comparison: Respondents without hypertension
Outcomes: Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular mortality
Types of studies: Cross-sectional, Longitudinal

Alternate Models:

PECO – Population | Environment | Comparison | Outcome Very similar to PICO but looking at the effect of exposure to something e.g. smoky atmosphere
SPICE - Setting | Population | Intervention | Comparison | Evaluation Another variant of PICO but this time including the setting (where? in what context?)
ECLIPSE - Expectation | Client group | Location | Impact | Professionals | Service Recommended for health policy/management searches
SPIDER – Sample | Phenomenon of Interest | Design | Evaluation | Research Type Developed to create effective search strategies of qualitative and mixed-methods research - more specific than PICO/PECO

Search terms

Once you've developed your question, it's time to find keywords or search terms that you can use in the Library databases to find articles relevant to your question. Remember that each article does not necessarily need to address ALL the aspects of your question.

To learn more about selecting and combining appropriate search terms, please see our guides:

Keyword Searching: Keyword Search Strategy
Guide: Keyword Searching: Boolean
Previous Page: Evidence-Based Research
Next Page: Levels of Evidence Pyramid
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415 Research Question Examples Across 15 Disciplines

A research question is a clearly formulated query that delineates the scope and direction of an investigation. It serves as the guiding light for scholars, helping them to dissect, analyze, and comprehend complex phenomena. Beyond merely seeking answers, a well-crafted research question ensures that the exploration remains focused and goal-oriented.

The significance of framing a clear, concise, and researchable question cannot be overstated. A well-defined question not only clarifies the objective of the research but also determines the methodologies and tools a researcher will employ. A concise question ensures precision, eliminating the potential for ambiguity or misinterpretation. Furthermore, the question must be researchable—posing a question that is too broad, too subjective, or unanswerable can lead to inconclusive results or an endless loop of investigation. In essence, the foundation of any meaningful academic endeavor rests on the articulation of a compelling and achievable research question.

Research questions can be categorized based on their intent and the nature of the information they seek. Recognizing the different types is essential for crafting an effective inquiry and guiding the research process. Let's delve into the various categories:

Descriptive Research Questions: These types of questions aim to outline and characterize specific phenomena or attributes. They seek to provide a clear picture of a situation or context without necessarily diving into causal relationships. For instance, a question like "What are the main symptoms of the flu?" is descriptive as it seeks to list the symptoms.
Explanatory (or Causal) Research Questions: Explanatory questions delve deeper, trying to uncover the reasons or causes behind certain phenomena. They are particularly common in experimental research where researchers are attempting to establish cause-and-effect relationships. An example might be, "Does smoking increase the risk of lung cancer?"
Exploratory Research Questions: As the name suggests, these questions are used when researchers are entering uncharted territories. They are designed to gather preliminary information on topics that haven't been studied extensively. A question like "How do emerging technologies impact remote tribal communities?" can be seen as exploratory if there's limited existing research on the topic.
Comparative Research Questions: These questions are formulated when the objective is to compare two or more groups, conditions, or variables. Comparative questions might look like "How do test scores differ between students who study regularly and those who cram?"
Predictive Research Questions: The goal here is to forecast or predict potential outcomes based on certain variables or conditions. Predictive research might pose questions such as "Based on current climate trends, how will average global temperatures change by 2050?"

Here are examples of research questions across various disciplines, shedding light on queries that stimulate intellectual curiosity and advancement. In this post, we will delve into disciplines ranging from the Natural Sciences, such as Physics and Biology, to the Social Sciences, including Sociology and Anthropology, as well as the Humanities, like Literature and Philosophy. We'll also explore questions from fields as varied as Health Sciences, Engineering, Business, Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Education, Law, Agriculture, Arts, Computer Science, Architecture, and Languages. This comprehensive overview aims to illustrate the breadth and depth of inquiries that shape our world of knowledge.

Agriculture and forestry examples

Architecture and planning examples, arts and design examples, business and finance examples, computer science and informatics examples, education examples, engineering and technology examples, environmental sciences examples, health sciences examples, humanities examples, languages and linguistics examples, law examples, mathematics and statistics examples, natural sciences examples, social sciences examples.

Descriptive: What are the primary factors that influence crop yield in temperate climates?
Explanatory: Why do certain soil types yield higher grain production than others?
Exploratory: How might new organic farming techniques influence soil health over a decade?
Comparative: How do the growth rates differ between genetically modified and traditional corn crops?
Predictive: Based on current climate models, how will changing rain patterns impact wheat production in the next 20 years?

Animal science

Descriptive: What are the common behavioral traits of domesticated cattle in grass-fed conditions?
Explanatory: Why do certain breeds of chickens have a higher egg production rate?
Exploratory: What potential benefits could arise from integrating tech wearables in livestock management?
Comparative: How does the milk yield differ between Holstein and Jersey cows when given the same diet?
Predictive: How might increasing global temperatures influence the reproductive cycles of swine?

Aquaculture

Descriptive: What are the most commonly farmed fish species in Southeast Asia?
Explanatory: Why do shrimp farms have a higher disease outbreak rate compared to fish farms?
Exploratory: How might innovative recirculating aquaculture systems revolutionize the industry's environmental impact?
Comparative: How do growth rates of salmon differ between open-net pens and land-based tanks?
Predictive: What will be the impact of ocean acidification on mollusk farming over the next three decades?
Descriptive: What tree species dominate the temperate rainforests of North America?
Explanatory: Why are certain tree species more resistant to pest infestations?
Exploratory: What are the potential benefits of integrating drone technology in forest health monitoring?
Comparative: How do deforestation rates compare between legally protected and unprotected areas in the Amazon?
Predictive: Given increasing global demand for timber, how might tree populations in Siberia change in the next half-century?

Horticulture

Descriptive: What are the common characteristics of plants suitable for urban vertical farming?
Explanatory: Why do roses require specific pH levels in the soil for optimal growth?
Exploratory: What potential methods might promote year-round vegetable farming in colder regions?
Comparative: How does fruit yield differ between traditionally planted orchards and high-density planting systems?
Predictive: How might changing global temperatures affect wine grape production in traditional regions?

Soil science

Descriptive: What are the main components of loamy soil?
Explanatory: Why does clay-rich soil retain more water compared to sandy soil?
Exploratory: How might biochar applications transform nutrient availability in degraded soils?
Comparative: How do nutrient levels vary between soils managed with organic versus inorganic fertilizers?
Predictive: Based on current farming practices, how will soil quality in the Midwest U.S. evolve over the next 30 years?

Architectural design

Descriptive: What are the dominant architectural styles of public buildings constructed in the 21st century?
Explanatory: Why do certain architectural elements from classical periods continue to influence modern designs?
Exploratory: How might sustainable materials revolutionize the future of architectural design?
Comparative: How do energy consumption levels differ between buildings with passive design elements and those without?
Predictive: Based on urbanization trends, how will the design of residential buildings evolve in the next two decades?

Landscape architecture

Descriptive: What are the primary components of a successful urban park design?
Explanatory: Why do certain types of vegetation promote greater biodiversity in urban settings?
Exploratory: What innovative techniques can be employed to restore and integrate wetlands into urban landscapes?
Comparative: How does visitor satisfaction vary between nature-inspired landscapes and more structured, geometric designs?
Predictive: With the effects of climate change, how might coastal landscape architecture adapt to rising sea levels over the coming century?

Urban planning

Descriptive: What are the main components of a pedestrian-friendly city center?
Explanatory: Why do certain urban layouts promote more efficient traffic flow than others?
Exploratory: How might the integration of vertical farming impact urban food security and cityscape aesthetics?
Comparative: How do the air quality levels differ between cities with green belts and those without?
Predictive: Based on increasing telecommuting trends, how will urban planning strategies adjust to potentially reduced daily commutes in the future?

Graphic design

Descriptive: What are the prevailing typography trends in modern branding?
Explanatory: Why do certain color schemes evoke specific emotions or perceptions in consumers?
Exploratory: How is augmented reality reshaping the landscape of interactive graphic design?
Comparative: How do print and digital designs differ in terms of elements and principles when targeting a young adult audience?
Predictive: Based on evolving digital platforms, what are potential future trends in web design aesthetics?

Industrial design

Descriptive: What characterizes the ergonomic features of leading office chairs in the market?
Explanatory: Why have minimalist designs become more prevalent in consumer electronics over the past decade?
Exploratory: How might bio-inspired design influence the future of transportation vehicles?
Comparative: How does user satisfaction differ between traditional versus modular product designs?
Predictive: Given the push towards sustainability, how will material selection evolve in the next decade of product design?

Multimedia arts

Descriptive: What techniques define the most popular virtual reality (VR) experiences currently available?
Explanatory: Why do certain sound designs enhance immersion in video games more effectively than others?
Exploratory: How might holographic technologies revolutionize stage performances or public installations in the future?
Comparative: How do user engagement levels differ between 2D animations and 3D animations in educational platforms?
Predictive: With the rise of augmented reality (AR) wearables, what might be the next frontier in multimedia art installations?

Performing arts

Descriptive: What styles of dance are currently predominant in global theater productions?
Explanatory: Why do certain rhythms or beats universally resonate with audiences across cultures?
Exploratory: How might digital avatars or AI entities play roles in future theatrical performances?
Comparative: How does audience reception differ between traditional plays and experimental, interactive performances?
Predictive: Considering global digitalization, how might virtual theaters redefine the experience of live performances in the future?

Visual arts

Descriptive: What themes are prevalent in contemporary art exhibitions worldwide?
Explanatory: Why have mixed media installations gained prominence in the 21st-century art scene?
Exploratory: How is the intersection of technology and art opening new mediums or platforms for artists?
Comparative: How do traditional painting techniques, such as oil and watercolor, contrast in terms of texture and luminosity?
Predictive: With the evolution of digital art platforms, how might the definition and appreciation of "original" artworks change in the coming years?

Entrepreneurship

Descriptive: What are the main challenges faced by startups in the tech industry?
Explanatory: Why do some entrepreneurial ventures succeed while others fail within their first five years?
Exploratory: How are emerging digital platforms reshaping the entrepreneurial landscape?
Comparative: How do funding opportunities for entrepreneurs differ between North America and Europe?
Predictive: What sectors are predicted to see the most startup growth in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary sources of external funding for large corporations?
Explanatory: Why did the stock market experience a significant drop in Q4 2022?
Exploratory: How might blockchain technology revolutionize the future of banking?
Comparative: How do the financial markets in developing countries compare to those in developed countries?
Predictive: Based on current economic indicators, what is the forecasted health of the global economy for the next five years?

Human resources

Descriptive: What are the most sought-after employee benefits in the tech industry?
Explanatory: Why is there a high turnover rate in the retail sector?
Exploratory: How might the rise of remote work affect HR practices in the next decade?
Comparative: How do HR practices in multinational corporations differ from those in local companies?
Predictive: What skills will be in highest demand in the workforce by 2030?
Descriptive: What are the core responsibilities of middle management in large manufacturing firms?
Explanatory: Why do some management strategies fail in diverse cultural environments?
Exploratory: How are companies adapting their management structures in response to the gig economy?
Comparative: How does management style in Eastern companies compare with Western businesses?
Predictive: How might artificial intelligence reshape management practices in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the most effective digital marketing channels for e-commerce businesses?
Explanatory: Why did a particular viral marketing campaign succeed in reaching a global audience?
Exploratory: How might virtual reality change the landscape of product advertising?
Comparative: How do marketing strategies differ between B2B and B2C sectors?
Predictive: What consumer behaviors are forecasted to dominate online shopping trends in the next five years?

Operations research

Descriptive: What are the primary optimization techniques used in supply chain management?
Explanatory: Why do certain optimization algorithms perform better in specific industries?
Exploratory: How can quantum computing impact the future of operations research?
Comparative: How does operations strategy differ between service and manufacturing industries?
Predictive: Based on current technological advancements, how might automation reshape supply chain strategies by 2035?

Artificial intelligence

Descriptive: What are the primary algorithms used in deep learning?
Explanatory: Why do certain neural network architectures outperform others in image recognition tasks?
Exploratory: How might quantum computing influence the development of AI models?
Comparative: How do reinforcement learning methods compare to supervised learning in game playing scenarios?
Predictive: Based on current trends, how will AI impact the job market over the next decade?

Cybersecurity

Descriptive: What are the most common types of cyberattacks reported in 2022?
Explanatory: Why are certain industries more vulnerable to ransomware attacks?
Exploratory: How might advances in quantum computing challenge existing encryption methods?
Comparative: How do open-source software vulnerabilities compare to those in proprietary systems?
Predictive: Given emerging technologies, what types of cyber threats will likely dominate in the next five years?

Data science

Descriptive: What are the main tools used by data scientists in large-scale data analysis?
Explanatory: Why does algorithm X yield more accurate predictions than algorithm Y for certain datasets?
Exploratory: How can machine learning models improve real-time data processing in IoT devices?
Comparative: How does the performance of traditional statistical models compare to machine learning models in predicting stock prices?
Predictive: Based on current data trends, what industries will likely benefit the most from data analytics advancements in the coming decade?

Information systems

Descriptive: What are the core components of a modern enterprise resource planning (ERP) system?
Explanatory: Why have cloud-based information systems seen a rapid adoption rate in recent years?
Exploratory: How might the integration of blockchain technology revolutionize supply chain information systems?
Comparative: How do information system strategies differ between e-commerce and brick-and-mortar retailers?
Predictive: Given the rise of remote work, how will information systems evolve to support decentralized teams in the future?

Software engineering

Descriptive: What are the standard practices in agile software development?
Explanatory: Why do some software projects face significant delays despite rigorous planning?
Exploratory: How are emerging programming languages shaping the future of software development?
Comparative: How does the software development lifecycle in startup environments compare to that in large corporations?
Predictive: Based on current development trends, which software platforms are forecasted to dominate market share by 2030?

Adult education

Descriptive: What are the primary motivations behind adults seeking further education later in life?
Explanatory: Why do some adult education programs have a higher success rate compared to others?
Exploratory: How might online learning platforms revolutionize adult education in the next decade?
Comparative: How do adult education methodologies differ from traditional collegiate teaching techniques?
Predictive: Given current trends, how will the demand for adult education courses change in the upcoming years?

Curriculum studies

Descriptive: What are the core components of a modern high school curriculum in the United States?
Explanatory: Why have certain subjects, like financial literacy, become more emphasized in recent curriculum updates?
Exploratory: How can interdisciplinary studies be better incorporated into traditional curricula?
Comparative: How does the math curriculum in the US compare to that in other developed countries?
Predictive: Based on pedagogical research, what subjects are forecasted to gain prominence in curricula over the next decade?

Educational administration

Descriptive: What are the main responsibilities of a school principal in large urban schools?
Explanatory: Why do some schools consistently perform better in standardized testing than others, despite similar resources?
Exploratory: How might emerging technologies shape the administrative tasks of educational institutions in the future?
Comparative: How does school administration differ between private and public educational institutions?
Predictive: Given the rise of online education, how will the role of educational administrators evolve in the coming years?

Educational psychology

Descriptive: What cognitive strategies are commonly used by students to enhance memory retention during studies?
Explanatory: Why do certain teaching methodologies resonate better with students having specific learning styles?
Exploratory: How can insights from behavioral psychology improve student engagement in virtual classrooms?
Comparative: How does the motivation level of students differ between self-paced versus instructor-led courses?
Predictive: With the increasing integration of technology in education, how will student learning behaviors change in the next decade?

Special education

Descriptive: What interventions are commonly used to support students with autism spectrum disorders in inclusive classrooms?
Explanatory: Why do some special education programs yield better academic outcomes for students with specific learning disabilities?
Exploratory: How can augmented reality technologies be utilized to enhance learning for students with visual impairments?
Comparative: How does special education support differ between urban and rural school districts?
Predictive: Based on advancements in assistive technologies, how will the landscape of special education transform in the near future?

Aerospace engineering

Descriptive: What are the key materials and technologies utilized in modern spacecraft design?
Explanatory: Why are certain alloys preferred in high-temperature aerospace applications?
Exploratory: How might advances in propulsion technologies revolutionize space travel in the next decade?
Comparative: How do commercial aircraft designs differ from military aircraft designs in terms of aerodynamics?
Predictive: Given current research trends, how will the efficiency of jet engines change in the upcoming years?

Biomedical engineering

Descriptive: What are the foundational principles behind the design of modern prosthetic limbs?
Explanatory: Why have bio-compatible materials like titanium become crucial in implantable medical devices?
Exploratory: How can nanotechnology be leveraged to improve drug delivery systems in the future?
Comparative: How do MRI machines differ from CT scanners in terms of their underlying technology and application?
Predictive: Based on emerging trends, how will wearable health monitors evolve in the next decade?

Chemical engineering

Descriptive: What processes are involved in the large-scale production of ethylene?
Explanatory: Why is distillation the most common separation method in the petroleum industry?
Exploratory: How might green chemistry principles transform traditional chemical manufacturing processes?
Comparative: How does the production of biofuels compare to traditional fossil fuels in terms of yield and environmental impact?
Predictive: Given global sustainability goals, how will the chemical industry's reliance on fossil resources shift in the future?

Civil engineering

Descriptive: What are the primary considerations in the structural design of skyscrapers in earthquake-prone regions?
Explanatory: Why are steel-reinforced concrete beams commonly used in bridge construction?
Exploratory: How can smart city concepts influence the infrastructure planning of urban centers in the future?
Comparative: How do tunneling methods differ between soft soil and hard rock terrains?
Predictive: With the increasing threat of climate change, how will coastal infrastructure design criteria change to account for rising sea levels?

Computer engineering

Descriptive: What are the main components of a modern central processing unit (CPU) and their functions?
Explanatory: Why is silicon predominantly used in semiconductor manufacturing?
Exploratory: How might quantum computing redefine the landscape of traditional computing architectures?
Comparative: How do solid-state drives (SSDs) compare to traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) in terms of performance and longevity?
Predictive: Given advancements in chip miniaturization, how will the form factor of consumer electronics evolve in the coming years?

Electrical engineering

Descriptive: What are the standard stages involved in the transmission and distribution of electrical power?
Explanatory: Why are transformers essential in the power distribution network?
Exploratory: How can emerging smart grid technologies improve the efficiency and reliability of electrical distribution systems?
Comparative: How do AC and DC transmission methods differ in terms of efficiency and infrastructure requirements?
Predictive: With the rise of renewable energy sources, how will power grid management complexities change in the next decade?

Mechanical engineering

Descriptive: What are the fundamental principles behind the operation of a four-stroke internal combustion engine?
Explanatory: Why are certain polymers used as vibration dampeners in machinery?
Exploratory: How might advancements in materials science impact the design of future automotive systems?
Comparative: How do hydraulic systems compare to pneumatic systems in terms of energy efficiency and application?
Predictive: With the push towards sustainability, how will traditional manufacturing methods evolve to reduce their carbon footprint?

Climatology

Descriptive: What are the primary factors that influence the El Niño and La Niña phenomena?
Explanatory: Why have certain regions experienced more intense and frequent heatwaves in the past decade?
Exploratory: How might changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations impact global wind patterns in the future?
Comparative: How do urban areas differ from rural areas in terms of microclimate conditions?
Predictive: Given current greenhouse gas emission trends, what will be the average global temperature increase by the end of the century?

Conservation science

Descriptive: What are the primary threats faced by tropical rainforests around the world?
Explanatory: Why are certain species more vulnerable to habitat fragmentation than others?
Exploratory: How can community involvement enhance conservation efforts in protected areas?
Comparative: How does the effectiveness of in-situ conservation compare to ex-situ conservation for endangered species?
Predictive: If current deforestation rates continue, how many species are predicted to go extinct in the next 50 years?
Descriptive: What are the dominant flora and fauna in a temperate deciduous forest biome?
Explanatory: Why do certain ecosystems, like wetlands, have higher biodiversity than others?
Exploratory: How might the spread of invasive species alter nutrient cycling in freshwater lakes?
Comparative: How do the trophic dynamics of grassland ecosystems differ from those of desert ecosystems?
Predictive: How will global ecosystems change if bee populations continue to decline at current rates?

Environmental health

Descriptive: What are the major pollutants found in urban air?
Explanatory: Why do certain pollutants cause respiratory diseases in humans?
Exploratory: How might green building designs reduce the health risks associated with indoor air pollutants?
Comparative: How do the health impacts of living near coal-fired power plants compare to living near nuclear power plants?
Predictive: Given increasing urbanization trends, how will air quality in major cities change over the next two decades?

Marine biology

Descriptive: What are the primary species that comprise a coral reef ecosystem?
Explanatory: Why are coral reefs particularly sensitive to changes in sea temperature?
Exploratory: How might deep-sea exploration reveal unknown marine species and their adaptations?
Comparative: How do the feeding strategies of pelagic fish differ from benthic fish in oceanic ecosystems?
Predictive: If ocean acidification trends continue, what will be the impact on shell-forming marine organisms in the next 30 years?
Descriptive: What are the most common oral health issues faced by elderly individuals?
Explanatory: Why do sugary foods lead to a higher prevalence of cavities?
Exploratory: How might emerging technologies revolutionize dental procedures in the coming decade?
Comparative: How do the effects of electric toothbrushes compare to manual ones in reducing plaque?
Predictive: Given current trends, how might the prevalence of gum diseases change in populations with increased sugar consumption over the next decade?

Kinesiology

Descriptive: What are the primary physiological changes that occur during aerobic exercise?
Explanatory: Why do some athletes experience muscle cramps during extensive physical activity?
Exploratory: How might different stretching routines impact athletic performance?
Comparative: How do the biomechanics of running on a treadmill differ from running outdoors?
Predictive: If sedentary lifestyles continue to rise, what could be the potential impact on musculoskeletal health in the next 20 years?
Descriptive: What are the main symptoms associated with the early stages of Parkinson's disease?
Explanatory: Why are some viruses, like the flu, more prevalent in colder months?
Exploratory: How might genetic editing technologies, like CRISPR, be utilized to treat hereditary diseases in the future?
Comparative: How does the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy compare to targeted therapy in treating certain cancers?
Predictive: Given advances in telemedicine, how might patient-doctor interactions evolve over the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary responsibilities of nurses in intensive care units?
Explanatory: Why is there a higher burnout rate among nurses compared to other healthcare professionals?
Exploratory: How can training programs be improved to better equip nurses for challenges in emergency situations?
Comparative: How does the patient recovery rate differ when cared for by specialized nurses versus general ward nurses?
Predictive: How will the role of nurses change with the integration of more AI-based diagnostic tools in hospitals?
Descriptive: What are the main nutritional components of a Mediterranean diet?
Explanatory: Why does a diet high in processed sugars lead to increased risks of type 2 diabetes?
Exploratory: How might gut microbiota be influenced by various diets and what are the potential health implications?
Comparative: How does the nutritional profile of plant-based proteins compare to animal-based proteins?
Predictive: If global meat consumption trends continue, what could be the implications for population-wide nutritional health in 30 years?
Descriptive: What are the primary active ingredients in over-the-counter pain relievers?
Explanatory: Why do certain medications cause drowsiness as a side effect?
Exploratory: How might nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems enhance the efficacy of certain treatments?
Comparative: How do the effects of generic drugs compare to their brand-name counterparts?
Predictive: Given the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, how might pharmaceutical approaches to bacterial infections change in the future?

Public health

Descriptive: What are the main factors contributing to public health disparities in urban vs rural areas?
Explanatory: Why did certain regions have higher transmission rates during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Exploratory: How can community engagement strategies be optimized for more effective health campaigns?
Comparative: How do vaccination rates and outcomes differ between countries with public vs private healthcare systems?
Predictive: Based on current trends, how will global public health challenges evolve over the next 50 years?

Art history

Descriptive: What are the primary artistic styles observed in the Renaissance era?
Explanatory: Why did the Baroque art movement emerge after the Renaissance?
Exploratory: How might newly discovered ancient art pieces reshape our understanding of prehistoric artistic practices?
Comparative: How does European Romantic art differ from Asian Romantic art of the same period?
Predictive: Given current trends, how might digital art impact traditional art gallery setups in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary themes in Homer's "Odyssey"?
Explanatory: Why did Greek tragedies place a strong emphasis on the concept of fate?
Exploratory: Are there undiscovered works that might provide more insight into daily life in ancient Rome?
Comparative: How do Roman epics compare to their Greek counterparts in terms of character development?
Predictive: How will emerging technologies like virtual reality affect the study of ancient ruins?

Cultural studies

Descriptive: How is the concept of family portrayed in contemporary American media?
Explanatory: Why has the influence of Western culture grown in certain Eastern countries over the last century?
Exploratory: What are the emerging subcultures in the digital age and how do they communicate?
Comparative: How does the representation of masculinity vary between Eastern and Western films?
Predictive: In what ways might globalization affect cultural identities in the next two decades?
Descriptive: What events led to the fall of the Berlin Wall?
Explanatory: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
Exploratory: Are there undocumented civilizational interactions in ancient times that new archaeological findings might reveal?
Comparative: How did the responses to the Black Plague differ between European and Asian nations?
Predictive: Given historical patterns, how might major global powers react to dwindling natural resources in the future?
Descriptive: What are the main narrative techniques used in James Joyce's "Ulysses"?
Explanatory: Why did the Gothic novel become popular in 19th-century England?
Exploratory: How might translations of ancient texts reveal different interpretations based on the translator's cultural background?
Comparative: How does the portrayal of war differ between post-WWII American and French literature?
Predictive: How might the rise of AI-authored literature change the publishing industry?
Descriptive: What are the core principles of existentialism as described by Jean-Paul Sartre?
Explanatory: Why did the philosophy of existentialism gain prominence post-WWII?
Exploratory: How might ancient Eastern philosophies provide insights into modern ethical dilemmas surrounding technology?
Comparative: How does Nietzsche's concept of the "Ubermensch" compare to Aristotle's "virtuous person"?
Predictive: As AI becomes more prevalent, how might philosophical discussions around consciousness evolve?

Religious studies

Descriptive: What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
Explanatory: Why did Protestantism emerge within Christianity during the 16th century?
Exploratory: Are there common motifs in creation myths across various religions?
Comparative: How do concepts of the afterlife compare between Christianity, Buddhism, and Ancient Egyptian beliefs?
Predictive: How might interfaith dialogue shape religious practices in multi-faith societies over the next decade?

Classic languages

Descriptive: What are the primary grammatical structures in Ancient Greek?
Explanatory: Why did Latin play a foundational role in the development of many modern European languages?
Exploratory: Are there yet-to-be-deciphered scripts from ancient civilizations that might provide insight into lost languages?
Comparative: How do the verb conjugation patterns in Latin compare to those in Sanskrit?
Predictive: Given the ongoing research in classical studies, how might our understanding of certain ancient texts change in the next decade?

Comparative literature

Descriptive: What are the main themes in Japanese Haiku and English Sonnets?
Explanatory: Why do certain folklore tales appear with variations across different cultures?
Exploratory: How might newly translated works from lesser-known languages reshape the world literature canon?
Comparative: How does the role of the tragic hero in French literature differ from its portrayal in Russian literature?
Predictive: As global communication becomes more interconnected, how might the study of world literature evolve in universities?

Modern languages

Descriptive: What are the primary tonal patterns observed in Mandarin Chinese?
Explanatory: Why has English become a dominant lingua franca in international business and diplomacy?
Exploratory: Which lesser-studied languages might become more prominent due to socio-political changes in their regions?
Comparative: How do the grammatical complexities of Russian compare to those of German?
Predictive: Given current global trends, which languages are predicted to become more widely spoken in the next two decades?
Descriptive: What are the primary articulatory features of plosive sounds?
Explanatory: Why do certain accents develop specific pitch fluctuations and intonations?
Exploratory: How do various environmental factors affect vocal cord vibrations and sound production?
Comparative: How does the pronunciation of fricatives differ between Spanish and Portuguese speakers?
Predictive: How might advancements in voice recognition technology influence phonetics research in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the primary signs and symbols used in American road signage?
Explanatory: Why do red roses universally symbolize love or passion in many cultures?
Exploratory: Are there emerging symbols in digital communication that could become universally recognized signs in the future?
Comparative: How do the semiotic structures in print advertisements differ between Western and Eastern cultures?
Predictive: As emoji usage becomes more widespread, how might they impact written language semantics in the coming years?
Descriptive: What are the key statutes governing tenant rights in residential leases?
Explanatory: Why do personal injury claims vary significantly in settlement amounts even under similar circumstances?
Exploratory: How might alternative dispute resolution mechanisms evolve in civil law contexts over the next decade?
Comparative: How do defamation laws differ between jurisdictions that adopt the British common law system versus the Napoleonic code?
Predictive: How might the rise of online transactions affect the volume and nature of civil law cases related to contract disputes?

Constitutional law

Descriptive: What are the main principles enshrined in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution?
Explanatory: Why have some constitutional rights been subject to varying interpretations over time?
Exploratory: Are there emerging debates around digital rights and freedoms that might reshape constitutional interpretations in the future?
Comparative: How does the protection of freedom of speech differ between the U.S. Constitution and the German Basic Law?
Predictive: Given global socio-political trends, how might constitutional democracies adjust their foundational texts in the next two decades?

Corporate law

Descriptive: What are the primary duties and liabilities of a board of directors in a publicly traded company?
Explanatory: Why do mergers and acquisitions often involve extensive due diligence processes?
Exploratory: How might the rise of digital currencies impact the regulatory landscape for corporations in the finance sector?
Comparative: How does the legal framework for shareholder rights in the U.S. compare to that of Japan?
Predictive: How might changing global trade dynamics influence corporate structuring and international partnerships?

Criminal law

Descriptive: What constitutes first-degree murder in the majority of jurisdictions?
Explanatory: Why are certain offenses classified as misdemeanors while others are felonies?
Exploratory: Are there emerging patterns in cybercrime that suggest new areas of legal vulnerability?
Comparative: How does the treatment of juvenile offenders differ between Scandinavian countries and the U.S.?
Predictive: Given advancements in technology, how might criminal law evolve to address potential misuses of artificial intelligence?

International law

Descriptive: What are the foundational principles of the Geneva Conventions?
Explanatory: Why have some nations refused to recognize or be bound by certain international treaties?
Exploratory: How might global climate change reshape international agreements and treaties in the coming years?
Comparative: How do regional trade agreements in Africa compare to those in Southeast Asia in terms of provisions and enforcement mechanisms?
Predictive: How might geopolitical shifts influence the role and effectiveness of international courts in resolving state disputes?

Applied mathematics

Descriptive: What are the primary mathematical models used to predict the spread of infectious diseases?
Explanatory: Why does the Navier–Stokes equation play a pivotal role in fluid dynamics?
Exploratory: How might new computational methods enhance the efficiency of existing algorithms in applied mathematics?
Comparative: How do optimization techniques in operations research differ from those in machine learning applications?
Predictive: Given the rapid growth of quantum computing, how might it reshape the landscape of applied mathematical problems in the next decade?

Applied statistics

Descriptive: What are the standard procedures for handling missing data in a large-scale survey?
Explanatory: Why do statisticians use bootstrapping techniques in hypothesis testing?
Exploratory: How might emerging data sources, like wearables and IoT devices, introduce new challenges and opportunities in applied statistics?
Comparative: How does the performance of Bayesian methods compare to frequentist methods in complex hierarchical models?
Predictive: With the increasing availability of big data, how might the role of applied statisticians evolve in the next five years?

Pure mathematics

Descriptive: What are the axioms underpinning Euclidean geometry?
Explanatory: Why is Gödel's incompleteness theorem considered a foundational result in the philosophy of mathematics?
Exploratory: Are there newly emerging areas of study within number theory due to advancements in computational mathematics?
Comparative: How do algebraic structures differ between rings and fields?
Predictive: Considering current research trends, what areas of pure mathematics are poised for significant breakthroughs in the next decade?

Theoretical statistics

Descriptive: What foundational principles underlie the Central Limit Theorem?
Explanatory: Why is the concept of sufficiency crucial in the design of statistical tests?
Exploratory: How might advances in artificial intelligence influence theoretical developments in statistical inference?
Comparative: How do likelihood-based inference methods compare to Bayesian methods in terms of theoretical underpinnings?
Predictive: As data generation mechanisms evolve, how might the theoretical foundations of statistics need to adapt in the future?
Descriptive: What are the key features and behaviors of black holes?
Explanatory: Why does the expansion of the universe appear to be accelerating?
Exploratory: What potential insights might the study of exoplanets provide about the conditions necessary for life?
Comparative: How do the properties of spiral galaxies differ from those of elliptical galaxies?
Predictive: Based on current data, what are the projected future behaviors of our sun as it ages?
Descriptive: What are the primary functions and structures of ribosomes in a cell?
Explanatory: Why does DNA replication occur semi-conservatively?
Exploratory: How might emerging technologies like CRISPR redefine our understanding of genetic engineering?
Comparative: How do the metabolic processes of prokaryotic cells differ from those of eukaryotic cells?
Predictive: Given the current trajectory of climate change, how might the biodiversity in tropical rainforests be affected over the next century?
Descriptive: What are the key properties and uses of the noble gases?
Explanatory: Why do exothermic reactions release heat?
Exploratory: How might advances in nanochemistry influence drug delivery systems?
Comparative: How do ionic bonds differ in strength and characteristics from covalent bonds?
Predictive: Considering the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria, how might the field of medicinal chemistry adapt to produce effective treatments in the future?

Earth science

Descriptive: What are the primary layers of Earth's atmosphere and their respective characteristics?
Explanatory: Why do certain regions experience more seismic activity than others?
Exploratory: How might the study of ancient ice cores provide insights into past climate conditions?
Comparative: How do the processes of weathering differ between arid and humid climates?
Predictive: Given current data on deforestation, what could be its impact on global soil quality and erosion patterns over the next 50 years?
Descriptive: What are the fundamental principles underlying quantum mechanics?
Explanatory: Why does the speed of light in a vacuum remain constant regardless of the observer's frame of reference?
Exploratory: How might studies in string theory reshape our understanding of the universe at the smallest scales?
Comparative: How do the effects of general relativity contrast with predictions from Newtonian physics under extreme gravitational conditions?
Predictive: With advancements in particle physics, what potential new particles or phenomena might be discovered in the next decade?

Anthropology

Descriptive: What are the primary rituals and customs of the indigenous tribes of the Amazon?
Explanatory: Why did the ancient Mayan civilization collapse?
Exploratory: How might modern urbanization impact the preservation of ancient burial sites?
Comparative: How do hunter-gatherer societies differ from agricultural societies in terms of social structures?
Predictive: Given global trends, how might indigenous cultures evolve over the next century?

Communication

Descriptive: What are the main modes of communication used by millennials compared to baby boomers?
Explanatory: Why has the usage of social media platforms surged in the last two decades?
Exploratory: How might advancements in virtual reality reshape interpersonal communication in the future?
Comparative: How do written communication skills differ between those educated in traditional schools versus online schools?
Predictive: How might the nature of journalism change with the rise of automated content generation?
Descriptive: What are the primary components of a nation's gross domestic product (GDP)?
Explanatory: Why did the economic recession of 2008 occur?
Exploratory: How might the concept of universal basic income impact labor market dynamics?
Comparative: How do free market economies differ from command economies in terms of resource allocation?
Predictive: Based on current global economic trends, which industries are predicted to boom in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the geographical features of the Himalayan mountain range?
Explanatory: Why do desert regions exist on the western coasts of continents, such as the Atacama in South America?
Exploratory: How might rising sea levels reshape the world's coastlines over the next century?
Comparative: How does urban planning in European cities differ from that in American cities?
Predictive: Given current urbanization rates, which cities are poised to become megacities by 2050?

Political science

Descriptive: What are the foundational principles of a parliamentary democracy?
Explanatory: Why do certain nations adopt federal systems while others prefer unitary systems?
Exploratory: How might the rise of populism influence global diplomatic relations in the 21st century?
Comparative: How do the rights of citizens in liberal democracies differ from those in authoritarian regimes?
Predictive: Based on current political trends, which nations might see significant shifts in governance models over the next two decades?
Descriptive: What are the primary stages of cognitive development in children according to Piaget?
Explanatory: Why do certain individuals develop phobias?
Exploratory: How might emerging neuroscientific tools, like fMRI, alter our understanding of human emotions?
Comparative: How do coping mechanisms differ between individuals with high resilience versus those with low resilience?
Predictive: Given the rise in digital communication, how might human attention spans evolve in future generations?

Social work

Descriptive: What are the core principles and practices in child protective services?
Explanatory: Why do certain communities have higher rates of child neglect and abuse?
Exploratory: How might the integration of artificial intelligence in social work affect decision-making in child welfare cases?
Comparative: How do intervention strategies for substance abuse differ between urban and rural settings?
Predictive: Based on current societal trends, what challenges might social workers face in the next decade?
Descriptive: What are the defining characteristics of Generation Z as a social cohort?
Explanatory: Why have nuclear families become less prevalent in Western societies?
Exploratory: How might the widespread adoption of virtual realities impact social interactions and community structures in the future?
Comparative: How do the roles and perceptions of elderly individuals differ between Eastern and Western societies?
Predictive: Given the rise in remote work, how might urban and suburban living patterns change over the next three decades?

In synthesizing the vast range of research questions posed across diverse disciplines, it becomes clear that every academic field, from the humanities to the social sciences, offers unique perspectives and methodologies to uncover and understand various facets of our world. These questions, whether descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, comparative, or predictive, serve as guiding lights, driving scholarship and innovation. As academia continues to evolve and adapt, these inquiries not only define the boundaries of current knowledge but also pave the way for future discoveries and insights, emphasizing the invaluable role of continuous inquiry in the ever-evolving tapestry of human understanding.

Header image by Zetong Li .