cover crop phd thesis

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Nurturing Belowground Life: The Role Of Cover Crops in Shaping Soil Microbial Communities in Agroecosystems.

Soil, essential for life on Earth, faces degradation due to intensive agriculture. This thesis explores how cover crops, plants grown not for harvest but to enhance soil quality, impact soil microbial communities, or microbiome, composed of bacteria, fungi, protists and nematodes.

In this thesis, I demonstrated that cover crops alter the community assembly and activity of soil microorganisms around plant roots and in bulk soil after cover crop termination. These persisting changes affect the soil microbiome in a way that can foster more and more active beneficial microbes. These microbes can help the establishment and growth of the succeeding main crop, also by controlling diseases and improving the plant nutrient’s availability.

This thesis showcases the transformative potential of cover crops in shaping the soil microbiome in agroecosystems by boosting microbes related to increased soil health, and crop productivity, paving the way for future research in this field.

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Cover crop effects on reducing manure volatilization, improving forage rape production and weed suppression in the northeast U.S.A

Parisa Akbari , University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow

Author ORCID Identifier

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8990-9661

Campus-Only Access for Five (5) Years

Document Type

dissertation

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Degree Program

Environmental Conservation

Year Degree Awarded

Month degree awarded, first advisor.

Stephen Herbert

Subject Categories

Agronomy and Crop Sciences

Cover crops can provide multiple soil, agricultural production, and environmental benefits. Cover crops improve recovery and recycling of nitrogen and impart weed suppression in crop production. Establishing best management practices is critical in a sustainable agricultural system. Planting of crops under no-till or reduced tillage and selecting of the best main crop, cover-crop species, and planting date for a given region or environment will aid in optimizing weed suppression and crop productivity and reducing costs of energy, labor, and machinery. Cover crops including hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa L), winter rye ( Secale cereale L.), oat ( Avena sativa L), and forage radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) have been grown commonly throughout the United States and evaluated for their weed-suppressive potential, nitrogen accumulation and retention, organic matter maintenance, and suppressed erosion. A two-year study with six weekly plantings of cover crops (Sep 9, Sep 16, Sep 23, Sep 30, Oct 9 and Oct 14) including non-winterkilled species (hairy vetch, winter rye) and winterkilled species (oat, forage radish,) were assessed for effects on growth of forage rape ( Brassica napus L.) and weed suppression. Early planting of cover crops gave the highest biomass and highest nitrogen accumulation. Delaying planting from early-September to mid-October suppressed cover crop biomass by about 40%. Forage radish produced more biomass in the fall than other cover crops but was winterkilled. Spring biomass was highest with rye or vetch. All cover crops suppressed weeds, but suppression was greatest under rye or hairy vetch. Hairy vetch accumulated the largest nitrogen content. Forage rape plants yielded more biomass after a cover crop than after no cover crop. Rye ( Secale cereale L.) is the most widely grown cover crop in the Northeast U.S.A., and its N scavenging capacity and adaptability to the soils and climates in the region have been well documented. However, it might not be an adequate source of nitrogen for the early planted cash crops in the spring because it is not given the opportunity to grow in the spring and accumulate substantial amount of biomass. Therefore, use of livestock manure as a source of nitrogen for crop production is a common practice used worldwide. Ammonia emissions from dairy and livestock operations are of significant environmental and human health concern in the United States. Conservation of ammonia from fall surface-applied manure could benefit farmers by retaining nitrogen for use by crops in the spring growing season. The primary goal of this research was to investigate a management strategy by planting rye cover crop for mitigating ammonia volatility from manure at the time of field application with no incorporation in the fall before snow fall. A two-year study investigated the time of planting of winter annual rye along with late fall application of manure when air temperature is low and can influence ammonia emission and preserve nitrogen to meet the nitrogen requirement of forage rape. Three planting dates (Sep 16, Sep 30, and Oct 14) of rye cover crop with two manure application treatments including late-fall application and no manure were assessed for mitigating ammonia volatilization, and also yield and recovery of nitrogen by forage rape. The highest rates of ammonia volatilization were detected in the first 24 hours after manure spreading regardless of the treatment. The result indicated that cover use of crops significantly limited volatilization compared with no cover crop. The earliest planting date produced higher dry matter than second and third dates of planting. Forage rape yielded more biomass if planted after all cover crop treatments with manure application. The results of this study suggest that if immediate incorporation of manure into soil is not feasible, establishing cover crop early and then applying manure in the late fall, is a practical management to limit nonpoint source pollution from ammonia loss.

https://doi.org/10.7275/22454526.0

Recommended Citation

Akbari, Parisa, "Cover crop effects on reducing manure volatilization, improving forage rape production and weed suppression in the northeast U.S.A" (2021). Doctoral Dissertations . 2156. https://doi.org/10.7275/22454526.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/2156

Since June 29, 2021

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agriculture - Agronomy - Crop Science'

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Arnet, Kevin Broc. "Cover crops in no-tillage crop rotations in eastern and western Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4086.

Hurley, Shannon. "Oats as a Companion Crop for Alfalfa: Establishment Methods." TopSCHOLAR®, 1994. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/971.

Okito, Pungu. "Origins Of The Y Genome In Elymus." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/95.

Lueck, Andrew Bruce. "Environmental Conditions, Variety, and Application Timing Influence on S-Metolachlor Sugarbeet Crop Safety." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10269346.

Glyphosate-resistant weeds in North Dakota and Minnesota sugarbeet growing regions have necessitated research on S-metolachlor. S-metolachlor can be applied early-postemergence in sugarbeet but has not been labeled preemergence as reductions in sugarbeet safety have been observed. Field and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine crop safety from S-metolachlor applied preemergence. S-metolachlor readily bonds to soil clay and organic matter. High clay and organic matter soils buffer S-metolachlor from soil solution and increase crop safety. Sugarbeet emergence was affected by soil series, temperature, and soil water, but was not affected by S-metolachlor or S-metolachlor rate. S-metolachlor affected sugarbeet growth, but a rate of 0.54 kg ai ha -1 was safe across soils and growing conditions. No differences in varietal tolerance were observed. S-metolachlor applied immediately after planting or at the cotyledon and two-leaf stage injured sugarbeet less than application 3, 5, or 7 d after planting.

Gonzalez, Cesar. "Response of Three Cultivars of Bell Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Mulching & Irrigation." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2411.

Hafner, Timothy. "The Effects of Within-Row Spacings & Cultivars on the Yield of Bush Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2428.

Thompson, Leslie. "Efficacy of Sucker Control Method and Effect of Topping Height on Axillary Bud Growth in Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/640.

Mathews, David. "A Comparative Study of Composted Organic Wastes and IBDU Fertilizer in Nitrogen Utilization by Bentgrass Cultivars." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/675.

Sabal, Harry. "Molecular Characterization of Citrus Tristeza Virus Isolates in Commercial Citrus Grown in Belize." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/699.

Oveson, Dawn. "Efficacy of Soybean Herbicides on Annual Morninglory." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/691.

Kelley, Tracy. "Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Cover Crop Response of Herbicide Combinations in Dark Fire Cured Tobacco." TopSCHOLAR®, 2000. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/724.

Tawhid, Aslam. "Effects of Soybean Cultivars and Planting Dates on Biomass Production." TopSCHOLAR®, 1994. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/952.

Coles, Joanna. "Efficacy of Herbicide Combination on Burley and Dark-Air Cured Tobacco." TopSCHOLAR®, 2003. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/586.

Canty, Amanda. "Comparison of Nutrient Concentration in Four Fertility Treatments After Poultry Litter Application to Orchardgrass and Sorghum-Sundangrass Hayfield Soils." TopSCHOLAR®, 2002. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/623.

Pigg, Carol. ""Bound Together . . . By Blood and Soul": Donald Davidson's Strategic Retreat into the Myth of Life in the Old South." TopSCHOLAR®, 2000. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/692.

Stiles, Maria. "Evaluation of the Persistence of Grazing Alfalfa Varieties." TopSCHOLAR®, 2002. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/638.

Beckort, Richard. "Evaluation of Three Coverings for the Overwintering of Container Grown Herbaceous Perennials in Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 1987. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2153.

Fox, Susan. "A Comparison of Chemical Composition & Fermentation Patterns of Alternative Silages to Whole Plant Corn Silage." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2346.

Craft, Kortney E. "Economic Impacts of Drought on Kentucky Corn, Hay, and Soybeans." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1066.

Coomer, Taylor Dayne. "Effect of Potassium Deficiency on Uptake and Partitioning in the Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Plant and Detection by a Crop Reflectance Sensor." Thesis, University of Arkansas, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10110014.

For cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) to grow and develop normally, plants need to uptake the necessary amount of nutrients and use those nutrients in a beneficial fashion. It is recognized that cotton needs a certain tissue concentration of ions to achieve and maintain growth rates (Siddiqi et al., 1987). One of the most essential and abundant nutrients in cotton is potassium (K), second only by mass to nitrogen (N) (Marschner, 1995; Oosterhuis et al., 2013). Potassium exists in the soil in four separate pools and moves through soil to roots mainly through diffusion (Rengel & Damon, 2008; Samal et al., 2010; Ogaard et al., 2001). Potassium plays a vital role in plant growth and metabolism.

The objectives of this study were to determine the Michaelis-Menten parameters for the high-affinity transport system (HATS) and low-affinity transport system (LATS) uptake mechanisms of cotton, observe how K is partitioned throughout the cotton plant over a growing season with differing K fertilization rates, and to determine if cultivars differed in values from currently available indices formulated for N-status detection from active sensors. It also set out to determine if these N-sensitive indices were sensitive to leaf K concentration and available K2O in the soil, and to evaluate the role these indices play in predicting yield. It was hypothesized that a high K hydroponic environment would lead to more K uptake by cotton roots, which would lead to an increase in VMAX and KM. It was also hypothesized that with increased K fertilization, there would be greater K uptake and larger shift to reproductive components due to the plant having more than enough K in all other parts enabling it to send more to the reproductive components, and that greater K rates would lead to higher yields across all cultivars. It was believed that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) would more accurately predict leaf K, available K2O, and yield than normalized difference red edge (NDRE), that NDVI and NDRE would more accurately determine the K parameters chosen than canopy chlorophyll content index (CCCI), due to the strong influence of the red-edge band in the index and that yield would be most accurately predicted by the CCCI, due to yield being influenced by both chlorophyll content and biomass, and the CCCI involving the red-edge band to reflect chlorophyll content and the near infrared band to detect biomass.

Penick, William Frazier. "Influence of Transplanter Modification and Previous Crop on the Production of No-Till Dark Tobacco." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1257.

Daniel, Kyle. "Asexual Propagation of Four Cultivars of Vaccinium Corymbosum and Weed Management in an Established Orchard of Vaccinium Corymbosum 'Bluejay' (Highbush Blueberry) in South Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/456.

Simmons, Jason. "Influence of Poultry Litter on Dark Tobacco Growth and Soil Nutrient Availability." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/516.

Claycomb, David. "An Economic Study of the Relative Profitability of Alfalfa Production and Marketing Practices." TopSCHOLAR®, 1995. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/903.

Fenton, Lynda L. "Evapotranspiration of Kentucky Bluegrass." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/745.

Von, Boeck Walter. "Agronomical behavior of two kinds of swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) fertilized with earthworm humus in an underground greenhouse in Viacha, La Paz." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2000. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5452.

Whitacre, Marina K. "Cattle as Grazing Management and Seed Dispersal Tools for Increasing Native Species Diversity on Great Basin Rangelands." DigitalCommons@USU, 2004. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6604.

Boglaienko, Daria. "Buckwheat as a Cover Crop in Florida: Mycorrhizal Status, Soil Analysis, and Economic Assessment." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/921.

Titolo, Donato. "USING AN ACTIVE OPTICAL SENSOR TO IMPROVE NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN CORN PRODUCTION." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/11.

Hambrick, Timothy. "Effect of Phosphorus Placement Methods on the Yield & Quality of Tomatoes." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2422.

Sandifer, G. Tom Jr. "The Effect of Tillage Methods & Row-Widths on Selected Growth Characteristics & Yield of Soybeans." TopSCHOLAR®, 1985. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2811.

Thompson, Christopher. "The Effect of Phosphorous Placement & Rate on Phosphorus Uptake, & Growth & Yield of Tomatoes." TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2931.

Widodo. "The Effects of Spacings & Cultivars on Biological Yields, Yields, Component of Yield & Harvest Index of Green Bush Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2967.

Shelton, Rebecca Erin. "CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN KENTUCKY: INVESTIGATING NITROGEN LOSS AND DYNAMICS IN CORN SYSTEMS FOLLOWING WHEAT AND HAIRY VETCH COVER CROPS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/59.

Law, Audrey. "EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL INPUTS ON SOIL CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN A FOUR-YEAR VEGETABLE ROTATION AND THE INVESTIGATION OF SOIL MICROBIAL PROPERTIES ON PLANT GENE EXPRESSION." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/704.

Jimenez, Ricardo A. "Evaluation of Fomesafen for Broadleaf Weed Control, In Soybeans (Glycine Max)." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1711.

Mairs, Ryan Alan. "Effects of Bacillus Mycoides Supplement in a Reduced Frequency Fungicide Program on Chambourcin Grapevines (Vitis Vinifera L.)." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3047.

Dye, Rick. "Isolation & Characterization of a Type I Topoisomerase from the Hypocotyls of Etiolated Soybeans." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2278.

Baniszewski, Julie. "IRRIGATED ZEA MAYS RESPONSE TO NITROGEN AND HIGH PLANT POPULATION DENSITY IN NARROW ROWS." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/73.

Ferrufino, Miranda José. "Evaluation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) at different spacings between furrows and plants in the Mamani community." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2003. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5360.

Pablo, Raúl Andrade Andrade. "Effect of chemical fertilization and organic amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) var. Alegria INIAP Chaltura." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5414.

Santoro, Maria Julia. "CORN GRAIN YIELD COMPONENTS AND NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN, PLANT DENSITY AND HYBRID." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/100.

Shahadha, Saadi Sattar. "Measured Soil Hydraulic Properties as RZWQM2 Input to Simulate Soil Water Dynamics and Crop Evapotranspiration." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/110.

Sciarresi, Cintia Soledad. "OPTIMIZING COVER CROP ROTATIONS FOR WATER, NITROGEN AND WEED MANAGEMENT." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/122.

Florence, Darlene Christina. "Agronomic Land Management Effects on Soil Fertility and Grain Crop Productivity in Western Kenya and Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338341162.

Chater, John Matthew. "THE EFFECTS OF FOLIAR NUTRIENT APPLICATIONS ON SPLIT, YIELD, AND INTERNAL FRUIT QUALITY OF 'WONDERFUL' POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.)." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1510.

Kenney, Ian T. "Regional assessment of short-term impacts of corn stover removal for bioenergy on soil quality and crop production." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13186.

Miranda, Fernandez Saul Victor. "Processing and Conservation of the Little Corn in Aiquile province in the Cochabamba Department: use of antioxidants, organic and industrial evaluation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1997. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5402.

Pyzola, Stephanie. "NITRATE REDUCTION COUPLED TO IRON(II) AND MANGANESE(II) OXIDATION IN AN AGRICULTURAL SOIL." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/20.

Sherman, Austin. "INTEGRATING COVER CROPS AND HERBICIDES FOR HORSEWEED [ Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] MANAGEMENT PRIOR TO SOYBEAN [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/121.

• Manuscript Preparation

Know How to Structure Your PhD Thesis

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Table of Contents

In your academic career, few projects are more important than your PhD thesis. Unfortunately, many university professors and advisors assume that their students know how to structure a PhD. Books have literally been written on the subject, but there’s no need to read a book in order to know about PhD thesis paper format and structure. With that said, however, it’s important to understand that your PhD thesis format requirement may not be the same as another student’s. The bottom line is that how to structure a PhD thesis often depends on your university and department guidelines.

But, let’s take a look at a general PhD thesis format. We’ll look at the main sections, and how to connect them to each other. We’ll also examine different hints and tips for each of the sections. As you read through this toolkit, compare it to published PhD theses in your area of study to see how a real-life example looks.

Main Sections of a PhD Thesis

In almost every PhD thesis or dissertation, there are standard sections. Of course, some of these may differ, depending on your university or department requirements, as well as your topic of study, but this will give you a good idea of the basic components of a PhD thesis format.

• Abstract : The abstract is a brief summary that quickly outlines your research, touches on each of the main sections of your thesis, and clearly outlines your contribution to the field by way of your PhD thesis. Even though the abstract is very short, similar to what you’ve seen in published research articles, its impact shouldn’t be underestimated. The abstract is there to answer the most important question to the reviewer. “Why is this important?”
• Introduction : In this section, you help the reviewer understand your entire dissertation, including what your paper is about, why it’s important to the field, a brief description of your methodology, and how your research and the thesis are laid out. Think of your introduction as an expansion of your abstract.
• Literature Review : Within the literature review, you are making a case for your new research by telling the story of the work that’s already been done. You’ll cover a bit about the history of the topic at hand, and how your study fits into the present and future.
• Theory Framework : Here, you explain assumptions related to your study. Here you’re explaining to the review what theoretical concepts you might have used in your research, how it relates to existing knowledge and ideas.
• Methods : This section of a PhD thesis is typically the most detailed and descriptive, depending of course on your research design. Here you’ll discuss the specific techniques you used to get the information you were looking for, in addition to how those methods are relevant and appropriate, as well as how you specifically used each method described.
• Results : Here you present your empirical findings. This section is sometimes also called the “empiracles” chapter. This section is usually pretty straightforward and technical, and full of details. Don’t shortcut this chapter.
• Discussion : This can be a tricky chapter, because it’s where you want to show the reviewer that you know what you’re talking about. You need to speak as a PhD versus a student. The discussion chapter is similar to the empirical/results chapter, but you’re building on those results to push the new information that you learned, prior to making your conclusion.
• Conclusion : Here, you take a step back and reflect on what your original goals and intentions for the research were. You’ll outline them in context of your new findings and expertise.

Tips for your PhD Thesis Format

As you put together your PhD thesis, it’s easy to get a little overwhelmed. Here are some tips that might keep you on track.

• Don’t try to write your PhD as a first-draft. Every great masterwork has typically been edited, and edited, and…edited.
• Work with your thesis supervisor to plan the structure and format of your PhD thesis. Be prepared to rewrite each section, as you work out rough drafts. Don’t get discouraged by this process. It’s typical.
• Make your writing interesting. Academic writing has a reputation of being very dry.
• You don’t have to necessarily work on the chapters and sections outlined above in chronological order. Work on each section as things come up, and while your work on that section is relevant to what you’re doing.
• Don’t rush things. Write a first draft, and leave it for a few days, so you can come back to it with a more critical take. Look at it objectively and carefully grammatical errors, clarity, logic and flow.
• Know what style your references need to be in, and utilize tools out there to organize them in the required format.
• It’s easier to accidentally plagiarize than you think. Make sure you’re referencing appropriately, and check your document for inadvertent plagiarism throughout your writing process.

PhD Thesis Editing Plus

Want some support during your PhD writing process? Our PhD Thesis Editing Plus service includes extensive and detailed editing of your thesis to improve the flow and quality of your writing. Unlimited editing support for guaranteed results. Learn more here , and get started today!

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