case study report b ed

Be Your Own Master

B.Ed Internship Final Report Writing (Part-I)

1. Introduction- Internship Program

In  the  recent  years  all  over  India  there  has  been  a  drastic change in  B.Ed. course. The switch over to one year course to two year B.Ed. course is quite interesting and challenging task. Any teacher education course seeks to train teacher having requisite teaching skills. Practicum  approach adopted in the  modern teacher education course is  to  place  a  student  teacher  in  a  classroom  situation  under  the  supervision  of  a qualified teacher. The concept of Internship introduced in the two year B.Ed. course throughout  the country  is quite  challenging  one  for  all  the  teacher  education institutions. The aim of internship program is to incorporate teaching skills among the student teachers. Internship  program  is  an  effective  way  to  give  training  to  the student-teachers  about  real  world  of  work.  It  give  them  an  opportunity  to  integrate theory  and  practice,  plan  and  deliver  lessons  properly,  critically  analyse  their  own and  peers  teaching  styles  and  improve  them  in  the  light  of  feedback  given  by supervisors.  Through  this  program  they  understand  the  role  and  responsibilities  of professional  teachers.  Internship program also give them opportunity to understand different aspects of school program and improve their skills and abilities in teaching profession.  An effective and improved internship program is required in developing student-teachers personalities as true professionals in field of education.

2. Significance of Internship Program

The  internship program  is  an  educational  experience  combining daily  experiences in the classroom setting, time allocated to work on assignments and exam preparation, and time  spent  coaching  extracurricular  activities. Student-teacher interns follow the calendar of a school and work in partnership with members of the teaching staff. A carefully planned internship program should fulfil the following aspects.

* Develop professional skills and attitudes

* Offers fruitful exposure on the job

* Understanding the nature of working climate and status

* Securing purposeful relationships with the existing human resources. 

3. About the School

Name of the School- Govt. Girls H.S. & M.P. School

Address- Ward No 6, Sonitpur, Assam, 784001

Cluster – Padumpukhuri

Block – Gabharu

School Type – Girls only

School Category – Upper Primary with Secondary & Higher Secondary.

School Management – Department of Education

Medium of Instruction – Assamese

Co-ordinates – 26°37’30″N   92°47’30″E

Boundaries – Kekorapool in the North, Hatipilkhana in the South, Masjid Road in the East and New Amolapatty Road in the West.

            Situated in the Northern bank of the mighty Brahmaputra is Tezpur Govt. Girls H.S. & M.P. School. During the time when female education was neglected, fighting against all odds, the Tezpur Govt. Girls H.S. & M.P. School was established in the year 1932. Its founder principal was Late Jogeswar Baruah. The present principal of the school is Mrs. Bharati Das. The school has classes from VI to Class-XII i.e. Upper Primary to Higher Secondary. The medium of instruction of the school is Assamese.

4. Short Description of the School

4.1. school building-.

a.      The school has four buildings which has been constructed separately and separate laboratories for the science stream which is located across the road. The school building have been named as Jyoti Bhawan, Bishnu Bhawan, Phani Bhawan and Padmanath Bhawan. The school has fine architecture having two storeys. The rooms are well ventilated and well furnished.

4.2. Classroom-

a.      In this school, there are sufficient numbers of rooms for different purposes. Among these rooms 23 are used for classroom purposes. Moreover one of the room is Principal’s room, one is a Vice-Principal’s room cum Examination room, two of them used as a staffroom (one for high school teachers and the other for the higher secondary school teachers), one is used as an office room, one is computer room, one music room, one dance room, one kitchen room one is used as store room, one is used as Girl’s common room, another is used as library and across the road three rooms are there for laboratories.

In the school, each classroom has minimum 15 pairs of desk-benches and one pair of table-chair for the teacher. Each classroom ha one blackboard and additional facility of using other teaching aids along with electricity facility.

4.3. Toilets-

This school has all the required facilities which are to be fulfilled in terms of toilet and sanitation as per the rules of RMSA. Total number of 26 (20 for students, 3 for female staff and 3 for the male staff) with running water and proper drainage facilities. The school; also has a sanitary pad vending machine. 

4.4. Drinking Water-

a.      – There is a provision of proper drinking water facility in the school. There is an RO installed in the school. The pipes are connected with the kitchen.

4.5. Computer Lab-

The school provides computer aided learning with 10 computers in the computer laboratory.

4.6. Laboratories-

a.      – There are 4 rooms for laboratory in school with necessary stocks both consumable and non-consumable. The whole stock of the school is entered in the register called stock register which updated at regular intervals.

4.7. Library-

This school is also having a very good library with librarian Mr. Ajit Saikia. This library has got around 700+ books belonging to different categories such as subject reference books, extra reference books, periodicals and journals

4.8. School Staff-

a.      The total number of teachers of the school is 49 including Principal and 2 contractual teachers. Out of which 38 are female and 11 are male. The numbers of non-teaching staff is 4.

4.9. Mid-Day-Meal (MDM)-

a.      The in-charge of the MDM scheme of the school is Mrs. Krishna Baruah, Mr. Rupam Borah and Mrs. Nasifa Alom. Under this scheme all students of class VI to VIII get one meal per day (5 days/week) for the betterment of their health in the break time. The school has appointed two cook-cum-helpers for the MDM scheme.

4.10. School Enrolment-

        The total enrolment of the school is 616 as on 24 th January, 2020. Out of which 429 students are in the high school. The enrolment details of the high school are—

5. Observation of Supervision and Monitoring System of the School

5.1. prayer and assembly-.

In any good school, morning assemblies are a must thing to begin the day with. Every day, all students assemble at the assembly hall or a ground and begin the day with a prayer. General news reading and instructions are followed passed the prayer. Sometimes, students even make a speech on the important topics and then the principal taken over the charge of the assembly meeting.

5.1.1 Purpose of Assembly in School

·       To develop a feeling of unity among all the students and teachers.

·       To inform the students about daily activities and programs more clearly.

·       To develop in students about the sense of identity in the school.

·       To motivate the students with appreciation rewards on performing well in the academics and co-curricular activities.

5.1.2 Objectives

* To observe how morning assembly is organised.

* To observe the activities that takes place in morning assembly.

5.1.3 Observation

·     The morning assembly at Tezpur Govt. Girls’ H.S. & M.P. School starts at 9 O’clock in the morning.

·       The students and the teachers gather for the assembly and conduct the assembly in a disciplined way. The students of each class stand in a systematic way, i.e. they arrange themselves in rows corresponding to each class.

·     The school assembly starts with exercise of different sorts to buckle up the students for a long busy day.

·     After 2-3 minutes of exercise, the students sing the Morning Prayer. It was noticed that on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday they sing “Tumi Sitto Bitti Muro” and on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays they sing the bhajan “Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram”.

·      Later, the students also involve in Oath taking saying aloud in union with the promise for doing their duty with full devotion. Any information to be given by the school authority, Principal is given after the Oath of the students.

·       The assembly ends with the Jatiya Sangeet “O Mur Apunar Desh”. After that the students of the Student Union Body guide the other students to their respective classes in discipline.

5.1.4 Reflection

The functioning of the school begins with the morning assembly. So it is very important and inseparable part of the school system. It was observed that the morning assembly in Tezpur Govt. Girls’ H.S. & M.P. School was quite impressive and the students’ involvement was quite satisfactory. There were various activities conducted during the assembly. So one thing that is to keep in mind is that the duration of the school assembly should not be prolonged to an extent which might hamper the regular classes of the school. Besides this, the participation of the teachers would make the morning assembly even more interesting ad fruitful.

5.2. School Management and Development Committee (SMDC)/PTA/Staff Meeting

The Rashtriya Madhyamik Siksha Abhiyan (RMSA) framework provides that every secondary school will constitute a School Management and development Committee (SMDC) at the school level. This committee is framed in order to involve the active participation of the community which ensures transparency, accountability and to help in leveraging the cumulative knowledge of the community for the better functioning of the schools. This committee is responsible for all the activities including planning, collection of data under Secondary Education management Information System (SEMIS), implementation, monitoring, evaluation, making annual plans, etc.

As per the framework, SMDCs should include representatives for local authorities, academicians, subject experts, official, and representatives of disadvantaged groups, women and parents/guardians of students. The ultimate aim of this committee is to ensure wide participation of all stakeholders in the management of schools.

            The meeting of SMDC is held minimum once in every three months. The records are to be updated on regular basis and placed before the committee in every morning.

5.2.1 Composition of SMDC

The SMDC committee at the school composes of the following members:-

5.2.2 Sub-committee of SMDC

The SMDC are to be assisted in their work by other two committees:

A. The School Building Committee

It is responsible for planning, estimation, management, monitoring, supervision, reporting and maintenance of accounts relating to construction, renovation, repairing and maintenance and other related civil works. The composition of School Building Committee are as follows:

B. The Academic Committee

1.      – It is responsible for all the academic activities including planning, management, monitoring, supervision, reporting and collection of data for UDISE. It is also responsible for ensuring quality improvement, equity, reducing barriers like socio-economic, gender and disability, teachers and student’s attendance, recommending teachers for training and guidance and counselling, student’s achievements, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities and overall academic and personality development of students and teachers. The composition of the Academic Committee is as follows-

B.1. Role and Responsibilities of SMDC

SMDCs are expected to take necessary steps for overall growth and development of the school leading to conductive educational environments for academic excellence. The role and responsibilities envisaged for the SMDCs are-

·       The SMDC will be responsible for all activities including planning, collection of data, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and taking remedial actions on all the interventions of the schemes- infrastructural as well as academic and others at the school level.

·       The SMDC shall prepare a school level Perspective Plan as Annual Plan.

·       The SMDC through various stakeholders should undertake extensive community mobilisation to overcome the barriers in children belonging to SC, ST, OBC, educationally backward minorities at secondary and higher secondary level.

·       SMDC shall conduct civil works including repair and maintenance for improvement of school facilities in accordance with laid down rules and procedures.

B.2 Analysis of PTA and Staff Meeting

The parent-teacher meeting in the school is conducted twice annually to make the parents aware of their ward’s academic as well as non-academic progress. It was observed that PTA in the school was conducted after the declaration of HSLC and HSSLC examination results.

            In all educational institutions, a staff meeting has to be conducted at the end of each month to discuss, plan and asses teachers’ work during the entire month as well as plan for the next month. In this school, staff meeting was conducted after our internship period was over.

B.3 Reflection

Community mobilisation and close involvement of community members in implementation of secondary education is extremely critical as it fosters “bottom up approach” not only in effective planning and implementation if interventions in the school but also is effective monitoring, evaluation and ownership of the govt. programmes by the community.

6. The Time-table Preparation

School timetables are extremely important for a variety of reasons. They ensure that no teacher is scheduled for too many back-to-back classes or for two classes at the same time. Teachers are given the opportunity to modify lesson plans during preparation periods and collaborate with their colleagues. The timetable allows students to know exactly when a specific subject is scheduled. A well-constructed timetable establishes a natural rhythm and routine, which can be comforting to teachers and students.

6.1 Curriculum Organisation-

·       A School timetable with mandated period lengths and specific subjects for each period helps administrators allocate sufficient resources to the most important curriculum areas. Curriculum should be organized so that the most important subjects are at optimal times of the day. For example, if an administrator believes that the morning is the best time to schedule English language arts courses, then reading and writing should almost always be scheduled before lunch.

6.2 Student Organisation-

The school timetable allows students to know the exact time and duration of each class period. Without a school timetable, students would have no idea how to prepare for the day, how much transit time they have before they are late for class, and who their teachers are.

6.3 Reducing Confusion-

A smartly designed master school schedule reduces confusion for teachers,allows them to set their routines and creates comfort during the first two weeks of school, when classroom management is critical. Teachers and administrators can also rectify mistakes by using a the master schedule, such as one teacher being placed in two classrooms at the same time, or another teacher not receiving a preparation period during a particular day.

6.4 Routines are Critical-

    The most important reason for creating a school timetable is developing a routine for all students and staff. Just as teachers must develop routines for their students to build a class structure, administrators must use the school timetable to clearly delineate exactly when and where students go to class and when teachers are scheduled to teach. If an administrator creates a poor timetable, which either requires teachers to work several consecutive periods or students to go without an elective, such as art, music or physical education for two or three consecutive days, the management effects trickle down to the teachers and an unsustainable student behaviour situation results. 

6.5 Objectives of Time-table Preparation

·       To examine the school annual calendar and time-table of an elementary class.

·       To make a reflection on school annual calendar and time-table with respect to the principal of its construction.

6.5.1 Analysis of Time-table of Tezpur Govt. Girls' H.S. & M.P. School

The school has an annual calendar designed for all their activities. It includes-

·        The holidays and working days of the entire academic session.

·       The classes of class VI-X and higher secondary are dividing alongside the calendar.

·       The classes for CCA, work experience, health studies and art education are included.

The time-table provided by the school is the master time-table. This gives a complete, correct and comprehensive picture of the entire school programme. It is a consolidated dorm of class, students’ timetables and teachers’ timetables.

6.5.2 Principles followed to prepare the time-table

Time table gives a clear vision and comprehensive picture of school activities i.e., what work is being done during which period, where by whom and when. The following principles have to be kept in mind during preparation of a good time table.

6.5.3 Type of School

        They see firstly whether the school is girls/boys oriented or co-educational, rural, or urban, secondary or senior secondary. We determine the nature of activities involved in the school is to be taken in to consideration while framing the time table.

6.5.4 Amount of Time-table

         Time table is framed keeping in view available time i.e., the length of the school year and total number of holidays

6.5.5 Department Regulations

The state department of education fixes length of the school year, and its       terms i.e., when an academic year starts and when its ends, the duration of the school day and even the number of periods for each subjects

6.5.6 Principles of Justice

          While assigning work, special care has to be taken that.

a). Each teacher is assigned those subjects who he/she feels his/her best qualified to teach

b).  He/she does not teach in more than two departments

c). Teaching load for every teacher is about equal to that of others

6.5.7 Incidents of Fatigue

             The elements of fatigue influence the construction of school time table a number of ways. Children are fatigued at certain periods of certain days. It is not only physical but also physiological in nature. It results in a definite weakening of attention and diminishing interest and effects of learning.

6.5.8 Principles of Variety

           It has been seen experimentally that change of room seat and posture usually is an antidote against weakness. It is applied on both students and teacher’s variety can be introduced in the following manners

       a) No subject expects science practical should be kept far two consecutive periods.

       b) The same class should not set in the same room for the whole day.

       c) The same teacher should not have two consecutive periods in the same class.

       d) If subject is taught only 2/3 time a week, period should follow at intervals.

 e) The physical training periods, science practical and drawing work follow a change

6.5.9 Free Period for Teachers

     We Should provide free periods for teachers so as to increase their efficiency and also to provide time for their correction work.

6.5.10 Principles of Play and Recreation

           Careful attention needs to be given to provide fir rest and recreation and provision for various co-curricular activities should also be made in the time table, to avoid monotony

6.5.11 Electricity

       The time The time table should have a flexibility so as to work the teachers smoothly.

      This  timetable ensures efficient functioning of the school and eliminates wastage of  time and energy. It brings system into school life. The classes in the school  start at 9:00 AM. All the students and teachers gather in the field for the  morning assembly. The classroom activities start from 9:30 AM and continue till  12.15 PM without any break. The first period is for 45 minutes and the  remaining periods are each for 40 minutes. The recess timing is from 12:15 PM  to 1:00 PM and after that the classes resume at 1:00 PM. Finally, the school  gets over at 3:00 PM. 

6.6 Reflection

The timetable of the school should be prepared in a way that is suitable for the students. The timetable should be student-centred. Also, the subjects are generally found to be tough should be allotted in the morning sessions as the students come to class with fresh minds in the morning which might be helpful in understanding better. Moreover, the co-curricular classes should be allotted on Saturdays in place of regular class days.

7. Grievance Redressal System

A grievance Redressal system in school is set up for handling day-to-day grievances relate to students, parents, and staff members. This system facilitates the resolution of grievances in a fair and impartial manner involving the concerned school maintaining necessary confidentiality, as the case may be. Any stakeholder with a genuine grievance may approach Grievance Redressal Cell to submit his/her grievance in writing.

7.1 Objectives

·       To ensure a fair, impartial and consistent mechanism for redressal of varied issues faced by the stakeholders.

·       To uphold the dignity of the school by promoting cordial student-student, student-teacher and teacher-teacher relationship.

·       To ensure that grievance are resolved promptly, objectively and with sensitively and in complete confidentiality.

·       To ensure that each grievant and respondent are respected and that any party to a grievance is neither discriminated against nor victimized.

7.2 Functions

·       The cases will be attended promptly on receipt of written grievances from the students, teachers or any stakeholders.

·       The cell formally will review all cases and will act accordingly as per the management policy.

7.3 Analysis of Grievance Redressal System of the School

The Grievance Redressal System in Tezpur Govt. Girls’ H.S. & M.P. School is under the control of the Principal alone. Any grievance from the student, teacher, parent or any of the stakeholders is redressed by the principal. A suggestion/ complaint box is installed in front of the Principal’s office in which the grievant, who wants to remain anonymous, put in writing their grievances and their suggestions for improving the Academics/ Administration in the school. Thus it is observed that the Grievance Redressal Cell of the school is a one-person committee. A high-power committee including Principal, Vice-Principal and 2-3 senior teachers could be constructed for the better functioning of the cell in the school. This may assure that the grievance has been solved properly in a stipulated time limit.

8. Observation of Student Union Activities

A student union, or association, or another name it may come under, is a student-run group that dedicates its time and resources to give the whole student community of the university, fairness, opportunities and a voice.

They can schedule protests, organise a better library, or even just give you an amazing bar with discount drinks. They are in charge of anything social or organisational of the student body, which means students, and you! If you do have any issues or concerns or want to get involved, they are the place to go. They represent students concerns, views and aspirations, campaigning, and organising activities. The roles are endless.

8.1 Objectives

• Acquire the skills of leadership
• Gain a sense of belonging
• Develop a wide perspective
• Find provisions on campus
• Gather for large events
• Share learning and work together
• See the campus at its best

8.2 Student Union Body of the School

8.3 Observation

This school has a very active student union. The members of the student union are very helpful and are very punctual in their duties. The cultural and sports secretary are seen very active band handle their responsibility very well during the annual sports week. Moreover the girls’ common room secretary is also very active as well. They help in the various activities in the school hours. Various activities from morning assembly to the end of school hours, they are seen punctual and they also have very good leadership capabilities.

9. Role of Tecahers in Orgaisation of CCA

Co-curricular activities refer to all the activities performed by students to enhance their life skills. Wherein curricular activities comprise academic and scholastic activities. 

Co-curricular activities can be performed individually or in groups, inside or outside the classroom depending on the nature of the activity. Psychologists too recommend co-curriculum activities to help kids with all-round development. A balanced set of activities will ensure all-round development for kids at school.

9.1 Importance of Co-curricular Activities

“The Extracurricular activity in which I was most engaged -debating-helped shape my interest in public policy”, enunciated by Joseph Stieglitz, American Economist, and Policymaker. Let us go through the following points to understand the importance of co-curricular activities.

• Improves Communication Skills

Communication skills are extremely important in today’s competitive world. 

Moreover, kids need time to understand how to express themselves, active participation in the debate or extempore speech can help them relinquish their barriers.

• Develops Methodical Time- Management Skills

One needs to learn time allocation and management in their school life itself. 

Balancing scholastic activities with co-curriculum activities will help your kid understand the important principles of work-life balance.

• Inculcates Moral Values and Decision-making ability

Our sense of justice and moral values stem from early childhood. Even though various factors like family background and individual traits play a key role, participation in co-curricular activities helps kids gather their thoughts.

• Teaches Self-motivation

When a kid struggles to learn a new skill in early childhood, he or she experiences failure and feels rejected at times. 

However, they keep trying and learn to motivate themselves. Identification and rectification may sound complex for kids in junior grades but a few kids astonishingly pick up their grades after performing poorly in an examination. 

• Analytical Ability

Participating in the Mathematics Club or Mathematics exhibition is engaging recreational activities for kids. 

These activities include games and mathematical modelling alike which can be fun and challenging at the same time. These activities help children analyse situations on their own. Kids can also solve puzzles and simulations on Cue math to build analytical abilities.

• Develops Patience

Children can be very restless at times and this might create problems during examination. Kids tend to overlook important details associated with questions. 

Comprehension can also be cumbersome for some kids. Mental Math or Math Puzzles help kids comprehend better. In the process of light hearted learning kids tend to develop patience and interest.

9.2 Role and Importance of Co-curricular Activities in School

Proper Education  – Since, co-curricular activities are merged with academics therefore, it ensures that students get to learn effectively. Science or Computer Lab practical, experiments and projects are part of co-curricular activities.

Cultural Values  – Students get to learn by cultural events including national events and traditional events from different faiths including Gandhi Jayanti, Independence Day, Republic Day, as well as Diwali, Eid, Baisaki, Onam, Raksha Bandhan, and many other cultural events. Students get to learn about these events through books as well as co-curricular activities based on different cultures organised by Schools.

Personality Development  – Students perform co-curricular activities in schools, which help them  sharpen their communication skills , expression skills, public speaking, participation and  sense of belongingness  through different activities like debates, recitation. Art and craft, creative art competitions, classroom activities like reading, group discussions etc.

Physical and Mental Health  – Co-curricular activities require students to   stay active at   school by participation since, students have no option to skip these activities as it’s a part of their curriculum. Students have to be a part of co-curricular activities like athletics, gymnastics, yoga, indoor games, and meditation etc. These activities are beneficial for students’   physical fitness as well as   mental health and they are relieved from academic stress.

Learning Experience  – Co-curricular activities are good for improving students learning experience at school which improves their attendance at school and increases participation rate by students in co-curricular activities. Of course, students  get a really  good excuse for a break   from academics.

9.3 Role of Teachers in Co-curricular Activities

The teacher should have to perform multi-dimensional functions in organizing and executing Co-curricular activities. It is also the school, which play pivotal role in conducting co-curricular activities. It is the teacher or the school who finally should take the responsibility how activities should proceed further. The teacher can be a planner, leader, innovator, director, organizer, manager, recorder, advisor, motivator, communicator or coordinator. While executing such activities, the teacher faced lots of difficulties. But he should not discourage and completed the assignment after consultation with seniors and school administrator.

9.4 Role of a Teacher in Organising Co-curricular Activities

1. The teacher must be a good planner so that the different activities could be carried out systematically throughout the year.

2. It should be the duty of the teacher to give more and more opportunity to the child while performing co-curricular activities.

3. The Teacher should act as Innovator by introducing some innovative programmes.

4. The teacher must be a good organizer so that the students experienced maximum of it.

5. He should too act

like as director, recorder, evaluator, manager, decision maker, advisor, motivator, communicator, coordinator, so that the student and child could gained maximum of finer aspects of Co-curricular activities.

9.5 Observation

The co-curricular activities of Tezpur Govt. Girls’ H.S. & M.P. School are systematic and diversified. CCA has been kept as an integral part of the school activities because everyone related to the teaching learning process knows that CCA enhances the overall performance and functioning of the students. The principal has divided different committees for each and every section. For e.g. Committee for looking after morning assembly, committee for maintain hygiene etc. So there are separate committee for looking after Co-curricular Activities. All the teachers do their best in their respective parts. The school organizes school week every year. In school week physical games like Race, Discuss Throw, Kabaddi, Long Jump, and High Jump are played. Literacy activities like debate, quiz competition, recitation etc. held. For maintaining aesthetic sense among students, drawing, painting, fancy dress competitions are held where the students participate with full enthusiasm. The teachers are very much co-operative and they always encourage the students to participate in every event. To increase the memorization capacity of the students memory games are also played. In order to keep the students up to date, quiz competitions are also played. The teachers also thinks about to increase the confidence level of the students so that they prepare their students for science exhibition & competitions. Students’ are encouraged to utilize their leisure time in good purpose by reading books in library where they can find story books, novels etc. To break the monotonous of the students they were also taken to field trip where they break their classroom boredom and refresh minds.

9.6 Annual School Week

Our internship period started with the Annual Sports and Cultural Week which was conducted for 5 days. Various sports events such as Running Race, Kabadi, Musical Chair, badminton etc. Singing competitions of various genres such as Jyoti Sangeet, Rabha Sangeet, Bhupendra Sangeet, Bihu Geet, Folk songs etc.; Art competition, Quiz competition, Extempore Speech, Memory Test, Go-as-you-like competition, Dance Competition, Traditional dress competition etc. are being organised in the school week programme. Students participated in every activity with full energy. The whole school environment was engulfed in zeal, cheerfulness and positivity. The most inspiring and interesting part of the CCA was that whenever the teacher announces any upcoming activities; he/she tried to motivate the students to take part in the competition which made the students curious and excited.

            The school could be made a dynamic or multidimensional affair, if suitable circular and co-curricular activities are organised in a school in which each student participate, contribute his/her maximum and prepare him/her for becoming a good citizen of society.

B.Ed Internship Final Report Writing (Part-II)

• Critical Analysis of Syllabus and Textbook

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Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Assignments

• Annotated Bibliography
• Analyzing a Scholarly Journal Article
• Group Presentations
• Dealing with Nervousness
• Using Visual Aids
• Grading Someone Else's Paper
• Types of Structured Group Activities
• Group Project Survival Skills
• Leading a Class Discussion
• Multiple Book Review Essay
• Reviewing Collected Works
• Writing a Case Analysis Paper
• Writing a Case Study
• About Informed Consent
• Writing Field Notes
• Writing a Policy Memo
• Writing a Reflective Paper
• Writing a Research Proposal
• Generative AI and Writing
• Acknowledgments

A case study research paper examines a person, place, event, condition, phenomenon, or other type of subject of analysis in order to extrapolate  key themes and results that help predict future trends, illuminate previously hidden issues that can be applied to practice, and/or provide a means for understanding an important research problem with greater clarity. A case study research paper usually examines a single subject of analysis, but case study papers can also be designed as a comparative investigation that shows relationships between two or more subjects. The methods used to study a case can rest within a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method investigative paradigm.

Case Studies. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Mills, Albert J. , Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010 ; “What is a Case Study?” In Swanborn, Peter G. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? London: SAGE, 2010.

How to Approach Writing a Case Study Research Paper

General information about how to choose a topic to investigate can be found under the " Choosing a Research Problem " tab in the Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper writing guide. Review this page because it may help you identify a subject of analysis that can be investigated using a case study design.

However, identifying a case to investigate involves more than choosing the research problem . A case study encompasses a problem contextualized around the application of in-depth analysis, interpretation, and discussion, often resulting in specific recommendations for action or for improving existing conditions. As Seawright and Gerring note, practical considerations such as time and access to information can influence case selection, but these issues should not be the sole factors used in describing the methodological justification for identifying a particular case to study. Given this, selecting a case includes considering the following:

• The case represents an unusual or atypical example of a research problem that requires more in-depth analysis? Cases often represent a topic that rests on the fringes of prior investigations because the case may provide new ways of understanding the research problem. For example, if the research problem is to identify strategies to improve policies that support girl's access to secondary education in predominantly Muslim nations, you could consider using Azerbaijan as a case study rather than selecting a more obvious nation in the Middle East. Doing so may reveal important new insights into recommending how governments in other predominantly Muslim nations can formulate policies that support improved access to education for girls.
• The case provides important insight or illuminate a previously hidden problem? In-depth analysis of a case can be based on the hypothesis that the case study will reveal trends or issues that have not been exposed in prior research or will reveal new and important implications for practice. For example, anecdotal evidence may suggest drug use among homeless veterans is related to their patterns of travel throughout the day. Assuming prior studies have not looked at individual travel choices as a way to study access to illicit drug use, a case study that observes a homeless veteran could reveal how issues of personal mobility choices facilitate regular access to illicit drugs. Note that it is important to conduct a thorough literature review to ensure that your assumption about the need to reveal new insights or previously hidden problems is valid and evidence-based.
• The case challenges and offers a counter-point to prevailing assumptions? Over time, research on any given topic can fall into a trap of developing assumptions based on outdated studies that are still applied to new or changing conditions or the idea that something should simply be accepted as "common sense," even though the issue has not been thoroughly tested in current practice. A case study analysis may offer an opportunity to gather evidence that challenges prevailing assumptions about a research problem and provide a new set of recommendations applied to practice that have not been tested previously. For example, perhaps there has been a long practice among scholars to apply a particular theory in explaining the relationship between two subjects of analysis. Your case could challenge this assumption by applying an innovative theoretical framework [perhaps borrowed from another discipline] to explore whether this approach offers new ways of understanding the research problem. Taking a contrarian stance is one of the most important ways that new knowledge and understanding develops from existing literature.
• The case provides an opportunity to pursue action leading to the resolution of a problem? Another way to think about choosing a case to study is to consider how the results from investigating a particular case may result in findings that reveal ways in which to resolve an existing or emerging problem. For example, studying the case of an unforeseen incident, such as a fatal accident at a railroad crossing, can reveal hidden issues that could be applied to preventative measures that contribute to reducing the chance of accidents in the future. In this example, a case study investigating the accident could lead to a better understanding of where to strategically locate additional signals at other railroad crossings so as to better warn drivers of an approaching train, particularly when visibility is hindered by heavy rain, fog, or at night.
• The case offers a new direction in future research? A case study can be used as a tool for an exploratory investigation that highlights the need for further research about the problem. A case can be used when there are few studies that help predict an outcome or that establish a clear understanding about how best to proceed in addressing a problem. For example, after conducting a thorough literature review [very important!], you discover that little research exists showing the ways in which women contribute to promoting water conservation in rural communities of east central Africa. A case study of how women contribute to saving water in a rural village of Uganda can lay the foundation for understanding the need for more thorough research that documents how women in their roles as cooks and family caregivers think about water as a valuable resource within their community. This example of a case study could also point to the need for scholars to build new theoretical frameworks around the topic [e.g., applying feminist theories of work and family to the issue of water conservation].

Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” Academy of Management Review 14 (October 1989): 532-550; Emmel, Nick. Sampling and Choosing Cases in Qualitative Research: A Realist Approach . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2013; Gerring, John. “What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?” American Political Science Review 98 (May 2004): 341-354; Mills, Albert J. , Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Seawright, Jason and John Gerring. "Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research." Political Research Quarterly 61 (June 2008): 294-308.

Structure and Writing Style

The purpose of a paper in the social sciences designed around a case study is to thoroughly investigate a subject of analysis in order to reveal a new understanding about the research problem and, in so doing, contributing new knowledge to what is already known from previous studies. In applied social sciences disciplines [e.g., education, social work, public administration, etc.], case studies may also be used to reveal best practices, highlight key programs, or investigate interesting aspects of professional work.

In general, the structure of a case study research paper is not all that different from a standard college-level research paper. However, there are subtle differences you should be aware of. Here are the key elements to organizing and writing a case study research paper.

I.  Introduction

As with any research paper, your introduction should serve as a roadmap for your readers to ascertain the scope and purpose of your study . The introduction to a case study research paper, however, should not only describe the research problem and its significance, but you should also succinctly describe why the case is being used and how it relates to addressing the problem. The two elements should be linked. With this in mind, a good introduction answers these four questions:

• What is being studied? Describe the research problem and describe the subject of analysis [the case] you have chosen to address the problem. Explain how they are linked and what elements of the case will help to expand knowledge and understanding about the problem.
• Why is this topic important to investigate? Describe the significance of the research problem and state why a case study design and the subject of analysis that the paper is designed around is appropriate in addressing the problem.
• What did we know about this topic before I did this study? Provide background that helps lead the reader into the more in-depth literature review to follow. If applicable, summarize prior case study research applied to the research problem and why it fails to adequately address the problem. Describe why your case will be useful. If no prior case studies have been used to address the research problem, explain why you have selected this subject of analysis.
• How will this study advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding? Explain why your case study will be suitable in helping to expand knowledge and understanding about the research problem.

Each of these questions should be addressed in no more than a few paragraphs. Exceptions to this can be when you are addressing a complex research problem or subject of analysis that requires more in-depth background information.

II.  Literature Review

The literature review for a case study research paper is generally structured the same as it is for any college-level research paper. The difference, however, is that the literature review is focused on providing background information and  enabling historical interpretation of the subject of analysis in relation to the research problem the case is intended to address . This includes synthesizing studies that help to:

• Place relevant works in the context of their contribution to understanding the case study being investigated . This would involve summarizing studies that have used a similar subject of analysis to investigate the research problem. If there is literature using the same or a very similar case to study, you need to explain why duplicating past research is important [e.g., conditions have changed; prior studies were conducted long ago, etc.].
• Describe the relationship each work has to the others under consideration that informs the reader why this case is applicable . Your literature review should include a description of any works that support using the case to investigate the research problem and the underlying research questions.
• Identify new ways to interpret prior research using the case study . If applicable, review any research that has examined the research problem using a different research design. Explain how your use of a case study design may reveal new knowledge or a new perspective or that can redirect research in an important new direction.
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies . This refers to synthesizing any literature that points to unresolved issues of concern about the research problem and describing how the subject of analysis that forms the case study can help resolve these existing contradictions.
• Point the way in fulfilling a need for additional research . Your review should examine any literature that lays a foundation for understanding why your case study design and the subject of analysis around which you have designed your study may reveal a new way of approaching the research problem or offer a perspective that points to the need for additional research.
• Expose any gaps that exist in the literature that the case study could help to fill . Summarize any literature that not only shows how your subject of analysis contributes to understanding the research problem, but how your case contributes to a new way of understanding the problem that prior research has failed to do.
• Locate your own research within the context of existing literature [very important!] . Collectively, your literature review should always place your case study within the larger domain of prior research about the problem. The overarching purpose of reviewing pertinent literature in a case study paper is to demonstrate that you have thoroughly identified and synthesized prior studies in relation to explaining the relevance of the case in addressing the research problem.

III.  Method

In this section, you explain why you selected a particular case [i.e., subject of analysis] and the strategy you used to identify and ultimately decide that your case was appropriate in addressing the research problem. The way you describe the methods used varies depending on the type of subject of analysis that constitutes your case study.

If your subject of analysis is an incident or event . In the social and behavioral sciences, the event or incident that represents the case to be studied is usually bounded by time and place, with a clear beginning and end and with an identifiable location or position relative to its surroundings. The subject of analysis can be a rare or critical event or it can focus on a typical or regular event. The purpose of studying a rare event is to illuminate new ways of thinking about the broader research problem or to test a hypothesis. Critical incident case studies must describe the method by which you identified the event and explain the process by which you determined the validity of this case to inform broader perspectives about the research problem or to reveal new findings. However, the event does not have to be a rare or uniquely significant to support new thinking about the research problem or to challenge an existing hypothesis. For example, Walo, Bull, and Breen conducted a case study to identify and evaluate the direct and indirect economic benefits and costs of a local sports event in the City of Lismore, New South Wales, Australia. The purpose of their study was to provide new insights from measuring the impact of a typical local sports event that prior studies could not measure well because they focused on large "mega-events." Whether the event is rare or not, the methods section should include an explanation of the following characteristics of the event: a) when did it take place; b) what were the underlying circumstances leading to the event; and, c) what were the consequences of the event in relation to the research problem.

If your subject of analysis is a person. Explain why you selected this particular individual to be studied and describe what experiences they have had that provide an opportunity to advance new understandings about the research problem. Mention any background about this person which might help the reader understand the significance of their experiences that make them worthy of study. This includes describing the relationships this person has had with other people, institutions, and/or events that support using them as the subject for a case study research paper. It is particularly important to differentiate the person as the subject of analysis from others and to succinctly explain how the person relates to examining the research problem [e.g., why is one politician in a particular local election used to show an increase in voter turnout from any other candidate running in the election]. Note that these issues apply to a specific group of people used as a case study unit of analysis [e.g., a classroom of students].

If your subject of analysis is a place. In general, a case study that investigates a place suggests a subject of analysis that is unique or special in some way and that this uniqueness can be used to build new understanding or knowledge about the research problem. A case study of a place must not only describe its various attributes relevant to the research problem [e.g., physical, social, historical, cultural, economic, political], but you must state the method by which you determined that this place will illuminate new understandings about the research problem. It is also important to articulate why a particular place as the case for study is being used if similar places also exist [i.e., if you are studying patterns of homeless encampments of veterans in open spaces, explain why you are studying Echo Park in Los Angeles rather than Griffith Park?]. If applicable, describe what type of human activity involving this place makes it a good choice to study [e.g., prior research suggests Echo Park has more homeless veterans].

If your subject of analysis is a phenomenon. A phenomenon refers to a fact, occurrence, or circumstance that can be studied or observed but with the cause or explanation to be in question. In this sense, a phenomenon that forms your subject of analysis can encompass anything that can be observed or presumed to exist but is not fully understood. In the social and behavioral sciences, the case usually focuses on human interaction within a complex physical, social, economic, cultural, or political system. For example, the phenomenon could be the observation that many vehicles used by ISIS fighters are small trucks with English language advertisements on them. The research problem could be that ISIS fighters are difficult to combat because they are highly mobile. The research questions could be how and by what means are these vehicles used by ISIS being supplied to the militants and how might supply lines to these vehicles be cut off? How might knowing the suppliers of these trucks reveal larger networks of collaborators and financial support? A case study of a phenomenon most often encompasses an in-depth analysis of a cause and effect that is grounded in an interactive relationship between people and their environment in some way.

NOTE:   The choice of the case or set of cases to study cannot appear random. Evidence that supports the method by which you identified and chose your subject of analysis should clearly support investigation of the research problem and linked to key findings from your literature review. Be sure to cite any studies that helped you determine that the case you chose was appropriate for examining the problem.

IV.  Discussion

The main elements of your discussion section are generally the same as any research paper, but centered around interpreting and drawing conclusions about the key findings from your analysis of the case study. Note that a general social sciences research paper may contain a separate section to report findings. However, in a paper designed around a case study, it is common to combine a description of the results with the discussion about their implications. The objectives of your discussion section should include the following:

Reiterate the Research Problem/State the Major Findings Briefly reiterate the research problem you are investigating and explain why the subject of analysis around which you designed the case study were used. You should then describe the findings revealed from your study of the case using direct, declarative, and succinct proclamation of the study results. Highlight any findings that were unexpected or especially profound.

Explain the Meaning of the Findings and Why They are Important Systematically explain the meaning of your case study findings and why you believe they are important. Begin this part of the section by repeating what you consider to be your most important or surprising finding first, then systematically review each finding. Be sure to thoroughly extrapolate what your analysis of the case can tell the reader about situations or conditions beyond the actual case that was studied while, at the same time, being careful not to misconstrue or conflate a finding that undermines the external validity of your conclusions.

Relate the Findings to Similar Studies No study in the social sciences is so novel or possesses such a restricted focus that it has absolutely no relation to previously published research. The discussion section should relate your case study results to those found in other studies, particularly if questions raised from prior studies served as the motivation for choosing your subject of analysis. This is important because comparing and contrasting the findings of other studies helps support the overall importance of your results and it highlights how and in what ways your case study design and the subject of analysis differs from prior research about the topic.

Consider Alternative Explanations of the Findings Remember that the purpose of social science research is to discover and not to prove. When writing the discussion section, you should carefully consider all possible explanations revealed by the case study results, rather than just those that fit your hypothesis or prior assumptions and biases. Be alert to what the in-depth analysis of the case may reveal about the research problem, including offering a contrarian perspective to what scholars have stated in prior research if that is how the findings can be interpreted from your case.

Acknowledge the Study's Limitations You can state the study's limitations in the conclusion section of your paper but describing the limitations of your subject of analysis in the discussion section provides an opportunity to identify the limitations and explain why they are not significant. This part of the discussion section should also note any unanswered questions or issues your case study could not address. More detailed information about how to document any limitations to your research can be found here .

Suggest Areas for Further Research Although your case study may offer important insights about the research problem, there are likely additional questions related to the problem that remain unanswered or findings that unexpectedly revealed themselves as a result of your in-depth analysis of the case. Be sure that the recommendations for further research are linked to the research problem and that you explain why your recommendations are valid in other contexts and based on the original assumptions of your study.

V.  Conclusion

As with any research paper, you should summarize your conclusion in clear, simple language; emphasize how the findings from your case study differs from or supports prior research and why. Do not simply reiterate the discussion section. Provide a synthesis of key findings presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem. If you haven't already done so in the discussion section, be sure to document the limitations of your case study and any need for further research.

The function of your paper's conclusion is to: 1) reiterate the main argument supported by the findings from your case study; 2) state clearly the context, background, and necessity of pursuing the research problem using a case study design in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found from reviewing the literature; and, 3) provide a place to persuasively and succinctly restate the significance of your research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with in-depth information about the topic.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is appropriate:

• If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize these points for your reader.
• If prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the conclusion of your paper to describe your main points and explain their significance.
• Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration of the case study's findings that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from your case study findings.

Note that, depending on the discipline you are writing in or the preferences of your professor, the concluding paragraph may contain your final reflections on the evidence presented as it applies to practice or on the essay's central research problem. However, the nature of being introspective about the subject of analysis you have investigated will depend on whether you are explicitly asked to express your observations in this way.

Problems to Avoid

Overgeneralization One of the goals of a case study is to lay a foundation for understanding broader trends and issues applied to similar circumstances. However, be careful when drawing conclusions from your case study. They must be evidence-based and grounded in the results of the study; otherwise, it is merely speculation. Looking at a prior example, it would be incorrect to state that a factor in improving girls access to education in Azerbaijan and the policy implications this may have for improving access in other Muslim nations is due to girls access to social media if there is no documentary evidence from your case study to indicate this. There may be anecdotal evidence that retention rates were better for girls who were engaged with social media, but this observation would only point to the need for further research and would not be a definitive finding if this was not a part of your original research agenda.

Failure to Document Limitations No case is going to reveal all that needs to be understood about a research problem. Therefore, just as you have to clearly state the limitations of a general research study , you must describe the specific limitations inherent in the subject of analysis. For example, the case of studying how women conceptualize the need for water conservation in a village in Uganda could have limited application in other cultural contexts or in areas where fresh water from rivers or lakes is plentiful and, therefore, conservation is understood more in terms of managing access rather than preserving access to a scarce resource.

Failure to Extrapolate All Possible Implications Just as you don't want to over-generalize from your case study findings, you also have to be thorough in the consideration of all possible outcomes or recommendations derived from your findings. If you do not, your reader may question the validity of your analysis, particularly if you failed to document an obvious outcome from your case study research. For example, in the case of studying the accident at the railroad crossing to evaluate where and what types of warning signals should be located, you failed to take into consideration speed limit signage as well as warning signals. When designing your case study, be sure you have thoroughly addressed all aspects of the problem and do not leave gaps in your analysis that leave the reader questioning the results.

Case Studies. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007; Merriam, Sharan B. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education . Rev. ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1998; Miller, Lisa L. “The Use of Case Studies in Law and Social Science Research.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 14 (2018): TBD; Mills, Albert J., Gabrielle Durepos, and Eiden Wiebe, editors. Encyclopedia of Case Study Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010; Putney, LeAnn Grogan. "Case Study." In Encyclopedia of Research Design , Neil J. Salkind, editor. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010), pp. 116-120; Simons, Helen. Case Study Research in Practice . London: SAGE Publications, 2009;  Kratochwill,  Thomas R. and Joel R. Levin, editors. Single-Case Research Design and Analysis: New Development for Psychology and Education .  Hilldsale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992; Swanborn, Peter G. Case Study Research: What, Why and How? London : SAGE, 2010; Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research: Design and Methods . 6th edition. Los Angeles, CA, SAGE Publications, 2014; Walo, Maree, Adrian Bull, and Helen Breen. “Achieving Economic Benefits at Local Events: A Case Study of a Local Sports Event.” Festival Management and Event Tourism 4 (1996): 95-106.

Writing Tip

At Least Five Misconceptions about Case Study Research

Social science case studies are often perceived as limited in their ability to create new knowledge because they are not randomly selected and findings cannot be generalized to larger populations. Flyvbjerg examines five misunderstandings about case study research and systematically "corrects" each one. To quote, these are:

Misunderstanding 1 :  General, theoretical [context-independent] knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical [context-dependent] knowledge. Misunderstanding 2 :  One cannot generalize on the basis of an individual case; therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. Misunderstanding 3 :  The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses; that is, in the first stage of a total research process, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building. Misunderstanding 4 :  The case study contains a bias toward verification, that is, a tendency to confirm the researcher’s preconceived notions. Misunderstanding 5 :  It is often difficult to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies [p. 221].

While writing your paper, think introspectively about how you addressed these misconceptions because to do so can help you strengthen the validity and reliability of your research by clarifying issues of case selection, the testing and challenging of existing assumptions, the interpretation of key findings, and the summation of case outcomes. Think of a case study research paper as a complete, in-depth narrative about the specific properties and key characteristics of your subject of analysis applied to the research problem.

Flyvbjerg, Bent. “Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12 (April 2006): 219-245.

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Methodology

• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

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In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

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What Is a Case Study?

Weighing the pros and cons of this method of research

Verywell / Colleen Tighe

• Pros and Cons

What Types of Case Studies Are Out There?

Where do you find data for a case study, how do i write a psychology case study.

A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in many different fields, including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science, and social work.

The point of a case study is to learn as much as possible about an individual or group so that the information can be generalized to many others. Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly subjective, and it is sometimes difficult to generalize results to a larger population.

While case studies focus on a single individual or group, they follow a format similar to other types of psychology writing. If you are writing a case study, we got you—here are some rules of APA format to reference.  

At a Glance

A case study, or an in-depth study of a person, group, or event, can be a useful research tool when used wisely. In many cases, case studies are best used in situations where it would be difficult or impossible for you to conduct an experiment. They are helpful for looking at unique situations and allow researchers to gather a lot of˜ information about a specific individual or group of people. However, it's important to be cautious of any bias we draw from them as they are highly subjective.

What Are the Benefits and Limitations of Case Studies?

A case study can have its strengths and weaknesses. Researchers must consider these pros and cons before deciding if this type of study is appropriate for their needs.

One of the greatest advantages of a case study is that it allows researchers to investigate things that are often difficult or impossible to replicate in a lab. Some other benefits of a case study:

• Allows researchers to capture information on the 'how,' 'what,' and 'why,' of something that's implemented
• Gives researchers the chance to collect information on why one strategy might be chosen over another
• Permits researchers to develop hypotheses that can be explored in experimental research

On the other hand, a case study can have some drawbacks:

• It cannot necessarily be generalized to the larger population
• Cannot demonstrate cause and effect
• It may not be scientifically rigorous
• It can lead to bias

Researchers may choose to perform a case study if they want to explore a unique or recently discovered phenomenon. Through their insights, researchers develop additional ideas and study questions that might be explored in future studies.

It's important to remember that the insights from case studies cannot be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. However, case studies may be used to develop hypotheses that can then be addressed in experimental research.

Case Study Examples

There have been a number of notable case studies in the history of psychology. Much of  Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies. Some great examples of case studies in psychology include:

• Anna O : Anna O. was a pseudonym of a woman named Bertha Pappenheim, a patient of a physician named Josef Breuer. While she was never a patient of Freud's, Freud and Breuer discussed her case extensively. The woman was experiencing symptoms of a condition that was then known as hysteria and found that talking about her problems helped relieve her symptoms. Her case played an important part in the development of talk therapy as an approach to mental health treatment.
• Phineas Gage : Phineas Gage was a railroad employee who experienced a terrible accident in which an explosion sent a metal rod through his skull, damaging important portions of his brain. Gage recovered from his accident but was left with serious changes in both personality and behavior.
• Genie : Genie was a young girl subjected to horrific abuse and isolation. The case study of Genie allowed researchers to study whether language learning was possible, even after missing critical periods for language development. Her case also served as an example of how scientific research may interfere with treatment and lead to further abuse of vulnerable individuals.

Such cases demonstrate how case research can be used to study things that researchers could not replicate in experimental settings. In Genie's case, her horrific abuse denied her the opportunity to learn a language at critical points in her development.

This is clearly not something researchers could ethically replicate, but conducting a case study on Genie allowed researchers to study phenomena that are otherwise impossible to reproduce.

There are a few different types of case studies that psychologists and other researchers might use:

• Collective case studies : These involve studying a group of individuals. Researchers might study a group of people in a certain setting or look at an entire community. For example, psychologists might explore how access to resources in a community has affected the collective mental well-being of those who live there.
• Descriptive case studies : These involve starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects are then observed, and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
• Explanatory case studies : These   are often used to do causal investigations. In other words, researchers are interested in looking at factors that may have caused certain things to occur.
• Exploratory case studies : These are sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-depth research. This allows researchers to gather more information before developing their research questions and hypotheses .
• Instrumental case studies : These occur when the individual or group allows researchers to understand more than what is initially obvious to observers.
• Intrinsic case studies : This type of case study is when the researcher has a personal interest in the case. Jean Piaget's observations of his own children are good examples of how an intrinsic case study can contribute to the development of a psychological theory.

The three main case study types often used are intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Intrinsic case studies are useful for learning about unique cases. Instrumental case studies help look at an individual to learn more about a broader issue. A collective case study can be useful for looking at several cases simultaneously.

The type of case study that psychology researchers use depends on the unique characteristics of the situation and the case itself.

There are a number of different sources and methods that researchers can use to gather information about an individual or group. Six major sources that have been identified by researchers are:

• Archival records : Census records, survey records, and name lists are examples of archival records.
• Direct observation : This strategy involves observing the subject, often in a natural setting . While an individual observer is sometimes used, it is more common to utilize a group of observers.
• Documents : Letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, etc., are the types of documents often used as sources.
• Interviews : Interviews are one of the most important methods for gathering information in case studies. An interview can involve structured survey questions or more open-ended questions.
• Participant observation : When the researcher serves as a participant in events and observes the actions and outcomes, it is called participant observation.
• Physical artifacts : Tools, objects, instruments, and other artifacts are often observed during a direct observation of the subject.

If you have been directed to write a case study for a psychology course, be sure to check with your instructor for any specific guidelines you need to follow. If you are writing your case study for a professional publication, check with the publisher for their specific guidelines for submitting a case study.

Here is a general outline of what should be included in a case study.

Section 1: A Case History

This section will have the following structure and content:

Background information : The first section of your paper will present your client's background. Include factors such as age, gender, work, health status, family mental health history, family and social relationships, drug and alcohol history, life difficulties, goals, and coping skills and weaknesses.

Description of the presenting problem : In the next section of your case study, you will describe the problem or symptoms that the client presented with.

Describe any physical, emotional, or sensory symptoms reported by the client. Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions related to the symptoms should also be noted. Any screening or diagnostic assessments that are used should also be described in detail and all scores reported.

Your diagnosis : Provide your diagnosis and give the appropriate Diagnostic and Statistical Manual code. Explain how you reached your diagnosis, how the client's symptoms fit the diagnostic criteria for the disorder(s), or any possible difficulties in reaching a diagnosis.

Section 2: Treatment Plan

This portion of the paper will address the chosen treatment for the condition. This might also include the theoretical basis for the chosen treatment or any other evidence that might exist to support why this approach was chosen.

• Cognitive behavioral approach : Explain how a cognitive behavioral therapist would approach treatment. Offer background information on cognitive behavioral therapy and describe the treatment sessions, client response, and outcome of this type of treatment. Make note of any difficulties or successes encountered by your client during treatment.
• Humanistic approach : Describe a humanistic approach that could be used to treat your client, such as client-centered therapy . Provide information on the type of treatment you chose, the client's reaction to the treatment, and the end result of this approach. Explain why the treatment was successful or unsuccessful.
• Psychoanalytic approach : Describe how a psychoanalytic therapist would view the client's problem. Provide some background on the psychoanalytic approach and cite relevant references. Explain how psychoanalytic therapy would be used to treat the client, how the client would respond to therapy, and the effectiveness of this treatment approach.
• Pharmacological approach : If treatment primarily involves the use of medications, explain which medications were used and why. Provide background on the effectiveness of these medications and how monotherapy may compare with an approach that combines medications with therapy or other treatments.

This section of a case study should also include information about the treatment goals, process, and outcomes.

When you are writing a case study, you should also include a section where you discuss the case study itself, including the strengths and limitiations of the study. You should note how the findings of your case study might support previous research. 

In your discussion section, you should also describe some of the implications of your case study. What ideas or findings might require further exploration? How might researchers go about exploring some of these questions in additional studies?

Need More Tips?

Here are a few additional pointers to keep in mind when formatting your case study:

• Never refer to the subject of your case study as "the client." Instead, use their name or a pseudonym.
• Read examples of case studies to gain an idea about the style and format.
• Remember to use APA format when citing references .

Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach .  BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011;11:100.

Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach . BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011 Jun 27;11:100. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-100

Gagnon, Yves-Chantal.  The Case Study as Research Method: A Practical Handbook . Canada, Chicago Review Press Incorporated DBA Independent Pub Group, 2010.

Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods . United States, SAGE Publications, 2017.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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The purpose of a case study is to walk the reader through a situation where a problem is presented, background information provided and a description of the solution given, along with how it was derived. A case study can be written to encourage the reader to come up with his or her own solution or to review the solution that was already implemented. The goal of the writer is to give the reader experiences similar to those the writer had as he or she researched the situation presented.

Several steps must be taken before actually writing anything:

• Choose the situation on which to write
• Gather as much information as possible about the situation
• Analyze all of the elements surrounding the situation
• Determine the final solution implemented
• Gather information about why the solution worked or did not work

From these steps you will create the content of your case study.

Describe the situation/problem

The reader needs to have a clear understanding of the situation for which a solution is sought. You can explicitly state the problem posed in the study. You can begin by sharing quotes from someone intimate with the situation. Or you can present a question:

• ABC Hospital has a higher post-surgical infection rate than other health care facilities in the area.
• The Director of Nursing at ABC Hospital stated that “In spite of following rigid standards, we continue to experience high post-surgical infection rates”
• Why is it that the post-surgical infection rate at ABC Hospital  higher than any other health center in the area?

This sets the tone for the reader to think of the problem while he or she read the rest of the case study. This also sets the expectation that you will be presenting information the reader can use to further understand the situation.

Give background

Background is the information you discovered that describes why there is a problem. This will consist of facts and figures from authoritative sources. Graphs, charts, tables, photos, videos, audio files, and anything that points to the problem is useful here. Quotes from interviews are also good. You might include anecdotal information as well:

“According to previous employees of this facility, this has been a problem for several years”

What is not included in this section is the author’s opinion:

“I don’t think the infection review procedures are followed very closely”

In this section you give the reader information that they can use to come to their own conclusion. Like writing a mystery, you are giving clues from which the reader can decide how to solve the puzzle. From all of this evidence, how did the problem become a problem? How can the trend be reversed so the problem goes away?

A good case study doesn’t tell the readers what to think. It guides the reader through the thought process used to create the final conclusion. The readers may come to their own conclusion or find fault in the logic being presented. That’s okay because there may be more than one solution to the problem. The readers will have their own perspective and background as they read the case study.

Describe the solution

This section discusses the solution and the thought processes that lead up to it. It guides the reader through the information to the solution that was implemented. This section may contain the author’s opinions and speculations.

Facts will be involved in the decision, but there can be subjective thinking as well:

“Taking into account A, B and C, the committee suggested solution X. In lieu of the current budget situation, the committee felt this was the most prudent approach”

Briefly present the key elements used to derive the solution. Be clear about the goal of the solution. Was it to slow down, reduce or eliminate the problem?

Evaluate the response to the solution

If the case study is for a recent situation, there may not have been enough time to determine the overall effect of the solution:

“New infection standards were adopted in the first quarter and the center hopes to have enough information by the year’s end to judge their effectiveness”

If the solution has been in place for some time, then an opportunity to gather and review facts and impressions exists. A summary of how well the solution is working would be included here.

Tell the whole story

Case study-writing is about telling the story of a problem that has been fixed. The focus is on the evidence for the problem and the approach used to create a solution. The writing style guides the readers through the problem analysis as if they were part of the project. The result is a case study that can be both entertaining and educational.

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How to... Write a teaching case study

• What is a teaching case study?

A discussion-based case study is an education tool to facilitate learning about, and analysis of, a real-world situation.

A case study provides a well-researched and compelling narrative about an individual, or a group of people, that needs to make a decision in an organisational setting.

The case study narrative includes relevant information about the situation, and gives multiple perspectives on the problem or decision that needs to be taken, but does not provide analysis, conclusions, or a solution.

On this page...

How does a case study work in education, top tips for writing a case study, what is the difference between teaching cases and research focused cases.

• Writing the case study

How to write a teaching note

• Final thoughts

The Emerald Cases Hub

Which publication would suit my case study.

Read about getting ready to publish and visit the Emerald Cases Hub for courses and guides on writing case studies and teaching notes.

Teaching cases expose students to real-world business dilemmas in different cultural contexts.

Students are expected to read the case study and prepare an argument about the most appropriate course of action or recommendation, which can be debated in a facilitated case study class session, or documented in a case study assignment or examination.

A case teaching note, containing recent and relevant theoretical and managerial frameworks, will be published alongside the teaching case, and can be used to demonstrate the links between course content and the case situation to support teaching of the case method.

Teaching case studies have a distinctive literary style: they are written in the third person, in the past tense, and establish an objectivity of core dilemmas in the case.

We have gathered some top tips for you to think about as your write your case study.

Collect information

Cases can be based on primary or secondary data; however, carrying out interviews with the protagonist and others in the organisation, where possible, often results in a better and more balanced case study.

Make sure that you have all the materials you will need before you start the writing process. This will speed up the actual process. Most case studies have a mixture of primary and secondary sources to help capture the spirit of the protagonist.

Structure the narrative

Tell the story in chronological order and in the past tense. Identify and establish the central protagonist and their dilemma in the first paragraph and summarise the dilemma again at the end of the case.

Develop the protagonist

Ensure the protagonist is a well-developed character and that students can identify with their motivations throughout the case.

Get permission

When you submit your case study and teaching note, you must include signed permission from the relevant protagonist or company featured in the case and for any material for which you don’t own the copyright. 

Be clear on your teaching objective

The case method offers a variety of class participation methods, such as discussion, role-play, presentation, or examination. Decide which method best suits the case you want to write. 

Identify case lead author

You might want to consider writing your case study in partnership with colleagues. However, if you are writing a case with other people you need to make sure that the case reads as one voice.

You do not have to share the work evenly. Instead, play to your individual strengths: one author might be better at data analysis, one a better writer. Agree and clarify the order of appearance of authors. This is very important since this cannot be changed after publication.

Write a thorough teaching note

A well-written case study needs an equally well-written teaching note to allow instructors to adopt the case without the need for additional research. The standard teaching note provides key materials such as learning objectives, sample questions and answers, and more. See 'What to include in your teaching note' to produce effective teaching note for your case.

Writing a teaching case requires a distinctive literary style; it should be written in the third person, in the past tense, and establish objectivity of the core dilemmas in the case.

To begin with, a case has to have a hook: an overriding issue that pulls various parts together, a managerial issue or decision that requires urgent attention. 

The trick is to present the story so that the hook is not immediately apparent but ‘discovered’ by students putting the relevant pieces together. More importantly, the hook must be linked to a particular concept, theory, or methodology. 

A teaching case reflects the ambiguity of the situation and need not have a single outcome, as the intent is to create a dialogue with students, encourage critical thinking and research, and evaluate recommendations.

Research cases are a methodology used to support research findings and add to the body of theoretical knowledge, and as such are more academically-focused and evidence-based.

Writing a case study

How to write & structure a case

• Write in the past tense
• Identify and establish an issue/problem which can be used to teach a concept or theory

The opening paragraph should make clear:

• Who the main protagonist is 
• Who the key decision maker is 
• What the nature of the problem or issue is 
• When the case took place, including specific dates 
• Why the issue or problem arose

The body of the case should:

• Tell the whole story – usually in a chronological order 
• Typically contain general background on business environment, company background, and the details of the specific issue(s) faced by the company 
• Tell more than one side of the story so that students can think of competing alternatives

The concluding paragraph should:

• Provide a short synthesis of the case to reiterate the main issues, or even to raise new questions

Before you start, choose where to publish your case study and familiarise yourself with the style and formatting requirements.

Get ready to publish  

What to include in your teaching note

Case synopsis.

Provide a brief summary (approximately 150-200 words) describing the case setting and key issues. Include:

• Name of the organisation
• Time span of the case study
• Details of the protagonist
• The dilemma facing the protagonist
• Sub-field of academia the case is designed to teach (e.g., market segmentation in the telecommunications sector).

Target audience

Clearly identify the appropriate audience for the case (e.g., undergraduate, graduate, or both).  Consider:

• Possible courses where the case can be used
• Level of difficulty
• Specific pre-requisites
• Discipline(s) for which the case is most relevant

If there are multiple target audiences, discuss different teaching strategies.

Top tip: remember that the deciding factor for most instructors looking to find a case for their classroom is relevancy. Working with a specific audience in mind and sharing guidance on case usage helps develop the applicability of your case.

Learning objectives

Set a minimum of one objective for a compact case study and three to four for a longer case. Your objectives should be specific and reflective of the courses you suggest your case be taught in. Make it clear what students can expect to learn from reading the case.

Top tip: Good learning objectives should cover not only basic understanding of the context and issues presented in the case, but also include a few more advanced goals such as analysis and evaluation of the case dilemma.

Research methods

Outline the types of data used to develop the case, how this data was gathered, and whether any names/details/etc. within the case have been disguised. Please note that you will need to obtain consent from the case protagonist/organisation if primary data has been used. Cases based on secondary data (i.e., any information that is publicly available) are not required to obtain consent.

Teaching plan and objectives

Provide a breakdown of the classroom discussion time into sections. Include a brief description of the opening and closing 10-15 minutes, as well as challenging case discussion questions with comprehensive sample answers.

Provide instructors a detailed breakdown of how you would teach the case in 90 minutes. Include:

• Brief description of the opening 10-15 minutes.
• Suggested class time, broken down by topics, assignment questions, and activities.
• Brief description of the closing 10-15 minutes. Reinforce the learning objectives and reveal what actually happened, if applicable

Assignment questions and answers

Include a set of challenging assignment questions that align with the teaching objectives and relate to the dilemma being faced in the case.

Successful cases will provide:

• Three to five questions aligned to the learning objectives.
• A combination of closed, open-ended, and even controversial questions to create discussion.
• Questions that prompt students to consider a dilemma from all angles.

Successful sample answers should:

• Provide an example of an outstanding (A+) response to each question. To illustrate the full range of potential answers, good teaching notes often go on to provide examples of marginal and even incorrect responses as well.
• Draw from recent literature, theory, or research findings to analyse the case study.
• Reflect the reality that a case may not necessarily have a single correct answer by highlighting a diversity of opinions and approaches.

Supporting material

Supporting materials can include any additional information or resources that supplement the experience of using your case. Examples of these materials include  such as worksheets, videos, reading lists, reference materials, etc. If you are including classroom activities as part of your teaching note, please provide detailed instructions on how to direct these activities.

Test & learn

When you have finished writing your case study and teaching note, test them!

Try them out in class to see if students have enough information to thoughtfully address the case dilemma, if the teaching note supports an engaged class discussion, and if the teaching note assignments/lesson plan timing are appropriate. Revise as needed based on the class experience before submitting.

Guide to writing a teaching note

Our short PDF guide will give you advice on writing your teaching note, what you should include and our top tips to creating an effective teaching note.

Download our guide

Final thoughts on writing

What makes a great teaching case?

• Written in the case teaching narrative style, not in the style of a research article
• Classroom tested, making it much more robust
• Objective, considering all sides of a dilemma
• Aligned with the objectives of the publication in which it is included
• Structured to allow for relevant learning outcomes, enabling students to meet them effectively

Common review feedback comments

• The case requires additional information in order to be taught
• A lack of detail
• Suggested answers are not supported by the case
• Learning objectives which apply a model without a purpose
• No sample answers
• Not written in the third person or past tense
• No analysis or lessons learned

What makes a good teaching note?

• Clear learning objectives
• Suggested class time, broken down by topics
• Suggested student assignment
• Brief description of the opening and closing 10-15 minutes and case synopsis
• Challenging case discussion questions with sample answers
• Supporting materials – worksheets, videos, readings, reference material, etc
• Target audience identified
• If applicable, an update on ‘what actually happened’

Register on the Emerald Cases Hub to access free resources designed by case-writing experts to help you write and publish a quality case study. Develop your skills and knowledge with a course on writing a case study and teaching note, view sample cases, or explore modules on teaching/leaning through the case method.

Visit the Emerald Cases Hub

A key factor in boosting the chances of your case study being published is making sure it is submitted to the most suitable outlet. Emerald is delighted to offer two key options: 

Emerging Markets Case Studies (EMCS)

EMCS welcomes well-researched, instructive, and multimedia online cases about the most interesting companies in complex emerging market contexts, to be used by faculty to develop effective managers globally. 

Cases must be factual and be developed from multiple sources, including primary data sourced and signed-off by the company involved.  

Find out more about EMCS

The CASE Journal (TCJ)

TCJ is the official journal of The CASE Association, the leading online, double-blind, peer-reviewed journal featuring factual teaching cases and case exercises spanning the full spectrum of business and management disciplines.

TCJ invites submissions of cases designed for classroom use.  

Find out more about TCJ

The journal peer review process

Understand the journal and case study peer review process and read our tips for revising your submission.

Submit your case study

Submit your case through your chosen channel’s online submission site, find author support and understand your next steps to publish your case study.

Competitions

We partner with a range of organisations to offer case writing competitions. Applying for an award opens the door to the possibility of you receiving international recognition and a cash prize.

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Case Study Report: Difine, Structure and How To Write

Case report study is a document that reflects the execution of the research program, contains the data obtained, their analysis, conclusions and practical recommendations flowing from them. Careful analysis (and not just a description) of the figures and facts obtained is the main task, or rather, the purpose of the report.

Case Study Report Structure

A case study report structure is determined by the purpose of the research, its tasks (purely marketing or more general, theoretical), and its immediate addressee. Logic, the sequence of the description of the data obtained, of course, is related to the sequence of questions in the questionnaire or form, with the sequence of various research procedures but not always exactly repeats it. The author should not miss the data that is momentous both for the researchers themselves and for those who will get acquainted with the results of the research. Building the text, the researcher, proceeds from the logic of the program. He tells how exactly and with what results the tasks set in it are solved. If the program formulated hypotheses, it is necessary to present (based on the received data) their proof or refutation.

A thorough analysis of all available data, identification and detailed description of the most interesting, significant facts and connections is needed. The authors need to pay special attention to the consistency, clarity, literacy of the presentation. An ill-conceived, careless description of the results of the procedure of the investigation itself may misrepresent even a successful work, and the credibility of its authors will disappear. Particularly clearly the shortcomings of the presentation will be visible to those who did not take the direct part in the study. After all, they can not know what you mean or think is not so momentous to specifically talk about it. Business case study report should not be cluttered with numbers; it is better to submit only those data that reveal significant facts and links in the text.

Some tables, lists, other materials can be given in the appendix. It’s also logical to present documentation (questionnaires, interview forms, demand analysis forms), a list of used literature in this part.On the other hand, the actual text part should be supplemented and “backed up” with tables, graphs, diagrams. They will make statements, comparisons, observations more demonstrative, visual and precise and. When listing tables, an author should carefully monitor the correctness of their description.

In many cases, it is useful to include the data about the difficulties encountered by researchers, the impact of these difficulties on the results obtained, and how mistakes and failures will be taken into account in further scientific and practical work.

How to Write a Case Study Report

There is no the universal advice how to write a case study report. However, a standard structure should be followed.

• It is logical to begin with a cover page that includes a topic of a case study, names of investigators and the topic of
• The next part is a summary where a researcher should say in few words about the goal of his work, methods he used and the results received.

In some cases, it is especially momentous to talk in detail about who initiated the study, how it was organized, who helped collect materials on the ground. It should be said when and where the study was conducted; if necessary, this part also explains why this particular place and time was chosen. In this part of the report, data processing methods are usually also characterized. Special attention should be paid to respondents who took part in a study. Depending on the purpose, objectives, and subject of the research, the characteristics of the respondents can be included both in the introductory part of the report and in the next, directly describing and analyzing the data obtained. The first option is usually chosen when the topic of the survey is of an overview nature.

• References and appendixes are additional parts of a case study report. The format for case study report, as a rule, corresponds to the format in conformity with a research itself was made.

How to Present a Case Study Report

In order for the report to be presented in the most favorable light, it is necessary to correctly structure the data obtained during the research and highlight the main points.

For clarity, the text should also include graphics and tables, but should not be oversaturated with them. If this is a marketing study of the target audience using sociological methods, the report becomes more interesting if the classified data and statements based on them (and, in the future, conclusions, and recommendations) are supplemented with concrete names, facts, and live statements of the respondents.

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• How to Write a Case Study?

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How to Write an Introduction for a Case Study Report

If you’re looking for examples of how to write an introduction for a case-study report, you’ve come to the right place. Here you’ll find a sample, guidelines for writing a case-study introduction, and tips on how to make it clear. In five minutes or less, recruiters will read your case study and decide whether you’re a good fit for the job.

Example of a case study introduction

An example of a case study introduction should be written to provide a roadmap for the reader. It should briefly summarize the topic, identify the problem, and discuss its significance. It should include previous case studies and summarize the literature review. In addition, it should include the purpose of the study, and the issues that it addresses. Using this example as a guideline, writers can make their case study introductions. Here are some tips:

The first paragraph of the introduction should summarize the entire article, and should include the following sections: the case presentation, the examinations performed, and the working diagnosis, the management of the case, and the outcome. The final section, the discussion, should summarize the previous subsections, explain any apparent inconsistencies, and describe the lessons learned. The body of the paper should also summarize the introduction and include any notes for the instructor.

The last section of a case study introduction should summarize the findings and limitations of the study, as well as suggestions for further research. The conclusion section should restate the thesis and main findings of the case study. The conclusion should summarize previous case studies, summarize the findings, and highlight the possibilities for future study. It is important to note that not all educational institutions require the case study analysis format, so it is important to check ahead of time.

The introductory paragraph should outline the overall strategy for the study. It should also describe the short-term and long-term goals of the case study. Using this method will ensure clarity and reduce misunderstandings. However, it is important to consider the end goal. After all, the objective is to communicate the benefits of the product. And, the solution should be measurable. This can be done by highlighting the benefits and minimizing the negatives.

Structure of a case study introduction

The structure of a case study introduction is different from the general introduction of a research paper. The main purpose of the introduction is to set the stage for the rest of the case study. The problem statement must be short and precise to convey the main point of the study. Then, the introduction should summarize the literature review and present the previous case studies that have dealt with the topic. The introduction should end with a thesis statement.

The thesis statement should contain facts and evidence related to the topic. Include the method used, the findings, and discussion. The solution section should describe specific strategies for solving the problem. It should conclude with a call to action for the reader. When using quotations, be sure to cite them properly. The thesis statement must include the problem statement, the methods used, and the expected outcome of the study. The conclusion section should state the case study’s importance.

In the discussion section, state the limitations of the study and explain why they are not significant. In addition, mention any questions unanswered and issues that the study was unable to address. For more information, check out the APA, Harvard, Chicago, and MLA citation styles. Once you know how to structure a case study introduction, you’ll be ready to write it! And remember, there’s always a right and wrong way to write a case study introduction.

During the writing process, you’ll need to make notes on the problems and issues of the case. Write down any ideas and directions that come to mind. Avoid writing neatly. It may impede your creative process, so write down a rough draft first, and then draw it up for your educational instructor. The introduction is an overview of the case study. Include the thesis statement. If you’re writing a case study for an assignment, you’ll also need to provide an overview of the assignment.

Guidelines for writing a case study introduction

A case study is not a formal scientific research report, but it is written for a lay audience. It should be readable and follow the general narrative that was determined in the first step. The introduction should provide background information about the case and its main topic. It should be short, but should introduce the topic and explain its context in just one or two paragraphs. An ideal case study introduction is between three and five sentences.

The case study must be well-designed and logical. It cannot contain opinions or assumptions. The research question must be a logical conclusion based on the findings. This can be done through a spreadsheet program or by consulting a linguistics expert. Once you have identified the major issues, you need to revise the paper. Once you have revised it twice, it should be well-written, concise, and logical.

The conclusion should state the findings, explain their significance, and summarize the main points. The conclusion should move from the detailed to the general level of consideration. The conclusion should also briefly state the limitations of the case study and point out the need for further research in order to fully address the problem. This should be done in a manner that will keep the reader interested in reading the paper. It should be clear about what the case study found and what it means for the research community.

The case study begins with a cover page and an executive summary, depending on your professor’s instructions. It’s important to remember that this is not a mandatory element of the case study. Instead, the executive summary should be brief and include the key points of the study’s analysis. It should be written as if an executive would read it on the run. Ultimately, the executive summary should include all the key points of the case study.

Clarity in a case study introduction

Clarity in a case study introduction should be at the heart of the paper. This section should explain why the case was chosen and how you decided to use it. The case study introduction varies according to the type of subject you are studying and the goals of the study. Here are some examples of clear and effective case study introductions. Read on to find out how to write a successful one. Clarity in a case study introduction begins with a strong thesis statement and ends with a compelling conclusion.

The conclusion of the case study should restate the research question and emphasize its importance. Identify and restate the key findings and describe how they address the research question. If the case study has limitations, discuss the potential for further research. In addition, document the limitations of the case study. Include any limitations of the case study in the conclusion. This will allow readers to make informed decisions about whether or not the findings are relevant to their own practices.

A case study introduction should include a brief discussion of the topic and selected case. It should explain how the study fits into current knowledge. A reader may question the validity of the analysis if it fails to consider all possible outcomes. For example, a case study on railroad crossings may fail to document the obvious outcome of improving the signage at these intersections. Another example would be a study that failed to document the impact of warning signs and speed limits on railroad crossings.

As a conclusion, the case study should also contain a discussion of how the research was conducted. While it may be a case study, the results are not necessarily applicable to other situations. In addition to describing how a solution has solved the problem, a case study should also discuss the causes of the problem. A case study should be based on real data and information. If the case study is not valid, it will not be a good fit for the audience.

Sample of a case study introduction

A good case study introduction serves as a map for the reader to follow. It should identify the research problem and discuss its significance. It should be based on extensive research and should incorporate relevant issues and facts. For example, it may include a short but precise problem statement. The next section of the introduction should include a description of the solution. The final part of the introduction should conclude with the recommended action. Once the reader has a sense of the direction the study will take, they will feel confident in pursuing the study further.

In the case of social sciences, case studies cannot be purely empirical. The results of a case study can be compared with those of other studies, so that the case study’s findings can be assessed against previous research. A case study’s results can help support general conclusions and build theories, while their practical value lies in generating hypotheses. Despite their utility, case studies often contain a bias toward verification and tend to confirm the researcher’s preconceived notions.

In the case of case studies, the conclusions section should state the significance of the findings, stating how the findings of the study differ from other previous studies. Likewise, the conclusion section should summarize the key findings, and make the reader understand how they address the research problem. In the case of a case study, it is crucial to document any limitations that have been identified. After all, a case study is not complete without further research.

After the introduction, the main body of the paper is the case presentation. It should provide information about the case, such as the history, examination results, working diagnosis, management, and outcome. It should conclude with a discussion, explaining the correlations, apparent inconsistencies, and lessons learned. Finally, the conclusion should state whether the case study presented the results in the desired way. The findings should not be overgeneralized, and the conclusions must be derived from this information.

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Case study definition

Case study, a term which some of you may know from the "Case Study of Vanitas" anime and manga, is a thorough examination of a particular subject, such as a person, group, location, occasion, establishment, phenomena, etc. They are most frequently utilized in research of business, medicine, education and social behaviour. There are a different types of case studies that researchers might use:

• Collective case studies

• Descriptive case studies

• Explanatory case studies

• Exploratory case studies

• Instrumental case studies

• Intrinsic case studies

Case studies are usually much more sophisticated and professional than regular essays and courseworks, as they require a lot of verified data, are research-oriented and not necessarily designed to be read by the general public.

How to write a case study?

It very much depends on the topic of your case study, as a medical case study and a coffee business case study have completely different sources, outlines, target demographics, etc. But just for this example, let's outline a coffee roaster case study. Firstly, it's likely going to be a problem-solving case study, like most in the business and economics field are. Here are some tips for these types of case studies:

• Your case scenario should be precisely defined in terms of your unique assessment criteria.

• Determine the primary issues by analyzing the scenario. Think about how they connect to the main ideas and theories in your piece.

• Find and investigate any theories or methods that might be relevant to your case.

• Keep your audience in mind. Exactly who are your stakeholder(s)? If writing a case study on coffee roasters, it's probably gonna be suppliers, landlords, investors, customers, etc.

• Indicate the best solution(s) and how they should be implemented. Make sure your suggestions are grounded in pertinent theories and useful resources, as well as being realistic, practical, and attainable.

• Carefully proofread your case study. Keep in mind these four principles when editing: clarity, honesty, reality and relevance.

Are there any online services that could write a case study for me?

Luckily, there are!

We completely understand and have been ourselves in a position, where we couldn't wrap our head around how to write an effective and useful case study, but don't fear - our service is here.

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A rare case: adenomatoid odontogenic tumor mimicking follicular cyst in a young patient.

1. Introduction

2. case description, 3. discussion, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Petroni, G.; Zaccheo, F.; Di Gioia, C.R.T.; Adotti, F.; Cicconetti, A. A Rare Case: Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor Mimicking Follicular Cyst in a Young Patient. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 7554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177554

Petroni G, Zaccheo F, Di Gioia CRT, Adotti F, Cicconetti A. A Rare Case: Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor Mimicking Follicular Cyst in a Young Patient. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(17):7554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177554

Petroni, Giulia, Fabrizio Zaccheo, Cira Rosaria Tiziana Di Gioia, Flavia Adotti, and Andrea Cicconetti. 2024. "A Rare Case: Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor Mimicking Follicular Cyst in a Young Patient" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7554. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177554

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