king's dissertation results

Dismayed but Forgiving of MLK’s Plagiarism

I am on record as stating that Dr. Martin Luther King is not the only hero of the civil rights movement . King did not do it by himself—indeed, the process began long before he was born—but he deserves a lot of credit. I admire and respect him for multiple reasons. A man of courage and vision, he was a true leader. I wish I had been among the 1,200 people present when he spoke at the University of Texas on March 9, 1962 (after the Montgomery bus boycott and before his showdown with Bull Connor in Birmingham ), but I would not reach Austin until 1971.

Regardless of my high esteem for King, I know he was no angel. This is not because he was a world-class adulterer; such information comes largely from wiretaps conducted by J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI , for which Attorney General Robert Kennedy gave approval.  No, the issue is a bugaboo that has wrecked many an academic career: plagiarism.

When Boozer was informed in 1988 that much of his dissertation had been copied, he was stunned but not really upset. A careful academic who put a high value on scholarship, he hoped the issue would just go away.  Boozer was a native of Alabama and supporter of the civil rights movement, and thought of MLK as a friend and colleague. His wife said he was willing to dismiss it as a minor matter, nothing more than King’s failure to use footnotes.

King’s dissertation was not revoked, as happened with many other scholars who had been caught cheating. Instead, in 1991 a letter was placed in the file holding it in the BU library—barely even a slap on the wrist. It emphasized that King’s dissertation, faulty though it was, made a valuable contribution to academe. His reputation at Boston University was unsullied. A plaque adorns a house King lived in during his student days, and there are symposia, professorships (the Martin Luther King Chair in Social Ethics, for example) and honors galore. BU fully embraces this distinguished alumnus.

Simply put, King was wrong to borrow/steal from Boozer in 1955. He was a sloppy academic, and of that there can be no doubt. But it is a relatively—note that modifier—unimportant issue in light of his life’s work. King, whose great-grandfather was a slave preacher, has been called with good reason the most outstanding theologian America has ever produced. When his house was bombed by segregationists soon after the Montgomery bus boycott , angry supporters gathered and called for a response in kind. The good reverend, arrested 20 times and assaulted four times in his career, calmed them by quoting Jesus: “Love your enemies, bless those who curse you and pray for those who spitefully use you”; his 1964 Nobel Peace Prize was well deserved. What King did in leading the civil rights movement is such that his shortcomings as a grad student and his sexual escapades can be forgiven. It’s not that he had feet of clay, but he was human like the rest of us.

About Richard

16 comments.

I believe…that’s another repetitious phase I attribute to the MLK era and even to the man himself. Whether he actually said it or I just think that he said it, is not pertinent to the fact that his speeches made America believe that we in fact just love our neighbor. What a leader in his message proclaimed. You have brought forth good info about his message lived and it is sad to know that he plagiarized portions of his doctorate. I am prone to forgive him since I know that I too have failed, yet my great desire is to inspire others to greatness, to oneness, to brotherly love and he was gifted and good at it. Thanks for the article. I

King stole far more than two-word phrases, but your point is valid. I hope I made clear that he is deserving of forgiveness for this lapse in judgement during his days as a grad student (although, as indicated, he kept doing it and doing it).

I know there’s another side about the Martin Ruther king. I enjoyed reading an interesting essay about other issues behind altruism. As a graduate student, I realize how long my work will keep stored.! Right before the coms exam, thank you for delivering a good message.!

Yes, even the greatest among us (such as King) are not perfect.

Richard-That was very interesting. I heard about his plagiarism, probably back when it made the news. He was a great but flawed man. This reminded me of Joe Biden’s plagiarism (of Neil Kinnock) which caused him to drop out of the 1988 presidential race.

Great but flawed–you said it well, Kevin.

I read your article on Dr. Kim. Excellent discovery and investigation. Shame on Dr. King. His doctgoral degree must have revalued and reconsidered. He should have apologied for his stealing somebody’s thesis. Great discovery and reevaluations on Dr. King, Yong Yoon

Thank you, Mr. Yoon. I do believe we have to be honest about people, even great ones like King. He knew he was not perfect. In some of his speeches and sermons, he talked about himself as a “sinner.”

I am amazed. Universities, in my experience are very rigid when it comes to academic ethics. What happened in the case of MR King raises the opposite issue of racial bias, almost worse in that they were patronizing him by forgiving these things. At this very moment, people are tearing down icons of figures of history because despite their positive accomplishments in life, they had a period that resulted in darker consequences. If you are going to apply this standard, you apply it equally. I revoke your doctorate , sir if no one else will.

To say BU gave him a pass is a huge understatement. And I have gotten a lot of slack for writing this piece, as if I slandered Dr. King.

Thank you for this article. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was great. I think of him as well read. I also think of the oral tradition from cultures that did not have access to education like most academics do. Many black preachers in American history could not read. They could, however, repeat what they heard – and very powerfully. Academics could call Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. flawed, but it’s flawed by whose standards? I call him great for using his gifts – and his entire life – to make this world a better place.

And, yes, I do believe in flawed leaders. I am Lutheran. We are simultaneously saints and sinners. “simul justus et peccator” (Was it Martin Luther who first said that?)

I came across this article looking for who he got the sermon “love your enemies” from, so I could mention it in my sermon. 🙂 I appreciate the author understands the difference between academic papers and preaching. I plagiarize Jesus and the Bible all the time when I preach!

Academic plagiarism cannot be condoned, no way, no how.

Dear Mr. Pennington:

“Academic plagiarism cannot be condoned, no way, no how.”

Trouble is, that’s exactly what Boston U has done. ‘Note in the file’ = slap on the wrist. Had this dissertation been signed Gregory Koster—or even Michael Pennington—, the degree would have been revoked, any academic career wrecked, and figuratively speaking, we’d be soaring into the sky, with a size 12 bootprint on the rump.

The argument that King’s later work is of such value that the dissertation must be ‘quarantined’ is the same argument Henry VIII of England could have made, in breaking away from the Catholic church:

“If you, the Pope don’t give me a pass on marrying the woman I (at this moment) want, I’ll have to secede from the church and set up my own. Otherwise, I won’t be able to sire a heir, and when I die, a civil war may break out. So for the good of the nation, I must be allowed to fool around as I please.”

Today, no one would buy that casuistical argument. Why? Not because it is wrong, and corrupting to the figurative rule of law. It won’t be bought because Henry VIII is not a member of an approved victim group. But Martin King is, and he gets a pass, not least because those who have to power to settle obloquy on him, e.g. Boston University, would suffer immensely from the flareback.

Learning about King’s plagiarism was and is, disillusioning. Had his plagiarism been revealed before his death, it would have damaged the work he was trying to do, depending on when it was revealed. I am obliged for your article, which showed me MLK continued to steal the ideas and words of others. Bring on the disillusionment again! But if the scholarly King was a fraud, deserving of contempt, the preacher and activist were and are magnificent, showing action and conduct worthy of the highest praise. It is not wise to demand perfection, even of an ideal. King’s degree should be revoked. Even with the furor this would generate, King would still be worthy of what was said about Sir Christopher Wren, architect of 1600s London:

If you would see his memorial, look around you.

Many thanks for looking at this late contribution.

Gregory, thank you so very much for reading and making such comments. I agree with them all. I mentioned in one of my replies above that I have gotten a lot of flak (misspelled “slack”) for having written this article. I lost one friendship, which I think is absurd. This former friend was shocked that I would dare say a non-flattering word about the sainted King. Well, sorry, I told the former friend. I tell the truth and let the chips fall.

Blacks will generally don’t care that he plagiarized. This issue has been hidden for a long time, and it is because he is a black icon. And blacks view any critique of a black icon as racism. And many liberal whites will not cover the story, as they don’t want to get accused of racism.

Correct, but you merely restated what I said in the article.

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Visual culture fourth edition.

Research output : Book/Report › Book › peer-review

(Poly)phenol-related gut metabotypes and human health: an update

Research output : Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

A 3D Generative Model of Pathological Multi-modal MR Images and Segmentations

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference paper › peer-review

A back-translational study of descending interactions with the induction of hyperalgesia by high-frequency electrical stimulation in rat and human

Abatacept in individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (apippra): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel, placebo-controlled, phase 2b clinical trial, a blended intervention targeting emotion dysregulation in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: development and feasibility study, abortion ecologies in southern african fiction: transforming reproductive agency. by caitlin e. stobie, bloomsbury. 2023. £85.00 (cloth); £28.99 (pbk); £76.50 (ebk). isbn: 9781350250192.

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Acceptability measures for evaluating smoking cessation interventions among individuals with diabetes

Acceptability of home-based transcranial direct current stimulation (tdcs) in major depression: a qualitative analysis of individual experiences, acceptability of the long-term in-home ventilator engagement virtual intervention for home mechanical ventilation patients during the covid-19 pandemic: a qualitative evaluation, access to adolescent sexual and reproductive health services in accra, ghana: an exploratory qualitative study, acinar-ductal cell rearrangement drives branching morphogenesis of the murine pancreas in an igf/pi3k-dependent manner, a cliché to be avoided like the plague: ‘people’s war’ in the history and historiography of the british second world war.

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A colorimetric approach for monitoring the reduction of platinum (IV) complexes in aqueous solution

A comparative study of analytical tissue reflectance models using simulated and experimental data.

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A complexity science approach to law and governance

A comprehensive exploration of structural and electronic properties of molybdenum clusters, a consensus statement on perinatal mental health during the covid-19 pandemic and recommendations for post-pandemic recovery and re-build, a co-ordinated transcriptional programme in the maternal liver supplies long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to the conceptus using phospholipids, a crisis of recognition: gender, race, and the struggle to be seen in pre-modernity, activism in the era of democratic backsliding: explaining the efficacy of the clean-air campaigns in poland, actual trust in multiagent systems.

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Adaptation and validation of the Body Image Life Disengagement Questionnaire (BILD-Q) for use in english among adolescents in urban India

Adapted problem adaptation therapy for depression in mild to moderate alzheimer's disease dementia: a randomized controlled trial, adapted problem adaptation therapy for depression in mild to moderate alzheimer’s disease dementia: a randomized controlled trial, adapting arbitration to the construction sector: ensuring efficiency through arbitration avoidance and case management techniques.

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Adaptive Active Anti-Vibration Control for a 3-D Helicopter Flexible Slung-Load System with Input Saturations and Backlash

Adaptive strategies used by surgical teams under pressure: an interview study among senior healthcare professionals in four major hospitals in the united kingdom, addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries, addressing multiple exclusion homelessness in social work education in england: gaps, innovative practice and resources.

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A decade of the Oesophageal Cancer Clinical and Molecular Stratification Consortium

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A decomposition of light's spin angular momentum density

A defense of isaacson’s thesis, or how to make sense of the boundaries of finite mathematics, a dempster-shafer approach to trustworthy ai with application to fetal brain mri segmentation, adjunctive duration-doubled transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of depressive patients with suicidal ideation: study protocol for a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial, adjustments in purchasing arrangements to support the covid-19 health sector response: evidence from eight middle-income countries, adolescent to young adult longitudinal development of subcortical volumes in two european sites with four waves, adopting, implementing, and assimilating coproduced health and social care innovations involving structurally vulnerable populations: findings from a longitudinal, multiple case study design in canada, scotland, and sweden, a drosophila model of mitochondrial disease phenotypic heterogeneity, a dubious virtue, advanced waveform analysis of the photoplethysmogram signal using complementary signal processing techniques for the extraction of biomarkers of cardiovascular function, advances in automated support for requirements engineering: a systematic literature review, adverse events reporting in digital interventions evaluations for psychosis: a systematic literature search and individual level content analysis of adverse event reports, advocating for a context specific approach to tackle inequities.

Research output : Contribution to journal › Comment/debate › peer-review

A Feasibility Study of High Intensity Interval Training Intervention in Inpatient Mental Health Settings

Affective performances of rooted cosmopolitanism through facebook during the festival international de folklore et de percussion in louga, senegal, a framework for more equitable, diverse, and inclusive patient and public involvement for palliative care research, ageing and new intimacies: gender, sexuality and temporality in an english salsa scene, ageing on the autism spectrum.

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Searching for Systematic Reviews & Evidence Synthesis: Recording your search strategy and results

• Define your search question
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PRISMA (the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)  Updated in March 2021. In February 2021 the   PRISMA extension for searching  was published. The new searching  checklist includes 16 reporting items, each of which is detailed with exemplar reporting and rationale. It includes the guidance to "Include the search strategies for each database and information source, copied and pasted exactly as run "

• PRISMA Checklist The PRISMA checklist is a 27-part list of the qualities a high-quality paper should contain. Using it you would appraise the quality of a paper's structure, methodology, reporting and more. You can use it on your own paper to check where you need to improve!
• PRISMA Flow Diagram The flow diagram depicts the flow of information through the different phases of a systematic review. It maps out the number of records identified, included and excluded, and the reasons for exclusions. Different templates are available depending on the type of review (new or updated) and sources used to identify studies.
• PRISMA Extension for Searching The checklist includes 16 reporting items, each of which is detailed with exemplar reporting and rationale. A detailed introduction to the searching is available at Rethlefsen, M.L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S. et al. PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews. Syst Rev 10, 39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z

Several extensions of the PRISMA Statement have been developed to facilitate the reporting of different types or aspects of systematic reviews. These include for Abstracts; Equity; Harms (for reviews including Harm outcomes); Individual Patient Data; Network Meta-Analyses; Protocols; Diagnostic Test Accuracy; and Scoping Reviews.

• PRISMA 2020: updated guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses YouTube video presentation from 2019 introducing the PRISMA 2020 guidelines currently in development.
• PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S: common questions on tracking records and the flow diagram Article answering some common questions about how PRISMA-S and the 2021 update to PRISMA work together. more... less... Rethlefsen, M. L., & Page, M. J. (2022). PRISMA 2020 and PRISMA-S: common questions on tracking records and the flow diagram. Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA, 110(2), 253–257. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2022.1449

Reporting your search strategy

The PRISMA 2020 checklist states for '#7 Search strategy' that you should "Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers and websites, including any filters and limits used". The new 2021 PRISMA extension for searching extends this to " include the search strategies for each database and information source, copied and pasted exactly as run" . These reported electronic search strategies normally appear in an appendix or as supplementary material to a published systematic review as they are too long to include in the main part of the systematic review. Some published systematic reviews only include a search strategy optimised for one database whilst others e.g. some Cochrane systematic reviews will publish the search strategies for all databases searched. It is not necessary to include the number of results for each search line (although this can be helpful if you are seeking feedback on the search strategy).

In many databases you can simply copy and paste the search strategy from the screen but you may also find that some databases allow you to download the search strategy (which may require less formatting than the copy and paste option). 

For a search strategy on the Ovid platform (Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Global Health etc) take the following steps:

4) Select Word as the download format and ensure the Include Search History tick box is ticked. Click Export.

5) Open the Word document to view the search strategy at the top. This can be copied and pasted into e.g. an appendix or used to send to a colleague for peer review or posted to the King's  KEATS KLaSS Searching for Systematic Reviews Discussion Forum  for feedback [you may need to self-enrol at the main KEATS KLaSS module first before posting].

Ovid Search History Launcher

Ovid have now made available a way to run a search strategy that someone else has sent you e.g. from Medline, Embase, PsycInfo etc. The Search History Launcher is available on their website . You copy and paste the search history in (you will need to edit out search line numbers). It works on campus without having to enter a username or password.

This will be useful for:

• sharing a search strategy with a colleague so that they can see your search, its results and adapt it. 
• when using a published search filter to add to your own search e.g. to limit to UK research or only a specific publication type e.g. RCTs or qualitative studies.
• when adapting a search strategy on a specific concept from another published systematic review.

Study Flow Diagram example

Examples of flow diagrams from published systematic reviews (see the PRISMA Flow Diagram for a template).

You will see the information recorded can differ even in Cochrane Reviews but the flow diagram can be a useful place to summarise what databases and other resources have been searched and the reasons why full text articles which were assessed have been excluded (as recommended by PRISMA).

From: Kew KM, Carr R, Donovan T, Gordon M. Asthma education for school staff. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD012255. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012255.pub2.

From: Welsh EJ, Carr R. Pulse oximeters to self monitor oxygen saturation levels as part of a personalised asthma action plan for people with asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD011584. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011584.pub2.

Publishing your search strategy

Best practice is to publish your systematic review search strategy alongside the systematic review. As well as including this in an appendix/supplementary information on a journal site it can also be submitted to a data repository.

• The King's Research Data Management System is a  a research data repository service providing long term storage and public access for datasets that support published research and/or have long term value. Search strategies fall into this category. View the Libraries & Collections Research Support webpage  (Preserve > Deposit with King's tab) f or more information on how to submit. Please note that this is normally limited to researcher and PhD level. 
• Other data repositories are also linked from the  Libraries & Collections Research Support webpage   (Preserve >  Deposit your data tab)
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clock This article was published more than  33 years ago

Opinion DR. KING'S DISSERTATION

Shame on David Garrow {Outlook, Nov. 18} or anyone else who might assert that Martin Luther King Jr. is any less a role model or an "inspirational symbol" because of recently heralded evidence of plagiarism.

The significance of Dr. King's life -- and death -- lies in his incredibly courageous leadership in confronting head-on this country's insidious system of racism. His insightful leadership spearheaded the abolition of legally endorsed Jim Crow, while providing an avenue for a healthy multicultural alliance.

It would seem that one of Dr. King's assets, furthermore, was that he had the intelligence and receptivity to continuously expose himself to the ideas of others, while articulating the resultant composite in a manner that motivated millions. Did any of his "sources" ever deliver the equivalent of the powerful "I Have a Dream" speech?

O, that our young people today would join such a fight for human dignity, racial and economic justice and constructive improvement of society's ills!

LYNN C. FRENCH Washington

David Garrow writes that "non-academic readers should not be surprised by the failure of King's professors at Boston, as at Crozer, to detect {Martin Luther King Jr.'s} errors. They had come to know him as an intelligent and hard-working man. Hence it is plausible that DeWolf -- and other doctoral committee members -- could write enthusiastic evaluations of King's dissertation without subjecting it to the sort of scrutiny which they might well have applied to the work of a marginal student."

On the contrary! No respectable director of a dissertation and no member of a doctoral committee would ever pass a dissertation without reading at least most of it, noting errors and advising the student on how it might be improved. As a professor of philosophy at Catholic University, I am sure the dissertation was either not read at all, or those who passed it were unfamiliar with the writings of Tillich and Wieman, the ostensible topics of the dissertation.

What Dr. King did was wrong. But whenever the fact is mentioned, it should be accompanied with the remark: "Directed but apparently not read or properly supervised. Theirs was a serious failure to do what they were required to do -- direct and supervise."

PAUL WEISS Washington

Martin Luther King Jr. devoted his life to making the world a better place, and he gave up his life in this noble cause. All Americans benefit from his work for civil rights, justice and peace. The quality of his doctoral dissertation is irrelevant to the tremendous contribution he made to this nation.

FRANK C. BRANCHINI Silver Spring

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• How to Write a Results Section | Tips & Examples

How to Write a Results Section | Tips & Examples

Published on 27 October 2016 by Bas Swaen . Revised on 25 October 2022 by Tegan George.

A results section is where you report the main findings of the data collection and analysis you conducted for your thesis or dissertation . You should report all relevant results concisely and objectively, in a logical order. Don’t include subjective interpretations of why you found these results or what they mean – any evaluation should be saved for the discussion section .

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Table of contents

How to write a results section, reporting quantitative research results, reporting qualitative research results, results vs discussion vs conclusion, checklist: research results, frequently asked questions about results sections.

When conducting research, it’s important to report the results of your study prior to discussing your interpretations of it. This gives your reader a clear idea of exactly what you found and keeps the data itself separate from your subjective analysis.

Here are a few best practices:

• Your results should always be written in the past tense.
• While the length of this section depends on how much data you collected and analysed, it should be written as concisely as possible.
• Only include results that are directly relevant to answering your research questions . Avoid speculative or interpretative words like ‘appears’ or ‘implies’.
• If you have other results you’d like to include, consider adding them to an appendix or footnotes.
• Always start out with your broadest results first, and then flow into your more granular (but still relevant) ones. Think of it like a shoe shop: first discuss the shoes as a whole, then the trainers, boots, sandals, etc.

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If you conducted quantitative research , you’ll likely be working with the results of some sort of statistical analysis .

Your results section should report the results of any statistical tests you used to compare groups or assess relationships between variables . It should also state whether or not each hypothesis was supported.

The most logical way to structure quantitative results is to frame them around your research questions or hypotheses. For each question or hypothesis, share:

• A reminder of the type of analysis you used (e.g., a two-sample t test or simple linear regression ). A more detailed description of your analysis should go in your methodology section.
• A concise summary of each relevant result, both positive and negative. This can include any relevant descriptive statistics (e.g., means and standard deviations ) as well as inferential statistics (e.g., t scores, degrees of freedom , and p values ). Remember, these numbers are often placed in parentheses.
• A brief statement of how each result relates to the question, or whether the hypothesis was supported. You can briefly mention any results that didn’t fit with your expectations and assumptions, but save any speculation on their meaning or consequences for your discussion  and conclusion.

A note on tables and figures

In quantitative research, it’s often helpful to include visual elements such as graphs, charts, and tables , but only if they are directly relevant to your results. Give these elements clear, descriptive titles and labels so that your reader can easily understand what is being shown. If you want to include any other visual elements that are more tangential in nature, consider adding a figure and table list .

As a rule of thumb:

• Tables are used to communicate exact values, giving a concise overview of various results
• Graphs and charts are used to visualise trends and relationships, giving an at-a-glance illustration of key findings

Don’t forget to also mention any tables and figures you used within the text of your results section. Summarise or elaborate on specific aspects you think your reader should know about rather than merely restating the same numbers already shown.

Figure 1: Intention to donate to environmental organisations based on social distance from impact of environmental damage.

In qualitative research , your results might not all be directly related to specific hypotheses. In this case, you can structure your results section around key themes or topics that emerged from your analysis of the data.

For each theme, start with general observations about what the data showed. You can mention:

• Recurring points of agreement or disagreement
• Patterns and trends
• Particularly significant snippets from individual responses

Next, clarify and support these points with direct quotations. Be sure to report any relevant demographic information about participants. Further information (such as full transcripts , if appropriate) can be included in an appendix .

‘I think that in role-playing games, there’s more attention to character design, to world design, because the whole story is important and more attention is paid to certain game elements […] so that perhaps you do need bigger teams of creative experts than in an average shooter or something.’

Responses suggest that video game consumers consider some types of games to have more artistic potential than others.

Your results section should objectively report your findings, presenting only brief observations in relation to each question, hypothesis, or theme.

It should not  speculate about the meaning of the results or attempt to answer your main research question . Detailed interpretation of your results is more suitable for your discussion section , while synthesis of your results into an overall answer to your main research question is best left for your conclusion .

I have completed my data collection and analyzed the results.

I have included all results that are relevant to my research questions.

I have concisely and objectively reported each result, including relevant descriptive statistics and inferential statistics .

I have stated whether each hypothesis was supported or refuted.

I have used tables and figures to illustrate my results where appropriate.

All tables and figures are correctly labelled and referred to in the text.

There is no subjective interpretation or speculation on the meaning of the results.

You've finished writing up your results! Use the other checklists to further improve your thesis.

The results chapter of a thesis or dissertation presents your research results concisely and objectively.

In quantitative research , for each question or hypothesis , state:

• The type of analysis used
• Relevant results in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics
• Whether or not the alternative hypothesis was supported

In qualitative research , for each question or theme, describe:

• Recurring patterns
• Significant or representative individual responses
• Relevant quotations from the data

Don’t interpret or speculate in the results chapter.

Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions.

The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.

In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.

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How To Write The Results/Findings Chapter

For qualitative studies (dissertations & theses).

By: Jenna Crossley (PhD Cand). Expert Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | August 2021

So, you’ve collected and analysed your qualitative data, and it’s time to write up your results chapter – exciting! But where do you start? In this post, we’ll guide you through the qualitative results chapter (also called the findings chapter), step by step.  

Overview: Qualitative Results Chapter

• What (exactly) the qualitative results chapter is
• What to include in your results chapter
• How to write up your results chapter
• A few tips and tricks to help you along the way

What exactly is the results chapter?

The results chapter in a dissertation or thesis (or any formal academic research piece) is where you objectively and neutrally present the findings of your qualitative analysis (or analyses if you used multiple qualitative analysis methods ). This chapter can sometimes be combined with the discussion chapter (where you interpret the data and discuss its meaning), depending on your university’s preference.  We’ll treat the two chapters as separate, as that’s the most common approach.

In contrast to a quantitative results chapter that presents numbers and statistics, a qualitative results chapter presents data primarily in the form of words . But this doesn’t mean that a qualitative study can’t have quantitative elements – you could, for example, present the number of times a theme or topic pops up in your data, depending on the analysis method(s) you adopt.

Adding a quantitative element to your study can add some rigour, which strengthens your results by providing more evidence for your claims. This is particularly common when using qualitative content analysis. Keep in mind though that qualitative research aims to achieve depth, richness and identify nuances , so don’t get tunnel vision by focusing on the numbers. They’re just cream on top in a qualitative analysis.

So, to recap, the results chapter is where you objectively present the findings of your analysis, without interpreting them (you’ll save that for the discussion chapter). With that out the way, let’s take a look at what you should include in your results chapter.

What should you include in the results chapter?

As we’ve mentioned, your qualitative results chapter should purely present and describe your results , not interpret them in relation to the existing literature or your research questions . Any speculations or discussion about the implications of your findings should be reserved for your discussion chapter.

In your results chapter, you’ll want to talk about your analysis findings and whether or not they support your hypotheses (if you have any). Naturally, the exact contents of your results chapter will depend on which qualitative analysis method (or methods) you use. For example, if you were to use thematic analysis, you’d detail the themes identified in your analysis, using extracts from the transcripts or text to support your claims.

While you do need to present your analysis findings in some detail, you should avoid dumping large amounts of raw data in this chapter. Instead, focus on presenting the key findings and using a handful of select quotes or text extracts to support each finding . The reams of data and analysis can be relegated to your appendices.

While it’s tempting to include every last detail you found in your qualitative analysis, it is important to make sure that you report only that which is relevant to your research aims, objectives and research questions .  Always keep these three components, as well as your hypotheses (if you have any) front of mind when writing the chapter and use them as a filter to decide what’s relevant and what’s not.

Need a helping hand?

How do I write the results chapter?

Now that we’ve covered the basics, it’s time to look at how to structure your chapter. Broadly speaking, the results chapter needs to contain three core components – the introduction, the body and the concluding summary. Let’s take a look at each of these.

Section 1: Introduction

The first step is to craft a brief introduction to the chapter. This intro is vital as it provides some context for your findings. In your introduction, you should begin by reiterating your problem statement and research questions and highlight the purpose of your research . Make sure that you spell this out for the reader so that the rest of your chapter is well contextualised.

The next step is to briefly outline the structure of your results chapter. In other words, explain what’s included in the chapter and what the reader can expect. In the results chapter, you want to tell a story that is coherent, flows logically, and is easy to follow , so make sure that you plan your structure out well and convey that structure (at a high level), so that your reader is well oriented.

The introduction section shouldn’t be lengthy. Two or three short paragraphs should be more than adequate. It is merely an introduction and overview, not a summary of the chapter.

Pro Tip – To help you structure your chapter, it can be useful to set up an initial draft with (sub)section headings so that you’re able to easily (re)arrange parts of your chapter. This will also help your reader to follow your results and give your chapter some coherence.  Be sure to use level-based heading styles (e.g. Heading 1, 2, 3 styles) to help the reader differentiate between levels visually. You can find these options in Word (example below).

Section 2: Body

Before we get started on what to include in the body of your chapter, it’s vital to remember that a results section should be completely objective and descriptive, not interpretive . So, be careful not to use words such as, “suggests” or “implies”, as these usually accompany some form of interpretation – that’s reserved for your discussion chapter.

The structure of your body section is very important , so make sure that you plan it out well. When planning out your qualitative results chapter, create sections and subsections so that you can maintain the flow of the story you’re trying to tell. Be sure to systematically and consistently describe each portion of results. Try to adopt a standardised structure for each portion so that you achieve a high level of consistency throughout the chapter.

For qualitative studies, results chapters tend to be structured according to themes , which makes it easier for readers to follow. However, keep in mind that not all results chapters have to be structured in this manner. For example, if you’re conducting a longitudinal study, you may want to structure your chapter chronologically. Similarly, you might structure this chapter based on your theoretical framework . The exact structure of your chapter will depend on the nature of your study , especially your research questions.

As you work through the body of your chapter, make sure that you use quotes to substantiate every one of your claims . You can present these quotes in italics to differentiate them from your own words. A general rule of thumb is to use at least two pieces of evidence per claim, and these should be linked directly to your data. Also, remember that you need to include all relevant results , not just the ones that support your assumptions or initial leanings.

In addition to including quotes, you can also link your claims to the data by using appendices , which you should reference throughout your text. When you reference, make sure that you include both the name/number of the appendix , as well as the line(s) from which you drew your data.

As referencing styles can vary greatly, be sure to look up the appendix referencing conventions of your university’s prescribed style (e.g. APA , Harvard, etc) and keep this consistent throughout your chapter.

Section 3: Concluding summary

The concluding summary is very important because it summarises your key findings and lays the foundation for the discussion chapter . Keep in mind that some readers may skip directly to this section (from the introduction section), so make sure that it can be read and understood well in isolation.

In this section, you need to remind the reader of the key findings. That is, the results that directly relate to your research questions and that you will build upon in your discussion chapter. Remember, your reader has digested a lot of information in this chapter, so you need to use this section to remind them of the most important takeaways.

Importantly, the concluding summary should not present any new information and should only describe what you’ve already presented in your chapter. Keep it concise – you’re not summarising the whole chapter, just the essentials.

Tips and tricks for an A-grade results chapter

Now that you’ve got a clear picture of what the qualitative results chapter is all about, here are some quick tips and reminders to help you craft a high-quality chapter:

• Your results chapter should be written in the past tense . You’ve done the work already, so you want to tell the reader what you found , not what you are currently finding .
• Make sure that you review your work multiple times and check that every claim is adequately backed up by evidence . Aim for at least two examples per claim, and make use of an appendix to reference these.
• When writing up your results, make sure that you stick to only what is relevant . Don’t waste time on data that are not relevant to your research objectives and research questions.
• Use headings and subheadings to create an intuitive, easy to follow piece of writing. Make use of Microsoft Word’s “heading styles” and be sure to use them consistently.
• When referring to numerical data, tables and figures can provide a useful visual aid. When using these, make sure that they can be read and understood independent of your body text (i.e. that they can stand-alone). To this end, use clear, concise labels for each of your tables or figures and make use of colours to code indicate differences or hierarchy.
• Similarly, when you’re writing up your chapter, it can be useful to highlight topics and themes in different colours . This can help you to differentiate between your data if you get a bit overwhelmed and will also help you to ensure that your results flow logically and coherently.

If you have any questions, leave a comment below and we’ll do our best to help. If you’d like 1-on-1 help with your results chapter (or any chapter of your dissertation or thesis), check out our private dissertation coaching service here or book a free initial consultation to discuss how we can help you.

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20 Comments

This was extremely helpful. Thanks a lot guys

Hi, thanks for the great research support platform created by the gradcoach team!

I wanted to ask- While “suggests” or “implies” are interpretive terms, what terms could we use for the results chapter? Could you share some examples of descriptive terms?

I think that instead of saying, ‘The data suggested, or The data implied,’ you can say, ‘The Data showed or revealed, or illustrated or outlined’…If interview data, you may say Jane Doe illuminated or elaborated, or Jane Doe described… or Jane Doe expressed or stated.

I found this article very useful. Thank you very much for the outstanding work you are doing.

What if i have 3 different interviewees answering the same interview questions? Should i then present the results in form of the table with the division on the 3 perspectives or rather give a results in form of the text and highlight who said what?

I think this tabular representation of results is a great idea. I am doing it too along with the text. Thanks

That was helpful was struggling to separate the discussion from the findings

this was very useful, Thank you.

Very helpful, I am confident to write my results chapter now.

It is so helpful! It is a good job. Thank you very much!

Very useful, well explained. Many thanks.

Hello, I appreciate the way you provided a supportive comments about qualitative results presenting tips

I loved this! It explains everything needed, and it has helped me better organize my thoughts. What words should I not use while writing my results section, other than subjective ones.

Thanks a lot, it is really helpful

Thank you so much dear, i really appropriate your nice explanations about this.

Thank you so much for this! I was wondering if anyone could help with how to prproperly integrate quotations (Excerpts) from interviews in the finding chapter in a qualitative research. Please GradCoach, address this issue and provide examples.

what if I’m not doing any interviews myself and all the information is coming from case studies that have already done the research.

Very helpful thank you.

This was very helpful as I was wondering how to structure this part of my dissertation, to include the quotes… Thanks for this explanation

This is very helpful, thanks! I am required to write up my results chapters with the discussion in each of them – any tips and tricks for this strategy?

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• Q&A: Claire Walsh on how J-PAL’s King Climate Action Initiative tackles the twin climate and poverty crises

Q&A: Claire Walsh on how J-PAL’s King Climate Action Initiative tackles the twin climate and poverty crises

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The King Climate Action Initiative ( K-CAI ) is the flagship climate change program of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), which innovates, tests, and scales solutions at the nexus of climate change and poverty alleviation, together with policy partners worldwide.

Claire Walsh is the associate director of policy at J-PAL Global at MIT. She is also the project director of K-CAI. Here, Walsh talks about the work of K-CAI since its launch in 2020, and describes the ways its projects are making a difference. This is part of an ongoing series exploring how the MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences is addressing the climate crisis.

Q: According to the King Climate Action Initiative (K-CAI), any attempt to address poverty effectively must also simultaneously address climate change. Why is that?

A: Climate change will disproportionately harm people in poverty, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, because they tend to live in places that are more exposed to climate risk. These are nations in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia where low-income communities rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods, so extreme weather — heat, droughts, and flooding — can be devastating for people’s jobs and food security. In fact, the World Bank estimates that up to 130 million more people may be pushed into poverty by climate change by 2030.

This is unjust because these countries have historically emitted the least; their people didn’t cause the climate crisis. At the same time, they are trying to improve their economies and improve people’s welfare, so their energy demands are increasing, and they are emitting more. But they don’t have the same resources as wealthy nations for mitigation or adaptation, and many developing countries understandably don’t feel eager to put solving a problem they didn’t create at the top of their priority list. This makes finding paths forward to cutting emissions on a global scale politically challenging.

For these reasons, the problems of enhancing the well-being of people experiencing poverty, addressing inequality, and reducing pollution and greenhouse gases are inextricably linked.

Q: So how does K-CAI tackle this hybrid challenge?

A: Our initiative is pretty unique. We are a competitive, policy-based research and development fund that focuses on innovating, testing, and scaling solutions. We support researchers from MIT and other universities, and their collaborators, who are actually implementing programs, whether NGOs [nongovernmental organizations], government, or the private sector. We fund pilots of small-scale ideas in a real-world setting to determine if they hold promise, followed by larger randomized, controlled trials of promising solutions in climate change mitigation, adaptation, pollution reduction, and energy access. Our goal is to determine, through rigorous research, if these solutions are actually working — for example, in cutting emissions or protecting forests or helping vulnerable communities adapt to climate change. And finally, we offer path-to-scale grants which enable governments and NGOs to expand access to programs that have been tested and have strong evidence of impact.

We think this model is really powerful. Since we launched in 2020, we have built a portfolio of over 30 randomized evaluations and 13 scaling projects in more than 35 countries. And to date, these projects have informed the scale ups of evidence-based climate policies that have reached over 15 million people.

Q: It seems like K-CAI is advancing a kind of policy science, demanding proof of a program’s capacity to deliver results at each stage.  

A: This is one of the factors that drew me to J-PAL back in 2012. I majored in anthropology and studied abroad in Uganda. From those experiences I became very passionate about pursuing a career focused on poverty reduction. To me, it is unfair that in a world full of so much wealth and so much opportunity there exists so much extreme poverty. I wanted to dedicate my career to that, but I'm also a very detail-oriented nerd who really cares about whether a program that claims to be doing something for people is accomplishing what it claims.

It's been really rewarding to see demand from governments and NGOs for evidence-informed policymaking grow over my 12 years at J-PAL. This policy science approach holds exciting promise to help transform public policy and climate policy in the coming decades.  

Q: Can you point to K-CAI-funded projects that meet this high bar and are now making a significant impact?

A: Several examples jump to mind. In the state of Gujarat, India, pollution regulators are trying to cut particulate matter air pollution, which is devastating to human health. The region is home to many major industries whose emissions negatively affect most of the state’s 70 million residents.

We partnered with state pollution regulators — kind of a regional EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] — to test an emissions trading scheme that is used widely in the U.S. and Europe but not in low- and middle-income countries. The government monitors pollution levels using technology installed at factories that sends data in real time, so the regulator knows exactly what their emissions look like. The regulator sets a cap on the overall level of pollution, allocates permits to pollute, and industries can trade emissions permits.

In 2019, researchers in the J-PAL network conducted the world’s first randomized, controlled trial of this emissions trading scheme and found that it cut pollution by 20 to 30 percent — a surprising reduction. It also reduced firms’ costs, on average, because the costs of compliance went down. The state government was eager to scale up the pilot, and in the past two years, two other cities, including Ahmedabad, the biggest city in the state, have adopted the concept.

We are also supporting a project in Niger, whose economy is hugely dependent on rain-fed agriculture but with climate change is experiencing rapid desertification. Researchers in the J-PAL network have been testing training farmers in a simple, inexpensive rainwater harvesting technique, where farmers dig a half-moon-shaped hole called a demi-lune right before the rainy season. This demi-lune feeds crops that are grown directly on top of it, and helps return land that resembled flat desert to arable production.

Researchers found that training farmers in this simple technology increased adoption from 4 percent to 94 percent and that demi-lunes increased agricultural output and revenue for farmers from the first year. K-CAI is funding a path-to-scale grant so local implementers can teach this technique to over 8,000 farmers and build a more cost-effective program model. If this takes hold, the team will work with local partners to scale the training to other relevant regions of the country and potentially other countries in the Sahel.

One final example that we are really proud of, because we first funded it as a pilot and now it’s in the path to scale phase: We supported a team of researchers working with partners in Bangladesh trying to reduce carbon emissions and other pollution from brick manufacturing, an industry that generates 17 percent of the country’s carbon emissions. The scale of manufacturing is so great that at some times of year, Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh) looks like Mordor.

Workers form these bricks and stack hundreds of thousands of them, which they then fire by burning coal. A team of local researchers and collaborators from our J-PAL network found that you can reduce the amount of coal needed for the kilns by making some low-cost changes to the manufacturing process, including stacking the bricks in a way that increases airflow in the kiln and feeding the coal fires more frequently in smaller rather than larger batches.

In the randomized, controlled trial K-CAI supported, researchers found that this cut carbon and pollution emissions significantly, and now the government has invited the team to train 1,000 brick manufacturers in Dhaka in these techniques.

Q: These are all fascinating and powerful instances of implementing ideas that address a range of problems in different parts of the world. But can K-CAI go big enough and fast enough to take a real bite out of the twin poverty and climate crisis?

A: We're not trying to find silver bullets. We are trying to build a large playbook of real solutions that work to solve specific problems in specific contexts. As you build those up in the hundreds, you have a deep bench of effective approaches to solve problems that can add up in a meaningful way. And because J-PAL works with governments and NGOs that have the capacity to take the research into action, since 2003, over 600 million people around the world have been reached by policies and programs that are informed by evidence that J-PAL-affiliated researchers produced. While global challenges seem daunting, J-PAL has shown that in 20 years we can achieve a great deal, and there is huge potential for future impact.

But unfortunately, globally, there is an underinvestment in policy innovation to combat climate change that may generate quicker, lower-cost returns at a large scale — especially in policies that determine which technologies get adopted or commercialized. For example, a lot of the huge fall in prices of renewable energy was enabled by early European government investments in solar and wind, and then continuing support for innovation in renewable energy.

That’s why I think social sciences have so much to offer in the fight against climate change and poverty; we are working where technology meets policy and where technology meets real people, which often determines their success or failure. The world should be investing in policy, economic, and social innovation just as much as it is investing in technological innovation.

Q: Do you need to be an optimist in your job?

A: I am half-optimist, half-pragmatist. I have no control over the climate change outcome for the world. And regardless of whether we can successfully avoid most of the potential damages of climate change, when I look back, I'm going to ask myself, “Did I fight or not?” The only choice I have is whether or not I fought, and I want to be a fighter.

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The Comprehensive Guide to Moscow Nightlife

• Posted on April 14, 2018 July 26, 2018
• by Kings of Russia
• 8 minute read

Moscow’s nightlife scene is thriving, and arguably one of the best the world has to offer – top-notch Russian women, coupled with a never-ending list of venues, Moscow has a little bit of something for everyone’s taste. Moscow nightlife is not for the faint of heart – and if you’re coming, you better be ready to go Friday and Saturday night into the early morning.

This comprehensive guide to Moscow nightlife will run you through the nuts and bolts of all you need to know about Moscow’s nightclubs and give you a solid blueprint to operate with during your time in Moscow.

What you need to know before hitting Moscow nightclubs

Prices in moscow nightlife.

Before you head out and start gaming all the sexy Moscow girls , we have to talk money first. Bring plenty because in Moscow you can never bring a big enough bankroll. Remember, you’re the man so making a fuzz of not paying a drink here or there will not go down well.

Luckily most Moscow clubs don’t do cover fees. Some electro clubs will charge 15-20$, depending on their lineup. There’s the odd club with a minimum spend of 20-30$, which you’ll drop on drinks easily. By and large, you can scope out the venues for free, which is a big plus.

Bottle service is a great deal in Moscow. At top-tier clubs, it starts at 1,000$. That’ll go a long way with premium vodka at 250$, especially if you have three or four guys chipping in. Not to mention that it’s a massive status boost for getting girls, especially at high-end clubs.

Without bottle service, you should estimate a budget of 100-150$ per night. That is if you drink a lot and hit the top clubs with the hottest girls. Scale down for less alcohol and more basic places.

Dress code & Face control

Door policy in Moscow is called “face control” and it’s always the guy behind the two gorillas that gives the green light if you’re in or out.

In Moscow nightlife there’s only one rule when it comes to dress codes:

You can never be underdressed.

People dress A LOT sharper than, say, in the US and that goes for both sexes. For high-end clubs, you definitely want to roll with a sharp blazer and a pocket square, not to mention dress shoes in tip-top condition. Those are the minimum requirements to level the playing field vis a vis with other sharply dressed guys that have a lot more money than you do. Unless you plan to hit explicit electro or underground clubs, which have their own dress code, you are always on the money with that style.

Getting in a Moscow club isn’t as hard as it seems: dress sharp, speak English at the door and look like you’re in the mood to spend all that money that you supposedly have (even if you don’t). That will open almost any door in Moscow’s nightlife for you.

Types of Moscow Nightclubs

In Moscow there are four types of clubs with the accompanying female clientele:

High-end clubs:

These are often crossovers between restaurants and clubs with lots of tables and very little space to dance. Heavy accent on bottle service most of the time but you can work the room from the bar as well. The hottest and most expensive girls in Moscow go there. Bring deep pockets and lots of self-confidence and you have a shot at swooping them.

Regular Mid-level clubs:

They probably resemble more what you’re used to in a nightclub: big dancefloors, stages and more space to roam around. Bottle service will make you stand out more but you can also do well without. You can find all types of girls but most will be in the 6-8 range. Your targets should always be the girls drinking and ideally in pairs. It’s impossible not to swoop if your game is at least half-decent.

Basic clubs/dive bars:

Usually spots with very cheap booze and lax face control. If you’re dressed too sharp and speak no Russian, you might attract the wrong type of attention so be vigilant. If you know the local scene you can swoop 6s and 7s almost at will. Usually students and girls from the suburbs.

Electro/underground clubs:

Home of the hipsters and creatives. Parties there don’t mean meeting girls and getting drunk but doing pills and spacing out to the music. Lots of attractive hipster girls if that is your niche. That is its own scene with a different dress code as well.

What time to go out in Moscow

Moscow nightlife starts late. Don’t show up at bars and preparty spots before 11pm because you’ll feel fairly alone. Peak time is between 1am and 3am. That is also the time of Moscow nightlife’s biggest nuisance: concerts by artists you won’t know and who only distract your girls from drinking and being gamed. From 4am to 6am the regular clubs are emptying out but plenty of people, women included, still hit up one of the many afterparty clubs. Those last till well past 10am.

As far as days go: Fridays and Saturdays are peak days. Thursday is an OK day, all other days are fairly weak and you have to know the right venues.

The Ultimate Moscow Nightclub List

Short disclaimer: I didn’t add basic and electro clubs since you’re coming for the girls, not for the music. This list will give you more options than you’ll be able to handle on a weekend.

Preparty – start here at 11PM

Classic restaurant club with lots of tables and a smallish bar and dancefloor. Come here between 11pm and 12am when the concert is over and they start with the actual party. Even early in the night tons of sexy women here, who lean slightly older (25 and up).

The second floor of the Ugolek restaurant is an extra bar with dim lights and house music tunes. Very small and cozy with a slight hipster vibe but generally draws plenty of attractive women too. A bit slower vibe than Valenok.

Very cool, spread-out venue that has a modern library theme. Not always full with people but when it is, it’s brimming with top-tier women. Slow vibe here and better for grabbing contacts and moving on.

High-end: err on the side of being too early rather than too late because of face control.

Secret Room

Probably the top venue at the moment in Moscow . Very small but wildly popular club, which is crammed with tables but always packed. They do parties on Thursdays and Sundays as well. This club has a hip-hop/high-end theme, meaning most girls are gold diggers, IG models, and tattooed hip hop chicks. Very unfavorable logistics because there is almost no room no move inside the club but the party vibe makes it worth it. Strict face control.

Close to Secret Room and with a much more favorable and spacious three-part layout. This place attracts very hot women but also lots of ball busters and fakes that will leave you blue-balled. Come early because after 4am it starts getting empty fast. Electronic music.

A slightly kitsch restaurant club that plays Russian pop and is full of gold diggers, semi-pros, and men from the Caucasus republics. Thursday is the strongest night but that dynamic might be changing since Secret Room opened its doors. You can swoop here but it will be a struggle.

Mid-level: your sweet spot in terms of ease and attractiveness of girls for an average budget.

Started going downwards in 2018 due to lax face control and this might get even worse with the World Cup. In terms of layout one of the best Moscow nightclubs because it’s very big and bottle service gives you a good edge here. Still attracts lots of cute girls with loose morals but plenty of provincial girls (and guys) as well. Swooping is fairly easy here.

I haven’t been at this place in over a year, ever since it started becoming ground zero for drunken teenagers. Similar clientele to Icon but less chic, younger and drunker. Decent mainstream music that attracts plenty of tourists. Girls are easy here as well.

Sort of a Coyote Ugly (the real one in Moscow sucks) with party music and lots of drunken people licking each others’ faces. Very entertaining with the right amount of alcohol and very easy to pull in there. Don’t think about staying sober in here, you’ll hate it.

Artel Bessonitsa/Shakti Terrace

Electronic music club that is sort of a high-end place with an underground clientele and located between the teenager clubs Icon and Gipsy. Very good music but a bit all over the place with their vibe and their branding. You can swoop almost any type of girl here from high-heeled beauty to coked-up hipsters, provided they’re not too sober.

Afterparty: if by 5AM  you haven’t pulled, it’s time to move here.

Best afterparty spot in terms of trying to get girls. Pretty much no one is sober in there and savage gorilla game goes a long way. Lots of very hot and slutty-looking girls but it can be hard to tell apart who is looking for dick and who is just on drugs but not interested. If by 9-10am you haven’t pulled, it is probably better to surrender.

The hipster alternative for afterparties, where even more drugs are in play. Plenty of attractive girls there but you have to know how to work this type of club. A nicer atmosphere and better music but if you’re desperate to pull, you’ll probably go to Miks.

Weekday jokers: if you’re on the hunt for some sexy Russian girls during the week, here are two tips to make your life easier.

Chesterfield

Ladies night on Wednesdays means this place gets pretty packed with smashed teenagers and 6s and 7s. Don’t pull out the three-piece suit in here because it’s a “simpler” crowd. Definitely your best shot on Wednesdays.

If you haven’t pulled at Chesterfield, you can throw a Hail Mary and hit up Garage’s Black Music Wednesdays. Fills up really late but there are some cute Black Music groupies in here. Very small club. Thursday through Saturday they do afterparties and you have an excellent shot and swooping girls that are probably high.

Shishas Sferum

This is pretty much your only shot on Mondays and Tuesdays because they offer free or almost free drinks for women. A fairly low-class club where you should watch your drinks. As always the case in Moscow, there will be cute girls here on any day of the week but it’s nowhere near as good as on the weekend.

In a nutshell, that is all you need to know about where to meet Moscow girls in nightlife. There are tons of options, and it all depends on what best fits your style, based on the type of girls that you’re looking for.

Related Topics

• moscow girls
• moscow nightlife

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$14.5M gold heist from Toronto airport results in charges for airline employee and 8 other people

TORONTO — Police said nine people are facing charges in what authorities are calling the biggest gold theft in Canadian history from Toronto’s Pearson International airport a year ago.

Peel Regional Police said Wednesday that 6,600 gold bars worth more than 20 million Canadian dollars ($14.5 million), and CA$2.5 million ($1.8 million) in foreign currencies were stolen. The gold was melted down and used to purchase illegal firearms, police said.

Those charged include a Air Canada warehouse employee and a former Air Canada manager who gave police a tour of cargo of the facility after the theft. A jewelry store owner is also charged.

“This story is a sensational one and which probably, we jokingly say, belongs in a Netflix series,” Peel Regional Chief Nishan Duraiappah said.

Peel Reginal Detective Sgt. Mike Mavity said the gold bars, weighing 419 kilograms (923 pounds), and foreign currency, ordered from a refinery in Zurich, Switzerland, were transported in the haul of a Air Canada flight on April 17 last year.

He said that late afternoon a truck driver arrived at the airline’s cargo warehouse with a fraudulent bill that was provided to a airline warehouse attendant.

Mavity said a bill for seafood that was picked up the day before was used to pick up the gold. The duplicate bill was printed off at the Air Canada warehouse, he said.

“They needed people within Air Canada to facilitate this theft,” Mavity said in front of the truck police say was used in the theft.

Mavity said police are searching for the Air Canada manager who gave police a tour of the facility in the days after the theft. He said that manager left his job last summer and said they have an idea of where he is.

Mavity said some of the suspects were known to police and some were not. He said they seized six crudely made bracelets made of gold.

“I don’t think I ever imagined they would have to deal with the largest gold heist in Canadian history,” said Patrick Brown, the mayor of Brampton, Ontario. “It’s almost out of an ‘Ocean’s Eleven’ movie or CSI.”

Air Canada employee Parmpal Sidhu, 54, from Brampton, Ontario, jewelry store owner Ali Raza, 37, from Toronto, Amit Jalota, 40, a Oakville, Ontario resident, Ammad Chaudhary, 43, from Georgetown, Ontario and Prasath Paramalingam, 35, from Brampton are among those that have been arrested. Mavity said they have been released on bail conditions and will be in court at a later date.

Mavity said the truck driver that allegedly picked up the gold, Durante King-Mclean, a 25-year-old from Brampton, is currently in custody in the U.S. on firearms and trafficking related charges.

Police are searching for former Air Canada manager Simran Preet Panesar, 31, from Brampton as well as Archit Grover, 36, from Brampton and Arsalan Chaudhary, 42, from Mississauga Ontario.

Peel Regional Deputy Chief Nick Milinovich said only CA$90,000 ($65,00) of the more than CA$20 million has been recovered.

U.S. ATF Special Agent, Eric DeGree, said King-Mclean, was arrested in Pennsylvania after a traffic stop and that led to the seizure of 65 illegal firearms that were allegedly destined to be smuggled into Canada. DeGree said he tried to flee after police discovered the firearms in his rental car.

Brinks, an American cash handling company, arrived at the airport cargo facility the night of April 17 to pick up the gold and were told the gold and currency was missing after a search.

Brinks sued Air Canada over the theft last year. According to the company’s filing last year, a thief walked away with the costly cargo after presenting a fake document at an Air Canada warehouse on April 17.

In a Nov. 8 statement of defense, Air Canada rejected “each and every allegation” in the Brink’s lawsuit, saying it fulfilled its carriage contracts and denying any improper or “careless” conduct.

The country’s largest airline also said Brink’s failed to note the value of the haul on the waybill — a document typically issued by a carrier with details of the shipment — and that if Brink’s did suffer losses, a multilateral treaty known as the Montreal Convention would cap Air Canada’s liability.

In Federal Court filings that claim breach of contract and millions of dollars in damages, Brinks said an “unidentified individual” gained access to the airline’s cargo warehouse and presented a “fraudulent” waybill shortly after an Air Canada flight from Zurich landed at Pearson.

The statement of the claim says the staff then handed over 400 kilograms of gold in the form of 24 bars plus nearly $2 million in cash to the thief, who promptly “absconded with the cargo.”

DeGree said dozens of firearms authorities were seized, including two fully automatic weapons and five guns that were untraceable.

“I’m proud to say that we successfully put an international gun trafficking operation out of business. We kept 65 firearms off the streets of Canada and prevented them from being used in any number of crimes,” DeGree said.

Mavity said that “we believe they melted down the gold and with the profits they got from the gold they used to purchase illegal firearms.”

The Associated Press

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Oilers vs. Kings: Schedule, TV channels, times, results

For the third year in a row, the oilers and kings will meet in the first round..

For the third year in a row, the Edmonton Oilers will meet the Los Angeles Kings in the first round of the Stanley Cup Playoffs. Edmonton won the last two matchups, so Los Angeles has to be hoping the third time's the charm.

Through the first month or two of the 2023-24 season, the Oilers looked like one of the worst teams in the NHL . That prompted them to make a coaching change, replacing Jay Woodcroft with Kris Knoblauch, and they haven't looked back. Shortly after that, Edmonton rattled off 16 straight wins, and all the stars rounded into form. Connor McDavid and Leon Draisaitl remain the best one-two punch in the league. Zach Hyman hit the 50-goal mark for the first time in his career. Mattias Ekholm and Evan Bouchard lead a solid blue line. As long as Stuart Skinner can make key saves at key times, this Oilers team is looking at a possible Stanley Cup run.

In order for the Oilers to lift the greatest trophy in sports, they will have to get past the revenge-focused Kings first. In 2022, Edmonton defeated Los Angeles in seven games. Last season, it only took six games. Can the Kings turn the tide with their incredibly stingy defensive structure? They'll have to in order to slow down the likes of McDavid and Draisaitl. If L.A. does find itself behind in a game or two, can Kevin Fiala or Adrian Kempe deliver enough offense to keep up with the high-powered Oilers? We're about to find out.

With the Oilers and Kings running it back a third time, the complete first-round series schedule can be found below.

Full Oilers vs. Kings schedule

Game 1: Monday, April 22 | 10 p.m. | at EDM | ESPN2 Game 2: Wednesday, April 24 | 10 p.m. | at EDM | TBS Game 3: Friday, April 26 | 10:30 p.m. | at LA | TBS Game 4: Sunday, April 28 | 10:30 p.m. | at LA | TBS, truTV *Game 5: Wednesday, May 1 | TBD | at EDM | TBD *Game 6: Friday, May 3 | TBD | at LA | TBD *Game 7: Sunday, May 5 | TBD | at EDM | TBD

*if necessary

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