An exception to only giving the surname of the author is if there are authors with the same surname and publications from the same year. In that case, the author’s initials should be added for clarity . Whether that initial comes before or after the surname, and whether or not it should have a period, will depend upon the university’s style guide. Our general approach is to put a period after an initial, as you would in any writing, but you should go for consistency within the document and flag the issue with a comment.
Authors with the same surname | This example (A. Hopper, 1911) OR B. Hopper (1911) gave this example. |
More frequently, you may come across citations for more than one work by the same author. If they were from different years but cited together, there is no need for the author’s name to be repeated. The years of publication are then listed in reverse chronological order (i.e., the newest comes first) with the years separated by semicolons . Each individual source is then listed in the reference list.
NB: When it comes to the full list of references at the end, the order of sources by the same author is chronological (i.e., with the earliest first).
If, however, the author has multiple works from the same year, a lowercase letter should be added to the year to differentiate the sources. The lettering should be alphabetical in the order that the sources are cited in the text .
NB: The crucial thing to check here is that the same system is reflected in the reference list at the end.
Multiple works by the same author in the same citation | There are a couple of sources that cover this (Woodhouse, 2022; 2020). |
Different works with the same author and date | This was a productive year (Woodhouse, 2022a), as can be seen here (Woodhouse, 2022b). |
If there is more than one source cited in support of a statement (e.g., multiple works by the same author), they will need to be cited in reverse chronological order and separated by semicolons . If the list includes works from the same year , they should be cited alphabetically by author .
NB: If the customer has consistently cited references in chronological order, then you should simply add a note for them to check whether this is what their university requires. Given the many variations on the Harvard theme, this could well be the case.
Multiple sources cited in support of the same point. | There are multiple sources that cover this (Woodhouse, 2022; Powell et al. 1971; Carter, 1940; A. Hopper, 1911; B. Hopper, 1911) |
You may see cases where the title of the source is given in place of the author. This is likely because the source has no named author (whether individual or corporate). In these cases, using the title of the source (the book, collection, etc.) is an acceptable variation, but it’s advisable to flag it with a comment to make sure.
If you’re presented with a reference to a work within a work (i.e., the customer hasn’t read the original but has come across it as a reference in another), this is a secondary citation.
In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|
A. Hopper (1911), cited in Carter (1940), says… | Carter, P. (1940) Place of Publication: Publisher. |
The Harvard style requires a full list of all the sources that are cited within the text to be provided at the end of the document. The standard formatting requirement is to include it on a separate page titled Reference List .
Sometimes, a university will require a list of all the sources considered within a piece of work, even if they haven’t all been cited. This type of list is called a Bibliography .
In either case, the sources are listed alphabetically by the first item in the source’s full reference (usually the author’s surname). A corporate author or title of a work (if that comes first) starting with “The,” “A,” or “An” should be listed as if that word weren’t there (e.g., a source from the Open University would be listed under “O,” not “T”).
Detailing the sources in a reference list is probably the biggest cause of headaches for both writers and proofreaders. This is because the particular requirements differ depending on the type of source – and there are many .
The information itself is usually straightforward; it’s the formatting that gets tricky. In general terms, you could use the following as a checklist:
Item | Example |
---|---|
Author’s name: Surname first, then initial(s) after a comma, with a period after each initial. | (1911). “This is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Year of publication in parentheses, although this can vary between Harvard styles. | Hopper, A. “This is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Title of any individual chapter (or similar) comes before the details of the main work. It is presented in quote marks and in sentence case; think of this as the warm-up to the main event. To separate this from the next piece of information, it is usually followed by a comma. | Hopper, A. (1911). “ ,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Title of the main work goes in sentence case (usually, although this can vary) and italics; think of this as stressing the importance of the main work. To separate this from the next piece of information, it is usually followed by a period. | Hopper, A. (1911). “ ,” in A. Name (ed.) . Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
If the source is not in hard copy/print form, the format is given in square brackets with a period after the closing bracket. | Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). Available at https://allmadeup details.domain/yestotallymadeup/ (Accessed 1 April 2022). |
The place of publication appears before the name of the publisher, usually followed by a colon to separate it from the next piece of information. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Publisher’s name comes after the place of publication. Think of the publisher as taking the important final credit. If further information does follow, there will need to be a comma in place. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Kingston-Upon-Hull: pp.30–45. |
Any range of pages, URLs, and dates of access to online material come last. Make sure page ranges are formatted with an en dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-). | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, OR Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). [Online]. |
The final piece of information is followed by a period. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp. 30–45. OR Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). [Online]. Available at https://allmadeup details.domain/yestotallymadeup/ (Accessed 1 April 2022). |
Let’s start with the most common types and see how those translate from in-text citations to full reference listings so that you can easily recognize them and, if necessary, fix them.
These sources are most likely to follow the general checklist given above. Within the list, “year of publication” is abbreviated to “year.” For particular issues relating to authors and years, please refer to the notes on in-text citations.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Book | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
e.g. | (Floyd, 2021) | Floyd, D. L. (2021). Cardiff: Stratosphere Books. |
Chapter of an edited book | (Author of chapter, year) OR Author of chapter (year) says… | Author of Chapter, X. (year). “Title of chapter,” in Y. Editor (ed.) Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. |
e.g. | (Telfer, 2008) | Telfer, E. (2008). “Food as art,” in A. Neill and A. Ridley (eds.). , 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, pp.11–29. |
Journal (printed) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. |
e.g. | (Boyer, 2007) | Boyer, S. D. (2007). “The logic of mystery,” , vol. 43, no. 1, pp.89–102. |
Here’s where things start to get different.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Movie/ film | ( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. |
e.g. | ( , 1946) | (1946). Directed by Frank Capra [Film]. US: RKO Radio Pictures. |
Audio CD/vinyl | (Artist, year of release) OR Artist (year of release) | Artist (year of release). [Medium]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company. |
e.g. | (Beatles, 1967) | The Beatles (1967) [Vinyl]. London: Parlaphone. |
Some additional information is required here, most commonly:
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Website content | (Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
e.g. | (Proofed, 2022) | Proofed Inc. (2022) [Online]. Available at https://proofed.com/services/proofreading/ (Accessed 5 December 2022). |
With a wealth of sources available, there will always be something that doesn’t quite fit with the general principals. At the end of this guide is an alphabetical list of some you may come across and how they may appear ( remembering that there may be variations between universities ).
The aim of the list is to provide a baseline so that you know the main elements to expect. Consistency of presentation is key, as is the use of the commenting tool to point out where information may be missing – or the format may require checking with the university’s own preferences.
To summarize, the Harvard referencing style can be – and is – interpreted in a wide variety of ways. We’ve set out the Proofed standard approach, so here’s what to do when it almost inevitably differs from the approach taken by the customer:
(1911). “This is my chapter,” in , 2nd edn. Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publishing House, pp.30–45. |
The main purpose of referencing is for writers to avoid plagiarism. For that same reason, there is a limit on what can be done for a customer.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Annual report (print or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, report number if given. OR Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(Artist, year of release) OR Artist (year of release) | Artist (year of release). [Medium]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company. | |
(Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year of publication or last updated). “Title of message,” , day and/or month of posted message [Blog]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). https://proofed.com/writing-tips/how-to-reference-a-print-book-harvard-style/ | |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
(Reviewer, year of publication of review) OR Reviewer (year of publication of review) praised Author’s book… | Reviewer, Y. (year of publication of review). “Title of book review,” review of by Author, X. volume number, issue or part number, page range. | |
(Author of chapter, year) OR Author of chapter (year) says… | Author of Chapter, X. (year). “Title of chapter,” in Editor, Y. (ed.) Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. | |
(print or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) states… | Author Organization (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, code or guideline number if given. OR Author Organization (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(published in print/online and unpublished) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, A. (year). “Title of paper,” Location, date of conference. Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. OR Author, A. (year). “Title of paper,” Location, date of conference. Publisher [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). OR Author, A. (year of presentation, if unpublished) “Title of paper,” paper presented at Location, date of conference. Note that if conference papers have been gathered together and published in book form (normally titled something like “Transactions of the …”), then a cited conference paper can be treated like a chapter in an edited book. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of standalone unit or block,” . Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) shows… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(hardcopy and online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) defines… | Author, X. (year). “Title of dictionary entry,” edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of dictionary entry,” , edition number [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Dissertation or thesis (hardcopy and online) | (Author, year of submission or publication) OR Author (Year of submission or publication) says… | Author, X. (year of submission or publication). PhD/Masters/Bachelors etc. thesis/dissertation. Place of Publication: Awarding Institution. If available online, provide the URL and accessed date. |
(online) | (Author, year of eBook publication) OR Author (year of eBook publication) says… | Author, X. (year of eBook publication). [Online]. Place of publication if available: Publisher if available. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
eBooks (on reader) | (Author, year of eBook publication) OR Author (year of eBook publication) says… | Author, X. (year of eBook publication). [Type of eBook Reader]. Place of Publication: Publisher (Accessed date). |
(Editor, year) OR Editor’s Title of book (year) collects… | Editor, Y. (ed.) (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
eJournal article | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). Note that if the journal is available in print/hardcopy, then you should just treat it as a hardcopy journal. |
Encyclopedia entry (hardcopy or online, author or unauthored) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) defines… NB: Where unauthored, replace Author with Title of Encyclopedia. | Author, X. (year). “Title of encyclopedia entry,” Edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of encyclopedia entry,” Edition number [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: Where unauthored, start with and move “Title of entry” to come after the edition number. |
Exhibition (catalog) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) noted that… | Author, X. (year). [Exhibition catalog]. Location, date(s) of exhibition. NB: If no author is available, begin with the title of the exhibition. If the catalog is available online, provide the appropriate URL/accessed date. |
Foreign language title | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. Cite and reference as you would for an English language material, but keep the title in the original language. |
Government publication | (Country. Government Department, year) OR According to the Government Department (Country, year)… | Country. Department. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Document number). If available online, replace everything from “Place of publication” onwards with: Available at: URL (Accessed DD Month YYYY). |
Gray literature (brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets etc.) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). [Type of Document, e.g. Brochure]. Place of Publication: Publisher. |
Illustration in book (hardcopy or online) | (Author, year, page featuring illustration) | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, page number(s) for illustration (illus./fig./diagram/logo.). OR Author, X. (year). (illus./fig./diagram/logo.) [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(online or in real life) | (Artist, year of production) OR Artist (year of production) illustrates… | Artist, Z. (year of production). Collection if Applicable [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date]. OR Artist, Z. (year of production). [Medium]. Collection or Institution in which the work is held, Location. If the image does not have a title, then you can use a brief description in square brackets instead (e.g., “[Drawing of colorful flowers in a green vase]”). |
Interview (by author or between two other people) | (Interviewee, year) OR Interviewee (year) said… | Interviewee, W. (year). Date of interview, Place of interview. |
Journal article (forthcoming) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. [Forthcoming]. “Title of article,” [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Journal (printed) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. |
Online journal article (as opposed to ejournal articles, ejournals are only available online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. NB: Unlike most other material accessed online, if a journal article is simply read online (website or PDF), then it is generally referenced as if it were the print version. |
Pre-print journal article (e.g., ArXiv) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year written) [Pre-print]. “Title of article,” |
Lecture (unpublished) | Tutor/Lecturer (year) states… | Tutor/Lecturer, V. (year). “Title of seminar/lecture/presentation,” University Name. Unpublished. |
Magazine (hardcopy and online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue or part number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. | |
Movie/film (foreign language) | ( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. Cite and reference as you would for an English language material but keep the title in the original language. |
Multi-volume work | (Author or Editor, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author or Editor, X. (year). Volume number, Edition if not first edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. If you wish to cite all volumes in a multivolume work, then write the total number of volumes instead of the volume number (e.g. 6 vols). |
Musical score | (Composer, year) OR Composer (year) shows… | Composer, U. (year). A. Name (ed.). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
Newsletter | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. |
(hardcopy, or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. |
Older work (e.g., Aristotle, Plato) | (Author, book and/or line or chapter number) NB: If only one work by the author has survived, there is no need to give the title in the citation. | Author, trans./ed. Translator/Editor (year of publication of translation/edition). Place of Publication: Publisher. If the work has been translated and edited, for example, you would say “trans. X.X. Translator, ed. X.X. Editor.” Some guides might want you to put commentary or introduction authors in, in which case it would be “Commentary by X.X. Commentator,” for example. |
Personal comms (emails, letters) | (Sender, year) OR Sender (year) says… | Sender, T. (year). Email to Recipient Name, date of message. |
Photographs (online, or in real life) | Photographer (year) illustrates… | Photographer, S. (year). [Photograph], [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date]. OR Photographer, S. (year). [Photograph]. Collection or institution in which the work is held, Location. If the photograph does not have a title, then you can use a brief description in square brackets instead (e.g., “[Four pigeons sitting on a bench]”). |
Play | ( , year of performance) OR (year of performance) illustrates… | Author (year of performance). Directed by Director Full Name [Venue, Location, day and/or month seen]. |
(Author or presenter, year) OR Author or presenter (year) states… | Author or Presenter, X. (year). “Title of podcast,” day and/or month of airing [Podcast]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(hardcopy, or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… NB: To pinpoint a phrase, the line number may be added after the year, separated with a comma. | A poem in a standalone book should be referenced as a book. A poem found online should be referenced in the same way as a web page. |
Author’s poem (Editor of anthology, year) was… | A poem in an edited anthology should be referenced in the same way as a chapter of an edited book. | |
Press release | (Organization, year) OR Organization (year) said… | Organization (year). [Press release]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
( year of transmission) OR In (year)... | (year). Channel, date of transmission. If the transmission is available online, include the URL and date of access. | |
Religious text (e.g., the Qur’an, the Bible) | (Book and chapter or Surah: verse) | Sacred Text Name. Book and chapter/Surah: verse. If applicable, also provide: Version (date). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Trans. A. Name (date). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
e.g. | (Ruth 1: 16–17) (Qur’an 20:26) (Shemot 3:14) | The Holy Bible. Ruth 1: 16–17. Good News (2013). Swindon: Bible Society. Qur’an 20:26. Trans. A. Yusuf Ali (2013). Ware: Wordsworth. Torah. Shemot 3:14. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) states… | For paper copies of reports, reference these using the same format as for books. For online copies of reports, reference these using the same format as for eBooks. | |
Shakespeare (play script, sonnet, or anthology) | (Shakespeare, year of version publication, Act:Scene:Line) OR (Editor or Compiler, year of anthology) | Shakespeare, W. (year of version publication). Edited by A. Name. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Editor, Y. (ed.) (year of publication of anthology). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). [...] [Social Media Platform]. Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: If the author’s real name is unknown, their username may be used and capitalized as it appears online. | |
Social media profile page | (Author, year last updated) OR Author (year last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). [Social Media Platform]. Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Speech | (Speaker, year) OR Speaker (year) said… | Speaker, R. (year). Location, date. |
(Organization, year) OR Organization (year) says… | Organization (year). Number: Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
Statistics | Cite and reference in the same way as datasets, remembering that the year will relate to the year the statistics were published, not the year they were gathered. | |
Statute or Act (pre-1963) | ( Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number) OR As enacted in (Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number) | (Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number). Place of Publication: Publisher (if available). |
e.g. | ( (26 Hen. 8, c. 1) OR As enacted in the (26 Hen. 8, c. 1) | (26 Hen. 8, c. 1). |
Statute or Act (post-1963) | (Country, ) OR s.X(Y) of the Act (Country, ) states… (Wales. OR s.27(1) of the Act ( ) states… | (chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to 'c.'). Place of Publication: Publisher. (anaw 2). London: The Stationery Office. OR (c.22). London: The Stationery Office. |
Translated book | (Author, year of translated version) OR Author (year of translated version) says… | Author, X. (year of translated version [year of original work if available]). (trans. A. Translator). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
( year of broadcast) OR In (year of broadcast) | (year of broadcast). Channel, date of transmission. OR (year of broadcast) Channel, date of transmission [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(online) | ( , date uploaded) OR (date uploaded) shows… | (date uploaded). Title of Platform, added by Username of Uploader [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Webinar | (Author or presenter, year) OR Author or presenter (year) states… | Author or Presenter, X. (year). [Webinar]. Publisher or sponsor of the webinar. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: If no recording of the webinar is available, the URL availability details may be replaced with the date the webinar was delivered. |
(Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). Publisher/Website Name if Different from Author. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
White paper (published or unpublished) | (Department, year) | Department (year). (Command paper number). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Department (year). (Command paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Working paper | (Author or Organization, year) | Author, X. or Organization (year). (Working paper series or number). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. or Organization (year). (Working paper series or number). Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Yearbook | (Institution, year) | Institution (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
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End of essay.
As mentioned already, in order to do good research, you need to reference any words, ideas or images you have used in your assignment that are not your own original thoughts.
Following the Harvard Style, this involves two elements:
Let's take a look at these two elements in more detail...
When you are writing up your projects, you may choose to quote, paraphrase or summarise your sources.
Whether you decide to quote, paraphrase or summarise, don't forget to reference all your sources by including a citation (in-text) and a full reference (at the end) of your assignment.
(yourdictionary.com, 2020)
(Lauren's The Write Way, 2016)
A reference list is a detailed list of all the sources (books, journals, webpages etc.) that you have cited in your work.
In the Harvard Style, the list of references is arranged alphabetically according to the main author's surname, and is placed on a separate page at the end of your essay.
References to books, journals, webpages etc. follow certain templates in the Harvard Style.
We will look at these templates in more detail in the next section.
(askstudents.edublogs.org, 2020)
The Library, Technological University of the Shannon: Midwest
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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .
For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .
This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .
In-text citations and full references.
Referencing consists of two elements:
To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .
a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text.
a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment.
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You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .
It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Harris, 2015). OR It has been emphasised by Harris (2015) that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised (Shah and Papadopoulos, 2015) that good referencing is an important academic skill. OR Shah and Papadopoulos (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Wong, Smith and Adebole, 2015). OR Wong, Smith and Adebole (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Wong , 2015). OR Wong (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. |
It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (The Open University, 2015). Information from The Open University (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015). Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill. |
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing / Harvard Referencing Style Examples / How to reference an article in Harvard referencing style
What is an article.
Almost all writers and academics reference other people’s writing in their works. Referencing demonstrates that you have researched your topic, are well versed in its arguments and theories, and it also helps avoid charges of plagiarism.
The Harvard citation system is just one of many referencing styles – and which style you choose is normally guided by the institution or publication you are writing for.
In this article, you will learn how to use the Harvard citation system to reference the following types of articles:
Properly citing article details in the reference list will help the readers to locate your source material if they wish to read more about a particular area or topic.
If accessed online:
Academic or scholarly journals are periodical publications about a specific discipline. No matter what your field is, if you are writing an academic paper, you will inevitably have to cite a journal article in your research. Journal articles often have multiple authors, so make sure you know when to use et al. in Harvard style . The method for referencing a journal article in the reference list is as follows:
Reference list (print) structure:
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Journal name , Volume(Issue), Page(s).
Shepherd, V. (2020) ‘An exploration around peer support for secondary pupils in Scotland with experience of self-harm’, Educational Psychology in Practice, 36(3), pp. 297-312.
Note that the article title uses sentence case. However, the title of the journal uses title case. Additionally, the volume number comes immediately after the journal title followed by the issue number in round brackets.
If the original material you are referencing was accessed online, then the method for citing it in the reference list will be the same as that in print, but with an additional line at the end.
Reference list (online) structure:
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Journal Name , Volume(Issue), Page(s). Available at: URL or DOI (Accessed: date).
Shepherd, V. (2020) ‘An exploration around peer support for secondary pupils in Scotland with experience of self-harm’, Educational Psychology in Practice, 36(3), pp. 297-312. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02667363.2020.1772726 (Accessed: 08 October 2020).
In-text citations are written within round brackets and start with the last name of the author followed by the year published, both separated by a comma.
You can also mention the author within the text and only include the publication year in round brackets.
Examples:
In this article (Shepherd, 2020) deals with…
According to Shepherd (2020), when peer support is available…
Talking about the secondary education system, Shepherd (2020, p.299) suggests that…
Even if you are referring to an incident which is public knowledge, you still need to cite the source.
The name of the author in a newspaper article is referred to as a byline. Below are examples for citing an article both with and without a byline.
Reference list (print) structure:
Last name, F. (Year published). ‘Article title’, Newspaper name , Day Month, Page(s).
Hamilton, J. (2018). ‘Massive fire at local department store’, The Daily Local, 10 August, p. 1.
Last name, F. (Year published). ‘Article title’, Newspaper name , Day Month, Page(s). Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Gambino, L. (2020) ‘Kamala Harris and Mike Pence clash over coronavirus response in vice-presidential debate,’ The Guardian, 8 October. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/07/debate-kamala-harris-mike-pence-latest-news (Accessed: 8 October 2020).
Reference list structure, no byline:
The basic reference list structure for the reference is the same for both print and online articles. If information isn’t available, simply omit it from the reference.
Newspaper name (Year published) ‘Article Title’, Day Month, Page(s). Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
The Chronicler (2016) ‘Local man wins lottery jackpot twice in one year’, 30 May, p. 14. Available at: https://thechroniclerpaper.com/local-man-wins-lottery-twice (Accessed: 1 October 2020).
In-text citation structure (print or online):
The last name of the author and date are written in round brackets, separated by a comma. The method is similar to referencing journal articles in in-text citations.
(Hamilton, 2018)
In his paper, Gambino (2020) mentioned that…
For articles accessed online which do not have an author, the name of the publication is mentioned in place of the author’s name and is italicized.
( The Chronicler , 2016)
The structure of magazine articles is similar to that of a journal article.
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Magazine Name , Volume(Issue), Page(s).
Ornes, S. (2020). “To save Appalachia’s endangered mussels, scientists hatched a bold plan”, ScienceNews, (198), p.2.
Last name, F. (Year published) ‘Article title’, Magazine name , Volume(Issue), Page(s). Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).
Ornes, S. (2020) ‘To save Appalachia’s endangered mussels, scientists hatched a bold plan’, ScienceNews, (198), p.2. Available at: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/endangered-mussels-appalachia-rivers-biologists-conservation-plan (Accessed: 3 October 2020).
In-text citation (print or online) structure:
(Author last name, Year published)
(Ornes, 2020)
Published October 29, 2020.
Harvard Formatting
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Harvard Referencing Guide
Example : (Smith, 2019, p. 10) Every citation, regardless of the source type, should follow the same basic format: (Author, year, page). Include page numbers whenever possible to give your reader the exact location of your source. A useful rule of thumb is that you need to have a good reason not to include a page reference. If your reference runs over a range of pages it should look like this: (Smith, 2019, pp. 10-15).
Example : (Smith et al, 2016, p. 20). If the material you are referencing has more than 3 authors or more than 3 attributed creators you should abbreviate your citation for the sake of neatness. “Et al” is an abbreviation of et alia , the Latin phrase meaning “and others.”
Example : (Irish Management Institute, 2020, p. xii). When there is no obvious author you can defer to the corporate author or the publisher. Internal company reports, for example, are rarely attributed to named individuals, and some books might only be attributable to their publisher if there is no named author or editor.
It is rare for printed material not to include a publication or copyright date. Web content can be less clear. Web pages often include copyright and date information in the footer. Documents retrieved online might include similar information if you look at their file properties. If you are unsure of a date you can put it in square brackets, e.g. (Adams, [1979], p. 42). Another example is: (Adams, [198?]). If the date a web page is not clear you could attribute it without certainty to the current year, e.g. (Adams, [2019]).
Example : Adams (1979, cited in Smith, 2020, p. 80) stated…
You may sometimes want to use the same reference that somebody else has made to another source. It is always advisable to source material first-hand. In some cases, however, that is not always possible and you may need to cite a source second-hand. In the above example I have read Smith. Smith has cited Adams and now I would like to cite Adams second-hand. My citation makes that clear to my reader. Sources cited second-hand have no place in a bibliography. Following the example above, Smith belongs in my bibliography and Adams does not.
Not all source types will have page numbers, e.g. video, audio and web pages. There is nothing to be done if that is the case. There are, however, other sources that you might expect would have page numbers but do not, e.g. some e-readers do not include page numbers. You can refer to the chapter instead in such a case.
Example : (Darwin, 1859, ch. 2).
Example : Tooze, A. (2018) Crashed: how a decade of financial crises changed the world . London: Allen Lane.
Template : Author (Year) Title in italics . Place of publication: Publisher.
It is always best to take the title from the title page inside the book. Information about the publication of a book such as the place of publication, the publisher, and the date of publication will appear as a colophon on the title page and/or on the copyright page. Any edition other than a first edition should be acknowledged as such:
Example : Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015) Business research methods . 4th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
An edited volume or edited collection is a collection of chapters or essays written by different authors. When you cite a chapter or essay from an edited volume you cite the author of that chapter as opposed to the editor of the whole volume.
Example : Stout-Rostron, S. (2013) ‘Gender issues in business coaching’, in Passmore, J., Peterson, D.B., Freire, T. (eds) The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of the psychology of coaching and mentoring . Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Template : Author of chapter (Year) ‘Title of chapter in single quotation marks’, in Editor(s) (eds) Title of book in italics . Place of publication: Publisher.
E-book references are almost identical to print references with a few differences depending on their source, i.e. if they are from a library database or if you have purchased one on an e-reader.
Example of a library e-book : Lencioni, P. (2002) The five dysfunctions of a team: a leadership fable . Dawsonera [Online]. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com (Accessed: 9 April 2019).
Template for library e-books : Author (Year) Title in italics . Name of collection/database in italics [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Example of an e-reader e-book : Lencioni, P. (2002) The five dysfunctions of a team: a leadership fable . Amazon.co.uk [e-book reader]. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk (Accessed: 2 July 2019).
Template for an e-reader e-book : Author (Year) Title in italics . Title of download website in italics [e-book reader]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Example : Luccasen, R.A., Thomas, M.K (2010) ‘Simpsonomics: Teaching economics using episodes of “The Simpsons”‘, The Journal of Economic Education , 41(2), pp. 136-149.
Template : Author (Year) ‘Title of article in single quotation marks’, Title of journal in italics , volume(issue), pp. x-xx. The page range, indicated by pp., refers to the page range of the article in its entirety not to your own cited page references.
Example : Draper, S. (2019) The afternoon nap which changed the world of chemistry [Online]. Available at: https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2019/0403/1040447-the-post-lunch-nap-which-changed-the-world-of-chemistry/ (Accessed: 9 April 2019).
Template : Author (Year) Title of web page in italics . Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you accessed the web page).
Example : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2017) Education transforms lives [Online]. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247234 (Accessed: 9 April 2019).
Template : Author (Year) Title in italics [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you accessed the report online).
Reports are very similar in style to books. If you are referring to a report that you have in print you cite it like this:
Example : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2017) Education transforms lives . Paris: UNESCO.
Example : ó’Ceallaigh, M. (2019) ‘Leadership styles’. Module 1: An introduction to leadership [Online]. Available at: http://ucc.instructure.com (Accessed: 14 March 2022).
Template : Author/Tutor (Year) ‘Title’. Name of module in italics [Online]. Available at: http://ucc.instructure.com (Accessed: the date you accessed the material online).
Remember to differentiate between the types of material you might get in class. This example is for lecture slides or handouts created by a lecturer as opposed to something created by somebody else that a lecturer has supplied.
Audio-book references are, depending on the source/format, very similar to print and e-book references.
Template for an e-audio book : Author (Year) Title in italics . Title of download/streaming website in italics [audio-book]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Template for a audio book on CD : Author (Year) Title in italics [audio-book]. Place of publication: publisher.
Template for a podcast : Author/presenter (Year) ‘Title of podcast’, Title of download/streaming website in italics [podcast]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Template for radio programmes: Title of programme (Year) Name of radio channel, date and month of transmission. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Example : Ryan, A. (2001) Leadership and cat domestication . PhD thesis. University College Cork [Online]. Available at: https://cora.ucc.ie (Accessed: 1 April 2019).
Template : Author (Year) Title in italics . Degree. Awarding body [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you accessed the dissertation online).
Example : Jensen, O. (2018) ‘Leadership assignment 2’. Assignment for IM6021, Leadership in action, Irish Management Institute. Unpublished.
Template : Author (Year) ‘Title’. Assignment for Module or Diploma, Institution. Unpublished.
Example : Gillespie, Y. (2017) Company Report . Unpublished report.
Template : Author (Year) Title in italics . Unpublished material.
Sometimes a preprint version of a scholarly paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a journal may be available from an online repository. A postprint is a digital draft of a journal article after it has been peer reviewed. Jointly, postprints and preprints are often called eprints. Both may differ from the final published version of an article so they need to be acknowledged as different.
Example : Daskalaki, M. (2012) ‘Recontextualizing new employee induction: Organizational entry as a change space’ [preprint]. To be published in The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 48(1). Available at: http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/17762/1/Daskalaski-M-17762.pdf (Accessed: 2 November 2018).
Template : Author (Year) ‘Title of article’ [preprint]. To be published in Title of the journal in italics , volume(issue). Available at: URL (Accessed: the date you accessed the paper online).
Example : Ireland. Department of Agriculture (2018) Spring Cereal Recommended Lists 2018 [Online]. Available at: https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/publications/2018/SpringCerealRecommendedLists2018100118.pdf (Accessed: 4 October 2019).
Template : Country. Name of department/committee/house of parliament (Year) Title of report or statute in italics [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
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Two or more works cited at one point in the text
If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:
(Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)
The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.
Two or three authors or authoring bodies
When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:
(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995)
(Holt 1997) or Holt (1997) wrote that... | Holt, DH 1997, , Prentice-Hall, Sydney. | |
(McCarthy, William & Pascale 1997) | McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, , Irwin, Sydney. | |
(Bond et al. 1996) | Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, , McGraw-Hill, Sydney. | |
(A history of Greece 1994) | 1994, Irwin, Sydney. | |
(ed. Jones 1998) | Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, , Academic Press, London. | |
(eds Bullinger & Warnecke 1985) | Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, , Springer-Verlag, Berlin. | |
(trans. Smith 2006) | Colorado, JA 2006, trans. K Smith, Oxford University Press, Oxford. | |
(Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001) | Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001, , ABARE, Canberra. | |
A number of disturbing facts intrude' (Milkman 1998, p. 25) | Milkman, R 1998, 'The new American workplace:high road or low road?' in , eds P Thompson & C Warhurst, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34. | |
(Drafke, 2009) | Drafke, M 2009, , 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J | |
(Aghion & Durlauf 2005) | Aghion, P & Durlauf, S (eds.) 2005, , Elsevier, Amsterdam. Available from: Elsevier books. [4 November 2004]. | |
'Historical thinking is actually a Western perspective' (White 2002, p. 112) | White, H 2002, 'The westernization of world history' in , ed J Rusen, Berghahn Books, New York pp. 111-119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E-Book. [14 May 2009]. | |
(Bond 1991a) (Bond 1991b) | Bond, G 1991a, , McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Bond, G 1991b, , Irwin, London. | |
(Conley & Galeson 1998) | Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, 'Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities', , vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493. | |
(Liveris 2011) | Liveris, A 2011, 'Ethics as a strategy', , vol. 28, no. 2, pp.17-18. Available from: Proquest [23 June 2011]. | |
(Improve indigenous housing 2007)
| Available from: http://www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=10220 . [8 February 2009]. | |
(Jones, n.d.) | Jones, MD n.d., . Available from: <http://www.architecture.com.au>. [6 June 2009]. | |
(Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources 2006) | Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources 2006, , Government of Australia, Available from: <http://www.innovation.gov.au>. [28 February 2009]. | |
(Australian Securities Exchange 2009) | Australian Securities Exchange 2009, . Available from: <http://www.asx.com.au/professionals/market_information/index.htm>. [5 July 2009]. | |
(Newton 2007) | Newton, A. 2007, Newcastle toolkit. 16 January 2007. . Available from: <https://elgg.leeds.ac.uk/libajn/weblog/>. [23 February 2007]. | |
(OpenOffice.org 2005) | OpenOffice.org, computer software 2005. Available from: <http://www.openoffice.org>. [11 January 2005]. | |
(The Lunar Interior 2000) | , 2000. Available from: <http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg>. [28 November 2000]. | |
(Aspect Huntley 2009) | Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis 2009, . Available from: Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Datamonitor 2009) | Datamonitor 2009, . Available from: Business Source Premier. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Datastream 2009) | Datastream, 2009, . Available from: Datastream. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Riley 1992) | Riley, D 1992, 'Industrial relations in Australian education', in Contemporary Australasian industrial relations: , ed. D. Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, pp. 124-140. | |
(Fan, Gordon & Pathak 2000) | Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, 'Personalization of search engine services for effective retrieval and knowledge management', , pp. 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library. [24 June 2004]. | |
(Brown & Caste 1990) | Brown, S & Caste, V 2004, 'Integrated obstacle detection framework' Paper presented at the , IEEE, Detroit MI. | |
(Ionesco 2001) | Ionesco, J 2001, 'Federal election: new Chip in politics', 23 October, p. 10. | |
(Meryment 2006) | Meryment, E 2006, 'Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own to their own', , 7 October, p. 5. Available from: Factiva. [2 February 2007]. | |
(Hilts 1999) | Hilts, PJ 1999, 'In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out', 16 February. Available from <http://www.nytimes.com>. [19 February 2000]. | |
( 7 January 2011, p. 12) | Not required. | |
(Effective performance appraisals 1994) | 1994, (video recording), Melbourne, Educational Media Australia. | |
(Crystal 1993) | Crystal, L (executive producer) 1993, (television broadcast) 11 October 1993, New York and Washington DC, Public Broadcasting Service. | |
(Van Nuys 2007) | Van Nuys, D (producer) 2007, 'The anatomy of a lobotomist [Show 84]', (podcast). Available from: <http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/>. [11 April 2007]. | |
(Kloft 2006) | Kloft, M (producer/director) 2006, The Nuremberg trials (motion picture), in M.Sameuls (executive producer), (podcast). Available from: <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xml>. [4 March 2006]. | |
| (Shocked 1992) | Shocked, M 1992, 'Over the waterfall', on (CD). New York, Polygram Music. |
(Norton 2006) | Norton, R 2006, 'How to train a cat to operate a light switch' (video file). Available from: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs>. [4 November 2006]. | |
(Cookson 1985) | Cookson, AH 1985, , US Patent 4554399. | |
(Standards Australia 2008) | Standards Australia 2008, AS 4758.1-2008. Available from: Standards Australia Online. [1 December 2008]. | |
(Standards Australia/New Zealand Standard 1994) | Standards Australia 1994, AS/NZS 3951.10:1994, Standards Australia, NSW. | |
(Jennings 1997) | Jennings, P 1997, 'The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: a management perspective', , vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online. [1 September 2004]. | |
(Foster 2004) | Foster, T 2004, , lecture notes distributed in Financial Accounting 101 at The University of Western Australia, Crawley on 2 November 2005. | |
(Hos 2005) | Hos, JP 2005, Ph.D thesis, University of Western Australia. | |
(May 2007) | May, B 2007, Bristol UK, Canopus Publishing. | |
(Baril 2006) | Baril, M 2006, WU2006.0058. Available from: Australasian Digital Theses Program. [12 August 2008]. | |
pers.comm. | ||
(O'Reilly, cited in Byrne 2008) | In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing. |
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The Harvard citation style is a system that students, writers and researchers can use to incorporate other people’s quotes, findings and ideas into their work in order to support and validate their conclusions without breaching any intellectual property laws. The popular format is typically used in assignments and publications for humanities as well as natural, social and behavioural sciences.
It is a parenthetical referencing system that is made up of two main components:
While in-text citations are used to briefly indicate where you have directly quoted or paraphrased a source, your reference list is an alphabetized list of complete Harvard citations that enables your reader to locate each source with ease. Each entry should be keyed to a corresponding parenthetical citation in the main body of your work, so that a reader can take an in-text citation and quickly retrieve the source from your reference list.
Note that some universities, and certain disciplines, may also require you to provide a bibliography. This is a detailed list of all of the material you have consulted throughout your research and preparation, and it will demonstrate the lengths you have gone to in researching your chosen topic.
‘Harvard referencing’ is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more accessible to the reader as there are no footnotes crowding the page. Only the name of the author, the publication date of the source and, if necessary, the page numbers are included in the parenthetical citations, for example: (Joyce, 2008).
Use the Cite This For Me Harvard style referencing generator to create your fully-formatted in-text references and reference list in the blink of an eye. Stop giving yourself extra pain and work for no reason and sign up to Cite This For Me today – your only regret will be that you didn’t use our citation generator sooner!
The following guide provides you with everything you need to know to do justice to all your hard work and get a mark that reflects those sleepless nights. If you’re not sure how to format your Harvard style citations, what citations are, or are simply curious about the Cite This For Me citation generator, our guide will answer all of your questions while offering you a comprehensive introduction to the style. Keep reading to find out why you need to use a referencing system, how to add citations in the body of your assignment, and how to compile a reference list.
Sometimes, students do not encounter citing until they embark on to degree-level studies, yet it is a crucial academic skill that will propel you towards establishing yourself in the academic community. It’s a common mistake to leave citing and creating a complete and accurate bibliography until the very last minute, but with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator you can cite-as-you-go.
So, if you need a helping hand with your referencing then why not try Cite This For Me’s automated citation generator ? The generator accesses knowledge from across the web, assembling all of the relevant information into a fully-formatted reference list that clearly presents all of the sources that have contributed to your work. Using this Harvard reference generator to cite your sources enables you to cross the finishing line in style.
It is important to bear in mind that there is a plethora of different citation styles out there – the use of any particular one depends on the preference of your college, subject, professor or the publication you are submitting the work to. If you’re unsure which style you should be using, consult your tutor and follow their guidelines. If your lecturer or department does not ask you to use a particular style, we recommend using the Harvard referencing system because it is simple to use and easy to learn.
The powerful citation generator above can auto-generate citations in 7,000+ styles. So, whether your professor prefers that you use the MLA format , or your discipline requires you to adopt the APA citation or Chicago citation style , we have the style you need. Cite This For Me also provides citation generators and handy style guides for styles such as ASA , AMA or IEEE . To accurately create citations in a specific format, simply sign up to Cite This For Me for free and select your chosen style.
Are you struggling with citing an unfamiliar source type? Or feeling confused about whether to cite a piece of common knowledge? This guide will tell you everything you need to know to get both your parenthetical Harvard citations and reference list completed quickly and accurately.
Harvard referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept, but it’s absolutely essential. In fact, accurate and complete referencing can mean the difference between reaching your academic goals and damaging your reputation amongst scholars. Simply put – referencing is the citing of sources you have utilised to support your essay, research, conference or article, etc.
Even if you are using our Harvard style citation generator, understanding why you need to cite will go a long way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.
Firstly, whenever another source contributes to your work you must give the original author the appropriate credit in order to avoid plagiarism, even when you have completely reworded the information. The only exception to this rule is common knowledge – e.g., Brazil is a country in South America. While plagiarism is not always intentional, it is easy to accidentally plagiarize your work when you are under pressure from imminent deadlines, you have managed your time ineffectively, or if you lack confidence when putting ideas into your own words. The consequences can be severe; deduction of marks at best, expulsion from college or legal action from the original author at worst. Find out more here.
This may sound overwhelming, but using our Harvard citation generator can help you avoid plagiarism and carry out your research and written work thoughtfully and responsibly. We have compiled a handy checklist to follow while you are working on an assignment.
How to avoid plagiarism:
If you carefully check your college or publisher’s advice and guidelines on citing and stick to this checklist, you should be confident that you will not be accused of plagiarism.
Secondly, proving that your writing is informed by appropriate academic reading will enhance your work’s authenticity. Academic writing values original thought that analyzes and builds upon the ideas of other scholars. It is therefore important to use Harvard style referencing to accurately signpost where you have used someone else’s ideas in order to show that your writing is based on knowledge and informed by appropriate academic reading. Citing your sources will demonstrate to your reader that you have delved deeply into your chosen topic and supported your thesis with expert opinions.
Here at Cite This For Me we understand how precious your time is, which is why we created our Harvard citation generator and guide to help relieve the unnecessary stress of citing. Escape assignment-hell and give yourself more time to focus on the content of your work by using the Cite This For Me citation management tool.
In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen the connection between your own ideas, and the source material that you have found, with ease. It is worth noting that in-text citations must be included in your assignment’s final word count.
When adopting Harvard style referencing in your work, if you are inserting a quote, statement, statistic or any other kind of source information into the main body of your essay you should:
There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach to cognition… (Lutz and Huitt, 2004).
In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that…
“…the development of meaning is more important than the acquisition of a large set of knowledge or skills …” (Lutz and Huitt, 2004, p.8), which means that …
The results showed that respondents needed to reach out to multiple health agencies in order to cover the costs of their services (Wolbeck Minke et al., 2007).
Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1997) found that older students’ memory can be as good as that of young people…
(Fong, cited in Bertram 1997)
Why use a Harvard referencing tool? As well as saving you valuable time, the Cite This For Me generator can help you easily avoid common errors when formatting your in-text citations. So, if you’re looking for an easy way to credit your source material, simply login to your Cite This For Me account to copy, save and export each in-text Harvard citation.
Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is one way of impressing your reader, and a comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts. A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work within your assignment, and the brief in-text Harvard style citations in your work should directly link to your reference list.
As a general rule a reference list includes every source that you have cited in your work, while a bibliography also contains any relevant background reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even those sources that are never mentioned in the narrative). Your Harvard referencing bibliography should start on its own page, with the same formatting as the rest of the paper and aligned to the left with the sources listed alphabetically. Certain fields ask you to provide an annotated bibliography that includes your full citations with the addition of notes. These notes are added to further analyze the source, and can be of any length.
Many people use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’ interchangeably, and if you are using the Harvard reference style you may be required to provide a bibliography as well as a reference list, so be sure to check this with your tutor.
Follow these guidelines when compiling your reference list:
Creating and managing your reference list with the Cite This For Me Harvard referencing generator will help improve the way you reference and conduct research.
Reference list / bibliography examples:
Bell, J. (2010) Doing your research project . 5th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Hawking, S.W. (1998) A brief history of time: From the big bang to black holes . 10th edn. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group.
Jewsiewicki, B. (2010). ‘Historical Memory and Representation of New Nations in Africa’, in Diawara, M., Lategan, B., and Rusen, J. (eds.) Historical memory in Africa: Dealing with the past, reaching for the future in an intercultural context . New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 53-66.
If all information resembles a book, use the template for a book reference
If a page number is unavailable, use chapter number. URL links are not necessary, but can be useful. When including a URL, include the date the book was downloaded at the end of the Harvard citation:
Available at: URL (Downloaded: DD Month YYYY)
Shakoor, J., et al. (2011) ‘A prospective longitudinal study of children’s theory of mind and adolescent involvement in bullying’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 53(3), pp. 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02488.x.
Drogen, E. (2014) ‘Changing how we think about war: The role of psychology’, The British Psychological Society 2014 Annual Conference . The ICC, Birmingham British Psychological Society, 07-09 May 2014.
Moon, M. (2019) Ubisoft put an official video game design course inside a video game . Available at https://www.engadget.com/2019/09/25/ubisoft-video-game-design-course/ (Accessed 19 November 2019).
RotoBaller (2019) NFL player news . Available at https://www.rotoballer.com/player-news?sport=nfl (Accessed 17 September 2019).
For both types of web page references, the date the page was published or updated is placed in parentheses immediately following the author information. If a date is missing from the source, place (no date) next to the author’s name and make sure to include an accessed date at the end of the reference.
Are you struggling to find all of the publication information to complete a reference? Did you know that our Harvard citation generator can help you?
Time is of the essence when you’re finishing a paper, but there’s no need to panic because you can compile your reference list in a matter of seconds using the Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator. Sign in to your Cite This For Me account to save and export your reference list.
Accurate referencing doesn’t only protect your work from plagiarism – presenting your source material in a consistent and clear way also enhances the readability of your work. Closely follow the style’s formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your work is easily legible. Before submitting your work check that you have formatted your whole paper – including your reference list – according to the style’s formatting guidelines.
How to format in Harvard referencing:
Even when using a Harvard citation generator, always check with your professor for specified guidelines – there is no unified style for the formatting of a paper. Make sure that you apply the recommended formatting rules consistently throughout your work.
The author-date system is attributed to eminent zoologist Edward Laurens Mark (1847-1946), Hersey professor of anatomy and director of Harvard’s zoological laboratory. It is widely agreed that the first evidence of Harvard referencing can be traced back to Mark’s landmark cytological paper (Chernin, 1988). The paper breaks away from previous uses of inconsistent and makeshift footnotes through its use of a parenthetical author-date citation accompanied by an explanatory footnote.
[…] The appearance may be due solely to reflection from the body itself. (Comp. Flemming, ‘78b, p. 310.*)
*The numbers immediately following an author’s name serve the double purpose of referring the reader to the list (p. 591) where the titles of papers are given, and of informing him at once of the approximate date of the paper in question.
A tribute dedicated to Mark in 1903 by 140 students credits Mark’s paper with having ‘introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography’ (Parker, 1903). Today Harvard referencing is widely considered one of the most accessible styles and, although it originated in biology, these days it is used across most subjects – particularly in the humanities, history and social science.
Due to its simplicity and ease of use, the format has become one of the most widely used citation styles in the world. Unlike many citing styles there is no official manual, but institutions such as colleges offer their own unique Harvard reference style guide, and each has its own nuances when it comes to punctuation, order of information and formatting rules. Simply go to the Cite This For Me website to login to your Cite This For Me account and search for the version you need. Make sure you apply consistency throughout your work.
It is increasingly easy for writers to access information and knowledge via the internet, and in turn both the style’s guidelines and our citation generator are continually updated to include developments in electronic publishing. The Cite This For Me Harvard style citation generator currently uses the Cite Them Right 10th Edition, which has evolved in recent years to match the rapidly advancing digital age. In order to avoid plagiarism, you must be cautious about pulling information from the internet, and ensure that you accurately cite all source material used in your written work – including all online sources that have contributed to your research.
Key differences from previous Harvard referencing Cite Them Right editions:
These days students draw on a diverse range of digital sources to support their written work. Whether you are citing a hashtag on Instagram , a podcast or a mobile app, the Cite This For Me generator will take care of your Harvard citations, regardless of the type of source you want to cite. So don’t be held back by sources that are difficult to cite – locating unusual source material will help your work to stand out from the crowd.
Creating complete and correctly formatted citations can be a challenge for many writers, especially when documenting multiple source types. Our primary goal at Cite This For Me is to offer support to students and researchers across the globe by transforming the way in which they perceive citing. We hope that after using our citation generator and reading this Harvard referencing guide, what was once considered an arduous process, will be viewed as a highly-valued skill that enhances the quality of your work.
Disheartened by the stressful process of citing? Got a fast-approaching deadline? Using the Cite This For Me fast, accessible and free generator makes creating accurate citations easier than ever, leaving more time for you to focus on achieving your academic goals.
Create a free account to add and edit each Harvard citation on the spot, import and export full projects or individual entries. Things get even easier with Cite This For Me for Chrome – an intuitive, handy browser extension that allows you to create and edit a citation while you browse the web. Use the extension on any webpage that you want to cite, and add it to your chosen project without interrupting your workflow.
The Cite This For Me citation management tool is here to help you, so what are you waiting for? Accurate Harvard citations are just a click away!
Chernin, E. (1988) The ‘Harvard System’: A mystery dispelled. Available at: http://www.uefap.com/writing/referenc/harvard.pdf (Accessed: 4 July 2016).
Parker, G. (ed.) (1903) Mark anniversary volume. New York: Henry Holt.
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The Harvard referencing style is a widely used system for citing and referencing sources in academic writing. It provides a consistent and standardized format for acknowledging the works of others that you have used in your research.
Struggling to remember tricky peculiarities of Harvard style referencing and formatting? Don’t worry, you have come across a helpful material. In this article, you will find the basics of Harvard style formatting which would be useful for your academic progress. This easy but detailed Harvard style guide contains all format requirements for a paper and some structural tips. Besides, it covers general rules on how to cite your sources properly in your text. Feel free to use these guidelines for your academic endeavors. Let us go through details of Harvard style referencing and formatting together!
Harvard style is an author-date system of referencing. It’s similar to an APA paper format in terms of general formatting of pages and text. But this style follows its own rules for bibliography and in-text citations formatting. Harvard style is typically used for essays in such academic disciplines:
But this doesn’t mean you can’t use this paper format in other areas of study. The general rule is to put references to your sources in round brackets. Specify author’s name and publication year. These references should come after your quotes (direct or indirect) in the end of a respective sentence or paragraph. Full details about all sources you have used should be provided at the end of your work. This section should be named ‘Reference List’. Buy coursework or any other type of research paper that will be referenced for you by our experts.
Let us explore some general rules for Harvard formatting:
A Harvard style citation must have a Title page, header (or running head), headings and Reference list. We will take a closer look at formatting each section down below.
What are the requirements for a Harvard style cover page? Title page is otherwise known as front page. This is the first page of your paper to be observed by your reader, i.e. your teacher first of all. Therefore, it is highly important to format it properly. Formatting rules for Harvard Title page:
See the sample of a Harvard title page down below.
An important detail: you are required to use a header in Harvard referencing format. This section is repeatedly shown on all pages of your paper except the title page. You have to configure it once. Then, headers will get automatically added on each new page. Headers in Harvard referencing format contains such information:
It is important to use shortened title because there is not too much space in any header. Also, another requirement is putting exactly 5 spaces between your title and a page number in headers.
Now let us explore some rules of using subheadings in Harvard style, in detail. Typically there are 2 levels of section headings recommended for use in such papers. They have different formatting. This helps to tell one from another, without using different font sizes for them.
The plain text of any paragraph should go on a new line after subheadings in Harvard style, be it Level-1 or Level-2 subheading.
Listing all sources you have used for your research in a proper order is a core element of Harvard style. Reference list should be the last part of your paper but absolutely not the least. Now let us explore some critical rules for a reference list formatting. The Harvard-style reference list section has its own subtitle, namely ‘Reference List’. Similarly to a Level-1 subheading, it should be capitalized and centered. The rest of your content in this section goes from a new line after your title. No extra empty lines are to be added. Your references in this list are numbered and sorted alphabetically. No lines are indented. Each item in this list starts from a new line. Below we will describe a format for referencing in detail.
Sometimes your professor or instructor might ask you to create a Bibliography section instead of a common Reference list. So what is the Harvard Bibliography format? Harvard style bibliography includes not only those sources you have cited in your text but also. It also includes materials which you have read to get ideas for your research and to better understand the context of a selected problem. So, such section would contain more items than a Reference list. Apart of that, the general Harvard Bibliography format is the same:
Another crucial element of Harvard style is referring to your sources inside your essay. That’s why you should know how to cite in Harvard style. Keep in mind that the main purpose of a proper format is to ensure your paper is plagiarizm-free. Sometimes, you should cite ideas from books, magazines or newspapers. But you can only refer to such ideas, otherwise it will be considered a form of plagiarism. Below we will show you how to cite in Harvard style, providing general information about published sources. So let us proceed and learn more about shortened quotes and full references.
Here are the rules of Harvard format in-text citation:
And this is how you should be referencing in Harvard style, providing full descriptions of the sources you have used. Let us start with the general book format:
Here are several Harvarvard referencing rules for other source types:
In this article we have explored the Harvard referencing guide, one of the most popular ones for students in the UK. Feel free to use these tips and proceed to writing a winning essay with flawless formatting! Just keep in mind the following key concepts of the Harvard style:
In conclusion, consider our custom term paper writing solution if you lack the time or got into writer's block.
If you have questions, please visit our FAQ section or contact our expert writers. They will gladly help you create references in line with all requirements. On top of that, our writers are highly experienced in academic writing and can assist you with any type of formatting.
1. is harvard reference style used in colleges.
The Harvard style can be used in colleges as well as in other educational institutions and even by professional researchers. While it is relatively popular in many countries for research paper referencing, Harvard style is most widespread in universities of the UK nowadays. Other styles (APA, MLA and Chicago) dominate the US educational institutions.
The Harvard style format is a typical example of an author-date system as it requires using author’s names and publication dates for in-text referencing. You should create a complete reference list as a separate section in the end of your research paper. The Oxford style on the contrary uses numbered footnotes for citing sources used on your page. In-text citations on this page consist just from numbers of respective notes.
Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.
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Published on 12 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.
To reference a book in Harvard style , you need an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography .
A basic book reference looks like this:
Reference template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Reference example | Szalay, D. (2017) . London: Vintage. |
In-text citation example | (Szalay, 2017, p. 24) |
Try our free reference generator to create accurate Harvard references for all your sources:
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Edition or volume of a book, edited or translated book, book chapter, dictionary or encyclopedia, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.
If the book you’re citing is a second or later edition (i.e. when the edition is stated on the title page or cover), specify this in your reference. Abbreviate ‘edition’ to ‘edn’ or ‘revised edition’ to ‘rev ed’.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edition edn. City: Publisher. |
Example | Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) . 11th edn. London: MacMillan. |
When referencing a book published in multiple volumes, include the total number of volumes in your reference.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) (number of volumes vols). City: Publisher. |
Example | Leggiere, M. V. (2015) (2 vols). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
If you’re just referencing one volume, omit the total number but include the number and subtitle of the particular volume you’re referencing as part of the title.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Example | Leggiere, M. V. (2015) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
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If a book specifies an editor and/or translator, this information should be included in the reference.
When a book has an editor in addition to the main author, the editor’s name is included later in the reference.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edited by Editor surname, initial. City: Publisher. |
Example | Alcott, L. M. (2008) . Edited by Alderson, V. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
When the editor is the main author (i.e. when it’s their name on the cover), their name comes first. Use “ed.” for a single editor and “eds.” if there are multiple editors.
If you use a specific chapter or work from an edited collection, follow the format for referencing a book chapter instead.
Template | Editor surname, initial. (ed./eds.) (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Example | Danielson, D. (ed.) (1989) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
When you reference a book that has been translated from another language, include the original language and the translator’s name.
Unlike other names, the translator’s name is not inverted: the initial comes first.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Translated from the Language by Translator initial and last name. City: Publisher. |
Example | Nádas, P. (1998) . Translated from the Hungarian by I. Sanders and I. Goldstein. London: Vintage. |
If a book contains chapters or works by various different authors, such as a collection of essays or an anthology of short stories, reference the specific chapter or work, followed by details of the book.
The chapter title appears in quotation marks, while the book title is italicized. At the end of the reference, specify the page range on which the chapter appears.
If a book is entirely written by one author, always reference the whole book, even if you only discuss one chapter.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Chapter title’, in Editor surname, initial. (ed./eds.) . City: Publisher, pp. page range |
Example | Greenblatt, S. (2010) ‘The traces of Shakespeare’s life’, in De Grazia, M. and Wells, S. (eds.) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–14. |
Dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works very often don’t list specific authors. In these cases, they are cited and referenced using their titles in the author position:
Template | (Year) Edition edn. City: Publisher. |
Example | (2019) 8th edn. Glasgow: Collins. |
In-text citation | ( , 2019, p. 45) |
Where a reference work does have an author, it can be referenced like a normal book. Where different sections of a reference work are attributed to different authors, they can be referenced like chapters in an edited book.
When an ebook is presented like a printed book, with page numbers and publication details included, you can reference it in the same format as you would the print version.
Otherwise, the ebook format differs slightly: I nclude a link to where you found or purchased it online instead of publisher information. This link is generally just to the store or database you used, not the specific book.
In addition, in-text citations will have to use something other than page numbers when necessary, such as a percentage or location number. Use whatever marker is available on your device.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Le Guin, U. K. (2017) . Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kindle-eBooks-books/b?ie=UTF8&node=341689031 (Accessed: 8 May 2020). |
In-text citation example | (Le Guin, 2017, 85%) |
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).
You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:
Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Referencing Books in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 16 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-book-reference/
Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
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A publication of the harvard college writing program.
Harvard Guide to Using Sources
Below you’ll find a Reference list adapted from the references from an essay that was written by Vanessa Roser for the Expos class The Science of Emotion.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). (5th ed.). Downey, G., Freitas, A. L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. , (2), 545–56. Kross, E., Egner, T., Ochsner, K., Hirsch, J., & Downey, G. (2007). Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity. , (6), 945–956. Nijmeijer, J. S., Minderaa, R. B., Buitelaar, J. K., Mulligan, A., Hartman, C. A., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2008). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social dysfunctioning. , (4), 692–708. Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. , (8), 1215–1229. Passarotti, A. M., Sweeney, J. A., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2010). Differential engagement of cognitive and affective neural systems in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , (01), 106. Ronel, Z. (2018). The lateral prefrontal cortex and selection/inhibition in ADHD. , , 65.
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If you’re writing about poetry in an essay, knowing how to reference a poem is vital. But how does this work? In this post, we explain how to cite a poem in Harvard referencing , including both in the text and in the reference list.
‘Harvard referencing’ is another name for parenthetical author–date referencing . This might sound technical, but all it means in practice is that you cite sources by giving the author’s name and a year of publication in brackets. We could cite a poem like this, for instance:
‘The Fly’ is notable for its unusual choice of subject (Blake, 1794).
Here, we’re citing ‘The Fly’ by William Blake using its original publication date. We would then give full source details in the reference list .
Quoting poetry can be a little different to quoting prose in two respects:
In terms of pinpoint citations, you may want to use line numbers rather than page numbers, especially if the version you’re quoting includes them.
In terms of presentation, meanwhile, if you’re quoting a single line from a poem, you would quote it like you would any other source:
Donne (1633, line 3) writes, ‘It sucked me first, and now sucks thee’.
But for two or three lines, you will also need to use a forward slash to mark the line breaks. For example:
The poem begins ‘Mark but this flea, and mark in this,/How little that which thou deniest me is’ (Donne, 1633, lines 1-2).
And for longer passages, you should set the poem out as it is in the source:
In the final stanza, Donne (1633, lines 18-22) writes:
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Cruel and sudden, hast thou since Purpled thy nail, in blood of innocence? Wherein could this flea guilty be, Except in that drop which it sucked from thee?
This helps to preserve the flow of the poem you are quoting.
The correct format for a poem in a Harvard reference list depends on where you found it. The three most common formats are as follows:
You can see examples of Harvard-style references for a few poems below:
Blake, W. (1794) ‘The Fly’, Poets.org [Online]. Available at https://poets.org/poem/fly (Accessed 17 July 2020).
Donne, J. (1633) ‘The Flea’, in Ferguson, M. W., Salter, M. J. and Stallworthy, J. (eds) The Norton Anthology of Poetry , New York, W.W. Norton (this edition 1996), p. 12.
Eliot, T. S. (1922) The Wasteland , London, Faber & Faber (this edition 2019).
Note that, where relevant, we’ve included the date of the edition (or the anthology in which a poem is reproduced) as well as the original date of publication. This is to help the reader find the version you’ve used.
For this post, we use a version of Harvard referencing based on the Open University guide [PDF] . However, the exact rules for citing a poem in Harvard referencing may depend on the version of the system you’re using, so make sure to check your style guide if you have one.
And if you want to be extra sure your written work is error free, including your referencing, it pays to have it proofread! Why not submit a free sample document today and find out how our expert editors can help you ensure clarity and consistency in your writing?
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To reference in Harvard style, cite the author and year directly in the text, and list full source details in a reference list at the end. ... Note that this example is an edited collection of essays from different authors, and thus the editor is listed as the main author. Journal articles. Print journal;
A reference gives the full details of the brief citation you have referred to in the text and is shown at the end of your essay. A reference will include authors, titles, editions, publisher details or journal details. Authors/ Editors. All authors'/ editors' names should be listed in your reference list (no matter how many there are) Books
What You Need To Know. Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places: In-text citations in the body of your paper, and. The reference list at the end of your paper. Rules: All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your paper. Reference list entries need to contain all the information that someone reading ...
Only reference the source that you have used. Using the Harvard style. 5 5. 5.7 Citing a direct quotation. If a direct quote from a book, article, etc., is used you must: • Use single quotation marks (double quotation marks are usually used for quoting direct speech). • State the page number.
Harvard referencing is a system that allows you to include information about the source materials. It is based on the author-date system. It includes references: 1) as in-text citations and 2) in a reference list (which is different from a bibliography). In-text citations: (Author Surname, Year Published). Reference list entry: Author Surname ...
Harvard reference examples. Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author's last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. ... Note that this example is an edited collection of essays from different authors, and thus the editor is listed as the main author. Journal articles. Print journal;
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style. It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
Note: This is an advanced guide to Harvard, useful for professional editors, academics, and students looking to bump up their grades with flawless referencing! If you're new to Harvard and feel a little lost, check out our introduction to Harvard referencing. For extra help from Harvard experts, try our student proofreading services for free ...
A reference list is a detailed list of all the sources (books, journals, webpages etc.) that you have cited in your work. In the Harvard Style, the list of references is arranged alphabetically according to the main author's surname, and is placed on a separate page at the end of your essay.
There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database. For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library's ...
Reference example for the above in-text citation: Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bloom, H. (2005) Novelists and novels. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Below are Harvard referencing examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for the different ...
This is a comprehensive guide to Harvard referencing for Arden University students. Please note if you are a Psychology or a Law student, different referencing styles may apply to your module - please consult iLearn and your module tutor. Referencing is an important skill for any student writing academic essays, reports, and projects.
The name of the author in a newspaper article is referred to as a byline. Below are examples for citing an article both with and without a byline. Reference list (print) structure: Last name, F. (Year published). 'Article title', Newspaper name, Day Month, Page (s). Example: Hamilton, J. (2018).
Harvard Referencing Guide and Examples. Download our full guide. Harvard Referencing Guide. ... An edited volume or edited collection is a collection of chapters or essays written by different authors. When you cite a chapter or essay from an edited volume you cite the author of that chapter as opposed to the editor of the whole volume.
Reference List Example. Newspaper: Print. (Ionesco 2001) Ionesco, J 2001, 'Federal election: new Chip in politics', The Advertiser 23 October, p. 10. Newspaper: Electronic Database. (Meryment 2006) Meryment, E 2006, 'Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own to their own', The Australian, 7 October, p.
In Harvard style, citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al. Harvard in-text citation examples.
'Harvard referencing' is an umbrella term for any referencing style that uses the author name and year of publication within the text to indicate where you have inserted a source. This author-date system appeals to both authors and readers of academic work. Scholars find the format an economical way of writing, and it is generally more ...
Reference Harvard Style: Basics. Harvard style is an author-date system of referencing. It's similar to an APA paper format in terms of general formatting of pages and text. But this style follows its own rules for bibliography and in-text citations formatting. Harvard style is typically used for essays in such academic disciplines: Humanities
Listing an Edited Book in a Reference List. Every source cited in your text should also appear in a reference list at the end of your document, with full publication information specified. When citing a chapter from an edited book, the format to use here is: Chapter Author Surname and Initial (s). (Year of Publication) 'Title of Chapter ...
An example of how to appropriately cite a Harvard referenced direct quote is as follows; "The concept of human resource management (HRM) basically contains three elements that refer to successful people management. The first element - human - refers to the research object" (Bach & Edwards, 2012, p.19).
To reference a book in Harvard style, specify the author, year, title, edition, editors or translators, and the publisher's location and name. ... If a book contains chapters or works by various different authors, such as a collection of essays or an anthology of short stories, reference the specific chapter or work, followed by details of the ...
Sample Reference List. Below you'll find a Reference list adapted from the references from an essay that was written by Vanessa Roser for the Expos class The Science of Emotion. References. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10. ...
The correct format for a poem in a Harvard reference list depends on where you found it. The three most common formats are as follows: For a poem published as a standalone book, reference it as a book. If the poem is part of a collection or anthology of work by various poets, reference it as a chapter from an edited book.