write an expository essay on nigeria as an independent nation

My Country Nigeria Essay 150 To 200 Words

Nigeria fondly referred to as the “Giant of Africa,” is a country steeped in vibrant cultures, teeming with hardworking citizens, and abundantly blessed with natural resources. Nestled in the heart of West Africa, Nigeria, with an estimated population of over 200 million people, stands as the most populous country in Africa. This population comprises a diverse assembly of over 270 ethnic groups, each with its own rich cultural heritage and language.

Table of Contents

Reflections on My Country Nigeria: An Essay on the Giant of Africa

A land of diversity and unity.

Despite the striking cultural differences, Nigeria is a symbol of unity in diversity. From the Igbo’s entrepreneurial spirit in the East to the Yoruba’s artistic prowess in the West, and from the Fulani’s pastoral life in the North to the Niger Delta’s oil-rich South, the country pulsates with a unique rhythm that forms the collective Nigerian identity.

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Nigeria’s affluence is not only a result of its populous and diverse citizenry but also its bountiful natural resources. Holding the position as Africa’s premier oil producing nation, Nigeria’s prodigious oil reservoirs establish it as a crucial contributor to the international oil market. Moreover, the country is blessed with rich, arable lands, nurturing an agricultural community and fueling a flourishing farm-based economy.A Nation of Resilient Individuals

Despite the challenges faced, such as economic instability and security issues, the Nigerian spirit remains unbowed. Nigerians are renowned for their resilience, tenacity, and indomitable spirit. The nation is a breeding ground for innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurial pursuits, all driven by an unwavering desire for progress.

Nigeria, an Epicenter of Artistic Excellence

Nigeria also shines brightly on the global map for its contributions to arts and culture. With internationally acclaimed musicians, filmmakers, and authors, Nigeria’s entertainment industry is a testament to its artistic brilliance.

In Conclusion

Despite its challenges, Nigeria stands unparalleled in its cultural richness, human resourcefulness, and natural bounty. The ever-resilient Nigerians, with their infectious optimism and relentless pursuit of prosperity, make the country a vibrant and dynamic force in Africa and the world at large. In the words of our national anthem, “the labor of our heroes past shall never be in vain.” As a proud Nigerian student, I believe in the beauty, strength, and future of my beloved country, Nigeria.

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

Write An Essay On A Place Of Interest I Visited In Nigeria

Essay on Nigeria My Country

Students are often asked to write an essay on Nigeria My Country in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Nigeria My Country

Introduction to nigeria.

Nigeria is a country in West Africa. It is known for its rich culture and many languages. The land has forests, mountains, and rivers. Many people live in Nigeria, making it Africa’s most populated country.

Nigerian Culture

The culture in Nigeria is colorful. People enjoy music, dance, and art. They celebrate festivals with joy. Clothing is often bright and beautiful. Nigerian food is tasty and includes rice, soups, and spices.

Places in Nigeria

Nigeria has exciting places to see. There are big cities like Lagos and natural spots like the Zuma Rock. Visitors like to see the wildlife and markets too.

Nigeria faces some problems. Not all children can go to school, and keeping the environment clean is tough. Leaders are working to solve these issues.

250 Words Essay on Nigeria My Country

Nigeria is a country in West Africa. It’s known for its colorful culture, rich history, and natural beauty. With over 200 million people, it’s the most populous country in Africa and the seventh in the world.

Land and Nature

The land in Nigeria is very diverse. There are sandy beaches, large rivers, and even forests. The country also has a lot of wildlife, including elephants and lions. Nigeria’s weather is mostly hot since it’s close to the equator, but it also has rainy and dry seasons.

Culture and People

Nigeria is home to many different groups of people. Each group has its own language, traditions, and festivals. Music and dance are very important in Nigerian culture. The country is famous for its Nollywood film industry, which is one of the largest in the world.

Nigeria has a lot of natural resources like oil and gas. These resources play a big role in its economy. Agriculture is also important; many people farm products like cocoa and peanuts.

Nigeria faces some challenges, such as making sure everyone has enough food and access to education. The country is working to solve these problems and make life better for its people.

500 Words Essay on Nigeria My Country

Nigeria is a country located in West Africa. It is known for its rich history, diverse cultures, and natural resources. With over 200 million people, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous in the world. The land is full of life and color, with many languages spoken and various traditions practiced.

Geography and Climate

The country has a varied landscape that includes beaches, mountains, forests, and deserts. The climate is tropical, with rainy and dry seasons that change depending on the area. The southern part of Nigeria is mostly wet and green, while the north can be hot and dry. This makes Nigeria home to a wide range of plants and animals, some of which are found nowhere else on Earth.

Nigerian food is as diverse as its people. Dishes are often made with rice, beans, and yams, and are seasoned with spices that make them flavorful. Some popular foods include jollof rice, a spicy dish made with tomatoes and rice, and suya, which is grilled meat with a tasty spice rub. These foods are not just tasty but also a way to bring people together, as meals are a time for family and friends to share stories and enjoy each other’s company.

Nigeria has a growing economy that is one of the largest in Africa. It is rich in resources like oil and natural gas, which are important for the country’s wealth. Agriculture is also a key part of the economy, with many people working in farming to grow crops like cocoa, peanuts, and palm oil. Nigeria’s markets are full of life, with people buying and selling goods every day.

Nigeria is a country with a heart full of rhythm and a spirit that shines. Its landscapes are breathtaking, its cultures are vibrant, and its people are strong and resilient. Even with the difficulties it faces, Nigeria continues to move forward, building a future that honors its rich past and looks ahead with hope. For many Nigerians, their homeland is more than just a place on the map—it is a part of who they are.

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Nigerian Independence: History & Details

If you’re interested in the history of Nigeria, a couple of questions you may have asked include how did Britain get to colonize Nigeria and how did Nigeria break free and become an independent nation?

Well, in this post, we will answer these questions and many more.

Nigerian Independence: Historical Account

After the Napoleonic wars, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior and by 1885; it was well known in the international scene that the British had a considerable influence on this West African sphere.

By 1900, the company’s territory had come under the control of the British Government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria and on the 1 st of January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate meaning it was part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time.

In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and the Lagos Colony.

After World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British Government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. Hence on the 1st of October 1954, the colony became the autonomous Federation of Nigeria. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa and on 27 th October 1958, Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960.

The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on October 1, 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country’s three regions. From 1959 to 1960, JajaWachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament also called the “House of Representatives.” JajaWachuku replaced Sir Frederick Metcalfe of Britain. It was JajaWachuku that received Nigeria’s Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on Independence Day. He received it from Princess Alexandra of Kent, the Queen’s representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies.

The Federal government was given exclusive powers in defense, foreign relations, and commercial and fiscal policy. However, the monarch of Nigeria was still the head of state but legislative power was vested in a bicameral parliament, executive power in a prime minister and cabinet and judicial authority in a Federal Supreme Court.

Here’s an excerpt of the speech the then Prime Minister, Tafawa Balewa gave on that day, “When this day in October 1960 was chosen for our Independence, it seemed that we were destined to move with quiet dignity to our place on the world stage. Recent events have changed the scene beyond recognition, so that we find ourselves today being tested to the utmost. We are called upon immediately to show that our claims to responsible government are well-founded, and having been accepted as an independent state, we must at once play an active part in maintaining the peace of the world and in preserving civilisation. I promise you, we shall not fall for want of determination. And we come to this task better-equipped than many.’’

However, despite striving towards becoming an independent nation, the political parties in the country still remain quite fragmented. For instance, the Nigerian People’s Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the Northern Region. The northern region of the country comprised three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. Thus the North dominated the federation government from the beginning of independence. In the 1959 elections held in preparation for independence, the NPC captured 134 seats in the 312-seat parliament.

Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). The NCNC represented the interests of the Igbo- and Christian-dominated people of the Eastern Region of Nigeria and the Action Group (AG) was a left-leaning party that represented the interests of the Yoruba people in the West. In the 1959 elections, the AG obtained 73 seats.

As a result, when the first post-independence national government, it was formed by a conservative alliance of the NCNC and the NPC.

Upon independence, it was widely expected that Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto, the undisputed strong man in Nigeria who controlled the North, would become Prime Minister of the new Federation Government. However, Bello chose to remain as premier of the North and as party boss of the NPC, selected Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a Hausa, to become Nigeria’s first Prime Minister.

The Yoruba-dominated AG became the opposition under its charismatic leader Chief Obafemi Awolowo. However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. The federal government Prime Minister, Balewa agreed with the Akintola faction and sought to have the AG join the government. The party leadership under Awolowo disagreed and replaced Akintola as premier of the West with one of their own supporters. However, when Western Region parliament met to approve this change, Akintola supporters in the parliament started a riot in the chambers of the parliament. Fighting between the members broke out. Chairs were thrown and one member grabbed the parliamentary Mace and wielded it like a weapon to attack the Speaker and other members. Eventually, the police with tear gas were required to quell the riot. In subsequent attempts to reconvene the Western parliament, similar disturbances broke out. Unrest continued in the West and contributed to the Western Region’s reputation for, violence, anarchy and rigged elections. Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. Akintola was appointed to head a coalition government in the Western Region. Thus, the AG was reduced to an opposition role in their own stronghold.

Independence Day – Let Nigeria Rise

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write an expository essay on nigeria as an independent nation

NIGERIA, MY COUNTRY

Nigeria, the land of my ancestors; the nation where I was birthed. Nigeria is a beautiful country endowed with abundant human and natural resources.

With a population that exceeds 200 million people, there are ample opportunities, especially for international trade.

Nigeria is abundantly blessed with natural resources, boasting as the largest producer and exporter of oil in Africa, and the 11th largest in the whole wide world.

With the resources at the country’s disposal, it’s no surprise that it has the largest economy in Africa.

In a utopian world, Nigeria would’ve been one of the most powerful countries on earth and a desirable investment spot.

However, that’s sadly not the case.

It’s been 61 years since the nation gained her independence, and she’s still far off from reaching her full potential.

In 1960, when Nigeria became independent, the world had its eyes on the most populous black nation, and for the right reasons.

At that time, Nigeria boasted excellence in intellectual and educational pursuits, business, international diplomacy, as well as military and political leadership.

When Congo was in tumult, the UN peacekeeping forces relied upon Nigeria for leadership and military support. This occurred when other countries needed help too; they turned to Nigeria.

Nigeria spearheaded the anti-apartheid struggle in Southern African countries such as South Africa, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).

The West African nation also supported and funded liberation movements in Namibia, Angola, and Mozambique, amongst others.

The African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) regarded Nigeria as their lifeline, and to a great extent, they still do.

While this might seem like an impressive outlook, Nigeria’s affairs aren’t in order indoors. The country faces several problems.

Home to over 250 different ethnic groups, the country’s progress has been stumped by incompetent leaders and uncommitted citizens.

With all the resources at the nation’s disposal, Nigeria is still plagued by high unemployment rates, poor infrastructures, and an ever looming threat of dissolution.

Another issue is insecurity, which has become an ever-growing problem over the past decade.

While Nigeria has been combating a lot of problems on various fronts, the rapid deterioration of security is threatening to break the nation apart at the seams.

Recent research into the effects of the insurgency in the country’s North-Eastern parts reveals that it has dented Nigeria’s stability, development, and sovereignty.

The country’s armed forces are underequipped and overworked, and it’s been a struggle to battle the terrorist unit- Boko Haram- and defend the nation’s borders.

The case is similar for the Nigerian Police Force. The substandard equipment and poor training have made them underdogs when fighting against criminals.

One can’t help but wonder if there’s a way to stop and reverse Nigeria’s downward spiral.

Inscribed on several yellow commercial buses, synonymous with the bustling city of Lagos, are the words “No condition is permanent.”

This is proof that there’s resilience in Nigerians. It’s one of several reasons why I believe change is possible.

The grit and hope displayed by Nigerians, from the slums to the average class citizens, are admirable.

People are holding out hope for a better future, for themselves and their children.

There’s evidence in a bright future as even with the past woes, Nigeria is breaking new strides in terms of success.

A few months ago, the Federal Government approved a $5.8 billion hydroelectric project, with a capacity of 3,050 megawatts.

This is the nation’s largest ever in the electrical power sector, it is done in collaboration with China, and the project should be completed by 2027.

The objective is to provide stable electricity to at least half of the nation, something that has been a pipe dream until now.

Agriculture is another sector that’s recording growth. The government, in an attempt to reduce total reliance on oil, has encouraged grain farming.

This will create diversity in the economy, an essential ingredient for growth.

In this line, the Federal Government of Nigeria launched the Anchor Borrower’s Program in 2015.

This initiative is a multi-billion dollar program geared towards agricultural development by aiding small-scale farmers in raising their production capacity.

As Nigerian highways have been deteriorating in functionality over the years, there’s a new attempt to relieve strains on them.

This is embodied by the investment in rail transit, which hasn’t been in proper use in the nation for a long time.

A 186 km train route connecting Abuja, the federal capital, with Kaduna, a key northern city, was built for $1.1 billion.

Meanwhile, a $1.5 billion train project will connect Lagos, the country’s commercial capital, and Ibadan, 150 km away.

In general, the investment climate in Nigeria has improved significantly.

It’s proven by Nigeria’s rising 24 places in 2017, on the World Bank’s “Ease of doing Business” rating from 169th to 145th.

It’s undeniable there’s more to do if the country is to reach great heights.

However, one can be optimistic, as reports have touted Nigeria as one of the top ten countries improved by recent reforms.

One of the sectors that have experienced massive growth over the past decade is the Telecommunications industry.

According to the Nigerian Communications Commission, there are more than 150 million active users amongst service providers. An impressive statistic, considering it’s the largest in Africa.

As with any place with opportunities, both foreign and domestic investors have been cashing in massively on this.

In 2016, Nigeria’s Telecommunications authority revealed that mobile phone subscribers spent a total of $6.6 billion. The previous year, the figure was at $5.6 billion.

This implies steady growth, and even bigger ones, as the industry is expanding even until 2021.

As a developing country, Nigeria has its share of inconsistent political history.

Even with corruption being a constant roadblock for growth, Nigeria is improving.

I, and many Nigerians, have hopes in the future of our country.

Citizens have started demanding accountability from their leaders and considering the past decades, Nigeria’s democracy is relatively stable now.

Without a doubt, our hopes for a better future shall be rewarded.

Nigeria, my homeland, will rise.

Written by: Emmanuel J. Osemota

In Loving Memory of a Beloved Father | Dr. Samuel Uwa Osemota

Hunger in Africa: Wiping it Out is Very Doable

13 thoughts on “nigeria, my country”.

For Nigeria to amend and become better, the youth should stop allowing the fathers that is to answer the call of nature soon to use their future and time, while, their kids are outside the country. Youth our future is too bright don't allow money you won't enjoy ruin your future and others happiness. Let's live in peace, will can!!!

Insightful assessment and concur with you!

I concur to this more knowledge

NIGERIA MY COUNTRY. I am glad that I am a Nigerian, but not happy that the country has really become this deplorable. I am calling on the strong, focused, and well-meaning Nigerians to set aside religion or ethnic differences and join hands to build a better Nigeria that we can be proud of. I believe Nigeria will rise to its ordained position, but it can only be possible when we start asking our leaders to account for all monies that have entered their hands and remove every bad leader anytime it is election time. we should not allow political stipend to blindfold us into doing the needful in this country.

Thank you for the insightful thoughts, and definitely concur with you.

Nigeria is a blessed country We the youth should not be blindfold with money .we should stand strong for this election so we won't jeopardize our future

We completely agree with your assessment Sir!

we completely agree

I love Nigeria because is a good country am proud that am Nigeria

excellent a good inspiration for school children

Thanks and we concur with you!

Together we will make nigeria a better country

Yes! Absolutely!

Nigeria My Country - Free Essay Examples and Topic Ideas

Nigeria is a country located in West Africa, known for its diverse population, cultural heritage, and its economy based on oil exports.

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Independence day: Becoming Nigerian

When independence was gained in 1960, tribalism was a dominant force and ethnic divisions widespread.

Home to 180 million people, one quarter of the entire African continent’s citizens, Nigeria is Africa’s most populous nation. The British, who colonised the nation for the first 60 years of the 20th century, ruled over some 250 tribes often by playing one off against the other.

So when independence was gained in October 1960, tribalism was a powerful force.

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Nigerians who took over at independence were faced with the challenge of trying to form a sense of Nigerian belonging and identity. Most people could only relate to their ethnic groupings.

These divisions have remained within Nigerian society, intermittently causing outbreaks of deadly violence. Despite Nigeria’s enormous oil reserves, its population is poor, collective victims of rampant corruption.

But can this country fulfill its potential and become the biggest African success story?

Despite there being many different tribes in Nigeria, three major ethnicities have traditionally dominated the country’s politics and resources. At independence the federal constitution divided the country into three principalities, each run by one of the main ethnic groups: The Hausa-Fulani in the north, the Yoruba in the south-west and the Igbo in the south-east.

“I consider myself a Yoruba before I’m a Nigerian. That’s my immediate instant identity. And I think most intellectuals will say the same thing, and politicians. However, here we are together, brought together by the British. Operating the same constitution. A new identity which supervenes the various ethnic nationalities, is born,” Wole Soyinka, a Nigerian Nobel Peace Laureate, says.

But ethnic divisions have never gone away in Nigeria. And as the various groups vied for supremacy in Nigeria’s immediate post-colonial period, the military intervened, just as they had done in other African nations.

“[Independence] came at a time when the whole of Africa, the whole third world, were also changing to another phenomenon, and that is military. In 1952 there was a military coup in Egypt for example, in the 50s then it came to Ghana, and so on, so we came within that environment when the military was the ‘in’-thing,” Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, a former Nigerian military leader, says.

Seun Kuti: What it means to be Nigerian

In January 1966, Nigeria’s first military coup took place. It was cautiously welcomed by a population who hoped it would bring equality among the major ethnic groups. But such hopes were quickly dashed when it became clear that the majority of the coup leaders were of Igbo decent and the casualties mostly Hausa.

“There was this feeling that the coup was ethnically imbalanced. One side of the country was spared, the other side of the country had greater casualties in this, and immediately there was agitation for ‘revenge’,” Babangida says.

“So there were reprisals in the north and certain parts of the south and the first wave of reprisals and second wave and the third wave was more brutal than anything,” Soyinka says.

Thiry-thousand Igbo were killed in fighting with Hausas, and around one million Igbo were internally displaced.

“People were just butchered, there was nothing more than an act of genocide,” Soyinka says.

The struggle for unity

Nigeria was soon embroiled in a bloody civil war. On May 30, 1967, Igbo leader Colonel Emeka Ojukwu, unilaterally declared the independent Republic of Biafra in the south-east of the country.

The oil-rich region of the Niger Delta was within its boundaries. But Nigeria’s other ethnic groups would not let this region go without a fight.

“Those of us who fought the civil war, believe Nigeria is worth dying for in unity, better than living in division and destruction,” Olusegun Obasanjo, Nigeria’s former president, says.

The struggle for unity would come at a devastating price. Over one million people would be killed as the war dragged on, and famine took hold in the self-proclaimed state of Biafra.

“Now I thought the war was very immoral and I still think so to today. These were people who had been really really brutalised and dehumanised, and it was bad tactics for them at the time to declare independence. But as far political morality was concerned I felt they had every right,” Soyinka says.

READ: I remember the day… I designed the Nigerian flag

The war ended in 1970, with the south-east once again part of Nigeria. But divisions persisted and, in some places, remain to this day.

At the crossroads of the Muslim north and the Christian south the British set up a tin mining area around the city of Jos in Plateau State. Migrants from different parts of Nigeria flowed in seeking work. The city became known for its ethnic diversity.

“Jos was in fact a heaven for all those who were even running away from areas of conflict in other parts of Nigeria,” Gyang Pwajok, the director of planning in Jos, says.

By the time of independence though, tin mining was already in decline. Yet these disparate ethnic groups continued to live side by side, competing for ever-fewer resources.

Sectarian violence

Over the last decade sectarian attacks and counter attacks have plagued Jos. The most recent outbreak of violence occurred in March 2010, when a machete-wielding mob from the Muslim Hausa Fulani ethnic group descended on the Christian village of Dogo Nahawa on the outskirts of the city.

This is just the latest in a series of attacks on both sides of the community. Throughout Jos thousands have died and thousands more have been made homeless.

“So you have a situation where perpetrators become victims and victims become perpetrators, in a situation of that nature you cannot continue to play the blame game and begin to say it’s only this side or that side because certainly no one wants to sit down and watch for him to be annihilated,” Pwajok says.

On the surface, it would seem that religious tensions are to blame for the violence. But, according to some, this is a simplistic explanation.

“I am one of those who consistently says this is not the case, yes if we have a crisis that is of a religious nature I believe by now we would have arrested it, but we have so many religious leaders, Muslims and Christians, who are willing to work to prevent this crisis. But that we have worked and the crisis still erupts each time means that we have to look beyond religion. When you look in the wrong direction and religion is blamed for everything, I say it is like escaping the reality,” Ignatius A Kaigama, the archbishop of Jos, says.

The reality is far more complex. Since independence, Nigeria has grown from three provinces to 36 states, with the intention of distributing the nation’s resources more fairly between the different ethnicities.

But in Plateau State, a distinction has grown between those whose ancestral origins were in the state and those who moved there later. This, coupled with ethnic and religious differences, has made Jos especially vulnerable to brutal conflict.

The city was once lauded for its integrated population. But it is now largely divided between Muslim and Christian neighbourhoods.

“It is dangerous in the sense that now when people are seggregated, when there is a conflict people know we direct our attack to this environment, to that environment and this is really becoming a problem,” Khalid Aliyu Abubakar, one of Jos’s imams, says.

The archbishop thinks that something has to be done by the government to create a sense of belonging and a patriotic feeling.

“That national spirit that national pride I’m a Nigerian first and foremost, no, I am this tribe I am this religion before I am a Nigerian, this has to change. Even what is happening in Jos now, if you don’t tackle it well and try to proactively prevent it, it will escalate and before you know it it has assumed in national dimension,” he says.

Potential for prosperity

Four years before Nigeria gained independence from Britain, oil was discovered.

The potential for prosperity was clear. Between the oil boom of 1970 and 2007 the Nigerian government’s coffers have been enriched by almost $1.2tn in today’s money. But much of the profit has been squandered.

The country has consistently ranked one of the most corrupt in the world, and 90 per cent of the population continues to live on less than $2 a day.

In Nigeria stories of politicians and businessmen siphoning off the country’s resources are widespread. It is estimated that over $380bn have been stolen or wasted by Nigerian governments since independence.

For the majority of these five decades, military governments, unaccountable to the electorate, have held power.

Under General Ibrahim Badamisi Babangida, known as IBB, who ruled the country for eight years from 1985, corruption is said to have reached unprecedented levels. The World Bank estimates that in one year alone $2.1bn in petroleum sales were diverted to unknown accounts.

“No one can prove that to you, if you ask for proof, you will not get it,” Babangida says.

But in Lagos, Nigeria’s biggest city, proof of the effects of corruption is there for all to see. In a city of close to 17 million, two-thirds of the population live in slums.

In Makoko, a community built on the waterways of Lagos, locals survive without even the most basic resources.

“People in the community have no money to establish a school or a hospital. Because you have to be educated to become a doctor. The government wouldn’t be able to look after them. We can’t rely on the government of Nigeria. I think probably the community is starting to organise to help themselves. That is what we have started doing now,” Noah Shemede, a teacher, says.

Ethnic harmony

Yet, despite the economic extremes, and the cosmopolitan population, Lagos is, by and large, a harmonious city.

Although predominantly Yoruba, almost all of Nigeria’s ethnic groups are represented here. And like the nation itself, Lagos is divided almost equally between Christian and Muslims. “The people of Lagos are interwoven. Amongst some families in Lagos you find Chiristians and Muslims. If you decide now to fight, go to war between Christian and Muslim you would have to kill a member of your own family. That’s why in Lagos there’s perfect understanding between Christians and Muslims. So we cannot discriminate against ourselves,” Abdul Hafeez Abou, a Yoruba tribal chief, says.

Lagos is an energetic, exciting and vibrant. It is fast becoming a 24-hour city. In fact, many people refer to it as the New York of Africa and that is despite some of the serious problems here, for example the lack of power, the lack of running water, and the increasing cost of living it is still a city on the move.

Many people from other African states came to work here. But it is not just immigrants who are fueling the country’s economy. There is some evidence of a reversal of Nigeria’s brain drain. Fifteen million citizens left the country during the 1980s and 1990s due to a lack of opportunities. But some are now returning.

“Here the spirit of people is just great. You can’t beat it. Having lived in the UK for 20 years just to be at home is great. I’ve fortunately got great stuff going on with work. And you can contribute back, you can help them in life, help them with education, you can make an impact, more than you can in the West,” Tola Akarele, an entrepreneur, says.

“We can change our own country and continent. If you fix Nigeria, you fix Africa. That’s a fact,” Chike Nwagbogu, a businessman, says.

With upcoming elections in 2011 Nigerians are hoping that 50 years after independence, the political will exists to make the most of the country’s enormous potential.

“Sometimes civil society goes to sleep for a long time and wakes up and realises that the world has really moved beyond when it went to sleep. And then it becomes angry. And things happen and sometimes hopefully, it happens in a systemic organised way. Right now civil society is waking up and one is observing and participating with cautious optimism,” Soyinka says.

This film was first published in 2010.

Nigeria at 63: four reasons for persistent disunity six decades on

Research associate, Curtin University

Assistant Professor of Political Science, Lakehead University

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The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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Three men holding a Nigerian flag during a protest. The flag reads "We are all victims of this animal farm including you well-fed slaves."

At 63 the story of Nigeria can be anything from the “celebration of greatness to an act of barbaric cruelty”. These are the words of Nigerian writer Dipo Faloyin in his book Africa Is Not a Country .

Nigeria attained its independence from Britain on 1 October 1960 . Nearly half a century earlier, in 1914, the British amalgamated the Northern and Southern British protectorates into the Nigerian Federation. For many — including the Nigerian independence leader Chief Obafémi Awólòwò , in his book Path to Nigerian Freedom – the country that emerged from this amalgamation was “a mere geographical expression”.

Since independence, Nigeria has made deliberate attempts to knit a cohesive nation from this legacy of division. This has included measures such as power sharing arrangements , the creation of the National Youth Service Corps , as well as its vibrant cultural expressions through food, sports, and literature.

But there have also been missed opportunities at unity due to leadership failures on the part of successive Nigerian governments. In the end, as research shows , divisions persist. These often overshadow the country’s achievements.

We are political scientists and researchers with published works at the intersection of politics, culture, and society and the international politics of Africa.

We offer four reasons why Nigeria remains divided. We identified these as ethnic and religious division, economic disparities, identity and lack of nation building.

Most nations have been crafted out of disparate cultures. According to the Irish political scientist and historian, Benedict Anderson , all nations are imagined .

However, our observation is that the first reason for persistent disunity in Nigeria is the depth of ethnic and religious division.

Ethnic and religious division: This must be placed in the context of colonial mapping and plunder of material and cultural resources .

This came about from cobbling together starkly different cultures, lands and peoples. Before colonialism, what is now called Nigeria was peopled by different kingdoms and empires . These ranged from the Hausa states and Kanem-Bornu empire in the north, the Jukun states in the north central region, to Yoruba states in the south west, and Igboland and Delta City-states in the south.

The arbitrary borders drawn by the British during colonisation bundled together these numerous ethnicities and peoples without regard for their historical, cultural or socio-political differences.

Britain ruled Nigeria for close to 80 years. The Crown governed through what was called indirect rule . This allowed the colonial administration to govern from a distance. It delegated local administration to traditional authorities and native institutions.

Nigeria is home to over 300 ethnic groups – the Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, and Fulani are the major ones. Each group has its own language, culture, and traditions.

Nigeria is also divided along religious lines . It is predominantly Muslim in the North and Christian in the South. Indigenous religions are spread across the country, with some experiencing no dualism between these spiritualities. Indeed, this non-binary spiritual disposition was what made the Christian and Arab missionaries successful in Africa.

Economic disparities : The British Crown governed its conquered colonial territories through different systems of authority. Over time, these translated into different levels of economic development.

In the north, the colonial government relied on existing political structures of “centralised governing systems with a reputation for their bureaucratic, administrative, and judicial institutions” – mainly relics of the Sokoto Islamic Caliphate in the region.

In the South, however, the colonial administration revolved around artificially created authorities. These were usually in the form of warrant chiefs – a native leader whose legitimacy was based on a warrant issued by the colonial government rather than on the people’s culture and custom.

These different governance systems were allowed significant autonomy under the colonial system of indirect rule. Different levels of economic development began to emerge, which in turn created economic disparities. For instance, northern Nigeria has the highest concentration of less economically empowered states, communities and peoples.

Identity: As we have argued elsewhere , Nigeria was conceived by the colonial government as a business enterprise corporation, not as a nation. As one scholar pointed out , British rule also promoted the ideas of ‘the “North for Northerners,” “East for Easterners,” and “West for Westerners” within Nigeria.

Independence promised a new Nigeria that benefited all Nigerians. But the country failed to savour the “independence” moment. Nigerian leaders who took over wasted the opportunities offered by the gains of independence to dismantle the inherited colonial fissures of their societies.

Leaders such as the Sardauna of Sokoto, Sir Ahmadu Bello , Chief Obafémi Awólòwò and Sir Nnamdi Azikiwe rose to champion the cause of their respective ‘ethno-regions’. They became guilty of Frantz Fanon’s charge of the pitfall of the nation being passed over for the race, and the tribe being preferred to the state.

This was to translate into a series of coups and conflicts, including the civil war of 1967 in which about a million people died.

We have argued that the failure to savour the independence moment makes Nigeria – not just the colonial administration – complicit in its identity crises. We also acknowledge how ground-level activists and people across the different divides shape the country’s future through everyday expressions of nationhood. Nigerians are intermarrying. They’re doing business together. And they often express a general sense of pride and unity in the country’s food, sports, music and movies.

Lack of nation building: Some scholars agree that nation building requires state building. Nation unity, therefore, comes on the heels of effective action being taken by the state. But that’s not how Nigerians experience their government. For them, the state doesn’t exist behind rituals of statehood.

In the state’s absence, citizens resort to what they have – their identities – as tools for survival. This further widens ethnic fault lines and creates new ones.

A lack of investment in the infrastructures of the state has also created deplorable conditions for ordinary Nigerians.

The outcome of using identities for political scores and advantage? The proliferation of conflicts and violent clashes.

Moving forward

At the everyday level, Nigerians should focus on advancing and celebrating their soft cultural resources. These include comedy, sport, food, music, movies, and a general sense of hope and positive interaction. We argue that this ground-level, soft but courageous and clear-minded activism has the potential to restore hope in the nation. It could even achieve more.

For its part, the Nigerian state must open its doors to the people, and address their economic hardships and insecurity. If this doesn’t happen the danger is that Nigerians will abandon democratic ways and turn to violence, as we are witnessing across West Africa and the Sahel .

Colonialism
Nation building
Postcolonial Africa
ethnic clashes
Nigeria independence
Religious identity

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Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — Africa — Nigeria

Essays on Nigeria

Nigeria is a country with a rich and diverse history, culture, and economy. With its large population, diverse ethnic groups, and abundant natural resources, Nigeria offers a wide range of essay topics to explore. Whether you are interested in politics, economics, culture, or history, there are countless fascinating topics to delve into when writing about Nigeria. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of Nigeria essay topics, along with some tips on choosing the right topic for your essay.

The Importance of the Topic

Writing about Nigeria is important for several reasons. First, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and has a significant impact on the continent's politics, economy, and culture. Therefore, understanding Nigeria is crucial for anyone interested in African affairs. Additionally, Nigeria's history and culture are rich and complex, making it an intriguing subject for study and exploration. By writing about Nigeria, you can gain a deeper understanding of the country and its people, as well as contribute to the scholarly discourse on African studies.

Advice on Choosing a Topic

When choosing a topic for your Nigeria essay, it's important to consider your interests, as well as the requirements of the assignment. If you are passionate about politics, you might consider writing about Nigeria's democratic system, the role of political parties, or the impact of corruption on governance. If you are interested in economics, you could explore topics such as Nigeria's oil industry, the impact of globalization on the Nigerian economy, or the challenges of economic development. For those interested in culture and history, there are numerous topics to choose from, including traditional Nigerian music and dance, the history of colonialism in Nigeria, or the impact of globalization on Nigerian traditions. Ultimately, the best topic for your essay is one that aligns with your interests and expertise, while also allowing you to explore new ideas and perspectives.

Nigeria offers a wealth of essay topics to explore, ranging from politics and economics to culture and history. By writing about Nigeria, you can gain a deeper understanding of this diverse and dynamic country, while also contributing to the scholarly discourse on African studies. When choosing a topic for your Nigeria essay, it's important to consider your interests and the requirements of the assignment, in order to select a topic that is both engaging and academically rigorous. Whether you are interested in exploring Nigeria's political landscape, economy, culture, or history, there is no shortage of fascinating topics to delve into when writing about Nigeria.

Geo-political Review of Nigeria

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Review of Nigerian Power Reform

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Nigeria and the Nation-State

In Nigeria and the Nation-State , John Campbell explains what makes Nigeria different from other countries in Africa, how it works, and why understanding it is vital if we are to avoid the mistakes the United States made in Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq, as U.S. security and economic relations with Africa intensifies.

Teaching Notes by John Campbell

November 16, 2020 6:45 pm (EST)

In Nigeria and the Nation-State , former diplomat and Africa expert John Campbell provides a clear-eyed vision of Nigeria and why it matters. Nigeria is a case study of many of the challenges faced by other post-colonial, multi-ethnic countries. With population projections to displace the United States as the third largest in the world by 2050 and as one of Africa’s largest economies, it has democratic aspirations, yet it is undermined by weak governance, terrorism, and insurgency. Nigeria is not a conventional nation-state, even if that is how other foreign ministries and international organizations perceive it. It is not quite a nation because Nigerians are not united by language, religion, culture, or a common national story. It is not quite a state because the government is weak and getting weaker, and it fails to provide for the security of its citizens, the primary requirement of any state. Instead, Ambassador Campbell characterizes Nigeria as a prebendal archipelago: prebendal because Nigeria’s corrupt elites appropriate public money for private purposes, but prevent the state from breaking apart due to ethnic and religious rivalries out of self-interest. Elites benefit from state preservation through access to revenue from state-owned oil, government contracts, and office, all of which require a formal state. Simultaneously, the elites keep the government weak so they are not challenged, and government authority is restricted geographically to islands in a sea of ungoverned spaces—an archipelago. With this duality, it is a challenge for African democracies to build a mutually beneficial bilateral relationship. Ambassador Campbell concludes with recommendations for different U.S. diplomatic approaches. This book is suitable for the following types of undergraduate and graduate courses:

Politics of Africa
Comparative Politics
European Colonialism in Africa
Politics of Oil
Corruption and Governance
African History
U.S. Foreign Policy

Main Takeaways

West Africa

U.S. Foreign Policy

There is no such thing as pre-colonial “Nigeria” as it is fundamentally a creation of British colonialism and therefore foreign to the people within it. The government is the successor of the colonial government; there was no revolution at independence, and British officials were replaced by Nigerian ones.
Nigeria’s move toward independence was largely spearheaded by the British rather than a nation-wide independence movement that crossed ethnic divisions.
Nigerian independence did not undo changes wrought by colonialism, but instead solidified them. Newly independent Nigeria had a government built by British colonial officials; borders drawn by Europeans nearly a century earlier; and it was now part of the post-World War II international state system constructed by the victors.
The Nigerian state is run by a small cartel of self-serving elites. Its purpose is to provide a venue for their cooperation across religious and ethnic divisions, just enough to divvy up state oil revenue among themselves and their clients. They otherwise do little to improve the lot of the vast majority of Nigerians.
The government is centralized but weak, while true political power is decentralized in government and non-governmental entities.

Discussion and Essay Questions

Courses on politics of africa.

How does ethnicity influence citizens’ view of Nigeria’s government?
What nonstate institutions exert significant political power in Nigeria? How it is political power enacted?
Assess how domestic voters in Nigeria view the importance of their country’s foreign policy.
Are Nigeria’s elections free, fair, and competitive? Why or why not?
How and among whom is political power distributed within Nigeria?

Courses on Comparative Politics

How do Nigeria’s politics differ from those of a European nation-state?
How has Nigeria’s approach to nation-building differed from that of other postcolonial African states, European states, and the United States?
Assess the importance of nonstate institutions in the functioning of politics in Nigeria and another country of your choosing.
How does the Nigerian government’s role in the economy differ from that of most European countries? How does this influence politics?
Compare Nigerian security challenges to those faced by a Western state.
Nigeria is constitutionally secular, but religion plays a significant role in politics. How does this compare to the United States, another secular country where religion influences politics?

Courses on European Colonialism in Africa

How have colonial borders, since adopted as national borders, affected domestic Nigerian politics and relations with neighboring countries?
Explain the political, economic, and cultural factors that drove European colonial expansion into one present-day African state.
Explain the difference between decolonization and independence, and assess the degree to which Nigeria has achieved either from the United Kingdom.
How did British colonization of Nigeria change indigenous governance?
What is the significance of Nigeria’s lack of an independence movement across ethnic divisions?

Courses on Politics of Oil

How does oil revenue alter a state’s need to respond to citizen demands?
Imagine that you are the president of a middle-income country that just discovered oil. What steps would you take to help your country avoid the “resource curse”?
What do you think is more important: protecting the environment or taking advantage of oil reserves? How do you think citizens of poor countries would answer that question?
How does the presence of significant oil reserves change a country’s foreign policy?
Oil brings wealth and investment to countries. How are citizens, especially poor ones, affected?

Courses on Corruption and Governance

How does corruption alter citizens’ expectations of government?
Using Nigeria as an example, how has globalization affected governments’ ability to stay corrupt?
What role does corruption play in politics and governance?
How does corruption fuel violence?
How should foreign governments conduct diplomatic relations with a state that is corrupt?

Courses on Introduction to African History

How has colonialism affected national identity in Africa?
Many African countries have experienced military-led coups. How have coups, and the military more generally, affected democratization in Africa?
How did the slave trade (both trans-Atlantic and trans-Saharan) affect the trajectory of Nigeria’s history to date?
Compare the effects of direct rule and indirect rule on Nigerian institutions today.
Christianity and Islam are imports to Africa. What role does each religion play in public life in Nigeria?

Courses on U.S. Foreign Policy

What are U.S. interests in Nigeria?
Is close diplomatic collaboration between Abuja and Washington possible? If so, under what circumstances?
How should U.S. diplomatic relations with Nigeria be organized?
How should Washington determine whether it has a role in Abuja’s struggle against terrorist extremism?
Do you see parallels between U.S relations with Nigeria and with Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq?

Further Projects

In an 800-word opinion piece, identify and explain the root cause of one Nigerian security crisis.

Analytical Essay

Write a 1,500-word essay on one of the following subjects:

Assess the degree to which Nigerian elections are free, fair, and competitive, using comparisons with established democracies.
Many scholars have written about a “resource curse.” How has Nigeria managed this phenomenon?
Many African borders, drawn by European colonizers, do not represent ethnic divisions. Should borders be redrawn, and new countries created, to more accurately represent ethnic divisions?
Is religion in Africa a unifying or dividing force? Make sure to provide examples in your argument.
Does Nigeria have the necessary qualities to become Africa’s first great power?

Speechwriting

You were recently appointed as the head of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Bribeopolis. The country has vast reserves of oil, but the state-owned firm controlling production is corrupt and uncompetitive globally. You want to cut down on corruption, and suggest to the new head of the firm (the old one was removed after a scandal) that the company should be privatized. However, this will be politically difficult, as there is a huge amount of national pride in the firm, many people will lose their jobs, and citizens’ access to oil is subsidized. Write a speech that explains to the public why this move is both necessary and beneficial, and be sure to address their criticisms.

Supplementary Materials

Books Wole Adebanwi and Ebenezer Obadare, eds., Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria: Critical Interpretations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). John Campbell and Matthew T. Page, Nigeria: What Everyone Needs to Know (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018). Sarah Chayes, Thieves of State: Why Corruption threatens Global Security (New York: Norton, 2015). Herman J. Cohen, US Policy Toward Africa: Eight Decades of Realpolitik (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2020). Stephen Ellis, This Present Darkness: A History of Nigerian Organized Crime (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016). Abdulbasit Kassim and Michael Nwankpa, The Boko Haram Reader (London: Hurst and Co., 2018). Jacob Olupona, Beyond Primitivism: Indigenous Religious Traditions and Modernity (New York: Routledge, 2004). Nigerian Newspapers (available online) Daily Trust ( Nigeria) Guardian (Nigeria) Premium Times (New York and Nigeria) This Day (Nigeria) Reports “Criminal Politics, Violence, ‘Godfathers’ and Corruption in Nigeria,” Human Rights Watch Report 10, no. 16 (A) (2007), http//hrw.org/report/2007/10/11/criminal-politics/violence-godfathers-and-corruption-nigeria . “ Facing the Challenge of the Islamic State in West African Province,” International Crisis Group, Africa Report 273, May 10, 2019, http://www.crisisgroup.org /Africa/west-africa/Nigeria/273-facing-challenge-islamic-state-west-africa-province . Matthew Page, “A New Taxonomy of Corruption in Nigeria,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 17, 2018, http://carnegieendowment.org/2018/07/17/new-taxonomy-for-corruption-in-nigeria-pub-76811 . Aaron Sayne, Alexandra Gilles, and Christina Katsouris, “Inside NNPC Oil Sales: A Case for Reform in Nigeria,” Natural Resource Governance Institute, August 4, 2015, http://resourcegovernance.org/analysis-tools/publications/inside-nnpc-oil-sales-case-reform-nigeria .

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Constitutional framework

Local government, political process.

Health and welfare
Cultural milieu
Daily life and social customs
Cultural institutions
Sports and recreation
Media and publishing
The Nok culture
Kanem-Borno
Yorubaland and Benin
Igboland and the delta city-states
The Sokoto jihad
The collapse of Oyo
The arrival of the British
Nigeria as a colony
The civil war
The Second Republic
Military regimes, 1983–99
The 1999 elections
Domestic unrest and insecurity
Bakassi Peninsula dispute
Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election
Yar’Adua’s ill health
The 2011 elections
Rise of Boko Haram
The 2015 elections and electorate concerns
Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity
The 2019 elections
The 2023 elections

Government and society

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GlobalSecurity.org - Nigeria
Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Nigeria
Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Seoul, South Korea
Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Germany
Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Vienna
National Geographic Kids - Countries - Nigeria
Official Site of the Embassy of Nigeria in Stockholm, Sweden
Country Studies - Nigeria
Nigeria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
Nigeria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
Table Of Contents

Under the 1999 constitution, executive power is vested in a president who serves as both the head of state and the chief executive, is directly elected to a four-year term, and nominates the vice president and members of the cabinet. The constitution provides for a bicameral National Assembly , which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state elects 10 members to the House of Representatives for four-year terms; members of the Senate—three from each state and one from the Federal Capital Territory—also are elected to four-year terms.

There are two tiers of government—state and local—below the federal level. The functions of the government at the local level were usurped by the state government until 1988, when the federal government decided to fund local government organizations directly and allowed them for the first time to function effectively.

Recent News

Nigeria is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory , where the country’s capital, Abuja , is located; the constitution also includes a provision that more states can be created as needed. At independence the country was divided into three regions: Northern, Eastern, and Western. The Mid-West region was created out of the Western region in 1963. In 1967 Col. Yakubu Gowon , then the military leader, turned the regions into 12 states: 6 in the north, 3 in the east, and 3 in the west. Gen. Murtala Mohammed created an additional 7 states in 1976. Gen. Ibrahim Babangida created 11 more states—2 in 1987 and 9 in 1991—for a total of 30. In 1996 Gen. Sani Abacha added 6 more states.

The Nigerian legal and judicial system contains three codes of law: customary law, Nigerian statute law (following English law), and Sharīʿah (Islamic law). Customary laws, administered by native, or customary, courts, are usually presided over by traditional rulers, who generally hear cases about family problems such as divorce. Kadis (judges) apply Sharīʿah based on the Maliki Islamic code. Since 1999, several states have instituted Sharīʿah law. Although the states claim that the law applies only to Muslims, the minority non-Muslim population argues that it is affected by the law as well. Christian women, for example, must ride on female-only buses, and some states have banned females from participating in sports.

Nigerian statute law includes much of the British colonial legislation, most of which has been revised. State legislatures may pass laws on matters that are not part of the Exclusive Legislative List, which includes such areas as defense, foreign policy , and mining—all of which are the province of the federal government. Federal law prevails whenever federal legislation conflicts with state legislation. In addition to Nigerian statutes, English law is used in the magistrates’ and all higher courts. Each state has a High Court, which is presided over by a chief judge. The Supreme Court, headed by the chief justice of Nigeria, is the highest court.

The constitution grants all citizens at least 18 years of age the right to vote . The Action Group (AG) and the Northern People’s Congress (NPC) were the major Nigerian parties when the country became independent in 1960. However, their regional rather than national focus—the AG represented the west, the NPC the north, and the National Council for Nigeria and the Cameroons the east—ultimately contributed to the outbreak of civil war by the mid-1960s and more than 20 years of military rule . Political parties were allowed briefly in 1993 and again starting from 1998, but only parties with national rather than regional representation were legal, such as the newly created People’s Democratic Party (PDP), the Alliance for Democracy , and the All Nigeria People’s Party. Since then, many other parties have been created, most notably the All Progressives Congress (APC), the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA), and the Labour Party.

Women have participated in the government since the colonial period, especially in the south. Their political strength is rooted in the precolonial traditions among particular ethnic groups, such as the Igbo , which gave women the power to correct excessive male behaviour (known as “sitting on a man”). Igbo women, showing their strength, rioted in 1929 when they believed colonial officials were going to levy taxes on women. Yoruba market women exercised significant economic power, controlling the markets in such Yoruba cities as Lagos and Ibadan . Some ethnic groups, such as the Edo who constituted the kingdom of Benin , also gave important political power to women; the mother of the oba (king) played an important part in the precolonial state. Women such as Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (the mother of the musician Fela and human rights activist and physician Beko) actively participated in the colonial struggle, and several women have held ministerial positions in the government. Although Nigerian women may wield influence and political power, particularly at the familial and local level, this has not always been reflected at the federal level: in the early 21st century, women made up about 5 percent of the House of Representatives and the Senate. (For more information on the historical role of women in Nigerian politics and culture , see Sidebar: Nigerian Women .)

Nigeria’s Economic Crisis Research Paper

To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Causes of nigeria’s economic crisis, changing nigeria’s economy.

Nigeria has a dual economy and, its population relies on earnings from the energy sector followed by the agricultural sector. In 1960, agriculture became the country’s main source of revenue accounting for nearly half of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The emergence of oil and other petroleum products has increased the country’s foreign exchange earnings hence the increased revenues. Nigeria is endowed with large quantities of natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable. For instance, it is endowed with oil and natural gas reserves with crude oil being estimated at around 35 billion barrels. The country, however, cannot meet the needs of its large population and this is an extraordinary macro-economic phenomenon.

The country’s economic growth is unpredictable and it now depends on imported food though it was once a net exporter. This is quite surprising keeping in mind that Nigeria is rich in natural resources especially energy and is the sixth largest producer of crude oil internationally (Ekpo, 2008). This paper will discuss the causes of Nigeria’s economic crisis, its effects and finally, how the phenomenon can be changed.

Consumers, producers, and efficiency of the market

The decline in Nigeria’s economic growth can be attributed to market shortages of its petroleum products especially Kerosene and diesel. The weak political demands exerted by the poor kerosene and diesel customers and the limitations on public financing of imports is what has led to the market shortages. The country has five government owned oil refineries, which are capable of producing about 500 barrels of oil every day. The high oil production capacity with no adequate markets has made the country’s government to get involved in importing large volumes of food to remedy the shortages involved.

Supply and Demand

Nigeria’s economic crisis can be attributed to the interaction of demand and supply in the market. The citizens are over reliant on self-generated electrical energy despite the fact that the nation is rich in energy resources. The country’s electricity market, which on the supply side is controlled by National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), is incapable of providing acceptable electricity standards, which are both reliable and accessible. The poor record in electricity supply has led to high losses hence the nation’s economic crisis.

Price fluctuations in the global oil industry and poor macro- economic organization especially the country’s failure to expand its economy are other key contributors to its economic problems.

The diversity of economic and non-economic goals without proper recognition of tradeoffs has also resulted to the crisis. This is seen in its pricing strategies in the global market. Institutional and administrative failures, which have led to production inefficiencies and increased operating costs, have led to the extraordinary macroeconomic phenomena in Nigeria (Oluyemisi, 2010).

Effects of Nigeria’s Economic Crisis

The constant disequilibrium in the country’s market for petroleum products has negatively affected the living standards of the citizens. Poverty levels have increased with majority of people in the country living on not more than $2 in a day.

Nigeria’s economic crisis has greatly deteriorated its industrialization process and this has significantly decreased its effort to achieve a stabilized economy. Competitiveness of the countries local industries in both regional and international markets has been reduced and many citizens are now unemployed (Iyoha & Itsede, 2002).

Mankiw’s 10 principles

Nigeria’s economic theory suggests that energy and oil purchases depend on price of other related products such as natural gas and petrol. The country’s macroeconomic phenomenon can be solved through Mankiw’s ten economic principles. According to Mankiw, countries face tradeoffs and to achieve their goals, then they have to surrender some things. Consequently, for successful decision-making, the country has to trade off one objective against another.

Mankiw’s second principle states that what is surrendered in an attempt to achieve something is its cost. The country while getting out of its problems has to put into consideration the total costs required. The third principle elaborates the idea that wise people reason at the margin and, only take action if the subsidiary benefits exceed the costs. Nigerians living standards have changed due to low benefits and this can be explained using the principle that people react to changes in incentives.

While trying to explain how the economy works together as one, Mankiw says that trade can make the nation to be better placed. Through trade, Nigeria can be able to concentrate on its best activities and other nations can purchase different goods from them. Nigeria can thus solve its economic problems by participating in market economies since through this it can distribute its resources more effectively (Mankiw, 2012).

According to Mankiw, the government can at times enhance market outcomes. For instance, since Nigeria has not been able to use its resources effectively, then its government should participate in solving the issue through public policies such as setting rules against monopolies.

In his eighth principle, Mankiw states that the standard of living in any nation depends on the nation’s capacity to produce goods and services. To get out of its economic problems, Nigeria should ensure that its workforce produce goods and services in large quantities.

This could lead to high living standards since productivity in a country increases with increasing income. Mankiw’s ninth principle talks of the fact that prices of goods in a country increase as the government gets involved in printing excess money. Nigeria should not involve herself in such actions since this could lead to low currency values. Sequentially, prices would increase and this would call for more money used in purchasing goods and services.

Mankiw’s last principle states that a nation faces a short run transaction during times of price increases and unemployment. Though lowering of prices leads to high unemployment levels, Nigeria should try this principle since it leads to an understanding of the short-term effects of fluctuations in taxes, government expenditure, and monetary principles (Mankiw, 2012).

Government Policies

Substantial expansion in the value and quantity of Nigeria’s natural resources is important in sustaining its economic growth, creating employment, reducing poverty, and finally improving the well-being of its population as a whole. Overcoming the country’s economic crisis and ensuring global standards in quantity, value and consistency of the nation’s services is a prerequisite for attaining the government’s desire of being one of the top 20 economic countries by 2020.

To improve its economy, Nigeria should adopt a new policy with new principles that will lay the basis for continuous improvement in other fields such as agriculture. It should create a more favorable macro-environment that encourages the private sector to put more investments in agriculture. The duties of the government together with those of the private sector should be rationalized in a manner that stimulates agricultural development.

The institutional structure should also be reorganized to allow for government intervention in the sector since this would lead to growth of the agricultural sector. The government should further articulate and execute development programs in the rural areas to improve the standards of living of the locals.

The amount of budgetary allocation given to the agricultural sector should be increased to improve agricultural productivity. Finally, best practices should be developed and procured in the country’s oil and energy industries (Ajilima & Kwanashie, 1998).

The government should rectify irregularities in import and export tariffs especially in petroleum and agricultural products. It should also promote the use of machinery in agriculture through imposing constructive tariff policies. This would ensure that the country does not depend on imported food (Mankiw, 2012).

Nigeria’s economy depends on price elasticity of goods and services. However, the phenomenon of price elasticity has been synchronized in Nigeria for quite a long time. Price elasticity in Nigeria is determined by consumer demand irrespective of price increases (Oluyemisi, 2010).

Nigeria is among the richest countries in the world though most of its citizens are strikingly poor. This is because the country relies on its energy sector as the only source of revenue without diversifying in other fields. It is, therefore, clear that for the country to have adequate resources to meet the needs of its population, it should get involved in other income generating activities such as agriculture.

The government should also come up with policies that clearly define the duties and responsibilities of both the central government and the private sector in order to get rid of the country’s economic crisis.

Ajilima, I., & Kwanashie, M. (1998). The Nigerian economy: response of agriculture to adjustment policies . Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium.

Ekpo, H. (2008). The Nigerian economy: is it at the crossroads. Nigeria: Nigerian Economic Society.

Iyoha, A., & Itsede, O. (2002). Nigerian economy: structure, growth, and development. Benin: Mindex Publishers.

Mankiw, G. (2012). Essentials of Economics . Australia: Southwestern Cengage Learning.

Oluyemisi, D. (2010). The Nigerian economy: growth, productivity and the role of monetary policy . Ibadan: Research Library Development Policy Centre.

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IvyPanda. (2018, December 27). Nigeria’s Economic Crisis. https://ivypanda.com/essays/nigerias-economy/

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Writing (Expository Essay)

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In today’s English Language class, We will be learning about how to write an Expository Essay. We hope you enjoy the class!

An expository essay is a type of essay in which students are expected to explain a thing or a process in full. In expository essays, facts about situations, descriptions of things are stated as well as judgments.

In an expository essay, definitions of terms can be given, comparison of things can be done, causes and effects of something can be discussed, illustrations can also be given, etc.

The dominant tense used in expository essays is simple present tense. Also, every expository essay must have a title.

expository-essay-sample english classnotesng

Write a good essay on the topic “Why students fail examination”

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READING ASSIGNMENT

Read more on expository essays from Exam Focus: pages 18&19

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Analytical Essay

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Nigeria’s Economic Crisis Research Paper

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Consumers, producers, and efficiency of the market

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Mankiw’s 10 principles

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