essay on sport tourism

What is sports tourism and why it is so big?

Disclaimer: Some posts on Tourism Teacher may contain affiliate links. If you appreciate this content, you can show your support by making a purchase through these links or by buying me a coffee . Thank you for your support!

Sports tourism is BIG business. We all know that sport tourism involves sporting activity, that much is pretty obvious, but there is much more than a game of sport involved in the multi million Dollar global industry. In this article I will explain what sports tourism is, I will tell you about the different types of sports tourism and I will discuss the benefits of sports tourism.

What is sports tourism?

Sports tourism definitions, sports tourism statistics, football world cup, six nations rugby championship, the olympics, the super bowl, calgary olympic park, maracana football stadium, rio de janiero, barcelona olympic park, tough mudder race, london, martial arts holidays, south korea, surfing holidays, portugal, golf tours, florida, yoga retreats, bali, football fans- manchester united spectators, boxing fans- anthony joshua followers, british & irish lions rugby spectators, australian cricket fans, benefits of sport tourism, sports tourism: conclusion, further reading on sports tourism.

Sports tourism is the act of travelling from one locality to another, with the intention of being in some way involved with a sporting activity or event .

Many people believe that sports tourism relates only to watching a sporting event. However, this is not correct. The sports industry is much more than this.

Sports tourism encompasses travelling for your own sporting purposes, such as a yoga teacher training course, a badminton competition or to learn to surf. Sports tourism includes attending sporting events such as a Formula One race or a Premiership football match. Sports tourism includes nostalgic visits to places of historical importance, such as the Olympic stadium in Barcelona or to see memorabilia related to your favourite sporting hero, such as the museum at the Maracana football stadium in Rio de Janeiro.

There are, in fact, four main types of sport tourism. These types are known as:

• Sport Event Tourism
• Active Sport Tourism
• Nostalgia Sport Tourism

Passive sports tourism

While sports tourism has not always been extremely popular, during the recent decade the amount of people attending out of area sporting events has drastically increased. People are now traveling far and wide just to attend their favorite events, and it is no wonder as to what has encouraged the sudden spike in popularity.

Sport tourism is a relatively new concept, although it has been around for a long time.

There are many academic studies which delve into the concept of sports tourism, particularly sports tourism that involves large sporting events, such as the football World Cup or the Olympic Games. Some scholars and sports tourism stakeholders have attempted to define the term sports tourism.

According to Neirotti (2003), sports tourism can be broadly described as;

‘Including travel away from one’s primary residence to participate in sports activity, for recreation or competition purposes, travel to observe sport at grassroots or elite level, and travel to visit a sports attraction such as a sports museum, for instance’.

Weed and Bull (2004), provide a conceptualisation of the sports tourism phenomenon as;

‘A social, economic and cultural phenomenon arising from the unique interaction of activity, people and place’’.

Gammon and Robinson (2003) state that sports and tourism is;

‘Not just about the management and operation of mega events; it also concerns offering consumer-specific sports and tourism-related services and experiences to the sports tourist.’

Read also: Sustainable tourism- everything you need to know

Gammon and Robinson (2003) further argue that the sports tourism industry cannot be defined easily and that there should be different definitions according to the type of sports tourism that is being discussed. They visualise this in the model below.

Today, sport is regarded as the world’s largest social phenomenon. And, tourism is predicted to become the world’s biggest industry early in the next century. So it doesn’t take a genius to work out that sports tourism is pretty big business!

The sports tourism industry has grown considerably in recent years. In 2016 the sports tourism industry was worth $1.41 trillion and this figure is expected to increase to approximately $5.72 trillion by 2021. This is a whopping 41% growth in only four years!

**Studying sports tourism? I recommend- Sports Tourism: Participants, Policy and Providers **

The sports tourism industry makes up a significant part off the overall tourism industry. Some people claim that this figure is as high as 25%, meaning that a quarter of all tourism in the world is sports related!

The importance of sports tourism is further emphasised by the media statements from the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which in 2004, announced their commitment to reinforce their partnerships on collaboration in the sports and tourism domain. They stated that; 

‘Tourism and sport are interrelated and complementary… both are powerful forces for development, stimulating investment in infrastructure projects such as airports, roads, stadiums, sporting complexes and restaurant-projects that can be enjoyed by the local population as well as tourists who come to use them.

This demonstrates that sports tourism has a wider economic and social impact than simply the sporting occasion itself. It provides social and economic opportunities for the local population , as well as visitors to the area.

The different types of sport tourism

Sport tourism can be segregated into four main types: sport event tourism, nostalgia sports tourism, active sports tourism and passive sports tourism. Below I have provided a short explanation of what each type of tourism is, along with some examples.

Sport event tourism

Sports event tourism is tourism which centres around a sporting event. Sporting events can be of any size and importance, however it tends to be the major sporting events which gain the most gravitas.

Hallmark events, such as the Olympics or football World Cup, are important centres for sport event tourism, bringing millions of tourists to the host destination.

Smaller events, such as the Henley Regatta in the United Kingdom or a national tennis competition also clarify as sport event tourism.

An often overlooked example of sport event tourism are amateur sporting events. Events such as regional school competitions, youth sporting leagues and non-profit community based sport events are just a few examples.

Wimbledon, also known as ‘The Championships’ is the oldest tennis tournament in the world. A prestigious sporting event, Wimbledon is often associated with the upper class, where spectators sip sparkling wine and Pimms whilst dressed in their best frocks.

Knowing very little about tennis, I attending Wimbledon a couple of years ago just to experience this famous event, which is an integral part off British heritage!

Dating back to 1877, Wimbledon has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, on the outskirts of London, each year. The tennis is played on outdoor grass courts, which is unlike tennis matches played in many other parts of the world.

Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open.

The tournament takes place in late June/early July each year.

The football World Cup, known officially as the FIFA World Cup, is an international football tournament held every four years.

The  Fédération Internationale de Football Association  (FIFA) is the sport’s global governing body. The football consists of mens only teams and boats the most skilled footballers in the world.

Teams must first pass the qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years. After this, 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation, compete in the tournament. The World Cup tournament generally lasts about one month.

The Six Nations Championship is an annual international rugby union competition that takes place. It involves what are considered to be the six best nations in terms of rugby in Europe The six nations are:

The Six Nations tournament begins on the first weekend in February each year and finishes with ‘Super Saturday’ on the second or third Saturday in March.

Each team is required to play every other team once (making a total of 15 matches). Each team will play one match at home and one match away from home.

I attended a six nations match once and whilst I’m really not into rugby (surprise!), I really enjoyed the sophisticated and supportive atmosphere at the venue.

Inspired by the ancient Greeks, the modern Olympic Games have been running since 1896. But, in fact, the games have been played in some form or another since long before this date.

The Olympics is perhaps the most famous and the most popular international sporting event. It features both summer and winter sports competitions which take place every four years. Like many other major sporting events, the Olympics are held in a different location each time.

Read also: Slow tourism: Everything you need to know

The Olympics involves thousands of athletes from around the world who compete in a range of different sports, from trampolining to running. Over 200 nations participate in the event.

The Super Bowl is the annual championship of the National Football League (NFL). Based in the Unites States of America, this is the most popular sport tourism event of the year.

Some interesting facts include The Super Bowl being the second-largest day for food consumption in the USA (after Thanksgiving) and the Super Bowl being the most-watched American television broadcast of the year.

Nostalgia sports tourism

Nostalgia sport tourism involves travelling to famous sport-related tourist attractions.

Nostalgia sports tourism may celebrate sports of the past or the present. It may include visiting museums or exhibitions, visiting sporting hall of fames or visiting sporting venues.

The nostalgia sports tourist does not need to be actively participating in sport or to be spectating. They may simply want to learn more or to reminisce.

Here are some examples of popular nostalgia sport tourism attractions.

We visited Calgary Olympic Park on travels through Canada with a baby and loved it!

WinSport’s Canada Olympic Park (COP), (formerly known as Paskapoo Ski Hill) was one of the venues used in the 1988 Winter Olympics. Nowadays, it is open to the general public and iw well known for its ski jumping, bobsleigh and luge.

Whilst we did learn a little bit about the Olympics on our visit here, we actually sent more time on the luge ride than anything else because it was so much fun!

The Maracana is a famous football stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The stadium is rich in history and was once the largest stadium in the world.

The stadium was opened in 1950 to host the FIFA World Cup. The venue has seen attendances of 150,000 or more at 26 occasions. Over time terraces were replaced with seating, and after the renovation for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the Maracana’s original capacity was reduced to 78,838.

Nowadays, it is popular to take a tour to visit the Maracana stadium, like I did when I travelled to Buenos Aires with my friend who is football mad!

The Olympic Village, known in Spanish as La Vila Olímpica del Poblenou is an area in the Sant Martí district of Barcelona, Spain.

The Barcelona Olympic Village was built in the late 1980s and early 1990s in preparation for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games, which were held in Barcelona.

Nowadays, visiting the Barcelona Olympic Village is a popular sports tourism activity undertaken by many tourists visiting Barcelona.

Active sports tourism

Active sports tourism is when a person travels to actively participate in their chosen sport, or when they travel for other reasons, but taking part in sport is an important part of their tourism experience.

Active sports tourists can be segregated into three classifications: The amateur sports tourist; the hobbyist sports tourist and the professional sports tourist.

I would say that I would generally come under the first category. I am an amateur (at best!) at every sport I try my hand at. But, I still like to give it a go! I’ve attempted skiing in Argentina, kayaking in Vietnam and surfing in Costa Rica, to name but a few.

Read also: Business tourism: Everything you need to know

My husband, on the other hand, is usually either a hobbyist sports tourist or a professional sports tourist. He plays for badminton and football teams and loves playing a large number of sports in his free time. He is also a former athlete, having competed for Britain as a trampoline gymnast. As part of this role he travelled around the workload for professional sporting competitions. This qualified him as a professional sports tourist.

There are a large number of active sports that a tourist may choose to get involved with around the world. Here are a few that I have experienced on my travels. But there are sooo many other sports that you can get involved in as a sports tourist!

• Diving in the Galapagos
• Swimming at the Great Barrier Reef
• Playing tennis in Morocco
• Learning archery in Spain
• Going running in France
• Cycling in Amsterdam
• Taking yoga classes in Bali
• Learning tai chi in China
• Kayaking in Vietnam
• Sailing in Australia
• Skiing in Argentina
• Surfing in Costa Rica
• Playing baseball in Boston
• Hand gliding in Rio de Janeiro
• Fishing in The Gambia
• Climbing in Thailand
• Horse riding in Equador
• Walking in Jeju

Here are a few active sports tourism examples:

Did I ever tell you that I completed a Tough Mudder Race? This was a BIG achievement!

Tough Mudder is an endurance event. It is a an obstacle course, originally designed for army training. It is a test of the mind and body.

The race is usually between 10-12 miles in length. It includes a number of obstacles, many of which involve mud! The obstacles often play on common human fears, such as fire, water , electricity and heights.

**Buy now: Sport and Tourism – a recommended textbook for sports studies students!**

Common obstacles include:

• Arctic Enema – Participants plunge into a tank filled with ice water, where they must swim under the water and past an obstacle to the other side.
• Electroshock Therapy – This is where participants will run through a pit of mud where electric wires sway in the air. Participants will often get small electric shocks.
• Funky Monkey – Monkey bars over a pit of cold water. The bars are covered with a mixture of butter and mud.
• The birthing canal- A small, confined space that the participant must crawl through. The upper layer is filled with water so it feels like you are being compressed as you crawl through the tunnel.

Of course, you will need to travel to a Tough Mudder venue to be classified a sports tourism, but many people do!

Many people choose to travel to South Korea for martial arts holidays and Taekwondo-themed events. These might be amateur sports tourists, hobbyist sports tourists or professional sports tourists, depending on the level of involvement and activity type.

Portugal is a popular destination for surf holidays. You can go it alone, if you have the skills and ‘know-how’, or you can book a tour. There are a number of tour operator who offer specialised surfing holidays for all levels of sports tourists, ranging from beginner to advanced.

There are several golfing hotspots around the world. One of the most popular places to travel to for a golfing holiday is Florida . With its year-round pleasant weather and large open spaces, Florida welcomes golf tourists from all over the world to play on their first-class golf courses.

There are many parts of Asia that are known for the popularity of yoga. However, done attracts so many tourists as Bali. Bali is famous the world over for offering top quality yoga retreats and yoga teacher training courses.

Lastly, it is important to recognise that whilst sport is inherently active , not all those who participate or who are involved with the sport are themselves active. In fact, passive tourists can actually contribute more to the sport than those who are active!

A passive sports tourist is a person who is not actively participating in the sport. They are spectators or fans. Passive sports tourism involves tourists watching sport being played. This could take place at a major sporting event (qualifying this also as sports event tourism), or they could simply be supporting a family member of friend. Most passive sports tourists are fans.

Football, or soccer, is arguably the most well-known and popular sports in the world.

Manchester United is a particularly famous football club. It is estimated by the BBC that Manchester United has a whopping 659million football fans!

I always find is fascinating when I travel to a country that is so different and so far removed from my own, yet the locals are also quick to ask me about Manchester United!

Many sports tourists will follow Manchester United, or which ever football team is their favourite, around the world to watch their games.

Anthony Joshua is a British professional boxer. He has many millions of followers, both from the UK and abroad.

Anthony is a two-time unified heavyweight champion, having held the WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, and IBO titles since December 2019, and previously between 2016 and June 2019. At regional level, he held the British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles from 2014 to 2016.

Anthony Joshua participates in fights around the world and is often accompanies by his passive sports tourism supporters.

The British & Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations – the national teams of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. 

If rugby is your thing and your from Britain or Ireland, then this is a pretty big deal.

The Lions have many thousands of passive sports tourism supporters who cheat them on each match.

Cricket is pretty big in Australia. So big, in fact, that the Australian cricket team has an estimated 24million supporters! Many of these supporters travel with the team around the world as passive sports tourists.

As with any type of tourism , there are a range of benefits and advantages of sports tourism. Whilst the most obvious is perhaps the economic advantage of tourism , there are also positive social impacts as well as environmental impacts . Below I provide some examples:

• Sports encourages tourists to visit the area
• Sports tourism creates economic growth through tourists booking hotel rooms, eating in restaurants and opening money in local shops
• Sports tourism helps to create exposure and enhances a positive image for the local community
• Many sports tourism infrastructures and facilities can also be used by members of the host community
• The development of sports tourism helps to build a sense of community
• Sports tourism has the potential to attract high-yield visitors and repeat visitors
• It can provide opportunity to develop new infrastructure in the area
• The media can help to promote the destination
• Sports tourism can improve overall tourist numbers
• Money made from sports tourism can be reinvested into the local economy
• Sports tourism creates jobs for local people
• Sports tourism which relies on the natural environment may result in better environmental management and preservation

Whilst there are many positive impacts of sports tourism, however, it is also important that there are a number of negative impacts too. Aspects such as environmental degradation when gold courses, employing foreign rather than local people for major sporting events and locals who feel that their cultural norms are being overlooked (such as not covering your shoulders in the Middle East, for example), are just a few example of negative impacts of sports tourism.

It is clear that sports tourism is big business. Whether its events sports tourism, active sports tourism, nostalgic sports tourism or passive sports tourism, there is a huge market for tourists worldwide. However, as with any type of tourism, sports tourism must be carefully managed to ensure that it is sustainable .

For more information on sports tourism, I recommend the texts below;

• Sports Tourism: Participants, Policy and Providers – explains sports tourism as a social, economic and cultural phenomenon that stems from the unique interaction of activity, people and place.
• Sport Tourism Development – a text book covering the growth and development of sport tourism.
• Sport Tourism Destinations: Issues and Analysis – with contributions from international experts, this book looks at the dramatic effects sports tourism has on the economy and future of tourism destinations. 
• Sport and Tourism – This book proposes a groundbreaking theoretical model which explores globalization, mobility and authenticity providing insight into the unique interrelationship that exists in a sport tourism context between activity, people and place.

Liked this article? Click to share!

• Search Menu
• Browse content in Arts and Humanities
• Browse content in Archaeology
• Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology
• Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
• Archaeology by Region
• Archaeology of Religion
• Archaeology of Trade and Exchange
• Biblical Archaeology
• Contemporary and Public Archaeology
• Environmental Archaeology
• Historical Archaeology
• History and Theory of Archaeology
• Industrial Archaeology
• Landscape Archaeology
• Mortuary Archaeology
• Prehistoric Archaeology
• Underwater Archaeology
• Urban Archaeology
• Zooarchaeology
• Browse content in Architecture
• Architectural Structure and Design
• History of Architecture
• Residential and Domestic Buildings
• Theory of Architecture
• Browse content in Art
• Art Subjects and Themes
• History of Art
• Industrial and Commercial Art
• Theory of Art
• Biographical Studies
• Byzantine Studies
• Browse content in Classical Studies
• Classical History
• Classical Philosophy
• Classical Mythology
• Classical Literature
• Classical Reception
• Classical Art and Architecture
• Classical Oratory and Rhetoric
• Greek and Roman Papyrology
• Greek and Roman Epigraphy
• Greek and Roman Law
• Greek and Roman Archaeology
• Late Antiquity
• Religion in the Ancient World
• Digital Humanities
• Browse content in History
• Colonialism and Imperialism
• Diplomatic History
• Environmental History
• Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours
• Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
• Historical Geography
• History by Period
• History of Emotions
• History of Agriculture
• History of Education
• History of Gender and Sexuality
• Industrial History
• Intellectual History
• International History
• Labour History
• Legal and Constitutional History
• Local and Family History
• Maritime History
• Military History
• National Liberation and Post-Colonialism
• Oral History
• Political History
• Public History
• Regional and National History
• Revolutions and Rebellions
• Slavery and Abolition of Slavery
• Social and Cultural History
• Theory, Methods, and Historiography
• Urban History
• World History
• Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning
• Language Learning (Specific Skills)
• Language Teaching Theory and Methods
• Browse content in Linguistics
• Applied Linguistics
• Cognitive Linguistics
• Computational Linguistics
• Forensic Linguistics
• Grammar, Syntax and Morphology
• Historical and Diachronic Linguistics
• History of English
• Language Evolution
• Language Reference
• Language Acquisition
• Language Variation
• Language Families
• Lexicography
• Linguistic Anthropology
• Linguistic Theories
• Linguistic Typology
• Phonetics and Phonology
• Psycholinguistics
• Sociolinguistics
• Translation and Interpretation
• Writing Systems
• Browse content in Literature
• Bibliography
• Children's Literature Studies
• Literary Studies (Romanticism)
• Literary Studies (American)
• Literary Studies (Asian)
• Literary Studies (European)
• Literary Studies (Eco-criticism)
• Literary Studies (Modernism)
• Literary Studies - World
• Literary Studies (1500 to 1800)
• Literary Studies (19th Century)
• Literary Studies (20th Century onwards)
• Literary Studies (African American Literature)
• Literary Studies (British and Irish)
• Literary Studies (Early and Medieval)
• Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers)
• Literary Studies (Gender Studies)
• Literary Studies (Graphic Novels)
• Literary Studies (History of the Book)
• Literary Studies (Plays and Playwrights)
• Literary Studies (Poetry and Poets)
• Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature)
• Literary Studies (Queer Studies)
• Literary Studies (Science Fiction)
• Literary Studies (Travel Literature)
• Literary Studies (War Literature)
• Literary Studies (Women's Writing)
• Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
• Mythology and Folklore
• Shakespeare Studies and Criticism
• Browse content in Media Studies
• Browse content in Music
• Applied Music
• Dance and Music
• Ethics in Music
• Ethnomusicology
• Gender and Sexuality in Music
• Medicine and Music
• Music Cultures
• Music and Media
• Music and Religion
• Music and Culture
• Music Education and Pedagogy
• Music Theory and Analysis
• Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti
• Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques
• Musicology and Music History
• Performance Practice and Studies
• Race and Ethnicity in Music
• Sound Studies
• Browse content in Performing Arts
• Browse content in Philosophy
• Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art
• Epistemology
• Feminist Philosophy
• History of Western Philosophy
• Metaphysics
• Moral Philosophy
• Non-Western Philosophy
• Philosophy of Language
• Philosophy of Mind
• Philosophy of Perception
• Philosophy of Science
• Philosophy of Action
• Philosophy of Law
• Philosophy of Religion
• Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
• Practical Ethics
• Social and Political Philosophy
• Browse content in Religion
• Biblical Studies
• Christianity
• East Asian Religions
• History of Religion
• Judaism and Jewish Studies
• Qumran Studies
• Religion and Education
• Religion and Health
• Religion and Politics
• Religion and Science
• Religion and Law
• Religion and Art, Literature, and Music
• Religious Studies
• Browse content in Society and Culture
• Cookery, Food, and Drink
• Cultural Studies
• Customs and Traditions
• Ethical Issues and Debates
• Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts
• Lifestyle, Home, and Garden
• Natural world, Country Life, and Pets
• Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge
• Sports and Outdoor Recreation
• Technology and Society
• Travel and Holiday
• Visual Culture
• Browse content in Law
• Arbitration
• Browse content in Company and Commercial Law
• Commercial Law
• Company Law
• Browse content in Comparative Law
• Systems of Law
• Competition Law
• Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law
• Government Powers
• Judicial Review
• Local Government Law
• Military and Defence Law
• Parliamentary and Legislative Practice
• Construction Law
• Contract Law
• Browse content in Criminal Law
• Criminal Procedure
• Criminal Evidence Law
• Sentencing and Punishment
• Employment and Labour Law
• Environment and Energy Law
• Browse content in Financial Law
• Banking Law
• Insolvency Law
• History of Law
• Human Rights and Immigration
• Intellectual Property Law
• Browse content in International Law
• Private International Law and Conflict of Laws
• Public International Law
• IT and Communications Law
• Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law
• Law and Politics
• Law and Society
• Browse content in Legal System and Practice
• Courts and Procedure
• Legal Skills and Practice
• Primary Sources of Law
• Regulation of Legal Profession
• Medical and Healthcare Law
• Browse content in Policing
• Criminal Investigation and Detection
• Police and Security Services
• Police Procedure and Law
• Police Regional Planning
• Browse content in Property Law
• Personal Property Law
• Study and Revision
• Terrorism and National Security Law
• Browse content in Trusts Law
• Wills and Probate or Succession
• Browse content in Medicine and Health
• Browse content in Allied Health Professions
• Arts Therapies
• Clinical Science
• Dietetics and Nutrition
• Occupational Therapy
• Operating Department Practice
• Physiotherapy
• Radiography
• Speech and Language Therapy
• Browse content in Anaesthetics
• General Anaesthesia
• Neuroanaesthesia
• Clinical Neuroscience
• Browse content in Clinical Medicine
• Acute Medicine
• Cardiovascular Medicine
• Clinical Genetics
• Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
• Dermatology
• Endocrinology and Diabetes
• Gastroenterology
• Genito-urinary Medicine
• Geriatric Medicine
• Infectious Diseases
• Medical Toxicology
• Medical Oncology
• Pain Medicine
• Palliative Medicine
• Rehabilitation Medicine
• Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology
• Rheumatology
• Sleep Medicine
• Sports and Exercise Medicine
• Community Medical Services
• Critical Care
• Emergency Medicine
• Forensic Medicine
• Haematology
• History of Medicine
• Browse content in Medical Skills
• Clinical Skills
• Communication Skills
• Nursing Skills
• Surgical Skills
• Browse content in Medical Dentistry
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Paediatric Dentistry
• Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics
• Surgical Dentistry
• Medical Ethics
• Medical Statistics and Methodology
• Browse content in Neurology
• Clinical Neurophysiology
• Neuropathology
• Nursing Studies
• Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Gynaecology
• Occupational Medicine
• Ophthalmology
• Otolaryngology (ENT)
• Browse content in Paediatrics
• Neonatology
• Browse content in Pathology
• Chemical Pathology
• Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
• Histopathology
• Medical Microbiology and Virology
• Patient Education and Information
• Browse content in Pharmacology
• Psychopharmacology
• Browse content in Popular Health
• Caring for Others
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Self-help and Personal Development
• Browse content in Preclinical Medicine
• Cell Biology
• Molecular Biology and Genetics
• Reproduction, Growth and Development
• Primary Care
• Professional Development in Medicine
• Browse content in Psychiatry
• Addiction Medicine
• Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• Forensic Psychiatry
• Learning Disabilities
• Old Age Psychiatry
• Psychotherapy
• Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health
• Browse content in Radiology
• Clinical Radiology
• Interventional Radiology
• Nuclear Medicine
• Radiation Oncology
• Reproductive Medicine
• Browse content in Surgery
• Cardiothoracic Surgery
• Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery
• General Surgery
• Neurosurgery
• Paediatric Surgery
• Peri-operative Care
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Surgical Oncology
• Transplant Surgery
• Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
• Vascular Surgery
• Browse content in Science and Mathematics
• Browse content in Biological Sciences
• Aquatic Biology
• Biochemistry
• Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
• Developmental Biology
• Ecology and Conservation
• Evolutionary Biology
• Genetics and Genomics
• Microbiology
• Molecular and Cell Biology
• Natural History
• Plant Sciences and Forestry
• Research Methods in Life Sciences
• Structural Biology
• Systems Biology
• Zoology and Animal Sciences
• Browse content in Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Computational Chemistry
• Crystallography
• Environmental Chemistry
• Industrial Chemistry
• Inorganic Chemistry
• Materials Chemistry
• Medicinal Chemistry
• Mineralogy and Gems
• Organic Chemistry
• Physical Chemistry
• Polymer Chemistry
• Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry
• Theoretical Chemistry
• Browse content in Computer Science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Computer Architecture and Logic Design
• Game Studies
• Human-Computer Interaction
• Mathematical Theory of Computation
• Programming Languages
• Software Engineering
• Systems Analysis and Design
• Virtual Reality
• Browse content in Computing
• Business Applications
• Computer Security
• Computer Games
• Computer Networking and Communications
• Digital Lifestyle
• Graphical and Digital Media Applications
• Operating Systems
• Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography
• Atmospheric Sciences
• Environmental Geography
• Geology and the Lithosphere
• Maps and Map-making
• Meteorology and Climatology
• Oceanography and Hydrology
• Palaeontology
• Physical Geography and Topography
• Regional Geography
• Soil Science
• Urban Geography
• Browse content in Engineering and Technology
• Agriculture and Farming
• Biological Engineering
• Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building
• Electronics and Communications Engineering
• Energy Technology
• Engineering (General)
• Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology
• History of Engineering and Technology
• Mechanical Engineering and Materials
• Technology of Industrial Chemistry
• Transport Technology and Trades
• Browse content in Environmental Science
• Applied Ecology (Environmental Science)
• Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science)
• Environmental Sustainability
• Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science)
• Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science)
• Natural Disasters (Environmental Science)
• Nuclear Issues (Environmental Science)
• Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science)
• Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science)
• History of Science and Technology
• Browse content in Materials Science
• Ceramics and Glasses
• Composite Materials
• Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion
• Nanotechnology
• Browse content in Mathematics
• Applied Mathematics
• Biomathematics and Statistics
• History of Mathematics
• Mathematical Education
• Mathematical Finance
• Mathematical Analysis
• Numerical and Computational Mathematics
• Probability and Statistics
• Pure Mathematics
• Browse content in Neuroscience
• Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience
• Development of the Nervous System
• Disorders of the Nervous System
• History of Neuroscience
• Invertebrate Neurobiology
• Molecular and Cellular Systems
• Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System
• Neuroscientific Techniques
• Sensory and Motor Systems
• Browse content in Physics
• Astronomy and Astrophysics
• Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
• Biological and Medical Physics
• Classical Mechanics
• Computational Physics
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics
• History of Physics
• Mathematical and Statistical Physics
• Measurement Science
• Nuclear Physics
• Particles and Fields
• Plasma Physics
• Quantum Physics
• Relativity and Gravitation
• Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics
• Browse content in Psychology
• Affective Sciences
• Clinical Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Criminal and Forensic Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Evolutionary Psychology
• Health Psychology
• History and Systems in Psychology
• Music Psychology
• Neuropsychology
• Organizational Psychology
• Psychological Assessment and Testing
• Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction
• Psychology Professional Development and Training
• Research Methods in Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Browse content in Social Sciences
• Browse content in Anthropology
• Anthropology of Religion
• Human Evolution
• Medical Anthropology
• Physical Anthropology
• Regional Anthropology
• Social and Cultural Anthropology
• Theory and Practice of Anthropology
• Browse content in Business and Management
• Business Ethics
• Business Strategy
• Business History
• Business and Technology
• Business and Government
• Business and the Environment
• Comparative Management
• Corporate Governance
• Corporate Social Responsibility
• Entrepreneurship
• Health Management
• Human Resource Management
• Industrial and Employment Relations
• Industry Studies
• Information and Communication Technologies
• International Business
• Knowledge Management
• Management and Management Techniques
• Operations Management
• Organizational Theory and Behaviour
• Pensions and Pension Management
• Public and Nonprofit Management
• Strategic Management
• Supply Chain Management
• Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice
• Criminal Justice
• Criminology
• Forms of Crime
• International and Comparative Criminology
• Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
• Development Studies
• Browse content in Economics
• Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics
• Asian Economics
• Behavioural Finance
• Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics
• Econometrics and Mathematical Economics
• Economic History
• Economic Systems
• Economic Methodology
• Economic Development and Growth
• Financial Markets
• Financial Institutions and Services
• General Economics and Teaching
• Health, Education, and Welfare
• History of Economic Thought
• International Economics
• Labour and Demographic Economics
• Law and Economics
• Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
• Microeconomics
• Public Economics
• Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
• Welfare Economics
• Browse content in Education
• Adult Education and Continuous Learning
• Care and Counselling of Students
• Early Childhood and Elementary Education
• Educational Equipment and Technology
• Educational Strategies and Policy
• Higher and Further Education
• Organization and Management of Education
• Philosophy and Theory of Education
• Schools Studies
• Secondary Education
• Teaching of a Specific Subject
• Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs
• Teaching Skills and Techniques
• Browse content in Environment
• Applied Ecology (Social Science)
• Climate Change
• Conservation of the Environment (Social Science)
• Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science)
• Natural Disasters (Environment)
• Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science)
• Browse content in Human Geography
• Cultural Geography
• Economic Geography
• Political Geography
• Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies
• Communication Studies
• Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences
• Browse content in Politics
• African Politics
• Asian Politics
• Chinese Politics
• Comparative Politics
• Conflict Politics
• Elections and Electoral Studies
• Environmental Politics
• European Union
• Foreign Policy
• Gender and Politics
• Human Rights and Politics
• Indian Politics
• International Relations
• International Organization (Politics)
• International Political Economy
• Irish Politics
• Latin American Politics
• Middle Eastern Politics
• Political Behaviour
• Political Economy
• Political Institutions
• Political Methodology
• Political Communication
• Political Philosophy
• Political Sociology
• Political Theory
• Politics and Law
• Public Policy
• Public Administration
• Quantitative Political Methodology
• Regional Political Studies
• Russian Politics
• Security Studies
• State and Local Government
• UK Politics
• US Politics
• Browse content in Regional and Area Studies
• African Studies
• Asian Studies
• East Asian Studies
• Japanese Studies
• Latin American Studies
• Middle Eastern Studies
• Native American Studies
• Scottish Studies
• Browse content in Research and Information
• Research Methods
• Browse content in Social Work
• Addictions and Substance Misuse
• Adoption and Fostering
• Care of the Elderly
• Child and Adolescent Social Work
• Couple and Family Social Work
• Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work
• Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work
• Emergency Services
• Human Behaviour and the Social Environment
• International and Global Issues in Social Work
• Mental and Behavioural Health
• Social Justice and Human Rights
• Social Policy and Advocacy
• Social Work and Crime and Justice
• Social Work Macro Practice
• Social Work Practice Settings
• Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice
• Welfare and Benefit Systems
• Browse content in Sociology
• Childhood Studies
• Community Development
• Comparative and Historical Sociology
• Economic Sociology
• Gender and Sexuality
• Gerontology and Ageing
• Health, Illness, and Medicine
• Marriage and the Family
• Migration Studies
• Occupations, Professions, and Work
• Organizations
• Population and Demography
• Race and Ethnicity
• Social Theory
• Social Movements and Social Change
• Social Research and Statistics
• Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
• Sociology of Religion
• Sociology of Education
• Sport and Leisure
• Urban and Rural Studies
• Browse content in Warfare and Defence
• Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research
• Land Forces and Warfare
• Military Administration
• Military Life and Institutions
• Naval Forces and Warfare
• Other Warfare and Defence Issues
• Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution
• Weapons and Equipment

• < Previous chapter
• Next chapter >

19 Sport, Tourism, and Social Impacts

Heather J. Gibson is a professor of tourism at the University of Florida. Her work cuts across the fields of leisure, tourism, and sport, with a focus on understanding behavioral choices in the context of gender, life span, and well-being. She authored some of the seminal papers in sport tourism and incorporated her focus on women and mid- and later life into the study of active sport tourism. She is a former managing editor of Leisure Studies and is an associate editor for the Annals of Tourism Research and the Journal of Sport & Tourism, among others.

Sheranne Fairley is an associate professor in the School of Business at the University of Queensland. Fairley’s research focuses on three major streams: sport and event tourism, volunteerism, and the globalization of sport. Her books include Rebranding and Positioning Australian Rules Football in the American Market (2009) and Renegotiating the Shanghai Formula One Event (2009, with K. D’Elia). She is editor-in-chief of the research journal Sport Management Review .

• Published: 21 September 2022
• Cite Icon Cite
• Permissions Icon Permissions

Scholarship in sport tourism began to gather speed in the late 1990s. Initially attention was on defining sport tourism and the economic impact of sport events. Calls to move scholarship from largely descriptive case studies to a theoretically informed body of work manifested in various ways. This chapter chronicles some of the developments in sport tourism scholarship over the past 20 years, with a focus on legacy and leveraging, social impacts, and small-scale events. In so doing, topics such as event portfolios, social capital, youth sport, and the impact of COVID-19 are discussed. The growth of event management as a discipline is examined in terms of its impact on sport tourism going forward. The authors note the touristic dimension in sport event research has often been missing or downplayed in recent studies, which raises questions about the long-term viability of sport tourism as an area of study.

As tourism became increasingly specialized in the 1990s, there was a growing recognition about travel associated with sport. Initially, when a group of scholars began to focus on sport tourism as an area of study, there was much debate around the definition of “sport tourism” (e.g., Gibson, 1998b ; Higham & Hinch, 2002 ; Weed & Bull, 2004 ). Through the years we have reached somewhat of a consensus that sport tourism breaks down into three main types: (1) travel to actively participate in sport, (2) travel to spectate at a sport event, and (3) travel related to nostalgia. The third form of sport tourism has always received less attention and has also been the most contested (e.g., Ramshaw & Gammon, 2005 ). Yet a quick review of the literature shows that there is an active group of scholars who have coalesced around this nostalgia/heritage sport tourism focus (e.g., Cho, Ramshaw, & Norman, 2014 ; Fairley, 2003 ; Ramshaw, 2020 ; Ramshaw & Gammon, 2005 ).

The first decade of sport tourism–related scholarship gave rise to two issues which are relevant to this chapter. The first was a focus on economic impact, primarily of sport tourism events (e.g., Daniels & Norman, 2003 ; Turco, 1998 ). This focus was not surprising, as communities were starting to use sport tourism as an economic development tool in the late 1990s, and many of these studies were commissioned by tourism agencies and emerging sports commissions. The second issue was a critique about the overly descriptive, atheoretical nature of early work (e.g., Gibson, 2004 ; Weed, 2006 ). However, the focus on description at this stage was not unexpected since the state of knowledge necessitated delimiting the area of study and conceptualizing and describing what comprised sport tourism. However, if, as sport tourism scholars, we were to move forward in developing this emerging area of study located at the intersection of sport management, tourism management, and leisure studies (this was the home to some of the early publications and themed conferences; cf. Gammon & Kurtzman, 2002 ), we needed to move into the next phase of knowledge development: understanding the how and the why ( Gibson, 2004 ).

At this stage we had not actively incorporated event management scholarship into this intersection. While Getz (1998) had written a paper on sport tourism in the event management context, event management had not penetrated sport and tourism management to the extent it has today. In fact, as we noted earlier, while our spectator sport tourists were called “event sport tourists” ( Gibson, 1998b ) in our early work, and while we were often researching sport tourism in event-related contexts (e.g., Higham & Hinch, 2002 , 2001 ; Ryan & Lockyer, 2002 ), the event was not the main focus. Today we have seen a definite shift in the prominence of the event context. This shift has been so extensive that the focus on sport tourism has been somewhat subsumed by the focus on sport events ( Gibson, 2017 ). Indeed, some may question the viability of this area of study going forward. Yet, at the same time, we can point to a resurgence of interest from practitioners and the industry, particularly in niche areas of sport tourism such as youth sports. Also evident is a growing interest among academics throughout Asia, particularly in China and Japan ( Dong, 2020 ; Hinch & Ito, 2018 ). As authors of this chapter, in reflecting back as well as projecting into the future, we are provided with an opportunity to examine some of the most significant developments in sport tourism research which helped to counter the early critiques of being atheoretical.

Responses to the critiques about lack of theory and being overly descriptive, as well as the focus on economic impacts, led us in two directions. First was the identification of appropriate concepts and theories that might enhance the explanatory power of sport tourism–related work to help us build a body of work that was sequential and could push our understanding forward. Weed (2006) , drawing upon Forscher’s (1963) classic treatise on “chaos in the brickyard,” challenged us to move beyond the individual case study approach to work toward building a cohesive body of knowledge about sport tourism. Gibson’s (2006) edited book, Sport Tourism Concepts and Theories, provided a compendium of potential theories that might be used to frame our work. Certainly, in the research on the active sport tourist there is evidence that scholars did heed the call to frame their work in appropriate theories. For example, Kaplanidou and Vogt (2007) used the Theory of Planned Behavior to understand participants in a cycling event. The concepts of involvement and enduring involvement, which have a long history in leisure studies, were applied to understand participation in Master’s Games ( Ryan & Lockyer, 2002 ) and travel to take part in running events ( McGehee, Yoon, & Cardenas, 2003 ), and were combined with a benefits-sought framework to investigate cycle tourists ( Gibson & Chang, 2012 ). A constraints framework, again from leisure studies, has been a popular approach to understanding participation patterns in snow sports ( Hudson, 2000 ; Williams & Fidgeon, 2000 ) and surfing tourism among women ( Fendt & Wilson, 2012 ), as has using serious leisure (Stebbins, 1982) to examine commitment and experiences in active sport tourism contexts (e.g., Shipway & Jones, 2007 ). Lamont, Kennelly, and Wilson (2012) added the idea that active sport tourists not only negotiate but prioritize constraints on their participation; they examined this within the event travel career framework proposed by Getz (2008) . Getz combined serious leisure (Stebbins, 1982) , Pearce’s (1998) travel career, and Unruh’s (1979) social worlds to develop the event travel career framework, which has spawned a series of studies on running ( Getz & Anderson, 2010 ) and mountain biking ( Getz & McConnell, 2011 ). Buning and Gibson (2015) proposed some further developments to what they called the active sport event travel career in their study of cycling within a U.S. context by providing more detail on career development and how this intersected with the events in which these cyclists chose to participate. Recently, Aicher, Buning, and Newland (2020) put more focus on the social worlds aspect of the active sport event travel career among runners and found that degree of immersion in the running social world shapes not only event participation but also related tourism behaviors.

These are only some of the conceptual approaches that have been used by researchers on active sport tourism; the application of these various frameworks has provided some unique insights into how and why active sport tourists participate in their various sports. More important, we have seen a shift in focus to understand the meanings and benefits that such participation has for these individuals, notably with a recent focus on the well-being associated with participation in active sport tourism ( Mirehie & Gibson, 2020 ). However, some notable gaps remain, particularly in that much of the focus on active sport tourism has not interrogated the sociostructural issues associated with participation, such as gender, race, and class ( Gibson & Mirehie, 2018 ). Active sport tourism is still mainly experienced by white, middle-class, and predominantly male participants, as was evident over 20 years ago, when some of the first papers were written ( Bordelon & Ferreira, 2019 ; Gibson, 1998a ). Another issue of importance is that there are few current researchers focusing on active sport tourism. This was evident in editing a special issue of the Journal of Sport & Tourism, where it took several rounds of the call for papers to attract a sufficient number of submissions ( Gibson, Lamont, Kennelly, & Buning, 2018 ). Of course, some of this can be attributed to researchers being pushed to publish in higher-impact journals, but the sister special issue “Sport Tourism and Sustainable Destinations” ( Hinch, Higham, & Moyle, 2016 ), for example, attracted enough papers for two issues. In delving more deeply into this topic, it is evident from the recent literature that there are an increasing number of studies on sport participation and also a growing focus on understanding the whys and hows of participation and links to health and well-being (e.g., Mirehie & Gibson, 2020 ). However, more troubling for sport tourism, is that many of these projects have ignored the touristic aspects of participation (e.g., Raggiotto & Scarpi, 2020 ), when we know that the very act of traveling not only contributes to well-being (e.g., Smith & Diekmann, 2017 ) but is part of the reason people take part in these events. So perhaps one pressing issue is that participation in event contexts may not be conceptualized and understood to its full extent without a focus on the touristic components of the experience.

As we reflect back on the original event sport tourism category, where the focus was on the hosting of events and spectators traveling to them, we can see that much research about the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games acted as a catalyst for the expansion of different disciplinary approaches to study sport tourism and events. The work of the Cooperative Research Center for Sustainable Tourism’s Sydney Olympics Tourism Impacts Study is a source of much of the work that we see today on leveraging and flow-on tourism (see Faulkner et al., 2001 ). The application of concepts from marketing and the call to reconceptualize our thinking away from impact to leveraging ( Chalip, 2004 ; Faulkner et al., 2001 ) were significant shifts in the way we think about events, and will be explored in more depth below. Additionally, in a project funded by the Australian Research Council, Green (2001) applied concepts from anthropology and proposed a sociocultural approach to understanding volunteering associated with Sydney 2000, at a time when much of the existing work was focused on volunteer motivation (e.g., Farrell, Johnston, & Twynam, 1998 ). Following the long tradition of focusing on resident responses to tourism, Waitt’s (2003) study on the sociological and social-psychological impacts of hosting the Olympics on Sydney residents reflected not only the growing focus on the social impacts of event hosting that were beginning to emerge at the time but also growing concerns from sociologists and others about the legacy of hosting these sport mega-events (e.g., Cashman, 2003 ; Preuss, 2007 ).

Within research on nostalgia sport tourism, the big issue has always been the legitimacy of this form of sport tourism ( Ramshaw & Gammon, 2005 ; Weed & Bull, 2004 ). The original conception of nostalgia sport tourism emanated out of Redmond’s (1991) work and was used to describe sport-related travel associated with visiting museums, sport halls of fame, stadium tours, and other sport-themed tourism ( Gibson, 1998b ). Fairley (2003) broadened this definition and noted that the nostalgia around sport tourism could be based on social experience rather than event or sport memory. Ramshaw and Gammon (2005) have suggested that nostalgia sport tourism is a form of heritage tourism and should be conceptualized as such. While this debate is not settled, scholars continue to work in this area and produce theoretically informed work pushing the boundaries of our knowledge on nostalgia. One such trend is to move beyond a focus on nostalgia relating to famous stadia or sports halls of fame to consider intangible forms of nostalgia such as the social experiences among longtime fans of a particular team or memories of significant sporting triumphs or losses as social nostalgia ( Fairley, 2003 ; Fairley, Gibson, & Lamont, 2018 ). Several key papers explore the idea that nostalgia is multidimensional, and we can see that, for the participants of these studies, nostalgia is linked to multiple attachments, such as family and identity ( Cho et al., 2014 ; Fairley et al., 2018 ). Indeed, as nostalgia gained prominence in the COVID-19 era, Gammon and Ramshaw (2020) suggested that nostalgia might be a coping mechanism people use to deal with changes in everyday life, such as stay-at-home orders enacted by many countries during spring 2020. Closer still to sport tourism, Weed (2020) mentions nostalgia as one of the key concepts in understanding the effects on and potentially the reshaping of sport and tourism in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

With much of the contemporary focus on sport tourism residing largely within event contexts, we will devote this part of our chapter to a more in-depth focus on the conceptual approaches that have predominated in the sport-event tourism domain: (1) legacy versus leverage, (2) social impacts and social legacies, and (3) small-scale sport tourism events.

Legacy or Leverage?

Events are believed to provide benefits to destinations; however, research has suggested that these benefits do not occur as a matter of course ( Brown, Chalip, Jago, & Mules, 2002 ; Chalip, 2004 , 2006 ; Chalip & Leyns, 2002 ; O’Brien & Chalip, 2007 ). Economic impact studies provide mixed results ( Gratton, Dobson, & Shibli, 2000 ; Mules, 1998 ). Given the significant public investment in events like the Olympic Games, and rising questions about whether such events actually produce the touted benefits ( Maennig, 2007 ), scholars turned to event legacy. Event legacy focuses on long-term impacts from events ( Preuss, 2007 ). Specifically, Preuss defined legacy as “all planned and unplanned, positive and negative, tangible and intangible structures created for and by a sport event that remain longer than the event itself” (p. 211). Many potential types of legacies have been identified, including infrastructure, knowledge, policy, networks, sport, social capital, and environmental impacts ( Dickson, Benson, & Blackman, 2011 ; Preuss, 2015 ; Swart & Bob, 2012 ). Legacy assessments have been mixed; for example, Swart and Bob listed 33 positive and 39 negative legacies.

The International Olympic Committee included legacy in its charter in 2003, and since then potential host cities must detail a legacy plan in their bid documents ( Leopkey & Parent, 2012 ). Leopkey and Parent noted that while the first mention of legacy was found in the bid documents for the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, the 2000s saw a significant increased focus on legacy effects among candidate cities. However, as Chalip and Heere (2013) suggest, host governments and event owners often use a narrative of legacy to legitimate significant public expenditures on sport events with little attention given to measurement and accountability. Indeed, basic questions arise about how and when one should assess whether a legacy has occurred. Further, many questions about who should be held accountable for legacy benefits remain unanswered. Most typically, public funds are spent before and during the event. Most committees formed to host events disband at their conclusion, and the stakeholders in the community responsible for making claims about the impacts and legacies of the events have often moved on to different roles by the time legacy is discussed and examined. As a consequence, legacy is often criticized as being mere rhetoric ( Tomlinson, 2014 ). In contrast, Chalip (2004) advocates for the use of an ex ante approach known as event leveraging, rather than the ex post approach that is legacy. Event leveraging focuses on strategic planning, views the event as the “seed capital,” and asks what a destination can do with an event to generate desired benefits ( O’Brien & Chalip, 2007 ). Chalip (2017 , p. 29) makes a good case that leveraging is of more use than legacy “because it focuses on strategic processes, rather than categories of outcome, and can thereby be applied across disparate contexts.”

Chalip’s (2004) original event leveraging model suggests that destination stakeholders can capitalize on the hosting of an event by strategically planning to capitalize immediate benefits from event visitors and trade, to entice visitor spending, lengthen visitor stays, and enhance business relationships. Further, destinations can use the opportunity to generate long-term benefits by utilizing the event-related media to showcase the destination and enhance its image. The leveraging framework includes identifying a leverageable resource, identifying the opportunities, creating strategic objectives from the opportunity, and developing means to achieve the objectives ( Chalip, 2004 ). Research on event leveraging has highlighted the need to consider culture, attitudes and beliefs, and systems and structures ( Chalip, Green, Taks, & Misener, 2017 ). Constraints and barriers to destinations leveraging events should also be considered; for example, host city contracts that involve commitments to global suppliers may prevent local businesses and tourism organizations from maximizing the value of the event to the local population ( Kelly, Fairley, & O’Brien, 2019 ).

Alternatively, an event portfolio approach, which is itself a leveraging strategy, changes the focus from singular events to a holistic and synergistic view of events at a destination ( Chalip, 2004 ; Getz, 2008 ; Ziakas, 2010 ). Specifically, event portfolios are based on “a series of interrelated events in terms of resources, theming, and markets which are strategically patterned on the basis of their operation and thematic readiness” ( Ziakas, 2014 , p. 329). The event portfolio facilitates the sharing of resources, collaborations, and cross-leveraging opportunities to achieve tourism outcomes ( Ziakas & Costa, 2011 ), while often considering the diversity of events, seasonality, and timing in selecting events ( Clark & Misener, 2015 ; Kelly & Fairley, 2018a ). The portfolio approach provides a balanced approach and opportunities for smaller events that may otherwise be overlooked ( Getz, 2008 ). Some destinations, however, may be dominated by one genre of event, such as sport events, as is the case of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Benefits from event portfolios are maximized only when strategic leveraging takes place ( Kelly & Fairley, 2018a ). The Sunshine Coast has one of the most recognized examples of this approach. As part of their strategic approach to leveraging their event portfolio, the Sunshine Coast has an established Events Board (with tourism, events, and government organizations represented) and an event strategy that outlines clear strategic goals. Guided by their event strategy, the Events Board provides advice to tourism and government organizations that direct funding for events. Additionally, long-term funding contracts and the provision of human resources to manage each transaction are used to establish long-term relationships between events and the destination.

Social Impacts and Social Legacies

Questions about legacies from sport mega-events generated a related line of research with a focus on social legacies. Chalip’s (2006) treatise on social leveraging and Misener and Mason’s (2006) work on building community networks and social capital were part of a “turning of the tide” from a focus on economic impact to more intangible outcomes from hosting events. The timing on this change of focus occurred when London had been awarded the 2012 Olympic Games and South Africa was getting ready to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and conversations were on legacy (for London 2012) and nation-building for South Africa. In the tourism journals, following the resident-impact line of inquiry, a body of knowledge about social impacts had emerged ( Fredline, 2005 ). For example, Gursoy and Kendall (2006) found that hosting mega-events, in this case the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, resulted in positive social outcomes such as increased pride, self-esteem, and community spirit. Enhanced pride and community spirit were again identified in South Korea’s hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup ( Kim, Gursoy, & Lee, 2006 ). Similarly, Ohmann, Jones and Wilkes (2006) found that Germany’s hosting of the 2006 FIFA World Cup instilled a sense of unity and national pride among its citizenry. Burgan and Mules (1992) had already invoked the concept of “psychic income” to describe this enhanced sense of pride, patriotism, and excitement, as expressed by residents of Brisbane in their hosting of the 1982 Commonwealth Games. Psychic income appeared to explain, at least during the event, why many of the negative impacts associated with hosting were forgotten as residents got caught up in the excitement and euphoria induced by the sporting competition. Similarly, as South Africa was getting ready for FIFA 2010, scholars reflected back on the 1995 Rugby World Cup and how President Nelson Mandela, as depicted in the movie Invictus , tried to establish a sense of collective spirit in the Rainbow Nation through rugby and advanced several treatises on nation-building through the hosting of such mega-events in the South African context (e.g., Labuschagne, 2008 ; Van Der Merwe, 2007 ). However, criticism associated with the 1995 Rugby World Cup pointed out that the collective spirit boost soon faded as the memory of winning the Cup diminished and the long history of challenges in that multiethnic nation was too complex to be solved by a sport event ( Van Der Merwe, 2007 ). Nonetheless, with the impetus shifting to a focus on legacy, in particular among politicians and event owners such as the IOC and FIFA, some scholars shifted their attention to the intangible outcomes of hosting under the umbrella term of “social impacts” or “social legacy” (e.g., Fredline, 2005 ; Minnaert, 2012 ; Prayag, Hosany, Nunkoo, & Alders, 2013 ; Schulenkorf, 2009 ).

This shift away from economic impacts, a focus often described as “disappointing” by residents (e.g., Kim, Gursoy, & Lee, 2006 ), pointed to needs for research to be sensitive to the more complex social and political micro-contexts of many hosting countries. Since the 1990s, sociologists, in particular, had been writing about the breakdown of community and social networks ( Putnam, 1995 ). There were also growing concerns about the increasing sociostructural divide and resulting increases in social inequality and the breakdown of social capital (e.g., Gould & Hijzen, 2016 ). Perhaps it is not surprising that governments started conceptualizing their mega-event hosting strategies in terms of building or rebuilding social cohesion. Waitt (2003) noted this with respect to the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, and Cornelissen, Bob, and Swart (2011) focused attention on South Africa’s nation-building goals in hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup. As stated earlier, the idea of building social capital through sport and events had already been raised (e.g., Misener & Mason, 2006 ). Several empirical studies emerged, evaluating the degree to which event hosting was linked to psychic income as the immediate emotional response but also to longer-term outcomes such as social capital (e.g., Gibson et al., 2014 ), building national identity among peoples with different ethnic identities ( Heere et al., 2014 ), happiness ( Hallman, Breuer, & Kuhnreich, 2013 ), and national well-being ( Kavetsos & Szymanski, 2010 ). While the research showed that the psychological response associated with hosting (psychic income) was indeed present, the longer-term goals of building social unity were often not met (e.g., Gibson et al., 2014 ). The missing part of these initiatives appeared to stem from the relative lack of social leveraging that was associated with the pursuit of these longer-term goals ( Chalip, 2006 ).

So while research on the social benefits of event hosting has grown and moved into the realm of sport for development (e.g., Schulenkorf, Thomson, & Schlenker, 2011 ) or has been used to examine volunteer legacies (e.g., Downward & Ralston, 2006 ), critiques over hosting these sport mega-events have escalated, so much so that the pool of potential host cities has considerably declined ( Sidhant, 2020 ). Critique levied at these sport mega-events is nothing new; in the sociology of sport, such a skeptical posture has a long tradition (e.g., Whitson & McIntosh, 1993 ). However, in the work in sport tourism in the late 1990s, some of these concerns became more central to inquiry in the emerging area of study focused on how tourism was associated with hosting these events. Higham (1999) , in a commentary paper, used this tradition of critiquing these mega-events as a point of departure to suggest focusing on another avenue of study in sport tourism events, that of small-scale event tourism.

Small-Scale Sport Tourism Events

As we said, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, as communities began to invest in sport as a tourism development strategy, many of the early studies on these small-scale events were focused on economics ( Daniels & Norman, 2003 ; Turco, 1998 ). The tourism-event funding model at local levels is often based on investing public monies (tourist taxes generated from commercial lodging) into tourist ventures (e.g., hosting small-scale sport events) that generate economic activity for the community (i.e., return on investment). It is common for these event organizers to track hotel room nights and expenditure data from local businesses to demonstrate that these public monies have been used effectively. However, when leveraging strategies use grants to entice event managers to adopt a strategy designed to generate tourism, it may result in “mission drift” by shifting the event managers’ attention from their core purpose of staging the event ( Kelly & Fairley, 2018b ). When the focus of event managers shifts to tourism, they spend less time on the staging of their own event, leading to a product of lesser quality.

At the level of small-scale events in those early days, sports commissions, convention and visitors bureaus, as well as parks and recreation departments were encouraged to host sport events that would attract visitor spending from outside the community while making use of existing facilities and leveraging existing sport events ( Daniels & Norman, 2003 ; Higham, 1999 ). In the United States, calls were made to recognize the tourism value of college sports ( Gibson, Willming, & Holdnak, 2003 ); in New Zealand, Super 12 rugby was positioned as a way of counteracting seasonality in tourism ( Higham & Hinch, 2002 ); and motor sports were used to diversify tourism on the Gold Coast in Australia (e.g., Fredline & Faulkner, 1998 ). While each of these initiatives focused upon economic impacts, they also measured social impacts, such as the effects of event hosting on local communities ( Fredline, 2005 ) and understanding how sport tourists might be encouraged to engage in non-sport-related activities while visiting a destination, known as flow-on tourism ( Gibson et al., 2003 ).

By about 2010, hosting small-scale sport events for many communities had become a major part of their tourism strategies. Indeed, Gibson, Kaplanidou, and Kang (2012) argued that, for communities with sport facilities and a sport-centric culture, small-scale event sport tourism was a form of sustainable tourism development. We also saw a shift at this time in how event sport tourism was being conceptualized. Contrary to the earlier focus on spectators, the growth in travel for participatory sport events was a noticeable development ( Kaplanidou & Gibson, 2010 ). As we noted earlier, this gave rise to a line of research on sport-event participation experiences (e.g., Lamont et al., 2012 ; Shipway & Jones, 2007 ). Another development occurred at the community level as more communities recognized the economic potential associated with hosting small-scale sport events, particularly those featuring youth sport.

In 2019, it is estimated that sport tourists spent US $45.1 billion, including expenditures by venues and event organizers ( Sports ETA, 2019 ). Also in 2019, Wintergreen Research, Inc. reported that youth sport travel spending alone was estimated at U.S.$15 billion per year. In the meantime, some communities had invested heavily in new facilities to host these sport events, using both public monies as well as commercial investment. This resulted in a proliferation of “mega-complexes,” where sports facilities are combined with hotels and other guest services that specifically target traveling youth sport families ( Drape, 2018 ). While the youth sport industry understands the economic significance of this form of small-scale sport tourism and the local sports commissions and other agencies involved in hosting recognize that tourism is economically beneficial to their communities (a fact that was made abundantly clear when the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted these contests [ Drape & Chen, 2020 ]), there has been little interest from academics on examining the tourism associated with youth sport for these families ( Garst, Gagnon, & Stone, 2019 ; Mirehie, Gibson, Kang, & Bell, 2019 ; Scott & Turco, 2007 ). Taks, Chalip, Green, Kesenne, and Martyn (2009) examined the flow-on tourism behaviors that take place as a result of some of the bigger youth sport tournaments. Still, the majority of research on youth sport participation has largely omitted consideration of tourism impacts. Indeed, costs associated with mandated travel have increased the time, money, and resources needed to participate in youth sport, disproportionally affecting those who lack the finances to participate (e.g., Knight & Holt, 2013 ).

Despite some of the growing concerns over the “big money” in youth sport, we still suggest that small-scale sport events have more positive potential for both communities and participants. As Higham (1999) suggested over 20 years ago, such events can bypass many of the negatives associated with hosting sport mega-events. Not surprisingly, research on sport-event participation has grown in tandem with more communities finding benefits in hosting participatory sport events. However, as noted, when considering active sport tourism, the focus on participation has come with reduced focus on understanding the touristic nature of small-scale sport events (e.g., Raggiotto & Scarpi, 2020 ). Further, returning to our earlier discussion on leveraging, Kennelly (2017) finds few event organizers understand how to effectively leverage their events to maximize both tourism benefits and participation experience. Much remains for future inquiry into this dynamic.

Our narrative shows that, over 20 years after study on the topic began, there is a body of theoretically informed work on various aspects of sport tourism, some of which has been accomplished in partnership with relevant agencies. However, the biggest debate today appears to be over the continued relevance of sport tourism in Western academic communities, particularly in light of the ascendance of event management in relation to both tourism management and sport management. Where is the focus on tourism in much of the contemporary research on events in general, and sport events in particular? We even have diverging opinions on this ourselves. It may be that our assessments stem from our different geographical contexts. While Australia is a more strategic leader in cohesive planning of sport events and event tourism, in the United States the importance of tourism in events varies widely depending on whom you are talking to, and event management and planning is largely dispersed among small independent agencies. In Australia, tourism and events often sit together within one organization; for example, Tourism and Events Queensland is a state statutory body in charge of events and tourism in Queensland.

One notable development since the mid- to late 1990s, when we saw the first coalescence around sport tourism, has been the rising prominence of events, both as an industry sector and an academic area of study. As a field, events and event management is claimed by hospitality, tourism, sport management, recreation, and event management in and of itself. The discipline housing degree programs or the events sector you work in will shape how you view tourism’s role in events. Not surprisingly, tourism academics tend to think of events as “just tourism.” Often they cannot understand why, over the past 10 years in university settings, students have been gravitating to event management degrees in such numbers that concerns have grown over the decrease in student enrollment in tourism programs. In fact, many of these event management students have no interest in tourism, as they do not see it as relevant to their future jobs as event planners.

In sport management degree programs, where there has been an appreciation of sport tourism for over 20 years, we have also seen a move away from the tourism aspects of sport events. Thus, while sport event management has grown in emphasis, both as an academic degree component and an area of research, we risk losing tourism, and by extension sport tourism, as an area of academic focus in parts of the world that were first associated with this area of study. A significant exception is continued growing interest in sport tourism from governments and scholars in the East, most notably in Asia. However, while it is encouraging to see scholars from a broader range of countries focusing on sport tourism, some of the earlier critiques about overly descriptive and atheoretical work remain. We hope, as was the case with our work in the late 1990s, that this turn of interest will fuel a new phase of research. There is promise for new ideas and approaches that can push the boundaries of our understanding about sport tourism in these countries, rather than emulating studies published in Western contexts over the past 20 years. Of course, we hope that this emergent stimulus of interest will be helpful in reframing and bringing culture-specific considerations more forward on the research agenda.

Another resilient area of debate surrounds the notion of leveraging, and the extent to which both academics and practitioners understand what it entails. As Kennelly (2017) found in her study of participatory events in the United Kingdom, few event organizers understood the need to leverage their events. This mirrors Chalip and Leyns’s (2002) conclusion almost 20 years ago in their studies about leveraging sport events on the Gold Coast in Australia. As journal reviewers and editors, we know that it is not uncommon to see manuscripts that claim to have a focus on leveraging, but in reality the focus remains on questions of impact rather than on how event-related actors devise and implement strategies to leverage outcomes from an event.

A new twist in discussions of sport mega-events that lead us to the legacy and leveraging debate is concern over the costs and resources devoted to hosting these events. In particular, there is growing concern that countries from the developing world are bidding for and hosting large-scale events; some observers suggest that it is irresponsible to burden such countries (or any country) with unnecessary debts given unrealistic expectations of benefits ( Dowse & Fletcher, 2018 ). Indeed, these bids are often motivated by unproven claims about economic benefits ( Whitson & Horne, 2006 ), with limited mention that the major beneficiaries of such events are most typically the elites, while everyday taxpayers are left with sometimes considerable burdens (e.g., Tomlinson, 2014 ).

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable impact on sport, tourism, and sport tourism. The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games have been postponed, and many other international and domestic sport events have been postponed or canceled. Just how sport tourism will recover remains unknown. Some professional sports have received special dispensation from governments to continue play despite state and national restrictions on social distancing and travel. For example, the National Rugby League and the Australian Football League have resumed playing in Australia, with some teams being forced to relocate to another state in order to continue playing, and strict protocols around social contact with others. Likewise, in the United States, the National Basketball Association has created a “bubble” at the ESPN Disney Wide World of Sports to finish a season that was interrupted by the sudden stay-at-home orders in spring 2020.

In tourism, the economic fallout from the pandemic has been particularly acute, as many countries have created tourism-centric economies since the previous global disruptions on tourism flows in the early to mid-2000s. Since 2014, international tourism had resumed exponential growth each year and in some parts of the world had reached a crisis point of too many visitors, a condition referred to as “overtourism” ( Weber, 2017 ). The almost complete shutdown of international tourism in April and May 2020 showed residents of these tourism-receiving communities what local life is like without hordes of visitors ( Haywood, 2020 ). Some have suggested that tourism in these communities could be reenvisioned ( Haywood, 2020 ), although the economic realities of having little to no tourism have also become apparent. Will the economic imperatives win out?

Similar discussions have been occurring in the youth sport world, led by the Aspen Institute’s (2015) Project Play ( Farrey, 2020 ). Without organized sport, physical activity during the early days of the pandemic-related lockdowns increased in outdoor venues such as parks and empty streets, and people of all ages rediscovered cycling and walking ( Ding, del Pozo Cruz, & Green, 2020 ; Venter, Barton, Gundersen, Figari, & Nowell, 2020 ). The number of youth in organized sport has been declining over the past decade (e.g., Aspen Institute, 2015 ); will the pandemic exacerbate this downward trend? Many U.S. youth sport tournaments were held despite public health concerns ( Allentuck, 2020 ).

In bringing this chapter to a close, it is time to think about the future of inquiry of sport tourism by reflecting on our dual critiques of early work in sport tourism for being too focused on economics and for being too often atheoretical. First, we should make clear that we still believe there is a role for economic-focused work. In the post-COVID-19 era, using a cost-benefit analysis to examine the economic returns from sport tourism initiatives for communities will be imperative ( Mules & Dwyer, 2005 ). For associated industries and communities, accurate estimates of economic impact will be needed to guide policy and engender support from government and residents alike. However, one lesson from research on sport events over the past 20 years is that economic benefit cannot be assumed. This is most particularly the case for the larger events involving major infrastructure development and the multilevel disruption of life for host communities.

As our discussion in this chapter has shown, there has been a two-pronged approach, centered on legacy and leveraging, to event-related research. While our knowledge had advanced in these two areas, Chalip and Fairley (2019) argued in the introduction to their special issue of the Journal of Sport & Tourism that there is still a need for a strategic approach to leveraging. Understanding the principles of leveraging and building partnerships remains limited as event organizers are understandably preoccupied with planning and executing the event itself. Thus, going forward, we suggest that there is still much work to be done in untangling the principles of leveraging and how best to apply them in sport tourism and event management. If we are to continue to stage sport mega-events in the face of increased opposition from potential host cities, a shift from legacy to leveraging is warranted. Citizens deserve accountability and return on investment from their backing of these events. The need to revisit the ethics of hosting is in line with the growing call for attention to sustainability in sport and tourism generally, and in event hosting in particular.

This returns us to a discussion about the size and scale of events for communities. Proponents of small-scale events have demonstrated that while they are not perfect, their strategic use offers the prospect of a balanced event portfolio ( Ziakas, 2014 ), whereby communities can host events that complement their image as a destination ( Chalip & Leyns, 2002 ) and use existing facilities and infrastructure ( Gibson et al., 2012 ). Such strategies may offer the best way forward for many communities.

In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the first events communities returned to were for youth. Because of this, the larger events industry has come to recognize that the pandemic has opened the door to the need to think differently about events and how they might be staged. For example, eSports, one of the new genres in the sport industry before the pandemic, held in-person competitions with live audiences. During the pandemic, the integration of new technologies into people’s lives during spring/summer 2020 has raised questions about the changing expectations of hosting and attending events. For example, does the next eSports event need to be held in person at a convention center, or can it be held virtually?

On another technology-driven front, the integration of AI generally in tourism has gathered speed during the pandemic. While we are not suggesting that in-person participation in sports (for spectators and athletes) or traveling will disappear, accepted ways of doing things changed drastically in January 2020. As in the work of Project Play ( Farrey, 2020 ) and in youth sport after COVID-19, the wider tourism and events industries have also been reenvisioning the future (e.g., UN World Tourism Organization, 2020 ).

While we do not envision that people will stop traveling, attending sport events, and participating in sport tourism in person, we have seen glimpses of new ways of participation, such as virtual marathons. However, we have also seen more people cycling and (re)discovering participating in physical activities outside ( Venter et al., 2020 ). To what extent will this continue and reshape the sport tourism opportunities that are offered? Over the past few years, the IOC has sanctioned the inclusion of skateboarding, sport climbing, and surfing in the Olympic Games as a way of reaching the younger generations, some of whom have turned away from traditional (Olympic) sports ( Farrey, 2020 ). At the recreational level, the growing popularity of ultramarathons, adventure racing, and mud runs and the rise in interest in cycling and running may continue to reshape sport tourism offerings as more people seek to compete and socialize with other participants in greater numbers. It is possible that as some of those individuals who became engaged in physical activity during the pandemic enter higher levels of commitment, they may be encouraged to seek participation in sport tourism opportunities (e.g., Buning & Gibson, 2015 ; Getz & McConnell, 2011 ).

We think there has definitely been some progress in the theoretical development of work in sport tourism, both deductively and inductively. Here, new theoretical suppositions have been proposed, such as the event travel career ( Getz, 2008 ), and there has been some refinement advanced through grounded theory applications, such as the active sport event travel career ( Buning & Gibson, 2015 ). Further, we have seen promising refined approaches to leveraging in small-scale sport settings ( Kelly & Fairley, 2018b ; Kelly et al., 2019 ) and explorations of the multidimensional nature of nostalgia ( Cho et al., 2014 ) in sport tourism. However, as Chalip and Fairley (2019 , p. 157) note about the tendency for a focus on sport events beginning to dominate the sport tourism knowledge base, “Although we have learned a great deal in recent years about ways to enhance the policy utility of sport events, the field remains undertheorized and overly general.” We concur, but we also revert to an essential question we raised earlier: Will research on sport events continue to subsume sport tourism, or will sport event researchers rediscover the integral role that tourism plays in these events, both on the demand and supply sides of event experiences?

Aicher, T. , Buning, R. , & Newland, B. ( 2021 ). Running through travel career progression: Social worlds and active sport tourism.   Journal of Sport Management , 27 (1), 32–44 https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720948249 .

Google Scholar

Allentuck, D. (2020, May 12). A big youth baseball tournament was played in Missouri. Was it too soon? New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/12/sports/baseball/coronavirus-youth-baseball-tournament-missouri.html .

Aspen Institute. (2015). Project Play: Facts: Sports activity and children. http://www.aspenprojectplay.org/the-facts .

Bordelon, L. , & Ferreira, S. ( 2019 ). Mountain biking is for (white, wealthy, middle-aged) men: The Cape Epic mountain bike race.   Journal of Sport & Tourism, 23, 41–59.

Brown, G. , Chalip, L. , Jago, L. , & Mules, T. ( 2002 ). The Sydney Olympics and Brand Australia. In N. Morgan , A. Pritchard , & R. Pride (Eds.), Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition (pp. 163–185). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Google Preview

Buning, R. , & Gibson, H. ( 2015 ). The evolution of active sport event travel careers.   Journal of Sport Management , 29 , 555–564.

Burgan, B. , & Mules, T. ( 1992 ). Economic impact of sporting events.   Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 700–710.

Cashman, R. ( 2003 ). What is “Olympic legacy”? In M. Moragas , C. Kennett , & N. Puig (Eds.), The legacy of the Olympic Games 1984–2000: International Symposium Lausanne, 14th, 15th and 16th November 2002 (pp. 31–42). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee.

Chalip, L. ( 2004 ). Beyond economic impact: A general model for sport event leverage. In B. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues (pp. 226–252). Clevedon, U.K.: Channel View Publications.

Chalip, L. ( 2006 ). Towards social leverage of sport events.   Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 109–127.

Chalip, L. , & Fairley, S. ( 2019 ). Thinking strategically about sport events.   Journal of Sport & Tourism , 23 (4), 155–158.

Chalip, L. , & Green, B. C. (2001). Leveraging large sports events for tourism: Lessons learned from the Sydney Olympics. Supplemental proceedings of the Travel and Tourism Research Association 32nd Annual Conference, Fort Myers, FL, June 10–13.

Chalip, L. , Green, B. C. , Taks, M. , & Misener, L. ( 2017 ). Creating sport participation from sport events: Making it happen.   International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics , 9 (2), 257–276.

Chalip, L. , & Heere, B. ( 2013 ). Leveraging sport events: Fundamentals and application to bids. In I. Henry , & L.-M. Ko (Eds.), Routledge handbook of sport policy (pp. 209–220). London: Routledge.

Chalip, L. , & Leyns, A. ( 2002 ). Local business leveraging of a sport event: Managing an event for economic benefit.   Journal of Sport Management, 16, 132–158.

Cho, H. , Ramshaw, G. , & Norman, W. ( 2014 ). A conceptual model of nostalgia in the context of sport tourism: Reclassifying the sporting past.   Journal of Sport & Tourism , 19 (2), 145–168.

Clark, R. , & Misener, L. ( 2015 ). Understanding urban development through a sport events portfolio: A case study of London, Ontario.   Journal of Sport Management, 29, 11–26.

Cornelissen, S. , Bob, U. , & Swart, K. ( 2011 ). Sport mega-events and their legacies: The 2010 FIFA World Cup.   Development Southern Africa , 28 (3), 305–306.

Daniels, M. , & Norman, W. ( 2003 ). Estimating the economic impacts of seven regular sport tourism events.   Journal of Sport Tourism, 8(4), 214–222.

Dickson, T. J. , Benson, A. M. , & Blackman, D. A. ( 2011 ). Developing a framework for evaluating Olympic and Paralympic legacies.   Journal of Sport & Tourism, 16, 285–302.

Ding, D. , del Pozo Cruz, B. , & Green, M. ( 2020 ). Is the Covid-19 lockdown nudging people to be more active: Big data analysis.   British Medical Journal Sports Med . Advance online publication. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102575.

Dong, E. (Ed.). ( 2020 ). Sport tourism development: Foundation and cases . Beijing: China Science Publishing.

Downward, P. , & Ralston, R. ( 2006 ). The sports development potential of sports event volunteering: Insights from the XVII Manchester Commonwealth Games.   European Sport Management Quarterly, 6, 333–351.

Dowse, S. , & Fletcher, T. ( 2018 ). Sport mega-events, the “non-West” and the ethics of event hosting.   Sport and Society , 21 (5), 745–761.

Drape, J. (2018, September 12). The youth sports megacomplex comes to town, hoping teams will follow. New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/12/sports/youth-sports-costs.html .

Drape, J. , & Chen, D. (2020, March 16 ). Tears and disbelief as coronavirus cancels youth sports. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/16/sports/coronavirus-canceled-youth-sports.html .

Fairley, S. ( 2003 ). In search of relived social experience: Group-based nostalgia sport tourism.   Journal of Sport Management, 17, 284–304.

Fairley, S. , Gibson, H. , & Lamont, M. ( 2018 ). Temporal manifestations of nostalgia: Le Tour de France.   Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 120–130.

Farrell, J. , Johnston, M. , & Twynam, D. ( 1998 ). Volunteer motivation, satisfaction and management at elite sporting competition.   Journal of Sport Management, 12, 288–300.

Farrey, T. (2020, June 1). How can sports help build America? Aspen Institute. https://www.aspeninstitute.org/blog-posts/how-sports-can-help-rebuild-america/ .

Faulkner, B.   Chalip, L. , Brown, G. , Jago, L. , March, R. , & Woodside, A. ( 2001 ). Monitoring the tourism impacts of the Sydney 2000 Olympics.   Event Management, 6, 231–246.

Fendt, L. , & Wilson, E. ( 2012 ). “ I just push through the barriers because I live for surfing”: How women negotiate their constraints to surf tourism.   Annals of Leisure Research , 15 (1), 4–18.

Forscher, B. ( 1963 ). Chaos in the brickyard.   Science, 142 (3590), 339.

Fredline, E. ( 2005 ). Host and guest relations and sport tourism.   Sport in Society, 8(2), 263–279.

Fredline, E. , & Faulkner, B. ( 1998 ). Resident reactions to a major tourist event: The Gold Coast Indy Car Race.   Festival Management and Event Tourism, 5, 185–205.

Gammon, S. , & Kurtzman, J. (Eds.). ( 2002 ). Sport tourism: Principles and practice . Eastbourne, U.K.: LSA Publications.

Gammon, S. , & Ramshaw, G. ( 2020 ). Distancing from the present nostalgia and leisure in lockdown.   Leisure Sciences , 43 (1–2), 131–137. doi: 10.1080/01490400.2020.1773993

Garst, B. , Gagnon, R. , & Stone, G. ( 2019 ). “ The credit card or the taxi”: A qualitative investigation of parent involvement in indoor competition climbing.   Leisure Sciences , 42 (5–6), 589–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2019.1646172 .

Getz, D. ( 1998 ). Trends, strategies and issues in sport-event tourism.   Sport Marketing Quarterly, 7, 8–13.

Getz, D. ( 2008 ). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research.   Tourism Management, 29, 403–428.

Getz, D. , & Anderson, T. D. ( 2010 ). The event-tourist career trajectory: A study of high-involvement amateur distance runners.   Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism , 10 (4), 468–491.

Getz, D. , & McConnell, A. ( 2011 ). Serious sport tourism and event travel careers.   Journal of Sport Management, 25, 326–338.

Gibson, H. ( 1998 a). Active sport tourism: Who participates?   Leisure Studies , 17 (2), 155–170.

Gibson, H. ( 1998 b). Sport tourism: A critical analysis of research.   Sport Management Review, 1, 45–76.

Gibson, H. ( 2004 ). Moving beyond the “what is and who” of sport tourism and understanding “why. ” Journal of Sport Tourism , 9 (3), 247–265.

Gibson, H. (Ed.). ( 2006 ). Sport tourism: Concepts and theories . London: Routledge.

Gibson, H. ( 2017 ). Commentary: Sport tourism and theory and some other developments: Some reflections.   Journal of Sport & Tourism , 21 (2), 153–158.

Gibson, H. , & Chang, S. , ( 2012 ). Cycling in mid and later life: Involvement and benefits sought from a bicycle tour.   Journal of Leisure Research , 44 (1), 23–49.

Gibson, H. , Kaplanidou, K. , & Kang, S. J. , ( 2012 ). Small-scale event sport tourism: A case study in sustainable tourism.   Sport Management Review, 15, 160–170.

Gibson, H. , Lamont, M. , Kennelly, M. , & Buning, R. ( 2018 ). Introduction to the special issue Active Sport Tourism.   Journal of Sport & Tourism , 22 (2), 83–91.

Gibson, H. , & Mirehie, M. ( 2018 ). Sport tourism and feminism. In L. Mansfield , J. Caudwell , B. Wheaton , & R. Watson (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of feminisms in sport, leisure and physical education (pp. 681–697). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gibson, H. , Walker, M. , Thapa, B. , Kaplanidou, K. , Geldenhuys, S. , & Coetzee, W. ( 2014 ). Psychic income and social capital among host nation residents: A pre-post analysis of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.   Tourism Management, 44, 113–122.

Gibson, H. , Willming, C. , & Holdnak, A. ( 2003 ). Small-scale event sport tourism: Fans as tourists.   Tourism Management, 24, 181–190.

Gould, D. , & Hijzen, A. (2016, August 16). Growing apart, losing trust? The impact of inequality on social capital. IMF Working Papers. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Growing-Apart-Losing-Trust-The-Impact-of-Inequality-on-Social-Capital-44197 .

Gratton, C. , Dobson, N. , & Shibli, S. ( 2000 ). The economic importance of major sports events: A case study of six events.   Managing Leisure, 5, 17–28.

Green, B. C. ( 2001 ). Leveraging subculture and identity to promote sport events.   Sport Management Review, 4, 1–19.

Gursoy, D. , & Kendall, K. ( 2006 ). Hosting mega events: Modeling locals’ support.   Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 603–623.

Hallman, K. , Breuer, C. , & Kuhnreich, B. ( 2013 ). Happiness, pride and elite sporting success: What population segments gain most from national athletic achievements?   Sport Management Review, 16, 226–235.

Haywood, K. M. ( 2020 ). A post COVID-19 future—tourism re-imagined and re-enabled.   Tourism Geographies, 22, 599–609.

Heere, B. , Walker, M. , Gibson, H. , Thapa, B. , Geldenhuys, S. , & Coetzee, W. ( 2014 ). Questioning the validity of race as a social construct: An examination of race and ethnicity in the “Rainbow Nation. ” African Social Science Review , 7 (1), 24–43.

Higham, J. ( 1999 ). Commentary: Sport as an avenue of tourism development: An analysis of the positive and negative impacts of sport tourism.   Current Issues in Tourism, 2, 82–90.

Higham, J. , & Hinch, T. ( 2002 ). Tourism, sport and seasons: The challenges and potential of overcoming seasonality in the sport and tourism sectors.   Tourism Management, 23, 175–185.

Hinch, T. , & Higham, J. ( 2001 ). Sport tourism: A framework for research.   International Journal of Tourism Research, 3, 45–58.

Hinch, T. , Higham, J. , & Moyle, B. ( 2016 ). Sport tourism and sustainable destinations: Foundations and pathways.   Journal of Sport & Tourism , 20 (3–4) 163–173.

Hinch, T. , & Ito, E. ( 2018 ). Sustainable sport tourism in Japan.   Tourism Planning & Development, 15, 96–101.

Hudson, S. ( 2000 ). The segmentation of potential tourists: Constraint differences between men and women.   Journal of Travel Research , 38 , 363–368.

Kaplanidou, K. , & Gibson, H. ( 2010 ). Predicting behavioral intentions of active event sport tourists: The case of a small-scale recurring sports event.   Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15, 163–179.

Kaplanidou, K. , & Vogt, C. ( 2007 ). The interrelationship between sport event and destination image and sport tourists’ behaviors.   Journal of Sport & Tourism , 12 (3–4), 183–206.

Kavetsos, G. , & Szymanski, S. ( 2010 ). National well-being and international sports events.   Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(2), 158–171.

Kelly, D. , & Fairley, S. ( 2018 a). The utility of relationships in the creation and maintenance of an event portfolio.   Marketing Intelligence & Planning , 36 (2), 260–275.

Kelly, D. , & Fairley, S. ( 2018 b). What about the event? How do tourism leveraging strategies affect small-scale events?   Tourism Management , 64 , 335–345.

Kelly, D. , Fairley, S. , & O’Brien, D. ( 2019 ). It was never ours: Formalised event hosting rights and leverage.   Tourism Management, 73, 123–133.

Kennelly, M. ( 2017 ). “ We’ve never measured it, but it brings in a lot of business”: Participatory sport events and tourism.   International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 29 , 883–899.

Kim, H. , Gursoy, D. , & Lee, S. ( 2006 ). The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of pre and post games.   Tourism Management, 27, 86–96.

Knight, C. J. , & Holt, N. L. ( 2013 ). Strategies used and assistance required to facilitate children’s involvement in tennis: Parents’ perspectives.   Sport Psychologist , 27 , 281–291.

Labuschagne, P. ( 2008 ). The impact of sport on nation building: A critical analysis of South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.   Africa Insight, 38(3), 3–14

Lamont, M. , Kennelly, M. , & Wilson, E. ( 2012 ). Competing priorities in constraints in event travel careers.   Tourism Management, 33, 1068–1079.

Leopkey, B. , & Parent, M. M. ( 2012 ). Olympic Games legacy: From general benefits to sustainable long-term legacy.   International Journal of the History of Sport, 29, 924–943.

Maennig, W. ( 2007 ). One year later: A reappraisal of the economics of the 2006 Soccer World Cup.   Hamburg Contemporary Economic Discussions , 10 , 1–18. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1520530

McGehee, N. , Yoon, Y. , & Cardenas, D. , ( 2003 ). Involvement and travel for recreational runners in North Carolina.   Journal of Sport Management, 17, 305–324.

Minnaert, L. ( 2012 ). An Olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996–Beijing 2008).   Tourism Management, 33, 361–370.

Mirehie, M. , & Gibson, H. ( 2020 ). The relationship between female snow-sport tourists’ travel behaviors and well-being.   Tourism Management Perspectives , 33 (1), 1000613.

Mirehie, M. , Gibson, H. , Kang, S. J. , & Bell, H. ( 2019 ). Parental insights from three elite-level youth sports: Implications for family life.   World Leisure Journa l, 61 (2), 98–112.

Misener, L. , & Mason, D. ( 2006 ). Creating community networks: Can sporting events offer meaningful sources of social capital?   Managing Leisure, 11, 39–56.

Mules, T. ( 1998 ). Taxpayer subsidies for major sport events.   Sport Management Review , 1 (1), 25–43.

Mules, T. , & Dwyer, L. ( 2005 ). Public sector support for sport tourism events: The role of cost-benefit analysis.   Sport in Society, 8, 338–355.

O’Brien, D. , & Chalip, L. ( 2007 ). 19 sport events and strategic leveraging: Pushing towards the triple bottom line. In A. G. Woodside & D. Martin (Eds.), Tourism management: Analysis, behaviour, and strategy (pp. 318–338). Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International.

Ohmann, S. , Jones, I. , & Wilkes, K. ( 2006 ). The perceived social impacts of the 2006 football World Cup on Munich residents.   Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 129–152.

Pearce, P. L. ( 1988 ). The Ulysses factor: Evaluating visitors in tourist settings . New York: Springer-Verlag.

Prayag, G. , Hosany, S. , Nunkoo, R. , & Alders, T. ( 2013 ). London residents’ support for the 2012 Olympic Games: The mediating effect of overall attitude.   Tourism Management, 36, 629–640.

Preuss, H. ( 2007 ). The conceptualization and measurement of mega sport event legacies.   Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228.

Preuss, H. ( 2015 ). A framework for identifying the legacies of a mega sport event.   Leisure Studies , 34 (6), 643–664.

Putnam, R. ( 1995 ). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital.   Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78.

Raggiotto, F. , & Scarpi, D. ( 2020 ). Living on the edge: Psychological drivers of athletes’ intention to re-patronage extreme sporting events.   Sport Management Review, 23, 229–241.

Ramshaw, G. ( 2020 ). Heritage and sport: An introduction . Summit, PA: Channel View Publications.

Ramshaw, G. , & Gammon, S. ( 2005 ). More than just nostalgia? Exploring the heritage/sport tourism nexus.   Journal of Sport Tourism, 10(4), 229–241.

Redmond, G. ( 1991 ). Changing styles of sports tourism: Industry/consumer interactions in Canada, the USA and Europe. In M. Sinclair & M. Stabler (Eds.), The tourism industry: An international analysis (pp. 107–120). Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International.

Ryan, C. , & Lockyer, T. ( 2002 ). Masters’ games involvement—the nature of competitors’ involvement and requirements.   Event Management, 7, 259–270.

Schulenkorf, N. ( 2009 ). An ex ante framework for the strategic study of social utility of sport events.   Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9, 120–131.

Schulenkorf, N. , Thomson, A. , & Schlenker, K. ( 2011 ). Intercommunity sport events: Vehicles and catalysts for social capital in divided societies.   Event Management, 15, 105–119.

Schumacher, D. G. (2015). National Association of Sports Commission’s report on the sports travel industry. https://www.sportscommissions.org/Portals/sportscommissions/Documents/About/NASC%20Sport%20Tourism%20Industry%20Report.pdf

Scott, A. K. , & Turco, D. ( 2007 ). VFRs as a segment of the sport event tourist market.   Journal of Sport Tourism , 12 (1), 41–52.

Shipway, R. , & Jones, I. ( 2007 ). Running away from home: Understanding visitor experiences and behaviour at sport tourism events.   International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 373–383.

Sidhant, W. ( 2020 ). Exorbitant costs and minimal benefits: The impacts of hosting the Olympics.   Chicago Policy Review.   https://chicagopolicyreview.org/2020/05/06/exorbitant-costs-and-minimal-benefits-the-impact-of-hosting-the-olympics/ .

Smith, M. , & Diekmann, A. ( 2017 ). Tourism and wellbeing.   Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 1–13.

Sports ETA. (2019). Sports tourism: State of the industry report (2019). https://www.sportseta.org/research/state-of-the-industry-report

Stebbins, R. ( 1982 ). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement.   Pacific Sociological Review , 25 (2), 251–272.

Swart, K. , & Bob, U. ( 2012 ). Mega sport event legacies and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.   African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance , 18 (Suppl. 2), 1–11.

Taks, M. , Chalip, C. , Green, C. , Kesenne, S. , & Martyn, S. ( 2009 ). Factors affecting repeat visitation and flow-on tourism as sources of event strategy sustainability.   Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(2–3), 121–142.

Tomlinson, A. ( 2014 ). Olympic legacies: Recurrent rhetoric and harsh realities.   Contemporary Social Science , 9 , 137–158,

Turco, D. ( 1998 ). Travelling and turnovers measuring the economic impacts of a street basketball tournament,   Journal of Sport Tourism , 5 (1), 7–14.

Unruh, D. R. ( 1979 ). Characteristics and types of participation in social worlds.   Symbolic Interaction , 2 (2), 115–130.

UN World Tourism Organization. (2020, May 28). Global guidelines to restart tourism. https://www.unwto.org/news/unwto-launches-global-guidelines-to-restart-tourism .

Van Der Merwe, J. ( 2007 ). Political analysis of South Africa’s hosting of the Rugby and Cricket World Cups: Lessons for the 2010 Football World Cup and beyond?   Politikon , 34 , 67–81.

Venter, Z. , Barton, D. , Gundersen, V. , Figari, H. , & Nowell, M. ( 2020 ). Urban nature in a time of crisis: Recreational use of green space increases during the Covid-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway.   Environmental Research Letter . https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb396 .

Waitt, G. ( 2003 ). Social impacts of the Sydney Olympics.   Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 194–215.

Whitson, D. , & Horne, J. ( 2006 ). The Glocal Politics of Sports Mega-Events: Underestimated costs and overestimated benefits? Comparing the outcomes of sports mega-events in Canada and Japan.   The Sociological Review , 54, 71–89.

Weber, F. ( 2017 ). Tourism destinations under pressure: Challenges and innovative solutions . Lucerne: Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts.

Weed, M. ( 2006 ). Sports tourism research 2000–2004: A systematic review of knowledge and a meta-evaluation of methods.   Journal of Sport & Tourism , 11 (1), 5–30.

Weed, M. ( 2020 ). The role of the interface of sport and tourism in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.   Journal of Sport & Tourism . doi:10.1080/14775085.2020.1794351.

Weed, M. E. , & Bull, C. J. ( 2004 ). Sports tourism: Participants, policy and providers . Oxford: Elsevier.

Whitson, D. , & McIntosh, D. ( 1993 ). Becoming a world-class city: Hallmark events and sport franchises.   Sociology of Sport Journal, 10, 221–240.

Williams, P. , & Fidgeon, P. R. ( 2000 ). Addressing participation constraint: A case study of potential skiers.   Tourism Management, 21, 379–393.

Wintergreen Research, Inc. (2019). Youth team, league, and tournament sports: Market shares, strategies, and forecasts, worldwide, 2019 to 2026. https://www.wintergreenresearch.com/ .

Ziakas, V. ( 2010 ). Understanding an event portfolio: The uncovering of interrelationships, synergies, and leveraging opportunities.   Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure & Events, 2(2), 144–164.

Ziakas, V. ( 2014 ). Planning and leveraging event portfolios: Towards a holistic theory.   Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management , 23 (3), 327–356.

Ziakas, V. , & Costa, C. ( 2011 ). Event portfolios and multi-purpose development: Establishing the conceptual grounds.   Sport Management Review, 14, 409–423.

• About Oxford Academic
• Publish journals with us
• University press partners
• What we publish
• New features  
• Open access
• Institutional account management
• Rights and permissions
• Get help with access
• Accessibility
• Advertising
• Media enquiries
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Languages
• University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

• Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
• Cookie settings
• Cookie policy
• Privacy policy
• Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

Sign In or Create an Account

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

To read this content please select one of the options below:

Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, an overall assessment of sports tourism articles.

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights

ISSN : 2514-9792

Article publication date: 22 October 2020

Issue publication date: 2 November 2021

The purpose of this study aims to examine sports tourism through a conceptual lens. The study offers a deep assessment of the general structure and purpose of sports tourism. Thus, the authors aim to determine the contributions of scientific studies in the field of sports tourism to sports tourism literature.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative research design was created and data collected using document analysis. The research articles were categorized and analyzed according to their objectives, journals of publication, keywords, application areas, research methods used, data collection techniques and findings

It was been determined that the research articles in the field of sports tourism contributed significantly to the sports tourism literature and to the cumulative progress of the field.

Research limitations/implications

The implications of this study is that only publications in the field of sports tourism (in the tourism category) indexed in the Web of Science between 2014 and 2018 were examined.

Practical implications

Studies to be carried out in the field of sports tourism should be seen as continuations, rather than repetitions, of one another. Thus, more information about the field of sports tourism is needed to better articulate the structure of the field for the benefit of future researchers.

Social implications

There is a need for studies to contribute to the development of sports tourism in the literature. This study aims to take a step in this direction. With the increase of activities to be carried out in both the field and practice of sports tourism, a better relationship will be established between sports, local people and relevant stakeholders.

Originality/value

More theoretical studies in this field (Gibson, 1998a; Soedjatmiko, 2015) suggest that the field of sports tourism can be further developed. In light of this call, the present study will provide an overview of sports tourism research as a whole, thus contributing to future research by its own merits. It will guide the authors to determine how activities in the field of sports tourism have grown and how they are progressing

• Sports tourism
• Research articles
• Document analysis

Mesci, M. , Pekerşen, Y. and Mesci, Z. (2021), "An overall assessment of sports tourism articles", Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights , Vol. 4 No. 5, pp. 676-707. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-04-2020-0054

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited

Related articles

We’re listening — tell us what you think, something didn’t work….

Report bugs here

All feedback is valuable

Please share your general feedback

Join us on our journey

Platform update page.

Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates

Questions & More Information

Answers to the most commonly asked questions here

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Something lived, something learned: Nostalgia's expanding role in sport tourism

2005, Sport in Society

Related Papers

Journal of Sport & Tourism

William Norman

Current Sociology

Emily Keightley

Journal of personality and social psychology

Constantine Sedikides

Seven methodologically diverse studies addressed 3 fundamental questions about nostalgia. Studies 1 and 2 examined the content of nostalgic experiences. Descriptions of nostalgic experiences typically featured the self as a protagonist in interactions with close others (e.g., friends) or in momentous events (e.g., weddings). Also, the descriptions contained more expressions of positive than negative affect and often depicted the redemption of negative life scenes by subsequent triumphs. Studies 3 and 4 examined triggers of nostalgia and revealed that nostalgia occurs in response to negative mood and the discrete affective state of loneliness. Studies 5, 6, and 7 investigated the functional utility of nostalgia and established that nostalgia bolsters social bonds, increases positive self-regard, and generates positive affect. These findings demarcate key landmarks in the hitherto uncharted research domain of nostalgia.

Current Directions in Psychological Science

Sean Scanlan

This introduction argues that nostalgia is neither simple nor well understood by critics and theorists. New developments in the ways that nostalgia operates in culture and literature should prove useful to critics interested in history, homes, music, culture, and literature.

International Journal of Heritage Studies

Gary Campbell , Laurajane Smith

Introduction to a special issue of International Journal of Heritage Studies on Nostalgia

Journal of Consumer Research

Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for a personally experienced and valued past, is a social emotion. It refers to significant others in the context of momentous life events and fosters a sense of social connectedness. On this basis, the authors hypothesized that (1) nostalgia promotes charitable intentions and behavior, and (2) this effect is mediated by empathy with the charity’s beneficiaries.

Layli Rakhsha

The meaning of nostalgia has been broadly studied and explored in relation to displacement and migration by many scholars and researchers using different methodologies. The concept of nostalgia as an emotion or a longing for something, has an impact on considerations about home and imagination. For some migrant artists, intentional use of certain objects from their cultures and homelands can speak of nostalgia, their personal experiences of displacement, identities and desires in the new country. Considering identities and cultures in their works allow the migrant artists shape their ideas within a new context in the new country, and can provoke their desires and imaginations for something connected to home or homeland. Using some specific objects that belong to the cultures and traditions in art also reflects and symbolizes nostalgia towards certain memories of the past and longing for the future. In this paper, I focus on the concept of nostalgia that is associated with displacement; nostalgia that can be described as a longing for home and desire for something in the future. I examine how nostalgia as an emotional response to a memory or an experience can be used to narrate, manifest and visualize memories and longings in artistic practice. I also discuss how nostalgia as a desire can provoke imagination for a place that may only exist in the future. To do this, I will discuss nostalgia and its relation to memory, the experience of displacement and imagination. I will consider works of Hossein Valamanesh and Khadim Ali whose oeuvres are informed by their use of specific and symbolic objects from their cultural heritage and homeland, and consider how the emotional connection to these symbolic objects are translated and transformed in a new context. I will contend, longing and imagination shaped by nostalgia not only manifest a sense of intimacy with home or a place that may no longer exist, but also, narrate the artist’s identity, desires and imagination.

Liora Gvion

RELATED PAPERS

Edward Seely: How Can Churches Facilitate Education Leading to Maturity in Jesus Christ Worldwide?

Dariusz Wojciech Mazurkiewicz

Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology

Prem Chauhan

abeer qashou

Pushpa Khare

Giovanna D'Andrea

International Journal of Modern Physics A

Marek Nowakowski

Labour Economics

Jurnal Tenik Pengairan

DR. Ir. Ussy Andawayanti, MS.

Asian Economic Papers

Fredrik Sjöholm

FEBS Letters

Ambaliou Sanni

Journal of Life and …

Dilip Kumar Datta

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

IJRASET Publication

Gerencia Y Politicas De Salud

Fernando Lago

Resimli Kitaplarda Tipografi Kullanımı: Okunaklılık ve Okunabilirlik Üzerinden Bir İçerik Analizi

Nicole Stedman

Fluid Dynamics &amp; Materials Processing

Anchal Dhiman

Journal of Chemical Health and Safety

Sharron Sussman

Dicky Chandra

Nuha Aqya Ramadhan

Nuha A Q Y A Ramadhan , Gama B Kuntoadi

Gioconda's Smile made in China Astratto

Antonietta Pignatelli

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology

Filomena Rebelo

wolukarya bersama

Rachael Hayes

Current Microbiology

Angela Del Vecchio

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Tourism: Eco, Sports, Culture, Space Essay

When tourism is mentioned, many people have the notion that one has to go to a foreign country for a couple of weeks to relax and enjoy the scenery. To some extent that is true, but one can have equal fun by just visiting the rural areas or going to watch a football match in a stadium. Tourism comes in many forms, there is the normal visit to a national park, or somewhere nature is in its most pure form. Other tourists might prefer to go to the ends of the world just to see and experience the different kinds of lifestyles experienced by other people.

Others find no better way of spending their free time other than watching their favorite soccer team play in the stadium. For the few billionaires in this world, they might want to brag by visiting a space station and taking a space walk. Finally, for those who love to stay indoors, they can do so in a museum or a cultural center where they can watch plays. Tourism has spread in almost every corner of the earth, this means that one does not need to travel to faraway lands (Pacific Asia Tourism, 2010).

In this day and age, tourism is among the biggest and vibrant developing sectors of a nation’s economic activity. Tourism is present in almost every part of the earth, including remote areas and even unexplored territories (Pacific Asia Tourism, 2010). As a result, there has been a significant investment in ensuring existence of tourism by developing relevant infrastructure, educating citizens on tourism and maintaining culture. This paper will examine various categories of tourism and their economic impact.

Of all types of tourism, ecotourism remains the most memorable to many. If you are an American or a European, chances are that the largest animal you have ever seen is a rabbit, and if you are more outgoing; a turkey. That is not the case if you happen to be a Kenyan Maasai probably living in or around a national park.

Most westerners coming to Kenya usually envision country roads, unfamiliar languages, probably hostile people and wild animals roaming everywhere. In fact, foreigners think they will be welcomed by an elephant at the airport. That is not entirely true, many people there speak English and are very friendly, plus the food is fantastic. They call roasted meat ‘nyama choma’ and from the way they prepare it’s quite a delicacy (United Nations Environment Programme, 2008).

Ecotourism, also known as nature tourism, is where tourists visit areas which are still natural and unaffected by human activities. Tourists get a chance to see how animals and plants thrive in the natural world. Of all known types of tourism, ecotourism attracts the most number of people, thereby becoming the largest generator of revenue in the tourism industry. Tourists entering in selected areas of nature attractions, such as national parks, have to pay an entrance fee which contributes to a nation’s revenue (Pacific Asia Tourism, 2010).

In the parks, there are guides who have been employed to direct and guide tourists. In the parks or in the surrounding areas, hotels and recreational facilities have been built; consequently employing a number of individuals. Other ways in which ecotourism improves the economy of a region, is that it ensures the development of infrastructure such as roads, hospitals, bridges and so on.

The Tsavo National park is huge and hosts a variety of wild animals. During mid-day at a pond, the small herbivores like antelopes are the first to arrive, followed by zebras and wild beasts. From the way they share water, you would think they had signed a peace treaty, they drink water calmly and the adults ensure that their young ones do not get lost among other animals. From a distance lions and lioness lay down watching. It may seem like they are selecting what they will have for lunch or maybe they have nothing else better to look at.

After a short while they start approaching the pond together. Surprisingly, the other herbivores do not jump up in frenzy but cautiously walk away from the pond. Sadly though, the lions this time do not provide an action of hunting like what is seen in National Geographic channel, instead they just go to drink water. It is true what they say; a lion is indeed the king of the jungle. The grass is green and that makes deer hope up in joy once in a while (United Nations Environment Programme, 2008).

The type of accommodation provided in Tsavo is of world class quality, from the beds to the drinking water and food. The lounges are built mostly from wood and they provide a feeling of being in a jungle. The balcony gives tourists a chance to view one of the most spectacular sites during sunset, the giraffes, elephants and trees form the most unbelievable sites (WTTC, 2010).

In Europe, especially England, people practically worship soccer. People talk about soccer all the time such that among the first words a child learns is a name of a club like Manchester united or Arsenal.

Soccer fans do not regard themselves as tourist, but they fit the category of sports tourism since they spent money to go and watch soccer matches in stadiums. In these large soccer stadiums, there are shops and almost all kinds of snacks and juices are sold. Alcohol is not allowed since the reaction of a drunken fun whose team has lost is unpredictable and most likely, catastrophic.

During the match, one realizes why people spend a lot of money to come to the stadium rather than watch the game on television. The feeling in which fans instill themselves is the very reason why they come to the stadium. Fans come wearing their respective team’s jersey and other team associated merchandise. During the game fans hold each other sing and shout all in support of their team.

Sometimes fights usually occur out of apparent no reason but luckily there are security guards who ensure that peace is maintained among the fans and players. Professional players make millions of dollars by participating in these games in fantastic stadiums. These stadiums are designed in ways which they can accommodate different sports and also host events, making them multi-purpose structure (WTTC, 2010).

Sports tourism arises when people travel from different regions to one location where a sport event is taking place. A good example was the influx of people in South Africa during the 2010 world cup finals. In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the building of sporting amenities. It is projected that by investing in sports, the economy will be improved through sales of tickets, employment and generation of revenues through tax.

Major sports actions in USA such as baseball and super bowl have become multibillion dollar industries. Professional players make millions of dollars by participating in these games in fantastic stadiums. Sports stadiums are designed in ways which can accommodate different sports and also host events, making them a multi-purpose structure (WTTC, 2010).

One of the best ways to explore cultures and learn a little bit of history is by visiting a museum. One good example of such a museum is the Houston Museum of Natural Science. As its name suggests, this museum offers a chance to explore how the ancient world of dinosaurs was like. Inside the museum there are numerous displays of objects from the Paleozoic era to yesterdays. There is an exhibition of Tyrannosaurus Rex, which is believed to be the biggest flesh eating predator to have ever lived on the planet.

It is scary to look at and the children are usually afraid to go near its exhibition. There is also a spectacular display of the Dipocus, which apparently had really weak jaws. It is evident that the Dipocus must have been a vegetarian because of its weak jaws and it was 77ft long and 11ft tall and weighed close to 14 tons. To understand the timeline of these pre-historic animals, the museum has a graph depicting their names and age (World Tourism Organisation , 2009).

The culture tourism arises from the fact that humans from different regions of the world have differing ways of lifestyle. Culture tourists are fascinated by how people can have such different types of lifestyles. Culture tourism also includes arts and film industry and visiting historical and rural areas. It is estimated that in United States 10% of its labor is employed directly or indirectly by culture tourism. This type of tourism earns the country a substantial amount of foreign income, at the same time boosting tourism infrastructure.

Since this type of tourism is present even in marginal areas, it brings employment to the people in rural areas and improves associated travel sectors such as accommodation and transport (World Tourism Organisation , 2009). Local airlines and shipping sectors are kept in business and continue to grow. It also provides awareness on the type of culture that has existed in different parts of the world.

Only a handful of people have ever had the chance to visit the space as tourist. It costs around 25 million US dollars for a single trip, so chances of you getting there are close to none. The best one can do is visit the space center in Florida. In the center there are many displays of space gismos.

Samples of materials believed to have come from space are displayed for the public to see, sadly though they are all rocks and that does not make a major difference to people since there are numerous rocks on earth. The Orion space vehicle and Ares launch vehicle look fantastic and by just looking at them one would think they are capable of doing the most sophisticated thing a vehicle can do (World Tourism Organisation , 2009).

Lately investors have cut money on space research and exploration, even the dreams of returning a man to the moon have diminished. The united states then has become like russia; operating on borrowed money.

What has been left in space exploration will paharps be taken over by the chineese. Many americans who have visited this space center, do not leave with a sense of pride. Space exploration is one area that the Americans have always been advanced in, and now it seems nobody really cares about it anymore (Ecotourism Society, 2006).

In conclusion, the impact of tourism on the local residents has been negative and positive whether analyzed economically or socially. Every region has a potential of being a tourist attraction, and the effects will be positive as long as a certain limit is not surpassed (Ecotourism Society, 2006).

If a region is capable of handling say 500 tourists, this limit should not be exceeded. If it is exceeded, the effects would be negative since the facilities would not accommodate any more and will leave the area polluted and the infrastructure quality will deteriorate (Ecotourism Society, 2006).

Ecotourism Society. (2006). The International Ecotourism Society – Uniting Conservation . Web.

Pacific Asia Tourism. (2010). International development via sustainable tourism . Pacific Asia Tourism. Web.

United Nations Environment Programme. (2008). Impacts of tourism and recreation in Africa . The Encyclopedia of Earth. Web.

World Tourism Organisation. (2009). Developing Countries’ Share of the International Tourism Market . Propoor Tourism. Web.

WTTC. (2010). Tourism Recovery . World Travel and Tourism Council. Web.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 29). Tourism: Eco, Sports, Culture, Space. https://ivypanda.com/essays/tourism-eco-sports-culture-space/

"Tourism: Eco, Sports, Culture, Space." IvyPanda , 29 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/tourism-eco-sports-culture-space/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'Tourism: Eco, Sports, Culture, Space'. 29 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "Tourism: Eco, Sports, Culture, Space." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/tourism-eco-sports-culture-space/.

1. IvyPanda . "Tourism: Eco, Sports, Culture, Space." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/tourism-eco-sports-culture-space/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Tourism: Eco, Sports, Culture, Space." February 29, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/tourism-eco-sports-culture-space/.

• Eco-Tourism Activities in New Zealand
• Ecotourism Resort at the Amazon: Amazon Eco-Tourist Resort
• Ecotourism in Mauritius: How to Have an Eco-Friendly Holiday
• Sex Tourism Concept
• Tourism: Current and Future Trends
• Socio-Cultural Concept in Tourism: Social and Cultural Factors
• International Travel Plan: Greece
• Environmental Impacts of Cruise Tourism

The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries

Introduction, sports tourism: an overview, big sporting events, impacts of sport tourism.

According to the World Trade Organization, tourism is the largest economic activity in the world. This industry is a key driver of economic progress in many countries and its role in economic development can be expected to increase even as the sector continues to experience expansion. One subset of tourism that has gained prominence over the past few decades is sports tourism. The number of sporting events taking place all over the world has increased and many people travel to foreign destinations either to participate in or observe the events. This paper will set out to demonstrate that sports tourism has a positive socio-economic impact on the destination country.

The tourism industry plays a major role in the economic development of many countries. The World Tourism Organization (2014) documents that tourism contributes 9% of the world GDP. This contribution is from the direct and indirect impacts of the sector. The industry is the world’s largest employer with 9.1% of all available jobs being as a direct or indirect result of tourism.

Europe is the most visited region in the world due to the numerous tourist attractions found in this region. This region attracts 43% of the total number of international tourists and it contributes US $458 billion every year. There are countries that rely almost entirely on the revenue obtained from tourism for their economy. The World Tourism Organization (2014) reports that Luxembourg, Bahamas, Bermuda, and Cyprus are examples of countries that heavily depend on tourism to sustain their economies.

Sport tourism is a subset of tourism that has huge potential in improving the earnings of a country. Delpy (1998) defines sports tourism as “travel to participate in a sport activity, travel to observe sport, and travel to visit a sport attraction” (p.23). This phenomenon has gained significant attention over the last few decades as nations have identified the positive impact that it can produce.

Global interest in sport activities is on the rise so it can be expected that the number of sport tourists will increase with the coming years. Delpy (1998) states that the contributions of sports tourism to overall tourism are at 32%. Kim and Chalip (2004) declare that sporting events are a significant component of destination marketing. This demonstrates that sports tourism is a major component of the tourism industry.

As such, encouraging the growth and development of sports tourism in a country leads to positive economic gains by the country. Sports tourism provides an opportunity for a nation to increase its tourism share since sport is the world’s largest social phenomenon. Sport tourists include spectators and those who physically participate in sporting activities. Illum (2012) documents that there is a geographic market segmentation of sports tourism. Sporting events might attract a local market, regional market, international market, or a combination of these. While the local sports tourism market is important, the greatest profits are obtained from the international sports tourism market.

The Olympic Games are the biggest sporting event with almost all nations producing athletes to compete in them. The Olympic Games were started by the Greeks as early as 776BC. The first games where held in the city of Olympia, which is located in the southwest region of Greece. Originally, the games were held to honor the Greek god Zeus and people from all of Greece traveled to Olympia to watch or participate in the games. The games were held every four years and they attracted a huge attendance. The first modern Olympics were held in Athens in the year 1896 and athletes from 13 countries participated.

The Olympics today are a mega-event that attracts thousands of participants from 204 countries and millions of attendants. For a country to host the Olympics, it has to place a bid and compete against other nations to be awarded the games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the body that selects the country that will host the Olympics from the set of candidate nations. There are a number of requirements including availability of competition sites, good transport and communication infrastructure that the candidate country must have in order to be eligible for hosting the games.

Another mega sport event is the FIFA world cup. This event attracts millions of attendants and many countries are eager to host the event. Countries are given the chance to host the games after winning a bid. For the 2018 and 2022 world cup, eleven bids were submitted for consideration by the FIFA executive committee. Russia was chosen as the location for the 2018 world Cup while Qatar won the 2022 bid.

The positive outcomes of sports tourism partly depend on the number of attendants that visit the destination for the event. In that respect, the Olympic Games generate the highest number of attendants compared to any other event. The FIFA World Cup also attracts millions of attendants and almost a billion people from all over the world watch the event via television (Kim & Chalip, 2004).

For this reason, many countries compete to host these mega-events and get the socio-economic benefits that come from hosting the events. The World Cup and the Olympics provide a chance for a country to gain high revenue over a short period of time. In addition to this, the events provide many employment opportunities for the local community. Many tourists from all over the world are also attracted to the host country due to the various activities.

Sport tourism results in the generation of revenue for the nation. This revenue is earned in a number of ways. The tourists bring revenue by paying for access to the sporting facilities available at the destination. Revenue is also earned as the tourists make use of facilities such as restaurants and hotels in the location of the sporting venue. Delpy (1998) notes that the average sport tourist is relatively affluent meaning that he/she is able to spend a significant amount of money in the host country. The transportation sector also benefits as tourists make use of public means of transportation in the host location.

In addition to the income accrued from sport tourists as they travel to various sporting events, this tourism also leads to the creation of employment opportunities. Daniels (2004) reveals that sports tourism initiatives result in a positive change in the wage income of individuals in the local community. The movement of tourists to a specific location leads to the creation of job opportunities for the host community. Jobs are created in the hospitality industry, which emerges to serve the tourists. There are also employment opportunities since people are needed to maintain the sport facilities.

Sport tourism leads to the development of the infrastructure in the region where the sporting facilities are made. Illum (2012) reveals that significant resources have to be dedicated to building amenities and improving the infrastructure in order to attract tourists. The government invests heavily in good transport and communication links to the sport venues. This investment promotes trade and commerce in the region.

However, there are some negative impacts associated with sports tourism. To begin with, sports tourism may attract a large number of visitors to the host location. This will lead to undesirable outcomes such as increased traffic on the roads, antisocial behavior, littering, and an increase in the noise level (Illum, 2012). The local population might resent these detrimental conditions experienced due to sports tourism.

Hritz and Ross (2010) confirm that some local residents are annoyed by the masses of tourists who visit the destination to participate in or witness sporting events. Even so, the positive impacts of sports tourism lead to a generally positive outlook of the sector by the residents of destination city. Hritz and Ross (2010) state that while the local population is likely to suffer from these negative impacts, the financial gains from the sport tourist dollars make it easy to overlook the negative consequences.

Tourism is one of the most important drivers for the economic growth and development of a nation. This paper set out to discuss the impact of sports tourism to a nation. It began by defining tourism and showing the major contribution that this sector makes to the global economy. The paper has shown that sports tourism is the fastest growing market segment in the tourism industry and as such, countries derive significant economic benefits from it. Nations should therefore increase their investments in sports tourism in order to benefit from the significant revenue from this sector.

Daniels, M. (2004). Beyond input-output analysis: Using occupation-based modeling to estimate wages generated by a sports tourism event. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (1), 75-82.

Delpy, L. (1998). An overview of sports tourism: Building towards a dimensional framework. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 4 (1), 23-38.

Hritz, N., & Ross, C. (2010). The Perceived Impacts of Sport Tourism: An Urban Host Community Perspective. Journal of Sport Management , 24 (2), 119-138.

Illum, S. (2012). Sport Tourism Development. Tourism Management, 33 (6), 1604-1605.

Kim, N., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25 (6), 695-707.

World Tourism Organization (2014). Tourism Highlights.  Web.

Cite this paper

Select a referencing style

• Chicago (N-B)
• Chicago (A-D)

AssignZen. (2023, April 17). The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries. https://assignzen.com/the-impact-of-sports-tourism-on-countries/

"The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries." AssignZen , 17 Apr. 2023, assignzen.com/the-impact-of-sports-tourism-on-countries/.

1. AssignZen . "The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries." April 17, 2023. https://assignzen.com/the-impact-of-sports-tourism-on-countries/.

Bibliography

AssignZen . "The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries." April 17, 2023. https://assignzen.com/the-impact-of-sports-tourism-on-countries/.

AssignZen . 2023. "The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries." April 17, 2023. https://assignzen.com/the-impact-of-sports-tourism-on-countries/.

AssignZen . (2023) 'The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries'. 17 April.

This report on The Impact of Sports Tourism on Countries was written and submitted by your fellow student. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly.

If you are the original creator of this paper and no longer wish to have it published on Asignzen, request the removal .

From Manila to Budapest, Korean cultural festivals ignite global interest

Visitors experiencing Korean beauty culture during the 2024 Korea Festival in Manila. [MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM]

The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism is holding Korean cultural festivals globally throughout the year, centered around the Korean Cultural Centers overseas. 

The cultural centers will organize Korean cultural festivals to attract local interest, providing a venue to introduce Korean products. The festivals aim to expand interest in Korean culture and support the advancement of Korean products in the local market.  

Related Article

Culture ministry, korean culture heads collaborate to boost tourism, influencers bring korean culture to the world at seoulcon 2023, embracing the beauty of korean culture through hanbok: a global trend [photo essay contest].

The cultural center in the Philippines held the 2024 Korea Festival in Manila from May 4 to 5. It was organized with participation from local companies and related organizations, such as the Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (Kotra), the Korea Tourism Organization (KTO) and the Korea Copyright Protection Agency (Kcopa).  

A Korea Copyright Protection Agency (Kcopa) booth promoting copyright protection [MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM]

Products from Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motor Group, Amore Pacific and small- and medium-sized Korean beauty companies were exhibited. More than 5,000 people visited the venue, including great local interest.  

The cultural center in Vietnam will hold a 2024 Korea Culture Day in Can Tho from Oct. 5 to 6, in collaboration with the Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corporation. The festival will have booths to promote Korean food, with a promotional center for Korean food distribution and purchasing companies.

The Korean cultural festival, "KoreaON," will be held in Hungary from May 18 to 19 to display and promote special products from Namhae County, South Gyeongsang. “KoreaON” will be held with local government cooperation and serves as a communication channel for Korea-related local companies, including the Budapest Korean Restaurant Council.  

Poster for the Korean cultural festival, KoreaON, which will be held in Hungary, May 18 to 19. [MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM]

The Cultural Center in Spain will collaborate with the trade center of Kotra Madrid and well-known local department stores to hold the Korean Culture Festival in June. Korean fashion exhibitions will be held, introducing the latest beauty trends in Korea. 

"The Cultural Center will continue to collaborate with related ministries, such as the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs for the Korean cultural festivals,” said Yong Ho-sung, head of the International Cultural Affairs and Public Relations Office of the Culture Ministry.  

“We will establish a continuous network of links with related organizations, such as Kotra, and local Korean companies to greatly expand support for the overseas expansion of Korean products through culture," he said. 

BY KIM MIN-YOUNG [[email protected]]

• CBSSports.com
• Fanatics Sportsbook
• CBS Sports Home
• Triple Crown 
• Champions League
• Motor Sports
• High School

Men's Brackets

Women's Brackets

Fantasy Baseball

Fantasy football, football pick'em, college pick'em, fantasy basketball, fantasy hockey, franchise games, 24/7 sports news network.

• CBS Sports Golazo Network
• PGA Tour on CBS
• UEFA Champions League
• UEFA Europa League
• Italian Serie A
• Watch CBS Sports Network
• TV Shows & Listings

The Early Edge

A Daily SportsLine Betting Podcast

With the First Pick

NFL Draft recap

• Podcasts Home
• The First Cut Golf
• Beyond the Arc
• We Need to Talk Now
• Eye On College Basketball
• NFL Pick Six
• Cover 3 College Football
• Fantasy Football Today
• My Teams Organize / See All Teams Help Account Settings Log Out

Knicks vs. Pacers schedule: Where to watch, NBA scores, game predictions, odds for NBA playoff series

The pacers tied the series at 2-2 with a blowout win on sunday.

The New York Knicks and Indiana Pacers have renewed their playoff rivalry in the 2024 NBA postseason, and their second-round series is all tied up after a dominant Indiana victory in Sunday's Game 4. The Pacers crushed the Knicks to even the series, building a 20-point lead after one quarter that only grew from there. Indiana protected home court, and the Pacers are now 5-0 this postseason at Gainbridge Fieldhouse.

The Knicks had played nothing but playoff nail-biters until Sunday's lopsided loss. Down two more starters -- Mitchell Robinson is out for the series and OG Anunoby has missed the last two games -- the short-handed Knicks are facing a tough task as they return home for Game 5 on Tuesday night.

The Knicks and Pacers met six times in the playoffs over an eight-year span between 1993 and 2000. The names are different this time around. Instead of Miller and Patrick Ewing, it's Brunson and Tyrese Haliburton . The stakes, however, are just as high. The winner will advance to the Eastern Conference Finals. 

Here's everything you need to know as the Knicks and Pacers continue their renewed rivalry.

Knicks vs. Pacers schedule, scores

All times Eastern | * If necessary

• Game 1: Knicks 121, Pacers 117 -- New York leads 1-0
• Game 2: Knicks 130, Pacers 121 -- New York leads 2-0
• Game 3:  Pacers 111, Knicks 106 -- New York leads 2-1
• Game 4:  Pacers 121, Knicks 89 -- Series tied 2-2
• Game 5: Tuesday, May 14 -- Pacers at Knicks, 8 p.m., TNT
• Game 6: Friday, May 17 -- Knicks at Pacers, TBD, ESPN/ fubo
• Game 7*: Sunday, May 19 -- Pacers at Knicks, TBD

Knicks vs. Pacers, Game 5

Where to watch.

Time : 8 p.m. ET |  Date : Tuesday, May 14 Location : Madison Square Garden -- New York TV channel : TNT |  Streaming: Watch TNT, Max

Do the Knicks have enough left in the tank to come up with two wins in three games? They only have two days off between Games 4 and 5, but their starters did get extended time on the bench on Sunday after the blowout loss. Brunson's shot was consistently short in Game 4. Donte DiVincenzo hit one of his six 3-point attempts after making five or more triples in four straight games. Josh Hart, who had averaged 46.4 minutes per game before Sunday, had two points and three rebounds.

"We're disappointed. The thing is, we can't have a hangover. We got to fix it, and we have to come with a will and determination to respond to what happened. I think that's the biggest thing," Knicks coach Tom Thibodeau told reporters after Game 4 . "This team has responded all year so that's what we're expecting to do."

Opening series odds : Knicks -265, Pacers +210 Series odds after Game 4:  Knicks +120, Pacers -145

Stay tuned for a Game 4 expert pick.

Our Latest NBA Stories

Updated NBA playoff bracket: Results, schedule and more

Brad botkin • 3 min read.

Nuggets vs. Timberwolves odds, NBA picks, prediction

Cbs sports staff • 3 min read.

NBA Mock Draft: Hawks go big with Sarr at No. 1

Kyle boone • 1 min read.

Winners and losers from 2024 NBA Draft Lottery

Colin ward-henninger • 4 min read.

2024 NBA Draft order: Full list of picks

Sam quinn • 3 min read.

2024 NBA Draft Lottery: How to watch, stream

Kyle boone • 2 min read, share video.

Knicks vs. Pacers: Series schedule, how to watch

Winners and losers from Draft Lottery

Mock Draft: Who will Hawks take at No. 1?

Coach K: 'Slow down' Ant-MJ comps

Rumors: Lakers 'intrigued' with Redick for coaching job

2024 NBA Draft order: Full list of picks from No. 1-58

Suns hire Budenholzer to reported five-year, $50M deal

Wright: Never thought Brunson would be this good

Jokic hopes to avoid recent NBA MVP playoff curse

• Live on Sky
• Get Sky Sports
• Sky Mobile Apps
• Kick It Out
• Black Lives Matter
• British South Asians in Football

Transfer Centre

Liverpool interested in signing Newcastle winger and former Everton player Anthony Gordon - Paper Talk

Plus: Donny Van De Beek's agent claims Man Utd are blocking a move to another Premier League club; Premier League clubs to go head-to-head for Raphinha; Sheffield United plan ambitious bid for Sunderland goalkeeper Anthony Patterson; Newcastle favourites to land free agent Tosin Adarabioyo

Sunday 12 May 2024 23:16, UK

The top stories and transfer rumours from Monday's newspapers...

Liverpool are interested in signing Newcastle winger Anthony Gordon.

Transfer Centre LIVE!

• Sky Sports+ - more than 1,000 live EFL games next season at no extra cost

How to book Fury vs Usyk on Sky Sports Box Office

• All you need to know - Streaming Sky Sports with NOW
• Get Sky Sports on WhatsApp | Download the Sky Sports app

Donny Van De Beek's agent claims Manchester United are blocking a move to another Premier League club.

• Man Utd rumours: Club cancel end of season awards dinner
• Rooney: Man Utd players aren't showing performances for Ten Hag
• Arsenal beat 'so bad' Man Utd: Pundits, managers react LIVE! & highlights
• Papers: Liverpool interested in Newcastle winger Gordon
• Premier League title race permutations: When can the league be won?
• Wells Fargo Championship: McIlroy storms to win - as it happened
• Transfer Centre LIVE! 'Bayern want Palace star Wharton for £60m'
• Trossard returns Arsenal to PL summit with win over Man Utd
• McIlroy masterclass secures Wells Fargo Championship win
• Merse: Spurs fans will cheer City's goals against them on Tuesday
• Latest News

Premier League clubs are poised to battle it out for former Leeds winger Raphinha.

Sheffield United are planning an ambitious bid for Sunderland keeper Anthony Patterson.

Stream Sky Sports on NOW

Download the Sky Sports app

Oleksandr Usyk has revealed he could vacate all the heavyweight titles if he defeats Tyson Fury in their historic unification fight.

DAILY TELEGRAPH

Sir Jim Ratcliffe has met with Labour leader Keir Starmer to discuss Manchester United's plans for a potential new stadium and regeneration of the wider Trafford Park area.

Greg Fisilau put himself in the frame for England's tour of New Zealand after outshining Harlequins' England duo Chandler Cunningham-South and Alex Dombrandt.

Newcastle are now clear favourites to land free agent Tosin Adarabioyo this summer.

Real Madrid are reportedly aiming to make Bayer Leverkusen's Florian Wirtz their marquee signing for the 2025-26 season.

The YouTube prankster who gatecrashed the stage at the BAFTAs with the Oppenheimer cast has managed to find his way onto the Manchester United team bus.

Misfits Boxing's event in London descended into chaos on Saturday after a mass brawl broke out in the crowd - with security guards forced to step in.

THE GUARDIAN

A concerned Novak Djokovic says he will undergo extra medical tests in relation to being struck by a water bottle after crashing out in the third round of the Italian Open.

DAILY EXPRESS

Tottenham Hotspur have been given a new opportunity to sign their transfer target, Vitor Roque, who has a staggering £430m release clause.

DAILY RECORD

Steven Gerrard has opened up on his summer transfer plans with Rangers duo James Tavernier and Connor Goldson being tipped with a move to the Saudi Pro League.

SCOTTISH SUN

Hibs fans staged a sit-in protest after their side's 4-0 thrashing at home to Aberdeen.

THE ATHLETIC

Standard Liege - the Belgian club owned by prospective Everton buyers 777 Partners - were forced to postpone their game against KVC Westerlo on Friday night due to protests from fans towards their owners.

What's live on Sky Sports today?

See what's on Sky Sports right now or check the TV guide for today's live sport on Sky Sports , including dates, times and channels.

Keep track of live football today and see which games from the Premier League, Championship, Scottish Premiership, WSL and more are live on Sky.

It's one of the biggest sporting events in a generation. Tyson Fury and Oleksandr Usyk collide for the undisputed world heavyweight championship on Saturday May 18, live on Sky Sports Box Office. Book the fight now

Ad content | Stream Sky Sports on NOW

Stream Sky Sports live with no contract on a Month or Day membership on NOW. Instant access to live action from the Premier League, EFL, F1, England Cricket and so much more.

Correctly predict six scorelines for a chance to win £250,000 for free. Entries by 3pm Saturday.