essay on vehicular pollution

Essay on Vehicle Pollution for Students and Children

500 words essay on vehicle pollution.

Vehicles have become a necessary need for a human being. Moreover, every work needs a vehicle for transportation. Without them, our work would be very difficult. It saves us time and also reduces our energy consumption in traveling from one place to another.

A vehicle needs fuel which is of two types- Diesel and petrol. These are the fossil fuels that are extracted from within the earth. Though a vehicle has so many benefits it is a major threat to the environment. Because it creates pollution which is increasing. And that is because of the increase in the number of vehicles.

Main Causes of Vehicle Pollution

The fuel on which a vehicle runs gets burned inside the engine which in turn emits various harmful gases. The gases that vehicle emits are carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur Oxide. All these gases are harmful to the environment.

Furthermore, it hampers the health of a person to a dangerous extent. Carbon monoxide is poisonous. Due to which suffocation can occur in the lungs followed by difficulty in breathing. Also, these gases cause global warming. That is a major problem in this era. Furthermore, it causes the ozone layer depletion. Due to which ultraviolet rays can enter into our environment and can cause skin cancer.

Apart from all the hazardous effects of vehicle pollution, the number of vehicles is increasing day by day. According to an estimation, there is an average of 2 vehicles in a single house. Some of the families have more than that. This is the root cause of the increase in the pollution of the vehicle.

Because each member of the family is traveling alone on a two-seater or four-seater vehicle. Thus the consumption of the fuel becomes double. There are various measures by which there can be a reduction of vehicle pollution

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Measures to Reduce Vehicle Pollution

Foremost, vehicle pollution can get reduced by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. Moreover, passengers should do bike and carpool. So that the passengers can reach the same destination by less consumption of fuel. Also, it will save energy as they can drive the car or bike in shifts.

Furthermore, the person should turn off the ignition on the red signals. This, in turn, will save fuel and money. At the same time, minor changes in driving like- driving the vehicle on economic speed, apply fewer brakes, reducing quick acceleration can save your fuel and your vehicle will also remain in good condition. Quality checks of the vehicles can also reduce fuel consumption and increase performance.

Above all, the government is taking some major steps to minimize pollution. Electric buses and trains run in the entire city to reduce the use of diesel buses as public transport. Furthermore, the installation of CNG( Compressed Natural Gas) engines is mandatory. This would reduce the cost of transportation and will not be harmful to the environment.

Recently, electric cars and bikes came into the market. This will reduce fuel consumption for personal transport and will be environment-friendly. These were all the measures that will significantly help in the reduction of vehicle pollution.

FAQs on Vehicle Pollution

Q1. What are the main pollutants emitted by a vehicle?

A1. The main pollutants emitted by a vehicle are Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Oxide. Nitrogen dioxide. These are responsible for environment degradation. Also causing various health issues in a human.

Q2. How can we reduce vehicle pollution?

A2 . There can be a reduction in vehicle pollution by reducing the consumption of fuel. Car and bike pooling can reduce the consumption of fuel. Also, the use of electric public transport can help in a remarkable manner.

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• Vehicle Pollution Essay

Essay on Vehicle Pollution

We live in a world where everything is transported by the use of vehicles, so it is necessary to have knowledge about vehicle pollution. But before that let us talk about pollution. Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants. Similarly, vehicle pollution is the introduction of harmful pollutants into the environment by motor vehicles.

The pollutants introduced have several effects on human health and the symptoms include cough, nausea, headache, irritation in the eye, and visibility problems. As the population increases, the purchasing power of the people also increases therefore everyone has a vehicle these days for transportation which is very bad for the environment. 

In this essay on vehicle pollution, we are going to talk about the ingredients of vehicle pollution, causes of vehicle pollution, the effects of vehicle pollution, and how it could be controlled.

Causes of Vehicular Pollution 

The major cause of vehicle pollution is the rapid increase in the number of vehicles. Over the last few decades, most vehicles have been produced. The population of vehicles was about 1.4 billion in 2020 itself. The rapid growth in vehicles means more fuel is required which results in the emission of harmful gases in the environment that causes air pollution. Other major factors that contribute to the increase in vehicular pollution in urban areas are poor fuel quality, use of old vehicles, congested traffic which results in smog, no proper traffic management, two-stroke engines, no proper maintenance of vehicles.

Main Pollutants of Vehicular Pollution 

Hazardous air pollutants are the chemical compounds that are emitted by trunks, cars, gas pumps, and other related sources. 

Sulfur dioxide is another main pollutant that is released into the environment when the sulfur present in the fuel burns, especially diesel. It possesses a health risk to most children and can even lead to asthma. 

Carbon monoxide is formed by the combustion of fuels such as gasoline. It is both colourless and odourless gas. When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it can block the transport of oxygen to the brain, heart, and other important organs in the body.

Particulate matter- These possess a serious threat to human health as they penetrate into the human lungs and can cause serious breathing problems. A type of particulate matter is soot seen in motor vehicles. 

Nitrogen oxides- Oxides of nitrogen can cause irritation in the lungs and weaken the body’s defence against respiratory infections like pneumonia.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution 

Global warming is considered to be the leading effect of vehicular pollution. Pollutants released from the vehicles result in the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which results in depletion of the ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone layer results in an increase in the atmospheric temperature which in turn causes global warming. Other effects of vehicular pollution include smog and acid rain formation, reduction in the quality of air which affects tourism and it also causes health problems and lung-related diseases.

Vehicle Pollution

Vehicular pollution includes the introduction of harmful smoke and other materials into the environment by motor vehicles or any automobiles. These materials, known as pollutants, have several bad effects on human health and the general ecosystem. The air pollution from vehicles in urban areas, particularly in big cities and metropolitan cities, has become a more serious problem now than it is in rural places.

Among major primary pollutants that are emitted from mobile sources some of the emissions are that are life-threatening are carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxides of sulfur (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter including dust and smoke, and compounds of lead. Pollutants emitted from vehicles can affect more than just your lungs. Indeed, these automobile pollutants pose really serious health risks at every stage of life, and can even cause death. 

The impacts caused due to global warming will lead to climatic changes and largely affect people's health and the well-being of entire living creatures on earth and every community around the globe. Global warming will lead to more frequent and intense heat waves especially risky to young children and elderly people and will also cause sea-level rise, flooding, and drought that can destroy the local communities.

Some important ways to avoid vehicle pollution

You should always check whether your car is in good condition according to the usual norms, whether your tires are inflated properly, and tune in your car condition before you start for a trip. 

Combine unnecessary errands into a single trip so that it might save fuel wastage and cars when well warmed up are believed to pollute less.

An idle car emits more pollution than the one which is always in running condition.

You can opt-in to walk or cycle or bike instead of driving a car when you go for a short distance or somewhere very nearby. Plan accordingly so that you might not waste fuel as well.

You can always use public transit in order to avoid traffic tensions and energy input. This will reduce your driving tensions and search for a safe place to park your vehicle. 

Carpooling is also a very good option where you can find a fellow person who wants to travel to the same place as you would want to. You will find new friends and also save costs on fuel. You can split between you both.

FAQs on Vehicle Pollution Essay

1. What is the main reason for vehicle pollution?

Burning excess amounts of gasoline and diesel fuel creates harmful byproducts like nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, benzene, and formaldehyde. In addition, vehicles emit carbon dioxide, the most common poisonous greenhouse gas. The good news is that you can reduce pollution from motor vehicles by following the necessary steps. Mostly what kind of vehicle we drive and the way we drive will impact the environment. Automobiles that we use in our daily lives give off more than half of all carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. We should try to minimize vehicle usage to avoid further pollution-related problems since this will lead to serious health problems.

2. What are the serious and dangerous effects of vehicle pollution?

One of the leading serious problems caused by vehicular pollution is global warming. Vehicular pollution results in the emission of greenhouse poisonous gases into the atmosphere, which will result in causing damage to the ozone layer and increase atmospheric temperature, leading to global warming. Due to global warming, even animals and other living creatures on earth are being affected. Many living species that we didn't know existed are being extinct because of breathing in this poisonous gas. This will actually affect the actual existence of any living things on earth.

3. What are the major pollutants that are emitted by vehicles?

The emission that causes air pollution from cars, trucks, and buses is split into two major categories, primary and secondary pollution. Primary pollution is emitted directly into the atmosphere and secondary pollution results from chemical reactions between pollutants that are already present in the atmosphere. Fetuses, newborn children, any living creature extinction, and people with chronic illnesses are especially susceptible to the effects of air pollutants. If this air pollution is not controlled earlier, then it might cause life-related issues as the pollution level increases. Human beings should find ways to reduce pollution causing life-threatening activities in order to save their future generation and provide a better world. 

4. How can we legally stop emissions and their effects?

The right and timely policies and investments from federal, state, and municipal governments will accelerate the transition to a zero-emissions transportation system in the near future. These include setting targets for electric truck and bus adoption, enacting standards for manufacturers to make more of low emission types of vehicles, and developing and funding the necessary incentive programs to help cities and companies achieve these goals. This will largely help in introducing safety measures to avoid emissions that will cause life-threatening diseases.

5. How are heavy-duty vehicles responsible for air pollution?

Trucks and buses play a major role in our lives because they help in transporting goods from manufacturers to physical retail stores, picking up our daily household and other trash, delivering courier packages on time, and transporting thousands of people by providing public transportation facilities around cities, every day. But these vehicles also greatly contribute to public health and global warming problems. Heavy-duty vehicles comprise only about 5 percent of all vehicles on the road, yet they generate more than 25 per cent of global warming emissions than other daily use vehicles, that come from the transportation sector and significant amounts of air pollution.

Essay on Vehicle Pollution

Students are often asked to write an essay on Vehicle Pollution in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Vehicle Pollution

Understanding vehicle pollution.

Vehicle pollution refers to the harmful substances released by vehicles that use fossil fuels. These pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution harms our environment. It contributes to global warming and climate change. It also affects human health, leading to respiratory diseases and other health problems.

Reducing Vehicle Pollution

We can reduce vehicle pollution by using public transportation, cycling, walking, or carpooling. Using electric vehicles or vehicles with higher fuel efficiency can also help.

Vehicle pollution is a serious issue. We must take steps to reduce it for the betterment of our health and environment.

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• 10 Lines on Vehicle Pollution

250 Words Essay on Vehicle Pollution

Introduction.

Vehicle pollution, also known as vehicular pollution, is a significant contributor to environmental degradation. It involves the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by motor vehicles, causing serious health and environmental implications.

The Nature of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicular pollution is primarily caused by the combustion of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel, and gas in vehicles. This process releases various harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants have detrimental effects on both the environment and human health.

Impact on Health and Environment

Vehicle pollution significantly contributes to air pollution, leading to a rise in global temperatures, also known as global warming. It also causes respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and other health problems in humans. Furthermore, it contributes to the deterioration of the ozone layer, leading to harmful ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth.

Addressing Vehicle Pollution

Addressing vehicular pollution requires a multifaceted approach. This includes promoting the use of public transport, encouraging carpooling, and enhancing fuel efficiency. Additionally, the adoption of electric vehicles and hybrid technology can significantly reduce vehicle emissions.

In conclusion, vehicle pollution is a pressing issue that needs immediate attention. By adopting sustainable practices and investing in greener technologies, we can significantly reduce the adverse effects of vehicle pollution. It is a collective responsibility to ensure a healthier and safer environment for future generations.

500 Words Essay on Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution, also known as vehicular pollution, is the introduction of harmful material into the environment by motor vehicles. These materials, known as pollutants, have several bad effects on human health and the ecosystem.

Causes of Vehicle Pollution

The primary cause of vehicle pollution is the burning of fossil fuels like petrol and diesel. The combustion of these fuels results in the emission of harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and hydrocarbons. These substances are harmful to the environment and human health. Additionally, the manufacturing process of vehicles and the disposal of old vehicles also contribute to pollution.

Impacts of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution has several negative impacts on the environment and human health. It contributes to global warming, acid rain, and deteriorates air quality. The pollutants emitted by vehicles can cause respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer in humans. It also affects the flora and fauna, leading to a loss of biodiversity.

Measures to Control Vehicle Pollution

There are several ways to control vehicle pollution. The most effective measure is to reduce the use of private vehicles and promote public transportation, cycling, and walking. Governments can enforce stricter emission standards and promote the use of cleaner fuels. The automotive industry can contribute by designing more fuel-efficient vehicles and investing in electric and hybrid technologies.

Role of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Electric and hybrid vehicles can play a significant role in reducing vehicle pollution. These vehicles run on electricity and/or alternate fuels, which produce fewer emissions compared to conventional fuels. Although the production of electric vehicles has its environmental impacts, the overall emission throughout their lifecycle is much lower.

Vehicle pollution is a significant environmental issue that needs immediate attention. While individual efforts like using public transport and opting for cleaner vehicles can make a difference, institutional changes are necessary for a substantial impact. Governments, automotive industries, and environmental organizations must work together to promote sustainable transportation and curb vehicle pollution.

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About three-quarters of today’s average car, including the bulk of a steel frame, can be recycled.

The environmental impacts of cars, explained

Automobiles have a big footprint, from tailpipe emissions to road infrastructure. Learn more.

Cars can convey a sense of freedom and movement, not to mention style and status. But they also can have a big impact on the planet. Here's a few key areas to consider.

Production and Destruction

Cars consume a lot of energy before they ever make it to the open road. Automotive production leaves a giant footprint because materials like steel, rubber, glass, plastics, paints, and many more must be created before a new ride is ready to roll.

Similarly, the end of a car’s life doesn’t mark the end of its environmental impact. Plastics, toxic battery acids, and other products may stay in the environment. Fortunately, junkyard pile-ups are becoming much smaller than they were in the past. About three-quarters of today’s average car, including the bulk of a steel frame, can be recycled.

Production, recycling, and disposal costs to the environment are difficult to quantify and largely beyond the control of most consumers. It's also true that most of an automobile's environmental impact, perhaps 80 to 90 percent, will be due to fuel consumption and emissions of air pollution and greenhouse gases that climate scientists say are driving global warming . Fortunately, the level of that impact is very much under the control of the driver.

Petroleum products raise environmental red flags even before they are burned. Extracting them from the earth is an energy-intensive process that can damage local ecosystems. Shipping fuels can also consume a lot of energy, and creates an occasional environmental disaster such as an oil spill . As world demand rises, and unconventional fuel sources, such as oil sands , become more economically viable, the ecological impacts of petroleum extraction might also increase dramatically. That’s one more reason why fuel efficiency is so important.

It's also partly why electric-powered vehicles can help reduce environmental impacts, because they don't burn fossil fuels.

Air Quality

Vehicles are America’s biggest air quality compromisers, producing about one-third of all U.S. air pollution. The smog, carbon monoxide, and other toxins emitted by vehicles are especially troubling because they leave tailpipes at street level, where humans breathe the polluted air directly into their lungs. That can make auto emissions an even more immediate health concern than toxins emitted high in the sky by industrial smokestacks.

Infrastructure

Also difficult to quantify, another associated impact of cars is the building of roads to support them, as well as the urban sprawl that tends to follow in their wake. This issue can be difficult to tease out of other factors, such as population growth and resource consumption, but it is also not easily addressed by technological advancements like fuel efficiency and electric propulsion. Road building has a big impact on emissions and wildlife.

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• GREEN LIVING
• AIR POLLUTION
• ELECTRIC CARS
• AUTOMOBILES
• ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION
• SUSTAINABILITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

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Essay on Vehicle Pollution for Children and Students in English

Table of Contents

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: An irrelevant element involved in the air which is harmful to the environment is called air pollution . In India, its biggest cause is vehicle pollution which creates many problems, including a lack of oxygen in the atmosphere that leads to breathing diseases for all the living beings and the major issue of global warming.

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Long and Short Essay on Vehicle pollution in India in English

On this crucial issue of vehicular pollution in India, we are presenting here various types of essays on vehicular pollution under different word limit to help you with the school/college assignments and exams. You can select any Vehicle pollution essay as per your need and interest:

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: Air Pollution Caused by Vehicles – Essay 1 (200 words)

A Vehicle has always been the prime necessity for the general public in India either it is scooter, motor cycle or car; it is not the time when having an own transport was treated as status symbol but nowadays it has become the need for everyone either in urban or rural areas to commute from one place to another.

Where some changes proves beneficial to a part of generation on the other side it become a curse for all world. For example invention of petrol or diesel fuelled vehicles. At this current time this world is living under the alarming rate of air pollution and the major cause of this crisis is the pollutants emitted from vehicles.

Air Pollution Caused by Vehicles

India is the country of 125 million people and is the biggest consumer of motor vehicles or automobiles. These vehicles either operated by petrol or diesels, extremely affect the environment and our ecosystem. Generally pollutants emitted from car are one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere. As we know that the whole world is under the fear of global warming and the biggest cause of it is the increasing level of vehicle pollution which needs a quick attention by all of us.

Automobile impact on environment is about 80 to 90%. According to Environmental Defence Fund (EDF) on-road vehicles cause one-third of the air pollution and all transportation causes 27 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: Effects of Vehicular Pollution – Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

Pollution in big metropolitan cities is increasing day by day and main cause for this is pollution through vehicle apart from industry. As more people are shifting from small cities to big cities, numbers of vehicles are increasing and it deteriorating the air quality badly. Various diseases in big cities are due to the vehicle pollution.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution on the Environment

With the increase in number of vehicles, pollution from these automobiles is increasing drastically. Combustion of fuel in vehicle emits various gases such as Sulphur oxide (SOx), Carbon mono oxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), suspended particulate matter (SPM) etc. These gases are creating immediate and long-term effect on the environment. Immediate effect are on the human for developing health hazard and long effect are harming the environment by creating global warming, acid rain, imbalance in eco system etc.

These gases trapped the heat in the atmosphere and leading to increase in temperature of earth i.e. global warming. This increase in temperature affects ecology such as increase in sea level; destroy of natural landscapes, drought in many part of world, flood, Cyclone etc. These gases are depleting the Ozone layer; due to this Ultraviolet rays are easily reaching in atmosphere which is a source of various skin diseases. SOx and NOx in the atmosphere converts into acid during rain and destroy the crops, forest and other vegetation. CO2 concentration in the air is increasing and reached up to 400ppm at its alarming level.

Diesel vehicles are more prone to generate air pollution and create various diseases such as cough, headache, nausea, asthma and other respiratory problems etc. Earlier, lead was used in fuel to increase the efficiency of burning, however it was discontinued as it was releasing poisonous gases such as lead, benzene in atmosphere which was more harmful if inhale by any person.

Effects of vehicle pollution are increasing day by day with the increasing number of vehicles on the road. Effects of vehicle pollution are badly affecting the living beings on the earth and causing lots of health related problems. Slowly but surely, it may make the earth an unsuitable place for living; so, we must take it serious and run to stop the vehicle pollution by regarding all the possible solutions.

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: How to Control Vehicular Pollution – Essay 3 (400 words)

Pollution through vehicle is a big problem in world, especially in metropolitan city. Vehicles are increasing day by day due to urbanization and increase in income of people. Everybody wants to go by own car or other vehicles to avoid the crowd in public transport system.

How to Control Vehicular Pollution?

Here are few methods that the government are taking to control the vehicle pollution:

• Promoting of vehicle use with CNG fuel (Compressed Natural Gas) instead of Petrol and Diesel fuel. CNG are called green fuel i.e. pollution from CNG vehicle are very less in comparison to Petrol or Diesel.
• Regularly check up of pollution from vehicle through registered Authority.
• Promotion of Electric operated vehicle to reduce pollution.
• Phasing out of old or high polluted vehicles from the big city.
• Implementation of Euro-VI fuel in all over India progressively i.e. initially it was implemented in Delhi from April, 2018. In other big cities, it will be implementing till Dec, 2018. Euro-VI fuel will reduce the sulphur by 50 to 75 in Diesel engines.
• Government of India are working to introduce LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) as fuel, it will further reduce the pollution from vehicle.
• Government has taken initiative to introduce mass transport system i.e. number of buses increased, Metro in various cities, Infrastructure development, Improvement in Road network.
• Implementation of Automatic tag system in Toll booth so that vehicle can go easily without waiting in queue for toll.
• Creating the bypass across the big cities so that vehicle coming from one end will not need to pass through the city to go to other side. Recently Eastern Peripheral Expressway opened that will bypass the Delhi for trucks or buses, if they are not having any stoppage in Delhi. It will reduce the traffic situation as well as reduce the pollution and save time for the public.
• Delhi Government implemented the odd-even car to run based on their registration number on particular day.

Conclusion:

For the development of any country Urbanization is highly require but unfortunately it has been become possible at the cost of unwanted situation of air pollution all over the place. May be Causes are much enough for this drastic issue but there is always a solution to be execute.

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: Meaning, Causes, Effects and Solution – Essay 4 (500 words)

A major part of polluted air in atmosphere is because of vehicle and other means of transportation via water road or air. Vehicle pollution needs a quick attention to control over it in manner to save people’s health and to avoid global warming. In India some of its metro cities are under so much polluter air that it has become so difficult even to take breath by people over here. Situation is so worst that Bangalore has got the title of ‘asthma capital of India’.

Meaning of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution is the pollution caused by the types of vehicles running on the road. Vehicles need petrol or diesel as a fuel to get energy to run which emits various types of harmful gases in the environment after combustion. These harmful gases (carbon monoxide, unburned gasoline, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, etc) get spread in the atmosphere and pollute the pure air thus cause air pollution. Air pollution caused by automobiles/cars/vehicles emissions is called as vehicle pollution.

Causes of Vehicle Pollution

It is clearly defines that cause of increased vehicle pollution is the increased population of country and thus rapidly increasing demand of cars, bikes, scooter or other vehicles. Urbanization is also the major cause for vehicle pollution. As people are continuously moving towards the urban cities from rural areas which lead the growing demand of vehicle on road day by day.

Petrol or diesel fuelled passenger vehicles emerges a huge amount of nitrogen oxide, carbon mono oxide, Sulphur oxide (SOx) in the air. Vehicles are responsible for the unwanted elements in atmosphere which directly or indirectly affecting the people and all living being on earth.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution

• Vehicle pollution is affecting our environment in various manners like it is making our atmosphere so harmful that to take breath under metro cities is like just to take slow poison from air.
• Multiple diseases are emerging or we can say growing in urban areas due to vehicle pollution.
• Pollution in air creates major effects on human health including animals and plants also it is badly harming our ecosystem which results in terms of global warming.
• Automobile industry is directly affecting 80 to 90% in atmosphere by emerging greenhouse gases which are a group of compounds that are able to trap heat in the atmosphere, like nitrogen oxide carbon mono oxide, Sulphur oxide (SOx).

Solutions of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution is a major environmental issue in India which need to be resolve as soon as possible for the sake of our future generation.

• Air Pollution due to vehicle can be control only by getting strict for traffic rules and by enhancing the quality of automobile and manufacturing industries.
• Proper care of tyres and fuel tank of any vehicles helps in less exhaust emission. Car pooling, use of transport buses, improved and proper road management, use of CNG operated vehicles instead of petrol or diesel always helps in reducing air pollution.
• Regular vehicle pollution check up from authorized centres is highly required also its time to remove old vehicles from cities and to introduce electrical operated vehicles in cities for transportation.
• To control over vehicle on road government has tried to do some efforts time to time by introducing some new traffic rules like odd-even policy in Delhi NCR which led to run vehicles based on their registration number on their specified day.

Problems has always its solution only we need is to search and apply the better one. In India the Vehicle pollution is at high risk that needs an attention and support by each and every person individually.

Essay on Pollution Due to Vehicles /Automobiles/Cars – Essay 5 (600 Words)

In this essay we are taking a serious issue of vehicle pollution in India which is require to solve at prime basis. As the number of vehicles increases it lead to increase of harmful emissions which directly affects in air quality. In India this issue has become so huge in some metropolitan cities that oxygen level has been decreasing rapidly in atmosphere.

Vehicles are always counted as responsible for the production of greenhouse gases these are calculated as 70% of CO2, 50% of HC, 30-40% of NOx, 30% of SPM and 10% of SO2 of the overall air pollution over cities.

Causes of Air Pollution Due to Vehicles

Now a day a vehicle has become the need of general public in cities because of the high distance destinations all over and to avoid the over loaded passengers vehicles like autos, buses and local trains. Urbanization is also biggest reason for the increasing air pollution in India.

• A huge amount of air pollution creates because of the petrol fuelled passenger vehicles as it emerges a significant amount of nitrogen oxide carbon mono oxide and others harmful element in air.
• A major part of air pollution about 35% in metro cities of India is because of automobiles, cars or other vehicle. Vehicle pollution causes polluted air in environment and results as a harmful impact on people’s health.
• Engine exhaust (diesel and gas) carries more than 40 dangerous air pollutants. Uncountable numbers of vehicles on road in metro cities of India are inducing a kind of poison in air which results in form of symptoms like cough, headache, nausea and asthma problems.
• Vehicles play an important role in the formation of ground level ozoneand Carbon monoxide (CO). This colourless poisonous gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from cars and trucks.

Increased Demand of Automobiles in India

According to the data in year 2011, the urban population has increased up to 377million which was only 62 million in the year of 1951. Also adding to this, there were only 18 cities with a population of over 1 million in 1991 which is expended to 46 cities in 2012. This shows the unmanaged unplanned increased population rate and results in form of high demand of transportation and its consumption patterns.

There were about 8.9 million vehicles sold in between year of (2005-06) and it reaches 15 million in 2010-2011. In period of 2016-2017 for the first time in India Passenger vehicle sales crossed the three million mile stone with a growth of 9.23 per cent.

By the end of March 2017 domestic passenger vehicles (PV) sales were at 30, 46,727 units against 27, 89,208.

Domestic car sales during the year grew 3.85 per cent to 21, 02,996 units from 20, 25,097 units.

Motorcycles sales in 2016-17 were at 1, 10, 94,543 units compared with 1, 07, 00, 406 in the previous fiscal, up 3.68 per cent.

Scooter sales in 2016-17 were at 56, 04,601 units in comparison to 50, 31,678 in the previous fiscal, up 11.39 per cent.

Which shows that the number of vehicles sold in India is increasing fast during the past few years. At the end of discussion this all lead to the crucial problem of air pollution in environment due to vehicles, automobile and cars.

Air pollution due to vehicles in India has majorly affected the metro cities. Bangalore has become the asthma capital of the country and in Pune air pollution has become such a serious problem that the respiratory suspended particulate matter in the air is more than the standard national level.

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Essay on Vehicle Pollution for Students in English [Easy Words]

January 12, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: Vehicles help in easy transportation of humans and commodities. They also save time and energy compared to other modes of travel. But they emit harmful gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur oxide that are harmful to the environment. They are very poisonous and can cause ozone layer depletion. They cause suffocation, difficulty in breathing and skin cancer. Safety measures like carpooling, quality checks and CNG engines installation can be adopted for a cleaner environment.

Essay on Vehicle Pollution 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Vehicle Pollution Essay in English, suitable for class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10.

With the increasing population & globalisation mobility has been given topmost priority in recent years. It has pumped up our transportation technology with the increasing number of vehicles on the road. Let it be the number of cars, motorbikes, buses or trucks carrying materials, in everything; there is a noticeable increase in numbers in the last couple of years. It has become necessary for the human race, without which life on earth seems impossible. The transportation system has brought the world closer, saving a lot of time & energy.

Though the vehicles have made our lives easy & simple, it has given birth to more severe problems that are no more unnoticed by any of us. Air Pollution has become a significant concern worldwide. One of the significant contributors to air pollution is Vehicle Pollution. Research suggests that automobiles do pay a higher toll on the environment.

Causes of Vehicle Pollution

The principal of the motors use fossil fuels & gases as a source of energy to run, for example, diesel, petrol being the most common. It creates many harmful pollutants on combustion. Few pollutants which emit from automobiles affect our environment adversely, which has been discussed below.

• Ozone – It is beneficial for us when present in the topmost layer of the atmosphere. However, if it is produced at ground level, then it gives rise to many respiratory diseases, cough, reduced lung capacity etc. It forms at ground level when hydrocarbons & nitrogen oxide reacts at the presence of sunlight.
• Particulate Matter -The fine particles from the vehicular emission pose the most serious to human health by penetrating deep into the lungs.
• Nitrogen Oxides – NOX type of oxides is the kind of vehicular pollutants which causes lungs irritation & decreases the immunity of the body against respiratory infections like pneumonia & asthma. These also help in the formation of the ozone layer at the ground level, which is a severe issue.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO) – By the combustion of fossil fuel used in cars, carbon monoxide is created. It is an odourless & colourless gas. When inhaled this causes blockage of oxygen to the brain, heart & lungs.
• Sulphur Dioxides (SO2) – By combustion of diesel, this kind of sulphur dioxide is produced. It helps in creating fine particles in the atmosphere & poses the risk of severe health problems to young children.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution

• Global Warming – Automobiles are one of the significant sources for the emission of greenhouse gases. The temperature of the earth is increasing day by day, posing adverse weather problems.
• Smog & Acid Rain – Nitrogen oxides produced from car emissions contribute to the formation of corrosive smog. When Nitrogen oxides mix with water, it gives rise to acid rain. The form of water from acidic rain is not fit for consumption or any other kind of usage.
• Poor Air Quality – Due to increasing pollution rate, the air quality has dropped drastically. In a few places, people are using a mask to decrease the number of pollutants inhaled. Older vehicles contribute more to the cause.
• Ozone Layer Depletion – Carbon monoxide & Sulphur dioxide released from the vehicle emission has contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer, allowing more ultra-violate rays to penetrate from the sun. It has posed a threat to life on earth.

How to Prevent Vehicular Pollution?

• Awareness & Education – Education is the key to success. Many of the people are not aware of the deadly consequences of vehicular pollution. Carrying out civic education & awareness among people regarding the rising problem & its effects can be a vital step to reduce its effects.
• Progressive Policies – Creating ethical rules & regulations that anticipate the challenges of the modern world when it comes to reducing vehicle pollution can be beneficial in mitigating it. Policymakers must make laws that will make people take the necessary steps which will help in bringing down the pollution. These include pollution checking of vehicles on a timely basis, discarding old vehicles from the loops, odd-even rule, encouraging alternate fuels etc.
• Vehicle Maintenance – It not only ensures the excellent performance & efficiency of the vehicle but also helps to check the pollution. Replacing oil filters, engine oil etc. timely leads to less pollution.
• Public Transport – Instead of using their vehicle using public transport must be encouraged, for this government must take initiatives to ensure the availability of transportation & comfortable, a safe journey of the passengers.
• Carpooling – People travelling to the same place daily must share the car instead of using their vehicle like while going office, market etc. It reduces pollution as well as saves money; fuel &also helps in reducing traffic jams.
• Alternative Fuels – Vehicles with alternative fuel option like CNG, battery, electricity or with any green energy must be given priority over any other kind of vehicle & must be encouraged by the government.
• Electric Vehicles – Future will be much safer with the development of commercial electric vehicles. The government must encourage such kind of projects to large scale so that the problem can be given a serious thought.

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Vehicle Pollution: Meaning, Causes, Effects and Solution

Category: Environment , Essays and Paragraphs On August 2, 2016 By Victor

Meaning of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution (also transport pollution, motor pollution) is the introduction of harmful material into the environment by motor vehicles. These materials, known as pollutants, have several bad effects on human health and the ecosystem. Examples of such pollutants include Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Oxide, particulate matter, Ammonia and Sulphur Dioxide.

Transportation is a major source of air pollution in many countries around the world due to the high number of vehicles that are available on the roads today. An increase in purchasing power means that more people can now afford cars and this is bad for the environment.

Vehicles introduce toxic materials into the atmosphere through different ways. Given that they are machines, they emit several substances as waste products, and these substances are the ones that cause environmental pollution.

Causes of vehicle pollution

Unknown to many people, car pollution is one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere. Vehicle pollution is mainly caused by these factors:

(i) The release of burnt fuel byproducts into the atmosphere.

Vehicles burn fuel, that is petrol, diesel or alternative energy, to power their engines and move. This is a process that yields harmful greenhouse gases that are very dangerous to the environment. The emission of these pollutants has several far-reaching effects. The type of fuel will actually determine the amount of harmful byproduct that is let into the ecosystem. Different cars have varying emission levels and the regulatory bodies try to have a maximum amount allowed for every vehicle.

(ii) Use of Non-Eco Friendly Vehicles

Vehicle pollution varies because of different reasons. Vehicles that use diesel are more harmful to the environment as compared to the ones that use petrol. This can easily be seen through the amount of ”smoke” released by these two types of cars. The quality of the fuel used also plays an important role. Poor quality fuel will lead to the release of more pollutants into the atmosphere. Old vehicles and those that are larger in size also tend to be bigger polluters and are not eco-friendly. The larger vehicles use up more fuel while the old ones are not efficient and release a lot of pollutants into the ecosystem.

(iii) Particulate matter

When you look at the exhaust of a car, you’ll notice some black substance. Sometimes a lot of it accumulates such that when the car moves, the soot is spread on the ground. This particulate matter is harmful to people’s health as well as the environment. It’s much worse when the matter is fine and can easily be carried away by moving air.

(iv) Evaporation of fuel

Sometimes when it’s hot, fuel evaporates from the fuel tank and into the atmosphere. The smell alone is irritating, not to mention what it really does to the environment. Petrol and diesel are largely hydrocarbons. They are very harmful to the ecosystem in many ways.

(v) Lack of Vehicle Maintenance

A car, being a machine, must be in good condition if it is to function properly. Badly maintained cars pollute the environment more than those that are well maintained. They load more greenhouse gases and unburnt fuel into the environment than the smaller cars.

(vi) Un-burnt Hydrocarbons

Unburnt hydrocarbons are also released by vehicles into the environment and this leads to pollution. They mainly pollute the air at the ground level since they are not light enough to rise into the higher atmosphere.

(vii) Noise from moving vehicles Noise is also a pollutant because it upsets the peace of the surrounding. Living next to the main road, or having an office near a busy highway can be very frustrating. One can develop a migraine due to the frequent noise from cars. This happens when a vehicle hoots or hits a bump and the resulting sound interferes with the serenity of the environment.

Effects of vehicle pollution

There is a reason why pollution is considered to be a bad thing. Its effects are bad to the ecosystem. These are some of the consequences of pollution:

(i) Global warming

Emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere leads to depletion of the ozone layer and this causes global warming. The result of this is adverse weather that more often than not results in loss of life and property. Global warming is a concern for many major world governments and deliberate efforts have been made to reduce it. With the ozone layer depleted, the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun can reach the lower surface of the earth and harm humans and other living organisms on the planet.

(ii) Poor quality of air

There are countries where the quality of air is so poor that people wear masks to reduce the amounts of harmful substances inhaled. This is not something to smile about because aside from the fact that you have to walk around with a mask all day, which is not comfortable, there is also the possibility of health complications. Countries that have a high number of old vehicles generally have a problem when it comes to this. It’s the reason why many governments have also banned the importation of vehicles older than a certain number of years.

(iii) International reputation

Cleaning up the atmosphere is a serious concern globally. This is the reason why so many climate summits are held annually to make agreements on the responsibility of each nation in cutting down greenhouse emissions. A country that has a high level of vehicle pollution risks damaging its reputation and standing on the world stage.

(iv)  Health

These pollutants can lead to lung infection and cancer. As we know, hydrocarbons are not very good for human health. They can cause heart disease, aggravate asthma, damage the central nervous system and make breathing difficult. Fuel spillage can also affect the health of plants and marine life. When left unchecked, these health conditions can cause death. Treating diseases such as cancer requires a lot of money. When the population of a country is mostly unwell, the economy stalls because growth is usually pegged on the ability of people to work and earn income.

(v) Tourism

Most people would not willingly go to visit countries that they know are bad for their health. This will, in turn, result in a reduction in the number of tourists to those countries and subsequently loss of foreign exchange income.

(vi) Smog and acidic rain

Nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of highly corrosive smog that speeds up rusting of vehicles. When nitrogen oxide dissolves in rain, acidic rain is formed. Water harvested from this type of rain cannot be fit for human, plant or animal consumption.

These bad effects of vehicle pollution are the reasons why it should be every person’s responsibility to reduce or eliminate environmental pollution. The actions of a small group can put a bigger demographic in harms way.

How to reduce vehicle pollution

Even if vehicle pollution cannot be completely eliminated, it can still be reduced to manageable levels. What are some of the things that individuals, governments, and organizations can engage in to reduce the effects of pollution caused by transportation? Here are some actionable pointers:

(i) Civic education

Ignorance is not bliss and education is definitely the key to success. Many people do not care about the effects of pollution because they are not aware of them. One cannot fight to protect what he or she values without knowing that there is an impending danger. Carrying out civic education by government departments and non-governmental organizations can play a great role in awakening the society to the realities of pollution and how reducing it can make the world a much better place to live in. This can be done through community organizers or by having it taught in schools as part of the curriculum. It would be counter-productive to keep on talking about the need to reduce vehicle pollution without making people understand why that is necessary. A sense of responsibility should be cultivated in everyone so that there is a desire and willingness to do what is right.

(ii) Progressive policies

Creating good regulations that anticipate the challenges of the modern world when it comes to reducing vehicle pollution can be very helpful in mitigating it. Lawmakers should draft legislations that will make people do the necessary as far as bringing down the levels of vehicle pollution is concerned. Such laws can include placing a cap on the age of vehicles that can be imported, setting out guidelines on the conditions of roadworthy vehicles, and creating agencies that will look into alternative fuels such as green energy. On the global front, world leaders should come together and agree on standard practices for eliminating or reducing pollution. These should be adopted so that every nation does its part in achieving the desired results. Citizens should also hold their leaders to account and push them to have strategies to reduce environmental pollution in their campaign manifestos.

(iii) Vehicle maintenance

This is more of a personal responsibility than it is universal. One should ensure that his or her car is in good condition and does not release a lot of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Regular car maintenance can help in repairing or replacing worn out parts. When this is done, the vehicle performs optimally and less amount of pollutants are released into the air. Things like replacing oil filters, changing the engine oil and greasing the moving parts should be done on a regular basis. Carelessness is the reason why some vehicles release dark harmful smoke while they are moving on the roads. This is especially harmful to those outside because they inhale the smoke and the dangerous matter.

(iv) Discard old vehicles

Old vehicles should be discarded or returned to the manufacturing company so that new ones can be acquired. They contribute highly to environmental pollution and can also cause accidents on the roads. Getting rid of them would be a double win. Unfortunately many people attach sentimental value to such cars without knowing what that does to the ecosystem. A change in thinking would lead to better practices.

(v) Carpooling

People from the same neighborhood and who work in the same area should consider carpooling. This would reduce traffic jams, save money used on car fuel and maintenance and contribute towards having a clean earth. That is what would really make sense. On the flip side, neighbors would also have more time to bond. This enhances unity and harmony within the society.

(vi) Alternative means of transport

It wouldn’t hurt to use alternative means of transport even if you have a car. One can ride a bike, train or bus to work. Walking is also an option when your workplace is not that far off from your place of residence. Riding bikes, as well as walking, provide great exercising and fitness regimen options. Many people leave work when they are already tired and don’t have time for fitness routines so this would make a fun option for staying healthy. It’s also cheaper as compared to using your car which would still need fuelling, maintenance and set you back a couple of bucks in parking fees. Using these alternative means of transport is the smart choice.

(v) Protective wear

In order to reduce the amount of pollutant inhaled, a person can consider putting on pollution masks. In countries where pollution is high and the quality of air is very poor, this is a common practice. Since you can’t reduce or eliminate pollution and its effects all by yourself, it would be wise to protect your health. Pollution masks help in filtering the air you breathe so that you don’t inhale a lot of impurities. The responsibility for your health starts with you.

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Simple English Essay on Vehicle Pollution for Children and Students

An irrelevant component mixed with the air which is unsafe to nature is called air pollution. In India, its most significant reason is because of vehicle pollution, which makes numerous issues remembering the absence of oxygen for the climate that prompts breathing infections for all the living creatures and the significant issue of Global warming. Vehicular traffic discharges poisonous exhaust comprising of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, other than different toxins.

Example #1 of Simple English Essay on Vehicle Pollution for Children and Students

Pollution in huge metropolitan urban communities is expanding step by step, and the primary driver for this is pollution through vehicles part from the business. As more individuals are moving from little urban communities to large urban communities, the number of vehicles is expanding, and it was falling apart the air quality severely. Different infections in large urban areas are because of vehicle pollution.

Impacts of Vehicle Pollution on the Environment

With the expansion in the number of vehicles, pollution from these cars is expanding. Burning of fuel in vehicles radiates different gases, for example, Sulfur oxide (SOx), Carbon mono oxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), suspended particulate issue (SPM), and so on.

These gases are making quick and long haul consequences for nature. The immediate impact is on the human for creating health risk, and the significant effect is hurting the earth by making a global warming, acid rain, unevenness in the biological system, and so on.

These gases trap the warmth in the climate and prompting an expansion in temperature of the earth, for example, Global warming. This expansion in temperature influences the environment, for example, an increase in the ocean level, obliteration of everyday scenes, dry spell in numerous parts of the world, flood, Cyclone, and so forth. These gases are exhausting the Ozone layer; because of this, Ultraviolet beams are effectively coming to in the climate, which is a wellspring of different skin maladies. SOx and NOx in the air convert into corrosive during rain and obliterate the harvests, backwoods, and other vegetation. The CO2 fixation noticeable all around was expanding and came to up to 400ppm at its disturbing level. 

Diesel vehicles are progressively inclined to produce air pollution and make different sicknesses, for example, hack, cerebral pain, illness, asthma, and other respiratory issues, and so on. Prior, lead was utilized in fuel to build the effectiveness of copying; in any case, it was ended as it was discharging toxic gases, for example, lead, benzene in the air, which was increasingly destructive whenever breathed in by any individual.

The impacts of vehicle pollution are expanding step by step with the expanding number of vehicles out and about. The effects of vehicle pollution are gravely influencing living creatures on the earth and causing bunches of wellbeing related issues. Gradually, it might make the earth an unacceptable spot for the living; in this way, we should pay attention to it and hurry to stop vehicle pollution concerning all the potential arrangements.

Example #2 of Simple English Essay on Vehicle Pollution for Children and Students

Right now, we are taking a significant issue of vehicle pollution in India, which is required to unravel on a prime premise. As the number of vehicles expands, it prompts an expansion in destructive outflows, which straightforwardly influences air quality. In India, this issue has gotten so colossal in some metropolitan urban areas that the oxygen level has been diminishing quickly in the climate.

Vehicles are considered continuously answerable for the creation of ozone harming substances; these are determined as half of HC, 70% of CO2, 30-40% of NOx, 30% of SPM, and 10% of SO2 of the general air pollution over urban areas.

Reasons for Air Pollution Due to Vehicles

Presently a day, a vehicle has become the need of the overall population in urban communities because of the high distance goals are finished and to keep away from the over-burden traveler’s vehicles like cars, transports, and nearby trains. Urbanization is additionally the most compelling motivation for expanding air pollution in India.

An immense measure of air pollution makes due to the oil-fuelled traveler vehicles as it develops a lot of nitrogen oxide carbon mono oxide and other hurtful components noticeable all around.

A significant part of air pollution by about 35% in the metro urban areas of India is a result of autos, autos, or different vehicles. Vehicle pollution causes dirtied air on the earth and results in a destructive effect on individuals’ wellbeing.

Vehicle fumes (diesel and gas) conveys more than 40 dangerous air toxins. Uncountable quantities of vehicles on the street in metro urban areas of India are instigating a sort of toxic substance noticeable all around, which brings about the type of indications like a hack, cerebral pain, queasiness, and asthma issues.

Vehicles assume a significant job in the arrangement of ground-level ozone and Carbon monoxide (CO). This vapid toxic gas is shaped by the burning of non-renewable energy sources, for example, gas and is discharged fundamentally from vehicles and trucks.

Expanded Demand for Automobiles in India

As indicated by the information in the year 2011, the urban populace has expanded up to 377million, which was just 62 million in the time of 1951. Likewise, adding to this, there were only 18 urban communities with a populace of more than 1 million of every 1991, which is used to 46 urban communities in 2012. This shows the unmanaged impromptu expanded populace rate and results as the appeal for transportation and its utilization designs.

# There were about nine million vehicles sold in the middle of the year (2005-06), and it arrives at 15 million out of 2010-2011. In the time of 2016-2017 without precedent for India Passenger vehicle deals crossed the 3,000,000 achievements with development of 9.23 percent.

# Before the finish of March 2017, household traveler vehicles (PV) deals were at 30, 46,727 units against 27, 89,208.

# Local vehicle deals during the year developed 3.85 percent to 21, 02,996 units from 20, 25,097 units.

# Bikes deals in 2016-17 were at 1, 10, 94,543 units contrasted and 1, 07, 00, 406 in the past financial, up 3.68 percent.

# Bike deals in 2016-17 were at 56, 04,601 units in contrast with 50, 31,678 in the past financial, up 11.39 percent.

This shows the number of vehicles sold in India is expanding quickly during the previous barely any years. Toward the finish of the conversation, this all prompts the essential issue of air pollution on the earth because of vehicles, cars, and autos.

The Final Words :

Air pollution because vehicles in India has significantly influenced the metro urban areas. Bangalore has become the most air polluted city of the nation,. In cities like Pune, air pollution has become such a significant issue that the respiratory suspended particulate problem noticeable all around is more than the standard national level.

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Study on the effect of vehicular pollution on the ambient concentrations of particulate matter and carbon dioxide in Srinagar City

Nikhil savio.

1 Division of Environmental Science, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar 190025, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

Farooq Ahmad Lone

Javeed iqbal ahmad bhat, nayar afaq kirmani.

2 Division of Soil Science, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar 190025, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

Nageena Nazir

3 Division of Agricultural Statistics, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shalimar 190025, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India

Associated Data

Data will be made available on reasonable request.

The present study was carried out to monitor the ambient concentrations of particulate matter and carbon dioxide caused by vehicular pollution in Srinagar City of Jammu and Kashmir, India, for a period of 12 months from June 2019 to May 2020 as the major contributions in these areas are due to vehicular movement. Out of five, four locations (viz. Dalgate, Jehangir Chowk, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk) had highest traffic density in the city and the fifth location (Shalimar) had low traffic volume. The sampling was done on every fortnight using AEROCET 831—aerosol mass monitor and CDM 901—CO 2 monitor with each sampling being carried out three times a day, i.e. morning (9:00 am–10:30 am), afternoon (1:00 pm–2:30 pm) and evening (4:30 pm–6:00 pm) with three replications at each site based on the peak traffic hours. The results show that during the whole period, average PM 1 concentrations ranged from 15.10 to 108.9 µg/m 3 , PM 2.5 (28.70–577.50 µg/m 3 ), PM 4 (44.50–780.87 µg/m 3 ), PM 10 (57.13–1225.53 µg/m 3 ), total suspended particulates (77.77–1410.27 µg/m 3 ) and CO 2 (332.4–655.0 ppm). The average concentrations of these parameters showed that the maximum PM 1 concentration was found at Dalgate (53.77 µg/m 3 ) and PM 2.5 had its maximum average concentration at Jehangir Chowk (140.13 µg/m 3 ). Other parameters like PM 4 , PM 10 , TSP and CO 2 had a maximum average values at Jehangir Chowk (240.23 µg/m 3 , 633.40 µg/m 3 , 853.50 µg/m 3 and 533.20 ppm, respectively). The pollution load was observed to be maximum during winter season followed by autumn, summer and spring. The lowest concentration of all pollutants except CO 2 was observed in April 2020 and this might be due to COVID-19 lockdown observed in the country during the same period.

Introduction

This century has witnessed air pollution to be one of the major environmental concerns with the impacts becoming prominent with time. It severely affects the human health, quality of life and is ranked as the greatest environmental risks to human health (UNECE, n.d ) and is the most dangerous form of pollution (World Bank, 2016 ). Air pollutants are mainly classified as (1) particulate matter (dust, smoke, fume, mist, fog, smog and haze) and (2) gases and vapours (oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of carbon, hydrogen sulphides, chlorine, fluorine etc.). Particulate matter based on size is categorized into two types: (i) particles less than 2.5 µm in diameter (fine particles) and (ii) particles greater than 2.5 µm in diameter (coarse particles). The respirable fraction has also been described by medical experts as particles with diameter of less than 10 µm (Cohen, 1998 ). Particles larger than 10 µm settle rapidly while those in the range 0.1–1.0 µm normally remain suspended in air for several months (Agarwal, 2002 ). Based on the size range, particulate matter (PM) has been classified as PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 4 and PM 10 . Many atmospheric phenomena, such as cloud formation, visibility radiation and solar radiation transfer, are influenced by atmospheric aerosols; they play a crucial role in the acidification of the clouds, rain and fog (Pueschel et al., 1986 ). Both gaseous pollutants and atmospheric aerosols contribute to the deterioration of air quality (Parmar et al., 2001 ).

Besides the major concern of increasing population, the exponential increase in vehicular number following the population explosion is commendable in our country. Roadside dust stands out to be the most crucial factor for inducing air pollution. Harmful substances emitted by exhausts and automobile emissions are deposited and accumulated daily in the urban dust on road pavement together with primary and secondary particles from other anthropogenic and natural sources (Amato et al., 2009 ). This can have tremendous impact on the respiratory health of humans especially in a city like Srinagar where congestion near the roads and lack of management of traffic can add to it. Non-exhaust emission sources of PM involve road surface abrasion, road dust resuspension, vehicle component wear and tear, tyre clutch and brake wear (Amato et al., 2011 ; Hjortenkrans et al., 2007 ). A study conducted for percentage contribution of different anthropogenic sources shows that traffic or automobiles contributed 34 and 37% in PM 10 and PM 2.5 pollution load, respectively (Karagulian et al., 2015 ). Factors like traffic volume and vehicle speed also add up to the non-exhaust emission sources of pollution (Chen et al., 2006a , b ; Gustafsson et al., 2008 ). PM with a diameter of less than 10 µm is released into the atmosphere along with PTEs (potential toxic elements) from brake wear, which includes brake lining and disc abrasion caused by grinding, volatilization and condensation of brake pad material (Garg et al., 2000 ; Varrica et al., 2013 ; Wahlin et al., 2006 ). According to previous research, a passenger car can emit 44 g car −1  year −1 of brake dust (Iijima et al., 2007 ). PM from exhaust emissions is emitted as a result of combustion and is primarily caused by the agglomeration of small particles from partially burned fuel and lube oil, fuel oil ash content, sulphate and water. Particles released are mostly fine, with diameters less than 2.5 µm. Particles emitted by diesel exhaust have a diameter of 15–40 nm, with 90% of the PM having a diameter less than 1 µm (Bukowiecki et al., 2009 ; Thorpe & Harrison, 2008 ). A study conducted in Berlin revealed elevated levels of PM at roadside locations, with vehicle exhaust accounting for 50% of the PM emission while others have showed that out of 82% PM 10 emissions 21% was due to diesel exhaust and 12% was due to petrol exhaust emission (Lawrence et al., 2013 ). A 37% increase was seen in the PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from 1995 to 1998 in Beijing. The vehicle exhaust of PM10 and PM2.5 were 2445 tons and 1890 tons respectively in 1995 which rose to 3359 tons and 2694 tons in 1998 (Wu et al., 2002 ). In a place which lack proper management of roads and less systematically constructed dusty roads, the problem of resuspension of dust occurs more frequently. Particles that have previously been deposited can be resuspended as a result of tyre stress, vehicular turbulence and other activities such as wind and pedestrian activities (Chiou & Tsai, 2001 ; Kupiainen, 2007 ). Particles within turbulent boundaries with settling velocity less than vertical velocity remain suspended for a long time, which is common for particles less than 20 µm (Kupiainen, 2007 ; Kupiainen et al., 2005 ). Aerodynamic drag from moving vehicles induces larger turbulent activation than adhesive forces between particles, resulting in suspension (Karim et al., 1998 ; Moosmueller et al.,  1998 ). There is a clear relationship between car speed and particle resuspension; as speed rises, so does the rate of resuspension (Amato et al., 2017 ; Nicholson & Branson, 1990 ; Thorpe et al., 2007 ). Due to the rolling force of the tyres, as well as the shearing generated by tyre rotation, air is squeezed beneath them, causing turbulence that aids particle resuspension (Kastner-Klein et al., 2000 ). Driving speed and the vehicle’s aerodynamic qualities are two important aspects that influence automobile turbulence and the resuspension of deposited particles (Guevara, 2016 ; Moosmueller et al., 1998 ) which is basically the case happening in case of Srinagar City.

Since the rate of rise in air pollutant concentrations in growing countries like India is faster than in developed nations, atmospheric pollution in developing countries throughout the world is typically severe and ever growing (Bhaskar & Mehta, 2010 ; Mage et al., 1996 ). Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the concentration of CO 2 to increase by 43% after the industrialization (NOAA, 2017 ). In addition, black carbon is an important constituent of air borne particulate matter that is often emitted as product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and burning of biomass and biofuels (Koelmans et al, 2006 ). The amount of CO2 released by the combustion of 1 L of petrol and 1 L of diesel fuel varies depending on the chemical composition of the fuels, but it is around 2.36 kg and 2.60 kg, respectively. The road transport in India contributes 243.82 Tg CO 2 emissions which accounts for 94.5% of all the emissions with smaller quantities of CO, CH 4 , NO x , SO 2 , HC and PM. Even black carbon containing particles are associated with causing adverse health effects (Badrinath et al., 2007 ; Mauderly & Chow, 2008 ). Due to its adverse health effects, it requires regular monitoring so as to regulate the concentrations of particulate matter and carbon dioxide in air. However, work on air quality in Kashmir valley has received little attention till date (Jehangir et al., 2010 ) and no information exists on the air quality with respect to particulate matter and CO 2 levels of Srinagar City.

The Ministry of Roadways and Transport have shown the registered number of vehicles in the country to have increased from 0.3 million in 1951 to 253 million in 2017. The compounded annual growth rate of registered vehicles was 10.1% in the country for last 10 years outpacing the CAGR of national highways of 5.54% (Anonymous, 2016–2017 ). This tremendous increase in the vehicular density indirectly affects the air quality. The CPCB in 2010 stated that 14% of the global greenhouse gas emissions are due to the transport sector and 60–70% of the total urban air pollution is contributed by motor vehicles (Dwivedi & Tripathi,  2008 ). The vehicles registered in Jammu and Kashmir during 1975 were a mere 35,000 which have now considerably increased to almost 1,510,000 till March 2018 (Anonymous, 2018 ). Out of the total registered vehicles in Kashmir, i.e. 660,627, 315,797 vehicles are registered in Srinagar City. The percentage vehicle distribution based on the different types in Srinagar City is given in Fig.  2 . This enhances the congestion rate of vehicular movement in the city at major junctions and this account for causing major air pollution instances. This is one of the major contributors of CO 2 concentrations in the valley besides other sources like biomass burning and deforestation.

Categorization of vehicles in Srinagar City

Several epidemiological studies conducted have indicated a strong association between elevated concentrations of inhalable particles (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) and increased mortality and morbidity (Perez & Reyes, 2002 ; Lin, 2004 ; Namdeo & Bell, 2005 ). Epidemiological studies (Schwatz et al., 1996 ; Pope & Dockery, 2006 ) have suggested that there is a close association between health effects and ambient fine particle concentrations, especially submicron particles (PM 1 ) that can penetrate deep into the alveolar sacs of lungs. PM 1 mainly arise in urban area due to the gas particle conversion processes within the atmosphere originating mainly from the vehicular traffic (Hildemann et al., 1991 ; Kleeman & Cass, 1998 ; Schauer et al., 1996 ). Based on these astute observations, priority is now given by regulatory bodies and researchers to study the potential impacts of these particulate matter on health, global warming and long-range transport of pollutants (Dockery & Pope, 1994 ; IPCC, 2001 ). Studies of long-term exposure to air pollution especially particles continues to threaten public health suggesting an increased risk of chronic respiratory illness (Dockery & Pope, 1994 ; Pope et al., 1995 ; Schwartz, 1994 ) and for developing various types of cancers (Knox & Gilman, 1997 ; Hemminki & Pershagen, 1994 ; Nyberg et al., 2000 ).

Keeping in view of the ever increasing air pollution in Kashmir valley, especially in Srinagar City, the following study was carried out to monitor the ambient air quality at some selected sites. This can help in understanding as to how much grave the situation is and what kind of further measures should be taken to bring down the pollution level in the city and also the overall pollution status of Kashmir.

The present study was carried out in Srinagar City which is the largest city and the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The city lies within the coordinates 34.0837° N and 74.7973° E on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, and Dal and Anchar lakes. Srinagar has a humid subtropical climate surrounded by Himalayas on all sides. The winter daytime temperature averages to 2.5 °C and night temperature goes below freezing point with frequent snowfall during the season. Summers are warm with average day time temperature reaching 24.1 °C. The average annual rainfall is 720 mm. The average rainfall is generally seen to be highest during the winter months due to snowfall. The study area for the current research was selected based on higher number of vehicular movement during the peak hours in the city, traffic congestions, major crossroads or junctions, higher populations, etc. so that the major contributions of pollution can be attributed to the vehicles whereas Shalimar campus of SKUAST-K was taken as a control which is a site at a distance of 15 km to the north-east of Lalchowk, the main business hub of Srinagar City where the traffic movement is very less compared to the city limits. The locations Shalimar, Dalgate, Jehangir Chowk, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk have been depicted in the figure with the corresponding coordinates on the map (Fig.  1 ). Five locations were selected for sampling of air for a year from June 2019 to May 2020. The data were recorded based on a 1-min average value at each location (with 3 replications for a single sampling at each location) for a period of 12 months from June 2019 to May 2020. The sampling was done twice a month on the second and fourth week respectively by using stratified random sampling. To understand the variability of the pollution load during a day at the respective locations, the sampling was done three times, i.e. morning (9:00 am to 10:30 am), afternoon (1:00 pm to 2:30 pm) and evening (4:30 pm to 6:00 pm). The time period chose for the sampling were based on the vehicular load on these locations. The number of vehicles varied in number and movement based on the time of the day.

Point map showing the study area in Srinagar City

The sampling was done using two instruments, aerosol mass monitor (AEROCET 831, Met One Inc., WA, USA) (Fig.  2 ) for particulate matter assessment (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 4 , PM 10 and TSP) and CO 2 analyser (CDM 901, Rave Innovations, India) (Fig.  3 ) for monitoring CO 2 concentration in the ambient air. The AEROCET 831 counts and sizes particles in 7 different size ranges then uses a proprietary algorithm to convert count data to mass measurements (µg/m 3 ). Fundamentally, the instrument calculates a volume for each detected particle then assigns a standard density for the conversion. The standard density value is augmented by the K-factor setting to improve measurement accuracy. A separate K-factor setting for each measurement range is provided which can be modified with Comet software provided along with the instrument. The accuracy of the instrument is ± 10% to the calibration aerosol, and the sensitivity ranges from a high of 0.3 µm and a low of 0.5 µm. A laser diode light source is used in the instrument. The CO 2 analyser CDM 901 is a micro-controller based instrument which shows real time CO 2 which works on sensor technology and the measuring principle being non-dispersive infrared (NDIR). The instrument has a resolution of 1% to the full-scale reading with a response time for a reading being approximately 30 s. The basic criterion of the study was to analyse the ambient air quality at the major traffic intersections. The limitations of the instruments in extracting the air sample deprive the study from source apportionment. But since the major contributor of pollutants is due to the vehicular movement, the study was carried out. This can open an opportunity for further research on this concern. The sensitivity and various restrictions of these locations deprived the study of calculating a steady flow count of the passing vehicles. Meteorological parameters like temperature (both maximum and minimum temperature) and rainfall data were procured from the agro-meteorological cell of the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K). These weather parameter data were later on correlated with the air sampling data and a relationship was established with all the pollutants sampled. The basic need for the correlation of the pollutant data was to know the changes in pollution load based on local weather patterns.

AEROCET 831—aerosol mass monitor

Results and discussion

Monthly, seasonal and annual concentrations of pm 1 in the selected locations.

The data on the ambient air quality with regard to particulate matter (PM 1 ) in the selected five locations, namely, Shalimar campus, Dalgate, Jehangir Chowk, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk, for a period of 12 months from June 2019 to May 2020 is given in Fig.  4 . The values were statistically analysed. The data showed that the maximum average concentration of PM 1 was found to be at Shalimar (108.90 µg/m 3 ) during December month of the winter season followed by Parimpora (95.33 µg/m 3 ), Jehangir Chowk (92.20 µg/m 3 ), Dalgate (90.83 µg/m 3 ) and Pantha Chowk (87.80 µg/m 3 ) even though the location was devoid of any major traffic movements. On the other hand, the lowest values for PM 1 were recorded during the month of April 2020. Shalimar (15.10 µg/m 3 ) recorded the lowest value while the concentrations at other locations were Parimpora (21.23 µg/m 3 ), Pantha Chowk (24.47 µg/m 3 ), Dalgate (26.30 µg/m 3 ) and Jehangir Chowk (28.40 µg/m 3 ). The average seasonal value of PM 1 particle shows that the pollutant was highest during the winter season and exhibited its maximum mean average value of 72.17 µg/m 3 at Jehangir Chowk and the lowest average in the winter season was at Pantha Chowk at 68.67 µg/m 3 . Besides on an average the PM 1 recorded during the winter season in the Srinagar City stands at 70.17 µg/m 3 , whereas the lowest concentration was seen during the spring season. The spring season recorded a maximum average value of 35.93 µg/m 3 at Jehangir Chowk and the lowest average value of 21.33 µg/m 3 at Shalimar (Fig.  5 ). The average value during the spring season in the city was 30.91 µg/m 3 . The observations showed that PM 1 had the highest annual average concentration in the morning at Dalgate which was 59.40 µg/m 3 and the lowest annual morning average was at Shalimar with concentration of 52.33 µg/m 3 (Fig.  6 ). Based on the annual data observations during June 2019 to May 2020, it was observed that the PM 1 recorded an annual average of 53.77 µg/m 3 , 53.63 µg/m 3 , 49.60 µg/m 3 , 48.87 µg/m 3 and 46.50 µg/m 3 at Dalgate, Jehangir Chowk, Pantha Chowk, Parimpora and Shalimar, respectively (Fig.  7 ).

CDM 901—CO 2 monitor

Concentration of PM 1 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City on monthly basis

Seasonal variation of PM 1 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City

Annual average concentrations of PM 1 , PM 2.5 and PM 4 based on time period of sampling during a day

PM 1 particulates originate from a wide range of sources both natural and anthropogenic and are the result of chemical conversions in the gas phase, heterogeneous and multiphase reactions (Hamed et al., 2010 ). Due to the small size of these particles, they can be transported to a longer distance and also remain in the lower atmosphere for a longer period of time (Kappos et al., 2004 ). The reason for the higher concentration of PM 1 in Shalimar location was due to the interference of biomass burning in the agricultural fields of the university campus and also in the nearby household for heating requirements. This enhances the pollution in this location during winter season in comparison to other locations in the city. The values of PM 1 during winter suggest considerable increase in the pollutant level because of cloudy weather during the colder season which lowers the diffusion and dispersion rate of the pollutants with the upper atmosphere. The low turbulence and mixing volume causes stagnation of the pollutants in air. This happens due to the stable or inversion atmospheric lapse rate characterized by calm or light winds (Reddy & Ruj, 2003 ). The lowest values of PM 1 were recorded during the month of April 2020 with lowest values 15.10 µg/m 3 observed at Shalimar. The above said observations in the month of April is primarily due to the lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 pandemic which reduced the traffic movement to almost nil. Besides the higher temperature and clear sky cause diffusion of the pollutants faster as compared to the winter or autumn season and avoid stagnation of the pollutants in the air. This is the reason why the pollutant level was recorded to be low during the spring season.

Data also shows that Dalgate recorded the highest annual morning average 59.40 µg/m 3 whereas the lowest annual morning average 52.33 µg/m 3 was recorded at Shalimar. The morning values at all sites were found to be higher as compared to afternoon and evening time. The reason behind this might be the higher number of traffic volume during the morning time compared to other period. Besides, morning time accounts for more combustion emissions from households, hotels, confectionaries, etc. which might interfere with enhancing pollutant load in air.

Monthly, seasonal and annual concentrations of PM 2.5 in the selected locations

PM 2.5 pollutants are being recently investigated extensively across the globe due to its increasing effect on human health like respiratory ailments and cardiovascular problems. The present study contemplates the need for the ambient air quality monitoring as acute particulate pollution can cause extreme poor visibility and also sharp increase in respiratory diseases. The experimental details showed similar trend in PM 2.5 concentration as in case of PM 1 . The concentrations were recorded maximum at Dalgate (577.50 µg/m 3 ) in December which is significantly higher compared to the other months and also the prescribed national standards. The maximum average PM 2.5 values for other locations were 233.67 µg/m 3 , 569.7 µg/m 3 , 497.00 µg/m 3 and 571.43 µg/m 3 in Shalimar, Jehangir Chowk, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk, respectively (Fig.  8 ). The data also shows that on seasonal basis, winter season had the worst air quality. The average maximum winter concentration was seen to be highest in Jehangir Chowk (283.10 µg/m 3 ) and the average for the same season was lowest at Shalimar (129.43 µg/m 3 ) (Fig.  9 ). The higher pollution in winter is due to higher fuel consumption by the combustion engine and local biomass burning. Higher concentration of PM 2.5 is mainly due to low wind speed and high humidity during the winter in comparison to other seasons so the removal of aerosol particles by wet scavenging is reduced (Kulshreshtha et al .,  2009 ). The short snowfall or insufficient rains during the period is only effective for a shorter while. The succeeding period shows increased emissions due to slower movement of vehicles which in turn accounts for more pollution.

Annual average concentrations of various pollutants in Srinagar City during the study period

Concentration of PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City on monthly basis

The lowest average concentrations were recorded during April in Shalimar (28.70 µg/m 3 ). The lowest average concentrations observed for Dalgate, Jehangir Chowk, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk were 50.13 µg/m 3 , 51.83 µg/m 3 , 39.90 µg/m 3 and 45.43 µg/m 3 , respectively (Fig.  8 ). The lowest concentration of the pollutant was observed in spring season with Dalgate showing the maximum average value of 65.57 µg/m 3 whereas the lowest value was observed at Shalimar (36.80 µg/m 3 ) (Fig.  9 ). Overall the mean values for winter and spring season in the city were 238.97 µg/m 3 and 56.50 µg/m 3 , respectively. The spring season shows lower values due to clear sky which increases the average mixing height and maximum atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The wet deposition of the pollutants is avoided due to higher winds also. It is also seen that a sunny day indicate better weather conditions with less cloud cover or strong winds, which favourably diffuses and eliminates air pollutants (Sanchez-Romero et al., 2014 ; Yang et al., 2008 ). These conditions are exactly opposite in winter increasing the pollutants by double the rate in the locations. The annual average morning concentrations showed highest in Dalgate (173.77 µg/m 3 ) and lowest at Shalimar (98.07 µg/m 3 ) (Fig.  6 ). The highest morning averages are due to the same conditions as mentioned in case of PM 1 . PM 2.5 annual average concentrations were 140.13 µg/m 3 , 135.70 µg/m 3 , 133.50 µg/m 3 , 123.40 µg/m 3 and 83.83 µg/m 3 at Jehangir Chowk, Dalgate, Pantha Chowk, Parimpora and Shalimar, respectively (Fig.  7 ).

Monthly, seasonal and annual concentrations of PM 4 in the selected locations

PM 4 particle has not been extensively studied in the world, although the behaviour of the particle is similar to other particulates. The results of the present study show similar pattern in the concentration of PM 4 pollutants in the ambient air. The maximum average concentration of PM 4 in December was found to be at Dalgate with a mean value of 780.87 µg/m 3 followed by Jehangir Chowk (772.97 µg/m 3 ), Pantha Chowk (769.10 µg/m 3 ), Parimpora (668.13 µg/m 3 ) and Shalimar (278.77 µg/m 3 ) (Fig.  10 ). The reason for this is the foggy nature of the weather which caused stagnation of the particulates. The unusually high value in Pantha Chowk might be due to the interference of the stone quarry area nearby which produces a lot of dust particles. Besides, the location is also near to bus stand and railway station. The higher vehicular number plying on the national highway also has an influence on the pollution load. Season wise concentration also shows higher pollution in winter compared to other seasons. Jehangir Chowk with 436.93 µg/m 3 in the ambient air shows maximum average concentration of PM 4 in winter, while the lowest average concentration of 180.50 µg/m 3 was observed at Shalimar. The overall average concentration for the winter season in Srinagar City was 346.38 µg/m 3 .

Seasonal variation of PM 2.5 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City

The lowest concentration of PM 4 during spring season might be due to the COVID-19 lockdown. The lowest average concentrations of PM 4 at all locations during April 2020 were Shalimar (44.50 µg/m 3 ), Parimpora (88.0 µg/m 3 ), Pantha Chowk (96.50 µg/m 3 ), Dalgate (97.83 µg/m 3 ) and Jehangir Chowk (106.97 µg/m 3 ), respectively. The maximum average concentration for spring season was recorded at Jehangir Chowk (123.03 µg/m 3 ) and the lowest at Shalimar (53.40 µg/m 3 ). On an average, the city recorded a concentration of 103.28 µg/m 3 during the spring season (Fig.  11 ). In case of PM 4 particle also, the highest annual morning concentration was observed in Pantha Chowk (281.53 µg/m 3 ) and the lowest at Shalimar (128.37 µg/m 3 ), respectively (Fig.  6 ). The data on annual average concentration of PM 4 at different locations show that the highest value was recorded in Jehangir Chowk (240.23 µg/m 3 ) followed by Pantha Chowk (228.63 µg/m 3 ), Dalgate (207.10 µg/m 3 ), Parimpora (204.27 µg/m 3 ) and Shalimar (117.30 µg/m 3 ), respectively (Fig.  7 ).

Concentration of PM 4 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City on monthly basis

Monthly, seasonal and annual concentrations of PM 10 and TSP in the selected locations

The results regarding PM 10 and TSP have been discussed in the same section as the particles are similar in nature due to their larger size compared to the already discussed particle size. The scenario for PM 10 and TSP is similar because major portion of these pollutants is comprised of pollutants with smaller size of particulates. Most of the studies conducted on PM 10 and TSP showed that 38–77% of the fraction of these two pollutants is comprised by PM 2.5 particles (Kulshreshtha et al ., 2009 ). These pollutants are larger in size compared to other particulates so they can settle down due to its higher dispersion rate and settling ability compared to other pollutants. But since the sampling was done on a 1-min average basis, the concentration of these pollutants is shown to be higher due to the continuous movement of vehicles at these sites. The movement of vehicles causes constant dispersion of dust from the road surface which stays in the ambient air. The relative humidity in the air is higher in winter months which cause stagnation of these pollutants in the air. Besides, fog in winter provides these pollutants higher surface area to stay in air. The highest maximum average for PM 10 was recorded at Jehangir Chowk (1225.53 µg/m 3 ) followed by Dalgate (1164.07 µg/m 3 ), Pantha Chowk (1104.40 µg/m 3 ) and Parimpora (1062.90 µg/m 3 ) respectively within the city limits. Shalimar (368.53 µg/m 3 ) location recorded very less compared to the other locations (Fig.  12 ). The maximum average concentration of TSP was observed in Jehangir Chowk (1410.27 µg/m 3 ) during the December month. Other locations like Dalgate, Pantha Chowk, Parimpora and Shalimar showed maximum average values of 1314.10 µg/m 3 , 1236.73 µg/m 3 , 1162.20 µg/m 3 and 405.87 µg/m 3 respectively in the month of December (Fig.  14 ).

Seasonal variation of PM 4 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City

Seasonal variation of PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City

The data also shows that April month recorded a considerable decrease in the PM 10 pollutant concentration (Fig.  13 ). Shalimar recorded 57.13 µg/m 3 whereas other locations like Parimpora, Dalgate, Pantha Chowk and Jehangir Chowk recorded 246.33 µg/m 3 , 254.23 µg/m 3 , 265.10 µg/m 3 and 279.97 µg/m 3 , respectively (Fig.  12 ). TSP was recorded low during the month of April and Shalimar recorded the lowest value of 77.77 µg/m 3 . Other locations also recorded their lowest average during the same month. Parimpora, Dalgate, Pantha Chowk and Jehangir Chowk had their lowest average at 338.73 µg/m 3 , 348.70 µg/m 3 , 352.97 µg/m 3 and 368.17 µg/m 3 , respectively. The reason for the considerable decrease in April 2020 was especially due to the COVID-19 lockdown which reduced the traffic volume (Fig.  14 ).

Concentration of PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City on monthly basis

The overall average shows that winter season recorded PM 10 concentration of 638.57 µg/m 3 and total suspended particulates 768.09 µg/m 3 in the city. The overall average shows that 279.92 µg/m 3 was the PM 10 value recorded in spring season and 366.37 µg/m 3 was the TSP value for the same season (Figs.  13  and  15 ). The reason for higher concentration of TSP and PM 10 during winter is due to lower mixing heights of atmosphere which causes the pollutants to remain in the ambient air for longer period. The continuous fog period during the month of December reduces the dispersion rate of the pollutants in air. On the other hand, during spring season the clear sky and constant sunlight causes faster dispersion of pollutants. Lesser humidity also helps the pollutants to settle down immediately. The highest and lowest annual morning average values of other pollutants like PM 10 and TSP showed similar trends with Jehangir Chowk showing the highest and Shalimar showing the lowest values. The highest and lowest averages for PM 10 (725.97 µg/m 3 , 190.23 µg/m 3 ) and TSP (974.50 µg/m 3 , 217.07 µg/m 3 ) were recorded during morning hours, respectively. The afternoon values were the lowest during the day time at all the sites (Fig.  16 ). The pollution load during the noon time also showed similar trend location wise for all the pollutants with Jehangir Chowk recording the maximum and Shalimar recording the lowest values. PM 10 annual average values stand at 633.40 µg/m 3 , 532.77 µg/m 3 , 489.27 µg/m 3 , 433.57 µg/m 3 and 182.33 µg/m 3 for Jehangir Chowk, Pantha Chowk, Parimpora, Dalgate and Shalimar, respectively. Data on TSP at all the locations show that average value was recorded at Shalimar (215.47 µg/m 3 ), Dalgate (562.80 µg/m 3 ), Jehangir Chowk (853.50 µg/m 3 ), Parimpora (629.33 µg/m 3 ) and Pantha Chowk (682.33 µg/m 3 ), respectively (Fig.  7 ).

Concentration of TSP (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City on monthly basis

Seasonal variation of TSP (µg/m 3 ) at different locations in Srinagar City

Monthly, seasonal and annual concentrations of CO 2 in the selected locations

Carbon dioxide unlike other pollutants in the air shows gradual increasing trend in the air. Throughout the year from June 2019 to May 2020, CO 2 concentration was seen to be increasing. However, a slight decreasing trend was observed in the months of April 2020 and May 2020. On monthly basis, the maximum average concentration of CO 2 was found during December and Shalimar recorded the highest carbon dioxide value of 637.57 ppm. The recorded maximum average values at other locations were 622.33 ppm, 614.40 ppm, 592.23 ppm and 579.33 ppm at Jehangir Chowk, Dalgate, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk, respectively. The minimum average concentration of CO 2 was recorded at Shalimar during the month of June (355.23 ppm), whereas Pantha Chowk, Parimpora, Jehangir Chowk and Dalgate recorded minimum average values at 357.10 ppm, 366.40 ppm, 391.20 ppm and 399.23 ppm, respectively (Fig.  17 ). On the other hand, maximum average concentration in spring reached 626.86 ppm in Jehangir Chowk and the minimum average for the same season was recorded in Shalimar (592.06 ppm). The average value of all the sites during the spring season was 609.29 ppm. The data also shows that the lowest concentration of CO 2 was observed in summer season. The maximum average concentration in summer season was recorded at Dalgate (385.80 ppm) and the lowest average value in the same season was in Shalimar campus at 352.80 ppm (Fig.  18 ). The average value of CO 2 of different sites in Srinagar City was 369.28 ppm. The highest and lowest annual morning average values of CO 2 showed similar trends with Jehangir Chowk showing the highest and Shalimar showing the lowest values. The highest and lowest averages for CO 2 (560.67 ppm, 520.40 ppm) were recorded during morning hours Jehangir Chowk and Shalimar, respectively (Fig.  19 ). CO 2 showed an annual average value of above 500 ppm for all the locations with individual values of 506.87 ppm, 529.57 ppm, 533.20 ppm, 511.90 ppm and 506.07 ppm in Shalimar, Dalgate, Jehangir Chowk, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk, respectively (Fig.  7 ).

Annual average concentrations of PM 10 and TSP based on time period of sampling during a day

Concentration of CO 2 (ppm) at different locations in Srinagar City on monthly basis

Seasonal variation of CO 2 (ppm) at different locations in Srinagar City

The reason for the astute observation in case of carbon dioxide was due to the fact that the decreasing temperature reduces the photosynthetic rate causing the CO 2 to increase in the atmosphere. Besides the temperature recorded in Kashmir for the period June 2019–May 2020 was lesser in comparison to the previous year, which has led to continuous burning of biomass and wood for heating requirements in domestic households to an extended period till late April 2020. Besides the direct smoke emissions from hotels, dhabas, roadside confectionaries, etc. also add up to the CO 2 emissions. The low sunshine hours during the cold season reduces the mixing volume of the atmosphere and inhibits the dispersion of gases in air. Thus, it increases the CO 2 concentration in air. The lower temperature influences more fossil fuel burning in the automobiles causing increased exhaust emissions (Chen et al., 2006a , b ). Precipitation also has no significant effect on the concentration of CO 2 in air (Chen et al., 2006a , b ). These might be the reasons for the increasing CO 2 trend in the atmosphere during spring.

Even though the above reasons suggest the high pollution load in Jehangir Chowk, there are interferences from other factors like hotels, high building rise causing lesser air flow, frequent power breaks introducing diesel generators, congested roads and longer traffic jam hours. The emission of gases and particulates from the vehicle exhaust increases steadily with decrease in speed of the vehicles as the vehicles remain more stagnant at a place the pollutant load build up at a place increasing its concentration at a particular space (Mathew, 2012 ). Although the traffic movement for locations like Dalgate, Parimpora and Pantha Chowk is high, the wide open area and smooth traffic flow help in dispersal of pollutants faster as compared to Jehangir Chowk (Fig.  20 ).

Annual average concentrations of CO 2 based on time period of sampling during a day

Correlation of the studied pollutants with the weather parameters

Correlation analyses of the data have been carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient from the commercial package SPSS. The correlation of temperature and rainfall with the various pollutants was done during the course of the study (Table ​ (Table1). 1 ). The results showed that temperature (both maximum and minimum) had significant effects on the pollutant concentrations. There was a significant negative correlation of temperature with all the pollutants which indicates that the decrease in temperature increased the pollution level. The reason for this is, during colder month fuel consumption by vehicle engine is high which causes increased emissions. Besides, colder region amounts for various biomass burning activities for heating requirements. In comparison to the other seasons, studies reveal that average particulate matter concentrations were higher in winter, the season with the lowest ventilation capabilities. This is reinforced by the fact that lower temperatures, high relative humidity, accessible organics produced from automobiles and decreased air mixing height promote particle production (Somuri, 2011 ). The winter season has foggy weather during most part of the day which provides more surface area for stagnation of particulates in the air. The cloudy weather, low wind speed, high humidity and lower average mixing height of the atmosphere during winter reduce the dispersion and diffusion of pollutants in air (Kulshreshtha et al ., 2009 ). Lower daily temperature would inhibit the photosynthesis rate as well as the carbon cycle of the atmosphere. Therefore, we have the lowest CO 2 levels during hotter periods and the highest during winter (Chen et al., 2006a , b ; Sakirko et al., 2008 ). Recent researches also show that some organic matter releases more CO 2 when exposed to higher air temperature. Besides, extended colder periods in Kashmir induced biomass burning in households which might be a reason for increased CO 2 concentration.

Correlation of all the studied pollutants with temperature and rainfall

T max maximum temperature, T min minimum temperature

**Significant correlation

NS non-significant correlation

Rainfall had no significant impact on the concentration of pollutants except for small significant negative correlation with PM 10 and TSP. This might be due to large size of particles which gets influenced by even smaller rains. During the whole study period, the rainfall was scattered and very low due to which there was only an immediate effect on the concentration of the pollutants. The concentration of pollutants was seen to rise immediately after the rain due to cloudy weather causing low dispersion of particles in air. There is no observable change on CO 2 level when there is small rain with rainfall less than 3 mm (Ying, 2010 ). The correlation factor is just an indicative of how these parameters show relationship with the pollutant concentration with their gradual changes, the probable reasons for which have been given above. However, these significant results show that winter season has pronounced effect on the particulate matter concentrations in air.

In light of the study carried out to monitor the ambient air pollutant concentrations, it was seen that the lowest concentrations of particulate matter (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 4 , PM 10 and TSP) and CO 2 were found in Shalimar campus of SKUAST-K and the highest was found in Jehangir Chowk. However, all the air quality parameters (PM matter) exhibited very low concentration during April 2020 due COVID-19 lockdown. The low pollution load in the Shalimar area was due to lower vehicular number movement in this area. However, the concentration of the pollutants was higher than the prescribed standards of both Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The relevance of the study remains on the fact that an easy and quick ambient air quality can be established for the location so that necessary and timely actions can be taken for the mitigation of the pollution in the area. Furthermore, the accuracy of the AEROCET 831 (aerosol mass monitor) and CO 2 analyser makes it easy to carry out the analysis as and when needed. The easy portability and transport of the instruments makes random assessment of the air pollution status less troublesome. Even though the lack of proper vehicular count data due to sensitivity of the location and the COVID protocol restrictions have limited the data in providing the source apportionment of the pollutant load, it does not deprive from the fact that the major source of pollution in all these locations are basically due to vehicular movement (Kageson, 2005 ). Large-scale expansion of the study to various other locations can establish a proper ambient air pollutant concentration maps which in future can help different authorities to manage the pollution on the roads due to vehicles and also take into account for proper infrastructure management.

Data availability

Declarations.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Vehicle pollution Essay

Essay on vehicle pollution for children and students in english.

An irrelevant element involved in the air which is harmful for environment is called air pollution. In India, its biggest cause is due to vehicle pollution which creates many problems including lack of oxygen in the atmosphere that leads to breathing diseases for all the living beings and the major issue of global warming.

Long and Short Essay on Vehicle pollution in India in English

On this crucial issue of vehicular pollution in India, we are presenting here various types of essays on vehicular pollution under different word limit to help you with the school/college assignments and exams. You can select any Vehicle pollution essay as per your need and interest:

Essay on Air Pollution Caused by Vehicles – Essay 1 (200 words)

A Vehicle has always been the prime necessity for the general public in India either it is scooter, motor cycle or car; it is not the time when having an own transport was treated as status symbol but nowadays it has become the need for everyone either in urban or rural areas to commute from one place to another.

Where some changes proves beneficial to a part of generation on the other side it become a curse for all world. For example invention of petrol or diesel fuelled vehicles. At this current time this world is living under the alarming rate of air pollution and the major cause of this crisis is the pollutants emitted from vehicles.

Air Pollution Caused by Vehicles

India is the country of 125 million people and is the biggest consumer of motor vehicles or automobiles. These vehicles either operated by petrol or diesels, extremely affect the environment and our ecosystem. Generally pollutants emitted from car are one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere. As we know that the whole world is under the fear of global warming and the biggest cause of it is the increasing level of vehicle pollution which needs a quick attention by all of us.

Automobile impact on environment is about 80 to 90%. According to Environmental Defence Fund (EDF) on-road vehicles cause one-third of the air pollution and all transportation causes 27 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

Essay on Effects of Vehicular Pollution – Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

Pollution in big metropolitan cities is increasing day by day and main cause for this is pollution through vehicle apart from industry. As more people are shifting from small cities to big cities, numbers of vehicles are increasing and it deteriorating the air quality badly. Various diseases in big cities are due to the vehicle pollution.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution on the Environment

With the increase in number of vehicles, pollution from these automobiles is increasing drastically. Combustion of fuel in vehicle emits various gases such as Sulphur oxide (SOx), Carbon mono oxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), suspended particulate matter (SPM) etc. These gases are creating immediate and long-term effect on the environment. Immediate effect are on the human for developing health hazard and long effect are harming the environment by creating global warming, acid rain, imbalance in eco system etc.

These gases trapped the heat in the atmosphere and leading to increase in temperature of earth i.e. global warming. This increase in temperature affects ecology such as increase in sea level; destroy of natural landscapes, drought in many part of world, flood, Cyclone etc. These gases are depleting the Ozone layer; due to this Ultraviolet rays are easily reaching in atmosphere which is a source of various skin diseases. SOx and NOx in the atmosphere converts into acid during rain and destroy the crops, forest and other vegetation. CO2 concentration in the air is increasing and reached up to 400ppm at its alarming level.

Diesel vehicles are more prone to generate air pollution and create various diseases such as cough, headache, nausea, asthma and other respiratory problems etc. Earlier, lead was used in fuel to increase the efficiency of burning, however it was discontinued as it was releasing poisonous gases such as lead, benzene in atmosphere which was more harmful if inhale by any person.

Effects of vehicle pollution are increasing day by day with the increasing number of vehicles on the road. Effects of vehicle pollution are badly affecting the living beings on the earth and causing lots of health related problems. Slowly but surely, it may make the earth an unsuitable place for living; so, we must take it serious and run to stop the vehicle pollution by regarding all the possible solutions.

Essay on How to Control Vehicular Pollution – Essay 3 (400 words)

Pollution through vehicle is a big problem in world, especially in metropolitan city. Vehicles are increasing day by day due to urbanization and increase in income of people. Everybody wants to go by own car or other vehicles to avoid the crowd in public transport system.

How to Control Vehicular Pollution

Here are few methods that the government are taking to control the vehicle pollution:

• Promoting of vehicle use with CNG fuel (Compressed Natural Gas) instead of Petrol and Diesel fuel. CNG are called green fuel i.e. pollution from CNG vehicle are very less in comparison to Petrol or Diesel.
• Regularly check up of pollution from vehicle through registered Authority.
• Promotion of Electric operated vehicle to reduce pollution.
• Phasing out of old or high polluted vehicles from the big city.
• Implementation of Euro-VI fuel in all over India progressively i.e. initially it was implemented in Delhi from April, 2018. In other big cities, it will be implementing till Dec, 2018. Euro-VI fuel will reduce the sulphur by 50 to 75 in Diesel engines.
• Government of India are working to introduce LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) as fuel, it will further reduce the pollution from vehicle.
• Government has taken initiative to introduce mass transport system i.e. number of buses increased, Metro in various cities, Infrastructure development, Improvement in Road network.
• Implementation of Automatic tag system in Toll booth so that vehicle can go easily without waiting in queue for toll.
• Creating the bypass across the big cities so that vehicle coming from one end will not need to pass through the city to go to other side. Recently Eastern Peripheral Expressway opened that will bypass the Delhi for trucks or buses, if they are not having any stoppage in Delhi. It will reduce the traffic situation as well as reduce the pollution and save time for the public.
• Delhi Government implemented the odd-even car to run based on their registration number on particular day.

Conclusion:

For the development of any country Urbanization is highly require but unfortunately it has been become possible at the cost of unwanted situation of air pollution all over the place. May be Causes are much enough for this drastic issue but there is always a solution to be execute.

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: Meaning, Causes, Effects and Solution – Essay 4 (500 words)

A major part of polluted air in atmosphere is because of vehicle and other means of transportation via water road or air. Vehicle pollution needs a quick attention to control over it in manner to save people’s health and to avoid global warming. In India some of its metro cities are under so much polluter air that it has become so difficult even to take breath by people over here. Situation is so worst that Bangalore has got the title of ‘asthma capital of India’.

Meaning of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution is the pollution caused by the types of vehicles running on the road. Vehicles need petrol or diesel as a fuel to get energy to run which emits various types of harmful gases in the environment after combustion. These harmful gases (carbon monoxide, unburned gasoline, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, etc) get spread in the atmosphere and pollute the pure air thus cause air pollution. Air pollution caused by automobiles/cars/vehicles emissions is called as vehicle pollution.

Causes  of Vehicle Pollution

It is clearly defines that cause of increased vehicle pollution is the increased population of country and thus rapidly increasing demand of cars, bikes, scooter or other vehicles. Urbanization is also the major cause for vehicle pollution. As people are continuously moving towards the urban cities from rural areas which lead the growing demand of vehicle on road day by day.

Petrol or diesel fuelled passenger vehicles emerges a huge amount of nitrogen oxide, carbon mono oxide, Sulphur oxide (SOx) in the air. Vehicles are responsible for the unwanted elements in atmosphere which directly or indirectly affecting the people and all living being on earth.

Effects  of Vehicle Pollution

• Vehicle pollution is affecting our environment in various manners like it is making our atmosphere so harmful that to take breath under metro cities is like just to take slow poison from air.
• Multiple diseases are emerging or we can say growing in urban areas due to vehicle pollution.
• Pollution in air creates major effects on human health including animals and plants also it is badly harming our ecosystem which results in terms of global warming.
• Automobile industry is directly affecting 80 to 90% in atmosphere by emerging greenhouse gases which are a group of compounds that are able to trap heat in the atmosphere, like nitrogen oxide carbon mono oxide, Sulphur oxide (SOx).

Solutions  of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution is a major environmental issue in India which need to be resolve as soon as possible for the sake of our future generation.

• Air Pollution due to vehicle can be control only by getting strict for traffic rules and by enhancing the quality of automobile and manufacturing industries.
• Proper care of tyres and fuel tank of any vehicles helps in less exhaust emission. Car pooling, use of transport buses, improved and proper road management, use of CNG operated vehicles instead of petrol or diesel always helps in reducing air pollution.
• Regular vehicle pollution check up from authorized centres is highly required also its time to remove old vehicles from cities and to introduce electrical operated vehicles in cities for transportation.
• To control over vehicle on road government has tried to do some efforts time to time by introducing some new traffic rules like odd-even policy in Delhi NCR which led to run vehicles based on their registration number on their specified day.

Problems has always its solution only we need is to search and apply the better one. In India the Vehicle pollution is at high risk that needs an attention and support by each and every person individually.

Essay on Pollution Due to Vehicles /Automobiles/Cars – Essay 5 (600 Words)

In this essay we are taking a serious issue of vehicle pollution in India which is require to solve at prime basis. As the number of vehicles increases it lead to increase of harmful emissions which directly affects in air quality. In India this issue has become so huge in some metropolitan cities that oxygen level has been decreasing rapidly in atmosphere.

Vehicles are always counted as responsible for the production of greenhouse gases these are calculated as 70% of CO2, 50% of HC, 30-40% of NOx, 30% of SPM and 10% of SO2 of the overall air pollution over cities.

Causes of Air Pollution Due to Vehicles

Now a day a vehicle has become the need of general public in cities because of the high distance destinations all over and to avoid the over loaded passengers vehicles like autos, buses and local trains. Urbanization is also biggest reason for the increasing air pollution in India.

• A huge amount of air pollution creates because of the petrol fuelled passenger vehicles as it emerges a significant amount of nitrogen oxide carbon mono oxide and others harmful element in air.
• A major part of air pollution about 35% in metro cities of India is because of automobiles, cars or other vehicle. Vehicle pollution causes polluted air in environment and results as a harmful impact on people’s health.
• Engine exhaust (diesel and gas) carries more than 40 dangerous air pollutants. Uncountable numbers of vehicles on road in metro cities of India are inducing a kind of poison in air which results in form of symptoms like cough, headache, nausea and asthma problems.
• Vehicles play an important role in the formation of ground level ozoneand Carbon monoxide (CO). This colourless poisonous gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from cars and trucks.

Increased Demand of Automobiles in India

According to the data in year 2011, the urban population has increased up to 377million which was only 62 million in the year of 1951. Also adding to this, there were only 18 cities with a population of over 1 million in 1991 which is expended to 46 cities in 2012. This shows the unmanaged unplanned increased population rate and results in form of high demand of transportation and its consumption patterns.

There were about 8.9 million vehicles sold in between year of (2005-06) and it reaches 15 million in 2010-2011. In period of 2016-2017 for the first time in India Passenger vehicle sales crossed the three million mile stone with a growth of 9.23 per cent.

By the end of March 2017 domestic passenger vehicles (PV) sales were at 30, 46,727 units against 27, 89,208.

Domestic car sales during the year grew 3.85 per cent to 21, 02,996 units from 20, 25,097 units.

Motorcycles sales in 2016-17 were at 1, 10, 94,543 units compared with 1, 07, 00, 406 in the previous fiscal, up 3.68 per cent.

Scooter sales in 2016-17 were at 56, 04,601 units in comparison to 50, 31,678 in the previous fiscal, up 11.39 per cent.

Which shows that the number of vehicles sold in India is increasing fast during the past few years. At the end of discussion this all lead to the crucial problem of air pollution in environment due to vehicles, automobile and cars.

Air pollution due to vehicles in India has majorly affected the metro cities. Bangalore has become the asthma capital of the country and in Pune air pollution has become such a serious problem that the respiratory suspended particulate matter in the air is more than the standard national level.

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Vehicle pollution Essay

An irrelevant element involved in the air which is harmful for environment is called air pollution. In India, its biggest cause is due to vehicle pollution which creates many problems including lack of oxygen in the atmosphere that leads to breathing diseases for all the living beings and the major issue of global warming.

Long and Short Essay on Vehicle pollution in India in English

On this crucial issue of vehicular pollution in India, we are presenting here various types of essays on vehicular pollution under different word limit to help you with the school/college assignments and exams. You can select any Vehicle pollution essay as per your need and interest:

Essay on Air Pollution Caused by Vehicles – Essay 1 (200 words)

A Vehicle has always been the prime necessity for the general public in India either it is scooter, motor cycle or car; it is not the time when having an own transport was treated as status symbol but nowadays it has become the need for everyone either in urban or rural areas to commute from one place to another.

Where some changes proves beneficial to a part of generation on the other side it become a curse for all world. For example invention of petrol or diesel fuelled vehicles. At this current time this world is living under the alarming rate of air pollution and the major cause of this crisis is the pollutants emitted from vehicles.

Air Pollution Caused by Vehicles

India is the country of 125 million people and is the biggest consumer of motor vehicles or automobiles. These vehicles either operated by petrol or diesels, extremely affect the environment and our ecosystem. Generally pollutants emitted from car are one of the biggest contributors to greenhouse emissions in the atmosphere. As we know that the whole world is under the fear of global warming and the biggest cause of it is the increasing level of vehicle pollution which needs a quick attention by all of us.

Automobile impact on environment is about 80 to 90%. According to Environmental Defence Fund (EDF) on-road vehicles cause one-third of the air pollution and all transportation causes 27 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

Essay on Effects of Vehicular Pollution – Essay 2 (300 words)

Introduction

Pollution in big metropolitan cities is increasing day by day and main cause for this is pollution through vehicle apart from industry. As more people are shifting from small cities to big cities, numbers of vehicles are increasing and it deteriorating the air quality badly. Various diseases in big cities are due to the vehicle pollution.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution on the Environment

With the increase in number of vehicles, pollution from these automobiles is increasing drastically. Combustion of fuel in vehicle emits various gases such as Sulphur oxide (SOx), Carbon mono oxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), suspended particulate matter (SPM) etc. These gases are creating immediate and long-term effect on the environment. Immediate effect are on the human for developing health hazard and long effect are harming the environment by creating global warming, acid rain, imbalance in eco system etc.

These gases trapped the heat in the atmosphere and leading to increase in temperature of earth i.e. global warming. This increase in temperature affects ecology such as increase in sea level; destroy of natural landscapes, drought in many part of world, flood, Cyclone etc. These gases are depleting the Ozone layer; due to this Ultraviolet rays are easily reaching in atmosphere which is a source of various skin diseases. SOx and NOx in the atmosphere converts into acid during rain and destroy the crops, forest and other vegetation. CO2 concentration in the air is increasing and reached up to 400ppm at its alarming level.

Diesel vehicles are more prone to generate air pollution and create various diseases such as cough, headache, nausea, asthma and other respiratory problems etc. Earlier, lead was used in fuel to increase the efficiency of burning, however it was discontinued as it was releasing poisonous gases such as lead, benzene in atmosphere which was more harmful if inhale by any person.

Effects of vehicle pollution are increasing day by day with the increasing number of vehicles on the road. Effects of vehicle pollution are badly affecting the living beings on the earth and causing lots of health related problems. Slowly but surely, it may make the earth an unsuitable place for living; so, we must take it serious and run to stop the vehicle pollution by regarding all the possible solutions.

Essay on How to Control Vehicular Pollution – Essay 3 (400 words)

Pollution through vehicle is a big problem in world, especially in metropolitan city. Vehicles are increasing day by day due to urbanization and increase in income of people. Everybody wants to go by own car or other vehicles to avoid the crowd in public transport system.

How to Control Vehicular Pollution

Here are few methods that the government are taking to control the vehicle pollution:

• Promoting of vehicle use with CNG fuel (Compressed Natural Gas) instead of Petrol and Diesel fuel. CNG are called green fuel i.e. pollution from CNG vehicle are very less in comparison to Petrol or Diesel.
• Regularly check up of pollution from vehicle through registered Authority.
• Promotion of Electric operated vehicle to reduce pollution.
• Phasing out of old or high polluted vehicles from the big city.
• Implementation of Euro-VI fuel in all over India progressively i.e. initially it was implemented in Delhi from April, 2018. In other big cities, it will be implementing till Dec, 2018. Euro-VI fuel will reduce the sulphur by 50 to 75 in Diesel engines.
• Government of India are working to introduce LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) as fuel, it will further reduce the pollution from vehicle.
• Government has taken initiative to introduce mass transport system i.e. number of buses increased, Metro in various cities, Infrastructure development, Improvement in Road network.
• Implementation of Automatic tag system in Toll booth so that vehicle can go easily without waiting in queue for toll.
• Creating the bypass across the big cities so that vehicle coming from one end will not need to pass through the city to go to other side. Recently Eastern Peripheral Expressway opened that will bypass the Delhi for trucks or buses, if they are not having any stoppage in Delhi. It will reduce the traffic situation as well as reduce the pollution and save time for the public.
• Delhi Government implemented the odd-even car to run based on their registration number on particular day.

Conclusion:

For the development of any country Urbanization is highly require but unfortunately it has been become possible at the cost of unwanted situation of air pollution all over the place. May be Causes are much enough for this drastic issue but there is always a solution to be execute.

Essay on Vehicle Pollution: Meaning, Causes, Effects and Solution – Essay 4 (500 words)

A major part of polluted air in atmosphere is because of vehicle and other means of transportation via water road or air. Vehicle pollution needs a quick attention to control over it in manner to save people’s health and to avoid global warming. In India some of its metro cities are under so much polluter air that it has become so difficult even to take breath by people over here. Situation is so worst that Bangalore has got the title of ‘asthma capital of India’.

Meaning of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution is the pollution caused by the types of vehicles running on the road. Vehicles need petrol or diesel as a fuel to get energy to run which emits various types of harmful gases in the environment after combustion. These harmful gases (carbon monoxide, unburned gasoline, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, etc) get spread in the atmosphere and pollute the pure air thus cause air pollution. Air pollution caused by automobiles/cars/vehicles emissions is called as vehicle pollution.

Causes of Vehicle Pollution

It is clearly defines that cause of increased vehicle pollution is the increased population of country and thus rapidly increasing demand of cars, bikes, scooter or other vehicles. Urbanization is also the major cause for vehicle pollution. As people are continuously moving towards the urban cities from rural areas which lead the growing demand of vehicle on road day by day.

Petrol or diesel fuelled passenger vehicles emerges a huge amount of nitrogen oxide, carbon mono oxide, Sulphur oxide (SOx) in the air. Vehicles are responsible for the unwanted elements in atmosphere which directly or indirectly affecting the people and all living being on earth.

Effects of Vehicle Pollution

• Vehicle pollution is affecting our environment in various manners like it is making our atmosphere so harmful that to take breath under metro cities is like just to take slow poison from air.
• Multiple diseases are emerging or we can say growing in urban areas due to vehicle pollution.
• Pollution in air creates major effects on human health including animals and plants also it is badly harming our ecosystem which results in terms of global warming.
• Automobile industry is directly affecting 80 to 90% in atmosphere by emerging greenhouse gases which are a group of compounds that are able to trap heat in the atmosphere, like nitrogen oxide carbon mono oxide, Sulphur oxide (SOx).

Solutions of Vehicle Pollution

Vehicle pollution is a major environmental issue in India which need to be resolve as soon as possible for the sake of our future generation.

• Air Pollution due to vehicle can be control only by getting strict for traffic rules and by enhancing the quality of automobile and manufacturing industries.
• Proper care of tyres and fuel tank of any vehicles helps in less exhaust emission. Car pooling, use of transport buses, improved and proper road management, use of CNG operated vehicles instead of petrol or diesel always helps in reducing air pollution.
• Regular vehicle pollution check up from authorized centres is highly required also its time to remove old vehicles from cities and to introduce electrical operated vehicles in cities for transportation.
• To control over vehicle on road government has tried to do some efforts time to time by introducing some new traffic rules like odd-even policy in Delhi NCR which led to run vehicles based on their registration number on their specified day.

Problems has always its solution only we need is to search and apply the better one. In India the Vehicle pollution is at high risk that needs an attention and support by each and every person individually.

Essay on Pollution Due to Vehicles /Automobiles/Cars – Essay 5 (600 Words)

In this essay we are taking a serious issue of vehicle pollution in India which is require to solve at prime basis. As the number of vehicles increases it lead to increase of harmful emissions which directly affects in air quality. In India this issue has become so huge in some metropolitan cities that oxygen level has been decreasing rapidly in atmosphere.

Vehicles are always counted as responsible for the production of greenhouse gases these are calculated as 70% of CO2, 50% of HC, 30-40% of NOx, 30% of SPM and 10% of SO2 of the overall air pollution over cities.

Causes of Air Pollution Due to Vehicles

Now a day a vehicle has become the need of general public in cities because of the high distance destinations all over and to avoid the over loaded passengers vehicles like autos, buses and local trains. Urbanization is also biggest reason for the increasing air pollution in India.

• A huge amount of air pollution creates because of the petrol fuelled passenger vehicles as it emerges a significant amount of nitrogen oxide carbon mono oxide and others harmful element in air.
• A major part of air pollution about 35% in metro cities of India is because of automobiles, cars or other vehicle. Vehicle pollution causes polluted air in environment and results as a harmful impact on people’s health.
• Engine exhaust (diesel and gas) carries more than 40 dangerous air pollutants. Uncountable numbers of vehicles on road in metro cities of India are inducing a kind of poison in air which results in form of symptoms like cough, headache, nausea and asthma problems.
• Vehicles play an important role in the formation of ground level ozoneand Carbon monoxide (CO). This colourless poisonous gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and is emitted primarily from cars and trucks.

Increased Demand of Automobiles in India

According to the data in year 2011, the urban population has increased up to 377million which was only 62 million in the year of 1951. Also adding to this, there were only 18 cities with a population of over 1 million in 1991 which is expended to 46 cities in 2012. This shows the unmanaged unplanned increased population rate and results in form of high demand of transportation and its consumption patterns.

There were about 8.9 million vehicles sold in between year of (2005-06) and it reaches 15 million in 2010-2011. In period of 2016-2017 for the first time in India Passenger vehicle sales crossed the three million mile stone with a growth of 9.23 per cent.

By the end of March 2017 domestic passenger vehicles (PV) sales were at 30, 46,727 units against 27, 89,208.

Domestic car sales during the year grew 3.85 per cent to 21, 02,996 units from 20, 25,097 units.

Motorcycles sales in 2016-17 were at 1, 10, 94,543 units compared with 1, 07, 00, 406 in the previous fiscal, up 3.68 per cent.

Scooter sales in 2016-17 were at 56, 04,601 units in comparison to 50, 31,678 in the previous fiscal, up 11.39 per cent.

Which shows that the number of vehicles sold in India is increasing fast during the past few years. At the end of discussion this all lead to the crucial problem of air pollution in environment due to vehicles, automobile and cars.

Air pollution due to vehicles in India has majorly affected the metro cities. Bangalore has become the asthma capital of the country and in Pune air pollution has become such a serious problem that the respiratory suspended particulate matter in the air is more than the standard national level.

Related Information:

Pollution Essay

Essay on Pollution due to Urbanization

Essay on Pollution Due to Firecrackers

Essay on Environmental Pollution

Essay on Pollution due to Festivals

Speech on Pollution

Slogans on Pollution

Article on Pollution

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Earth Day: How a senator’s idea more than 50 years ago got people fighting for their planet

FILE - Climate activists hold a rally to protest the use of fossil fuels on Earth Day at Freedom Plaza, April 22, 2023, in Washington. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster, File)

FILE - Activists display prints replicating solar panels during a rally to mark Earth Day at Lafayette Square, Washington, April 23, 2022. (AP Photo/Gemunu Amarasinghe, File)

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Millions of people around the world will pause on Monday, at least for a moment, to mark Earth Day. It’s an annual event founded by people who hoped to stir activism to clean up and preserve a planet that is now home to some 8 billion humans and assorted trillions of other organisms.

Here are answers to some common questions about Earth Day and how it came to be:

WHY DO WE CELEBRATE EARTH DAY?

Earth Day has its roots in growing concern over pollution in the 1960s, when author Rachel Carson’s 1962 book “Silent Spring,” about the pesticide DDT and its damaging effects on the food chain, hit bestseller lists and raised awareness about nature’s delicate balance.

But it was a senator from Wisconsin, Democrat Gaylord Nelson, who had the idea that would become Earth Day. Nelson had long been concerned about the environment when a massive offshore oil spill sent millions of gallons onto the southern California coast in 1969. Nelson, after touring the spill site, had the idea of doing a national “teach-in” on the environment, similar to teach-ins being held on some college campuses at the time to oppose the war in Vietnam.

Nelson and others, including activist Denis Hayes, worked to expand the idea beyond college campuses, with events all around the country, and came up with the Earth Day name.

WHY WAS APRIL 22 CHOSEN FOR EARTH DAY?

A history of the movement by EarthDay.org, where Hayes remains board chair emeritus, says the date of the first Earth Day — April 22, 1970 — was chosen because it fell on a weekday between spring break and final exams and the aim was to attract as many students as possible.

IS EARTH DAY A REAL HOLIDAY?

It’s not a federal holiday. But many groups use the day to put together volunteer events with the environment in mind, such as cleanups of natural areas. You can see a list of events worldwide , or register your own event, at EarthDay.org.

HAS IT HAD AN IMPACT?

It has. The overwhelming public response to the first Earth Day is credited with adding pressure for the U.S. Congress to do more to address pollution, and it did, passing landmark legislation including the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. More broadly, it’s seen as the birth of the modern environmental movement. In later years, Earth Day expanded to become a truly global event. It now claims to have motivated action in more than 192 countries.

In 2000, Earth Day began taking aim at climate change, a problem that has grown rapidly more urgent in recent years.

WHAT’S THE THEME THIS YEAR?

This year’s Earth Day is focusing on the threat that plastics pose to our environment, with a call to end all single-use plastic and find replacements for their use so they can quickly be phased down.

The Associated Press’ climate and environmental coverage receives financial support from multiple private foundations. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP’s standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org .

The Scope of Autonomous Vehicle Mobility with an Indian Context

2024-26-0087.

Diesel repair shop faces hefty fines for illegally disabling vehicle pollution monitoring devices: 'EPA will vigorously prosecute those who violate laws'

A diesel repair shop in Oregon and its owner are facing heavy penalties for illegally tampering with pollution monitoring devices, a violation of the Clean Air Act . 

What happened? 

According to a press release from the U.S. Attorney's Office District of Oregon, Christopher Kaufman of Veneta, Oregon, and his company Diesel & Offroad Authority pleaded guilty in federal court to "knowingly and intentionally tampering with pollution monitoring devices on at least 184 vehicles in violation of the Clean Air Act." 

According to court documents, Diesel & Offroad Authority collected more than $378,000 for illegally modifying vehicles over four years. 

"The defendants in this case illegally tampered with the onboard diagnostics systems and removed the emissions control components from hundreds of diesel trucks," said special agent in charge Lance Ehrig of the EPA's Criminal Investigation Division in Oregon.

Why it's important

Diesel pollution increases the risk of serious health conditions , including asthma, cancer, and respiratory illnesses, and can make existing heart and lung diseases worse, especially in children. Studies have shown that diesel exhaust may also be linked to new allergies . 

People often remove pollution monitoring devices so they can " roll coal ." It's a common practice when diesel truck drivers release big black clouds of soot from their tailpipes, often directed at bicyclists or EV drivers . It's a dangerous act that has been known to cause serious accidents . 

Watch now: Alex Honnold test drives his new Rivian

According to the EPA, diesel exhaust contributes to ground-level ozone , which damages crops, trees, and other vegetation and produces acid rain. It also adds to the heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere that are responsible for the Earth's rising temperatures , leading to more extreme weather events like wildfires , floods , and droughts . 

Rising global temperatures are also severely impacting food prices , winter sports , and even wine . 

What's being done? 

Kaufman and his company have agreed to pay $150,000 each in criminal fines and serve three years of probation. Sentencing will take place on July 17, 2024. 

This isn't the only case of a company finding out the hard way that violating the Clean Air Act has significant consequences. California-based Sinister Diesel was fined $1 million for selling "delete devices" or "defeat devices" that bypass tailpipe pollution controls on diesel trucks. 

After the Oregon case, special agent Ehrig issued a warning for others who violate the Clean Air Act: "This guilty plea demonstrates that EPA will vigorously prosecute those who violate laws designed to protect our communities from harmful air pollution." 

Join our free newsletter for cool news and actionable info that makes it easy to help yourself while helping the planet.

Diesel repair shop faces hefty fines for illegally disabling vehicle pollution monitoring devices: 'EPA will vigorously prosecute those who violate laws' first appeared on The Cool Down .