:Consumer Perceived Value: A Systematic Review of the Research
Wilawan Jansri
, (2018 ) " Consumer Perceived Value: A Systematic Review of the Research " , , pp. 20-25, Volume-4,Issue-9
The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation of empirical studies regarding consumer perception of value. The emphasis is on the consumer perceived value, including theory of consumption values, definition of perceived value, and Studies of perceived value construct. Overall, despite some previous studies have been conducted in the concept of perceived value, the definition of the perceived value from the consumer perspective have yet to be cleared Additionally, numerous studies indicate the variety of change in consumer perception, such as the value in the deferent context of products or services but more interested in experiential value. Most of prior studies applied the impact of the value conceptualization in consumer purchase luxury goods. However, since the trend of luxury market changed to the new trend which is ethical-luxury, thus it is still unclear whether the consumer perceived value of luxury product plays an important role in consumer purchasing behavior. Index Terms - Consumer Perceived Value
Research paper
| | | | | | Published on 2018-12-17 |
|
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .
Consuela-mădălina gheorghe.
* “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Marketing and Medical Technology, Bucharest, Romania
Iuliana raluca gheorghe.
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensionality of Consumer Perceived value in Romanian ophthalmology services.
Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 173 consumers of private ophthalmology services, recruited using a systematic method. The design of the study was cross-sectional and the research instrument was a self-administered questionnaire, namely a Consumer Perceived Value Scale, developed by Chahal and Kumari. The dimensions of the Consumer Perceived Value were assessed by conducting an Exploratory Factor Analysis and the scale’s reliability was checked with the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
Results: The findings of the Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed that all initial factors loaded properly and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients had values greater than the recommended threshold of 0.70. As such, the Consumer Perceived Value scale had a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.77 and encompassed the following dimensions: transaction value, aesthetic value, efficiency value, self-gratification value, acquisition value and social interaction value.
Conclusions: Applying efficient value strategies in ophthalmology services may ensure consumer satisfaction, loyalty, positive word-of-mouth and offer competitive advantages.
Nowadays, health care organizations are searching for a competitive advantage, as the health care service is not easily grasped by consumers, and at the same time, it is unwanted in comparison with other services [ 1 ]. Moreover, since consumers became value oriented, health care managers had to look for new methods to support them and grow their interest in the services provided so as a Marketing 3.0 era emerged [ 2 ]. The Marketing 3.0 era was linked to collaboration, globalization, and creativity, with the outcome of applying successful marketing practices [ 3 ]. After quality, consumer satisfaction and consumer loyalty, the consumer perceived value (CPV) has received the greatest attention in the strategic marketing.
The concept of value has been described as having an epistemic role in marketing, and may explain consumer behavior both before and after purchase [ 4 ]. In other words, value stands at the heart of every exchange relationship [ 5 ]. Still, Zeithaml defined perceived value as the consumer’s overall assessment of the utility received in comparison to what is given [ 6 ], and according to Keller, consumers combine the perception of quality with the perception of cost in order to reach a balance in the shape of perceived value [ 7 ]. Despite the fact that literature on value is as broad and as extensive as possible [ 8 ], the most encountered characteristic of perceived value is that it represents a trade-off between benefits and sacrifices of consumers when they make a purchase decision [ 9 ]. Moreover, even if value is well documented and researched by scholars in marketing literature, most of the studies were conducted in developed countries or were confined to the goods sector. In addition, consumers have different perceptions about value because of their differences in preferences and financial abilities. As such, the conceptualization of CPV remains unclear and extremely divergent in literature [ 10 ]. There are two main approaches related to the conceptualization of consumer perceived value in scientific literature: the first approach describes perceived value, as being related to benefits, be they economic, social, and relational, and the second approach is composed of the sacrifices, be they in terms of price, time, effort, risks, and opportunities [ 11 ].
Although the CPV concept may be applied in all services sectors, the literature which deals with health care CPV is quite scarce. Accordingly, CPV in health care services is the difference between benefits and sacrifices. In health care services, the benefits are generally the outcome of excellent quality, referring to the process, functional and technical quality, whereas, sacrifices may be embodied by monetary costs and non-monetary costs, such as time spent, mental and physical stress [ 12 ]. Further, Prahalad and Hamel strongly believe that in health care services, perceived value is in fact a co-creation value, suggesting an “obsessive focus on personalized interactions between the consumer and the organization”, and, specifically, “communities of informed, networked, empowered and active consumers” may trigger challenging changes in value creation as perceived after a medical treatment program [ 13 ]. Further, Choi et al. [ 14 ] and Ekrem and Fazil [ 15 ] concluded that little attention has been given to the CPV scale development in health care services. Thus, in order to have an in-depth insight of the antecedents and consequences of consumer perceived value in health care services, its dimensions should be explored so as to build and maintain long-term relationships between health care organizations and consumers, as well as, determine high levels of consumer satisfaction, trust and positive behavioral intentions.
The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensionality of consumer perceived value in Romanian ophthalmology services.
In the systematic review on CPV literature, Sanchez-Fernandez and Iniesta-Bonillo [ 16 ] identified two research directions related to the dimensionality of the concept. The first research direction, which is widely embraced by the marketing literature, presents the consumer value concept as a unidimensional construct [ 6 ]. Obviously, the unidimensional approach has proved to be too narrow or simplistic to what consumers might experience in terms of value, while the second research direction is based on a multidimensional perspective [ 9 , 17 ]. Up to this moment, despite the fact that the multidimensional perceived value construct is not that much explored in the literature [ 16 ], it is preferred over the unidimensional construct [ 4 ]. Moreover, the multidimensional approach focuses on an integrative dimensions’ framework, as illustrated in Table 1 .
The multidimensional approaches of the perceived value
Year | Dimensions | Reference |
---|---|---|
1991 | - Social value | Sheth et al. [ ] |
- Emotional value | ||
- Functional value | ||
- Epistemic value | ||
- Conditional value | ||
- Cognitive value | Ekrem, Fazil [ ] | |
- Affective value | ||
1997 | - Cognitive value | Grönroos [ ] |
- Emotional (psychological value) | ||
1999 | - Social value | Sweeney, Soutar, Johnson [ ] |
- Emotional value | ||
- Functional value (price/ value for money) | ||
- Functional value (performance/ quality) | ||
- Functional value (versatility) | ||
2001 | - Functional dimension (economic and quality) | Sweeney and Soutar [ ] |
- Social dimension | ||
- Emotional dimension | ||
2006 | - Functional value of the establishment (installations) | Sanchez et al [ ] |
- Functional value of the contact personnel (professionalism) | ||
- Functional value of the service purchased (quality) | ||
- Functional value (price) | ||
- Emotional value | ||
- Social value | ||
] |
Based on a thorough literature review of CPV in health care services, the multidimensional approach comprising the following six constructs [ 12 ] ( Fig. 1 ) was used in this study:
Conceptual framework of the Consumer Perceived Value in Ophthalmology services
- transaction value consists of the psychological satisfaction gain from the service encounter, as for instance timely services delivered, personalized care, post-medical treatment, good medical advice, prompt response to consumers’ requests;
- efficiency value comprises how effectively and efficiently the service provider delivers the health care services with the help of well-experienced staff, adequate visiting hours, explaining reason for medical problems, treatment;
- aesthetic value is the visual appeal of the health care organization and the ambient condition such as well-dressed employees, clean corridors and washrooms, clean clothing and bedding, proper ventilation;
- social interaction value is shaped by the impartial treatment such as nursing interaction, comfort zone with physician interaction, interaction with society;
- self-gratification value refers to the well-being of patients;
- acquisition value is defined by the overall net value concept.
Accordingly, the hypothesis of the conceptual framework is that the Consumer Perceived Value in ophthalmology services is a multidimensional construct, made up of six dimensions.
• Participants
Participants were the ophthalmology service consumers of a private health care organization, located in Bucharest, Romania. The inclusion criteria encompassed individuals who had an ophthalmology routine consultation, wore glasses for more than 3 years, had over 18 years and had no self-reported psychiatric morbidity, or other impairments which would cause difficulty in understanding certain concepts and words.
The selection of the participants was conducted on a systematic sampling method, suggesting that every third person scheduled for a routine ophthalmologic consultation was asked to take part in the study. Out of 200 initial respondents, 173 agreed to participate. Before filling in the questionnaires, all individuals completed written informed consent forms. As such, out of 173 respondents, the vast majority had the following characteristics: males (53.2%), who graduated primary school (27.2%) and were not married (32.4%). The mean age of the sample was 42.09±7.12.
• Procedure
The study design was cross-sectional and the data collection was performed between May 2019 and August 2019. The research instrument was a self-administered questionnaire which was printed and enclosed in sealable envelopes, so as to ensure confidentiality.
The questionnaire consisted of two sections:
- First section gathered socio-demographic information of the respondents such as age, gender, education level and marital status;
- The second section comprised the CPV scale, as developed by Chahal and Kumari [ 12 ] and referred to the 6 dimensions of CPV, namely, efficiency value, aesthetic value, self-gratification value, social interaction value, transaction value and acquisition value.
All items were measured with 5-point Likert scales, ranging from 1- Strongly Disagree to 5- Strongly Agree .
• Data collection
The data collection was assessed following a two stage approach for the CPV measurement scale. The first stage consisted of a pilot study conducted on 20 consumers after an ophthalmology routine consultation. Consequently, the items in the questionnaire were checked in order to provide appropriate responses, uncover ambiguous wording or errors. The outcome of the first stage revealed there were no items to be removed from the CPV scale.
The second stage of the research consisted of the self-administration of the 29 item questionnaire, as depicted in Table 2 .
The CPV measurement scale
Dimension | No. of items | Observations |
---|---|---|
Acquisition value | 4 | - |
Transaction value | 7 | 2 items are reversed |
Efficiency value | 5 | - |
Aesthetic value | 6 | 1 item is reversed |
Social interaction value | 3 | - |
Self-gratification value | 4 | - |
] |
• Statistical Analyses
The data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. More exactly, to determine the underlying dimensions of the perceived value construct, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation was conducted. A factor loading of more than 0.40 was treated as being appropriate to be included in the latent factor category. The adequacy of the factor analysis was established by the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (p<0.001).
The reliability test, measured with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, was used to determine how strong the items of the questionnaire relate to each other. The internal consistency of the scale was deemed to be acceptable if it exceeded the threshold of 0.70 [ 22 ].
The threshold for statistical significance in all tests was p < 0.05.
The dimensionality of the Consumer Perceived Value in ophthalmology services was determined by the Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the 6 dimensions of the scale.
The findings of the Exploratory Factor Analysis are illustrated in Table 3 . All items loaded properly on their initial factors and had values exceeded 0.7. So, the underlying dimensions of the CPV scale in the context of ophthalmology services are made up of the 6 dimensions. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of all factors had values greater than 0.7.
The Exploratory Factor Analysis Results
Factors | Factor Loading | Eigenvalue | Explained Variance | Cronbach’s alpha coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transaction value | 4.7 | 16.22 | 0.91 | |
Transaction value_it1_rev | 0.838 | |||
Transaction value _it2 | 0.825 | |||
Transaction value _it3 | 0.788 | |||
Transaction value _it4 | 0.797 | |||
Transaction value _it5 | 0.786 | |||
Transaction value _it6_rev | 0.802 | |||
Transaction value _it7 | 0.851 | |||
Aesthetic value | 4.2 | 14.49 | 0.91 | |
Aesthetic value_it1 | 0.838 | |||
Aesthetic value _it2 | 0.813 | |||
Aesthetic value _it3 | 0.829 | |||
Aesthetic value _it4 | 0.820 | |||
Aesthetic value _it5 | 0.817 | |||
Aesthetic value _it6_rev | 0.859 | |||
Efficiency value | 3.53 | 12.20 | 0.89 | |
Efficiency value_it1 | 0.827 | |||
Efficiency value _it2 | 0.831 | |||
Efficiency value _it3 | 0.846 | |||
Efficiency value _it4 | 0.843 | |||
Efficiency value _it5 | 0.814 | |||
Self-gratification value | 3.04 | 10.50 | 0.88 | |
Self-gratification value_it1 | 0.886 | |||
Self-gratification value _it2 | 0.841 | |||
Self-gratification value _it3 | 0.847 | |||
Self-gratification value _it4 | 0.860 | |||
Acquisition value | 2.81 | 9.71 | 0.85 | |
Acquisition value_it1 | 0.826 | |||
Acquisition value _it2 | 0.841 | |||
Acquisition value _it3 | 0.835 | |||
Acquisition value _it4 | 0.823 | |||
Social interaction value | 2.28 | 7.89 | 0.83 | |
Social interaction value_it1 | 0.869 | |||
Social interaction value _it2 | 0.886 | |||
Social interaction value _it3 | 0.863 | |||
The development of a multidimensional CPV scale in the context of ophthalmology services may have significant theoretical and practical implications. As such, this study extends the literature on consumer perceived value by offering an in-depth insight of its meaning and measurement. Specifically, our study tested a six-item dimensional CPV scale in ophthalmology services.
Findings revealed that the consumers’ perceived value of ophthalmology services is based on the following dimensions: transaction value, efficiency value, aesthetic value, self-gratification value, acquisition value and social interaction value. In other words, ophthalmology services managers should focus on providing value to their consumers by elaborating efficient strategies based on the six value dimensions.
Applying efficient value strategies may ensure consumer satisfaction, loyalty, positive word-of-mouth, as well as, offer competitive advantages. Moreover, from a consumer’s point of view, obtaining value is a fundamental purchase goal and it becomes a core element in the exchange process, which may be shaped by several benefits, such as cognitive benefits, reflected in knowledge acquisition, economic benefits, designating monetary compensation, hedonic benefits in enjoyment and excitement, personal benefits suggested by recognition, status and social esteem, practical benefits concerned with real life implications and, last, the social benefits, which are reflected in the established relationships with other consumers. From the organization’s perspective, the most critical source of competitive advantage is the creation of consumer value, which would replace the quality management paradigm [ 9 ] and it would be the ground for all marketing activities [ 23 ].
According to Weinstein, the S-Q-I-P diamond framework depicts the antecedents of value, namely, service, image, price and quality [ 2 ] ( Fig. 2 ). The backbone components of an organization’s offerings (quality and service) are represented on the vertical axis of the diamond model, whereas on the horizontal axis, the image and price provide cues for the target audiences. Creating value for consumers through the diamond model will provide a solid business philosophy for the organization, guide all strategic decisions, and trigger positive business performance.
The S-Q-I-P diamond framework. Source: Weistein, p. 51 [ 2 ] (All rights reserved)
Value oriented marketing strategies may bring the following advantages to an ophthalmology organization [ 2 ]:
- Understand consumers’ choices and needs;
- Identify potential consumer segments;
- Increase the competitive options and diminish threats;
- Improve service quality;
- Concentrate on what is meaningful to consumers;
- Build consumer loyalty;
- Develop strong relationships with consumers.
The limitations of this study emphasize some future research directions. Thus, the focus on private health care services, with specific interest in ophthalmology services, leads to an extension suggestion, namely, to investigate CPV in public health care services as well. Moreover, we encourage the comparison between the private and public health care services in terms of CPV. The generalizability of our findings should be done with caution, as the study sample comprised consumers from Bucharest and we strongly recommend the CPV scale to be validated in other contexts and health care specialties, in order to determine which dimension of perceived value, becomes the most important. In addition, several causal relationships should be empirically assessed, meaning to explore the established relationships between CPV and several other variables, such as service quality, internal marketing strategies, consumer loyalty, consumer satisfaction, external marketing strategies, word-of-mouth, organizational behavior in the context of ophthalmology services.
The development of a multidimensional CPV scale in the context of ophthalmology services proved to have practical implications in the shape of meaning and measurement. The CPV scale in ophthalmology services was made up of the following dimensions: transaction value, efficiency value, aesthetic value, self-gratification value, acquisition value and social interaction value.
Elaborating and implementing efficient value strategies in ophthalmology services may increase consumer satisfaction, loyalty, positive word-of-mouth and offer competitive advantages.
Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, perceived value: a critical examination of definitions, concepts and measures for the service industry.
Journal of Services Marketing
ISSN : 0887-6045
Article publication date: 24 May 2011
The aim of this paper is to provide a literature review of the state‐of‐the‐art and up to date concepts and measures undertaken in the research on perceived value. The purpose especially is to provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of the research on perceived value.
The common perceived value definitions, conceptual and measurement approaches and its close relationship with important and highly researched service industry components such as service quality and customer satisfaction are discussed.
This paper demonstrates underlying and foundational theories, systematises the research streams and addresses the unsolved concerns of perceived value. The paper concludes with recommendations for the future research and application of perceived value as being relevant to the service industry.
The contribution of the paper lies in achieving a more profound understanding of the nature of perceived value for, equally, academics and industry.
Boksberger, P.E. and Melsen, L. (2011), "Perceived value: a critical examination of definitions, concepts and measures for the service industry", Journal of Services Marketing , Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876041111129209
Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2011, Emerald Group Publishing Limited
We’re listening — tell us what you think, something didn’t work….
Report bugs here
Please share your general feedback
Platform update page.
Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates
Answers to the most commonly asked questions here
You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.
Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.
Original Submission Date Received: .
Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.
Please let us know what you think of our products and services.
Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.
Association between salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours and 24 h urinary salt excretion in nepal.
2. materials and methods, 2.1. study design and settings, 2.2. sample size calculations, 2.3. measurements, 2.3.1. salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours, 2.3.2. twenty-four-hour urine collection, 2.3.3. socio-demographic characteristics (covariates), 2.4. statistical analysis, 2.5. ethical approval, 3.1. socio-demographic characteristics, 3.2. mean 24 h urinary salt excretion, 3.3. association between socio-demographic characteristics and salt-related knowledge attitudes and behaviours (bivariate analysis), 3.3.1. association with salt-related knowledge and attitudes, 3.3.2. association with salt-related behaviours, 3.4. association between socio-demographic characteristics and salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and salt-related behaviours (logistic regression), 3.5. association between salt related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours and 24 h urinary salt excretion (general linear model), 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Characteristics | Mean or (n) | SD or (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 49.60 | 9.82 |
Weight (kg) | 63.70 | 11.59 |
Height (cm) | 156.03 | (8.2 |
BMI (kg/m ) | 26.15 | 428 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 129.06 | 18.03 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 83.37 | 10.26 |
Hypertension | (178) | (39.47) |
Diabetes (self-reported) | (45) | (10.90) |
Sodium (g/day) | 5.31 | 1.89 |
Potassium (g/day) | 1.94 | 0.77 |
Creatinine (mg/day) | 1232.77 | 524.94 |
Sodium-to-potassium ratio | 5.04 | 2.04 |
Urine volume (mL/day) | 2584.03 | 1100.14 |
Salt excretion, g/day | 13.28 | 4.72 |
Proportion with ≥5 g/day | (441) | (97.78) |
Characteristics | Total, n (%) | Mean (±SD) Salt Intake (g/day) * | Proportion of Participants with Salt-Related Knowledge and Attitudes (%) * | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | Attitudes | ||||||||
High Salt Intake Causes Health Problems | Self-Perceived Salt Intake | Importance of Lowering Salt Intake | |||||||
Yes | No | Extremely High/ High | Normal | Very Low/ Low | Very Important/ Somewhat Important | Not Important | |||
18–44 | 153 (33.92) | 14.34 (4.91) | 86.93 | 13.07 | 22.88 | 57.52 | 19.61 | 86.93 | 13.07 |
45–70 | 298 (66.08) | 12.73 (4.53) | 80.87 | 19.13 | 17.11 | 53.69 | 29.19 | 86.91 | 13.09 |
p-value | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.10 | ||||||
Male | 156 (34.59) | 14.40 (5.06) | 84.62 | 15.38 | 14.74 | 50 | 35.26 | 89.10 | 10.90 |
Female | 295 (65.41) | 12.69 (4.43) | 82.03 | 17.97 | 21.36 | 57.63 | 21.02 | 85.76 | 14.24 |
p-value | 0.49 | 0.32 | |||||||
Dalit | 51 (11.31) | 12.90 (5.45) | 76.47 | 23.53 | 19.61 | 45.10 | 35.29 | 84.31 | 15.69 |
Disadvantaged caste | 67 (14.86) | 13.12 (5.04) | 80.60 | 19.40 | 22.39 | 62.69 | 14.93 | 83.58 | 16.42 |
Upper caste | 333 (73.84) | 13.37 (4.54) | 84.38 | 15.62 | 18.32 | 54.95 | 26.73 | 87.99 | 12.01 |
p-value | 0.76 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.52 | |||||
Primary level | 265 (58.76) | 12.70 (4.74) | 79.62 | 20.38 | 20 | 56.98 | 23.02 | 85.28 | 14.72 |
Higher secondary level | 158 (35.03) | 14.12 (4.78) | 87.97 | 12.03 | 18.99 | 53.16 | 27.85 | 88.61 | 11.39 |
University level | 28 (6.21) | 14.08 (3.16) | 85.71 | 14.29 | 10.71 | 46.43 | 42.86 | 92.86 | 7.14 |
p-value | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.45 | ||||||
Underweight | 17 (3.78) | 12.64 (4.26) | 82.35 | 17.65 | 11.76 | 47.06 | 41.18 | 88.24 | 11.76 |
Normal | 159 (35.33) | 12.82 (4.50) | 82.39 | 17.61 | 20.13 | 57.86 | 22.01 | 86.16 | 13.84 |
Overweight | 192 (42.67) | 13.42 (4.61) | 84.90 | 15.10 | 17.19 | 52.60 | 30.21 | 89.58 | 10.42 |
Obese | 82 (18.22) | 13.86 (5.34) | 80.49 | 19.51 | 23.17 | 56.10 | 20.73 | 82.93 | 17.07 |
p-value | 0.36 | 0.79 | 0.34 | 0.47 | |||||
Small (≤4 people) | 291 (64.52) | 13.02 (4.67) | 82.13 | 17.87 | 19.93 | 55.67 | 24.40 | 85.22 | 14.78 |
Large (>4 people) | 160 (35.48) | 13.76 (4.78) | 84.38 | 15.63 | 17.50 | 53.75 | 28.75 | 90 | 10 |
p-value | 0.11 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.15 | |||||
Normotensive | 104 (23.06) | 13.39 (4.81) | 74.04 | 25.96 | 24.04 | 61.54 | 14.42 | 79.81 | 20.19 |
Pre-hypertensive | 169 (37.47) | 13.17 (4.59) | 84.62 | 15.38 | 18.93 | 57.99 | 23.08 | 88.76 | 11.24 |
Hypertensive | 178 (39.47) | 13.32 (4.81) | 86.52 | 13.48 | 16.29 | 48.31 | 35.39 | 89.33 | 10.67 |
p-value | 0.92 | 0.05 | |||||||
Yes | 81 (17.96) | 13.20 (5.08) | 92.59 | 7.41 | 8.64 | 43.21 | 48.15 | 95.06 | 4.94 |
No | 370 (82.04) | 13.30 (4.64) | 80.81 | 19.19 | 21.35 | 57.57 | 21.08 | 85.14 | 14.86 |
p-value | 0.87 | ||||||||
Yes | 118 (26.16) | 13.25 (4.87) | 91.53 | 8.47 | 11.86 | 44.07 | 44.07 | 93.22 | 6.78 |
No | 333 (73.84) | 13.29 (4.67) | 79.88 | 20.12 | 21.62 | 58.86 | 19.52 | 84.68 | 15.32 |
p-value | 0.94 | ||||||||
Yes | 89 (19.73) | 12.99 (4.42) | 93.26 | 6.74 | 8.99 | 43.82 | 47.19 | 95.51 | 4.49 |
No | 362 (80.27) | 13.35 (4.79) | 80.39 | 19.61 | 21.55 | 57.73 | 20.72 | 84.81 | 15.19 |
p-value | 0.5120 | ||||||||
Yes | 45 (10.90) | 13.71 (3.82) | 91.11 | 8.89 | 11.11 | 43.90 | 44.44 | 93.33 | 6.67 |
No | 368 (89.10) | 13.27 (4.74) | 82.61 | 20.11 | 19.76 | 55.16 | 24.73 | 86.41 | 13.59 |
p-value | 0.55 | 0.20 | 0.24 |
Characteristics | Proportion of Participants with Salt-Related Behaviours (%) * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Add Extra Salt | Processed Food Consumption | Take Actions to Control Salt | ||||||
Always/Often | Sometimes | Rarely/Never | Always/Often | Sometimes | Rarely/Never | Yes | No | |
18–44 | 6.54 | 19.61 | 73.86 | 5.23 | 64.05 | 30.72 | 6.54 | 93.46 |
45–70 | 3.36 | 17.79 | 78.86 | 2.35 | 44.63 | 53.02 | 11.41 | 88.59 |
p-value | 0.25 | 0.10 | ||||||
Male | 2.56 | 9.62 | 87.82 | 2.56 | 45.51 | 51.92 | 16.67 | 83.33 |
Female | 5.42 | 23.05 | 71.53 | 3.73 | 54.24 | 42.03 | 6.10 | 93.90 |
p-value | 0.13 | |||||||
Dalit | 7.84 | 19.61 | 72.55 | 1.96 | 54.90 | 43.14 | 15.69 | 84.31 |
Disadvantaged caste | 2.99 | 28.36 | 68.66 | 8.96 | 59.70 | 31.34 | 10.45 | 89.55 |
Upper caste | 4.20 | 16.22 | 79.58 | 2.40 | 48.95 | 48.65 | 8.71 | 91.29 |
p-value | 0.12 | 0.29 | ||||||
Primary level | 4.91 | 20.38 | 74.72 | 3.40 | 49.06 | 47.55 | 9.43 | 90.57 |
Higher secondary level | 3.80 | 17.72 | 78.48 | 3.80 | 56.33 | 39.87 | 10.13 | 89.87 |
University level | 3.57 | 3.57 | 92.86 | 0 | 42.86 | 57.14 | 10.71 | 89.29 |
p-value | 0.20 | 0.37 | 0.90 | |||||
Underweight | 0 | 17.65 | 82.35 | 0 | 29.41 | 70.59 | 23.53 | 76.47 |
Normal | 4.40 | 20.75 | 74.84 | 1.89 | 52.83 | 45.28 | 8.18 | 91.82 |
Overweight | 3.65 | 18.23 | 78.13 | 3.13 | 52.08 | 44.79 | 11.46 | 88.54 |
Obese | 7.32 | 14.63 | 78.05 | 7.32 | 51.22 | 41.46 | 6.10 | 93.90 |
p-value | 0.77 | 0.18 | 0.11 | |||||
Small (≤ four people) | 4.12 | 19.59 | 76.29 | 4.47 | 46.74 | 48.80 | 9.62 | 90.38 |
Large (>four people) | 5 | 16.25 | 78.75 | 1.25 | 59.38 | 39.38 | 10 | 90 |
p-value | 0.66 | 0.90 | ||||||
Normotensive | 6.73 | 19.23 | 74.04 | 1.92 | 60.58 | 37.50 | 1.92 | 98.08 |
Pre-hypertensive | 4.14 | 21.89 | 73.96 | 4.14 | 54.44 | 41.42 | 8.28 | 91.72 |
Hypertensive | 3.37 | 14.61 | 82.02 | 3.37 | 42.70 | 53.93 | 9.76 | 90.24 |
p-value | 0.26 | |||||||
Yes | 3.70 | 9.88 | 86.42 | 2.47 | 37.04 | 60.49 | 37.04 | 62.96 |
No | 4.59 | 20.27 | 75.14 | 3.51 | 54.32 | 42.16 | 3.78 | 96.22 |
p-value | 0.07 | |||||||
History of elevated BP | ||||||||
Yes | 2.54 | 12.71 | 84.75 | 4.24 | 40.68 | 55.08 | 26.27 | 73.73 |
No | 5.11 | 20.42 | 74.47 | 3 | 54.95 | 42.04 | 3.90 | 96.10 |
p-value | 0.08 | |||||||
Yes | 3.37 | 10.11 | 86.52 | 2.25 | 39.33 | 58.43 | 26.97 | 73.03 |
No | 4.70 | 20.44 | 74.86 | 3.59 | 54.14 | 42.27 | 5.52 | 94.48 |
p-value | 0.054 | |||||||
Yes | 0 | 17.78 | 82.22 | 2.22 | 37.78 | 60 | 22.22 | 77.78 |
No | 4.62 | 17.93 | 77.45 | 3.80 | 54.08 | 42.12 | 8.15 | 91.85 |
p-value | 0.44 | 0.07 |
Salt-Related Knowledge and Attitudes | Salt-Related Behaviours | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adding Extra Salt Always | Consuming Processed Food Always | Taking Actions to Control Salt | ||||
AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
No | 1.00 (Ref.) | |||||
Yes | 0.60 | 0.33, 1.09 | 1.73 | 0.99, 3.02 | 3.19 | 0.65, 15.70 |
Normal | 1.00 (Ref.) | |||||
Very low/low | 0.47 | 0.22, 1.01 | 0.60 | 0.36, 0.98 * | 4.22 | 1.90, 9.37 *** |
Extremely high/high | 3.59 | 2.03, 6.33 *** | 1.90 | 1.06, 3.40 * | 0.14 | 0.01, 2.58 |
Not important | 1.00 (Ref.) | |||||
Very Important/somewhat important | 1.06 | 0.53, 2.14 | 1.61 | 0.87, 2.97 | 5.44 | 0.60, 49.19 |
Salt-Related KAB | n (%) | Adjusted Estimate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Salt Intake (g/day) | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Yes | 374 (82.93) | 13.28 | 12.82, 13.75 | 0.78 |
No | 77 (17.07) | 13.14 | 12.11, 14.17 | |
Extremely high/high | 86 (19.07) | 14.42 | 13.45, 15.39 | 0.03 * |
Normal | 248 (54.99) | 13.11 | 12.54, 13.67 | |
Very low/low | 117 (25.94) | 12.73 | 11.89, 13.65 | |
Very important/somewhat important | 392 (86.92) | 13.33 | 12.87, 13.78 | 0.42 |
Not important | 59 (13.08) | 12.81 | 11.63, 13.99 | |
Always/often | 20 (4.43) | 14.67 | 12.66, 16.68 | 0.36 |
Sometimes | 83 (18.40) | 13.00 | 12.31, 14.30 | |
Rarely/never | 348 (77.16) | 13.17 | 12.69, 13.65 | |
Always/often | 15 (3.33) | 14.57 | 12.23, 16.91 | 0.53 |
Sometimes | 231 (51.22) | 13.23 | 12.64, 13.83 | |
Rarely/never | 205 (45.45) | 13.19 | 12.55, 13.83 | |
Yes | 44 (9.76) | 13.51 | 12.15, 14.89 | 0.70 |
No | 407 (90.24) | 13.23 | 12.79, 13.67 | |
Yes | 14 (31.82) | 13.88 | 10.37, 17.39 | 0.88 |
No | 30 (68.18) | 13.53 | 11.30, 15.76 | |
Yes | 11 (25) | 15.61 | 11.83, 19.39 | 0.25 |
No | 33 (75) | 12.99 | 10.97, 15.01 | |
Yes | 1 (2.27) | 12.72 | 0.60, 24.85 | 0.88 |
No | 43 (97.73) | 13.67 | 11.94, 15.40 | |
Yes | 9 (20.45) | 16.25 | 12.06, 20.43 | 0.18 |
No | 35 (79.55) | 12.98 | 11.04, 14.91 | |
Yes | 36 (81.82) | 14.10 | 12.18, 16.02 | 0.33 |
No | 8 (18.18) | 11.60 | 7.09, 16.10 | |
Yes | 10 (22.73) | 15.83 | 11.93, 19.73 | 0.22 |
No | 34 (77.27) | 13.00 | 11.03, 14.97 | |
Yes | 9 (20.45) | 11.76 | 7.65, 15.86 | 0.31 |
No | 35 (79.55) | 14.13 | 12.19, 16.07 |
The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Ghimire, K.; Mishra, S.R.; Neupane, D.; Kallestrup, P.; McLachlan, C.S. Association between Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours and 24 h Urinary Salt Excretion in Nepal. Nutrients 2024 , 16 , 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121928
Ghimire K, Mishra SR, Neupane D, Kallestrup P, McLachlan CS. Association between Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours and 24 h Urinary Salt Excretion in Nepal. Nutrients . 2024; 16(12):1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121928
Ghimire, Kamal, Shiva Raj Mishra, Dinesh Neupane, Per Kallestrup, and Craig S. McLachlan. 2024. "Association between Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours and 24 h Urinary Salt Excretion in Nepal" Nutrients 16, no. 12: 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121928
Supplementary material.
ZIP-Document (ZIP, 1678 KiB)
Mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals
The impact of consumption value on consumer behaviour, understanding customers hospital experience and value co-creation behavior, the association between perceived value and patient loyalty in public university hospitals in turkey.
Dimensions of the perceived value of malls: muslim shoppers’ perspective, consumer, customer and perceived value: past and present, quantitative analysis of the consumer perceived value deviation, determinants of adoption of mobile health services, customer pre-adoption choice behavior for m-pesa mobile financial services: extending the theory of consumption values, hospital service quality as antecedent of patient satisfaction – a conceptual framework, 44 references, customer perceived value in banking services, consumer perceived value: the development of a multiple item scale, the serpval scale: a multi-item instrument for measuring service personal values, value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: an investigation of university students’ travel behaviour, perceived value of the purchase of a tourism product, a conceptual model of perceived customer value in e-commerce: a preliminary investigation, consumer value: a framework for analysis and research, the role of perceived risk in the quality-value relationship: a study in a retail environment, the concept of perceived value: a systematic review of the research, the relationships of customer-perceived value, satisfaction, loyalty and behavioral intentions, related papers.
Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers
COMMENTS
Consumer Perceived Value: A Systematic Review of the Research Proceedings of 124th thIASTEM International Conference, Krakow, Poland, 4th-5 July 2018 3 producer after the customer has used a salient product or service produced by that supplier and found the product to provide an added value. Cronin, Brady, Brand, Hightower Jr, and Shemwell
The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation of empirical studies regarding consumer perception of value. The emphasis is on the consumer perceived value, including theory of consumption values, definition of perceived value, and Studies of perceived value construct. Overall, despite some previous studies have been conducted in the concept of perceived value, the definition of the ...
ArticlePDF Available. The concept of perceived value: A systematic review of the research. December 2007. Marketing Theory 7 (4):427-451. DOI: 10.1177/1470593107083165. Authors: Raquel Sánchez ...
Customer perceived value (CPV) occupies a prominent place in academic research and managerial practice. Defined as a trade-off between the benefits of the offering and the sacrifices perceived by the customer (Dodds, Monroe, and Grewal, 1991; Zeithaml, 1988), CPV is an essential metric for successful businesses, because it functions to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty and thus drive ...
Customer value is the emotional bond established between a customer and a Proceedings of 124th IASTEM International Conference, Krakow, Poland, 4th-5th July 2018 2 Consumer Perceived Value: A Systematic Review of the Research Cronin, Brady, Brand, Hightower Jr, and Shemwell (1997) [30] Woodruff (1997, p. 142) [19] Patterson and Spreng (1997 ...
The purpose of this article is to present a systematic review of the extensive research that has been conducted on the conceptualization of perceived value. The major conclusions of the present study are: (i) that both uni-dimensional and multidimensional models of value have their roles to play in providing simplified (unidimensional) and complex (multi-dimensional) understandings of the ...
A Model of Schema Typicality, Consumer Affect, Purchase Intentions and Perceived Shopping Value ', Journal of Business Research 54(2): 89—96. Google Scholar Babin, B.J., Darden, W.R. and Griffin, M. (1994) ` Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping ', Journal of Consumer Research 20(4): 644—56.
Huang Lijuan, Mou Jian, See-To Eric WK, Kim Jongki (2019), "Consumer Perceived Value Preferences for Mobile Marketing in China: A Mixed Method Approach," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 48, ... "The Concept of Perceived Value: A Systematic Review of the Research," Marketing Theory, 7 (4), 427-451. Crossref. Google Scholar.
Published 1 December 2007. Business, Psychology. Marketing Theory. The purpose of this article is to present a systematic review of the extensive research that has been conducted on the conceptualization of perceived value. The major conclusions of the present study are: (i) that both uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional models of value have ...
The systematic review was conducted following the ... and multidisciplinary attention, which are used for systematic review of social science research (Gusenbauer & Haddaway ... (SER), self-fulfillment (SEF), fun and enjoyment in life (FEL), and sense of accomplishment (SOA). The theory of consumer value explains how five perceived values ...
Author:Wilawan Jansri Article Citation:Wilawan Jansri, (2018 ) " Consumer Perceived Value: A Systematic Review of the Research " , International Journal of Management and Applied Science (IJMAS) , pp. 20-25, Volume-4,Issue-9 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation of empirical studies regarding consumer perception of ...
Public Interest Statement. This paper provides an extant review on the nature of the psychological latent construct customer perceived value. Hence, this conceptual analysis of customer perceived value adds to the knowledge on psychological phenomena in applied psychology and business and management-related disciplines as well as to the application of the construct in applied market and field ...
Psychology & Marketing journal publishes original research and review articles dealing with the ... consumer-perceived value denotes a consumer's "overall assessment of the ... remains scant to-date, as, therefore, assessed in this article. Correspondingly, we conducted a systematic review of AI-based CE research, thus consolidating scattered ...
Background. In the systematic review on CPV literature, Sanchez-Fernandez and Iniesta-Bonillo [] identified two research directions related to the dimensionality of the concept.The first research direction, which is widely embraced by the marketing literature, presents the consumer value concept as a unidimensional construct [].Obviously, the unidimensional approach has proved to be too narrow ...
2.3. Effects of perceived value on behavioral intention. Perceived value refers to "the consumer's overall assessment of the utility of a product or service based on perceptions of what is received and what is given"(i.e. the trade-off between perceived benefits and perceived costs), which originated from the theory of consumer behavior (Zeithaml, 1988).
This review research covers peer-reviewed journal articles that used this theory and were published between 1991 and 2020. The major findings in the review demonstrate that this theory has remained up to date in the consumer behaviour literature, has been dynamic and has been comprehensively used to explain choice behaviour.
The purpose especially is to provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of the research on perceived value., - The common perceived value definitions, conceptual and measurement approaches and its close relationship with important and highly researched service industry components such as service quality and customer satisfaction are ...
This study reviews the literature to determine how cognitive factors affect consumers' value perception and video streaming platform subscription intentions. This study analyses 20 Scopus and Web of Science peer-reviewed articles to examine the complex relationship between cognitive factors, perceived value and users' decision-making. The
CONSUMER PERCEIVED VALUE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH. Wilawan Jansri. Published 2018. Business. The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation of empirical studies regarding consumer perception of value. The emphasis is on the consumer perceived value, including theory of consumption values, definition of perceived value, and ...
Sánchez-Fernández, R., & Iniesta-Bonillo, M. Á. (2007). The concept of perceived value: a systematic review of the research. Marketing Theory, 7(4), 427-451. doi ...
This study examined the association between salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) and salt excretion using the 24-hour (24 h) urinary collection method. Data were utilized from the Community-Based Management of Non-Communicable Diseases in Nepal (COBIN) Salt Survey, a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among a sub-sample of COBIN cohort in Pokhara Metropolitan ...
The purpose of this paper is to explain the past and present of value concept (Consumer, Customer and Perceived Value). The discussion is carried out by studying the development of the concept published in journals indexed in Scopus since 2009-2018. The approach used is a literature review. Many authors use various terms but refer to one thing: "value". From the various definitions and ...
Computer Science, Medicine. Online Inf. Rev. 2015. TLDR. This study applied both health behaviour and consumer value research and developed an integrated research model to encourage mobile health adoption and demonstrates that usefulness, convenience and monetary values of mobile health positively influence adoption intention. Expand.