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Which topics are India’s researchers publishing papers on?

While india, like the rest of the world, focuses on coronavirus, deep learning, and photocatalysis, it also pays significant attention to nanotechnology.

Updated - July 16, 2024 05:55 pm IST

Published - July 16, 2024 05:52 pm IST

Research on different types of corona variants at the Genetic Analysis Laboratory in Chennai. | Photo Credit: JOTHI RAMALINGAM B

Research publications are widely used as a measure of scientific and technological progress. Analysing trends in research also helps guide policy. A brief comparative study of the most researched topics in the Web of Science, a scholarly publication database, over the last 20 years and the last five years highlights the research focus of scientists in different countries.

The chart-topper

‘Coronavirus’ was the most published research topic in the world in the last five years and in the last two decades. The sheer volume of papers on this subject shows the capacity of the global scientific community to produce relevant scientific knowledge that will help people respond quickly to a crisis.

‘Coronavirus’ was the most researched topic in India in the last five years and among the top five research topics in the last two decades. It was the most published research topic in the U.S. over the last five years and in the last two decades. But it was conspicuously absent from China’s top research topics. This is surprising for two reasons: the SARS-CoV-2 virus was first reported from this country in late 2019; and China, which has emerged as a global scientific superpower in the last two decades, has been contributing an increasing share of the world’s papers on several research topics.

Chart 1 | The chart ranks the five topics under which the highest number of papers were published (2019- 2023) in select nations.

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Some of the other topics that are widely researched are deep learning, and clean and green energy topics such as photocatalysis, supercapacitors, and oxygen reduction reactions. Deep learning refers to a class of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms characterised by the use of multiple ‘layers’, where each layer transforms and/or manipulates the input data in specific ways. Engineers have built facial recognition on phones, speech recognition in digital assistants, and recommendation engines on streaming services using deep learning.

The focus on AI-related research worldwide corresponds to the increasing importance of AI technologies in various sectors. Chinese researchers have produced more than twice as many papers on the topic of AI as have researchers in the U.S., and more than 45% of the world’s research output on this subject in the last five years. India’s share remains low even if the topic features among the country’s top five.

Photocatalysis refers to the acceleration of chemical reactions using light. Scientists are studying it to make new materials and generate clean energy; a particularly important contemporary focus area is green hydrogen. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that trap and hold energy as electrostatic charge. In contrast, conventional batteries store chemical energy. Supercapacitors are super-powered batteries that can store much more energy and also release it faster. Their applications include electric vehicles, where fast charging is required, and the renewable energy sector. The oxygen reduction reaction is an important process in electrochemistry with a starring role in next-generation energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Research on these topics is evidently driven by researchers in China.

Comparing the U.S. and China

Overall, China has focused significantly on high-impact technological fields and on the development of new materials. In contrast, the U.S. appears to be facilitating a more diverse approach, addressing health and social well-being through research on topics such as parenting, the human immuno-deficiency virus, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, gut microbiota, and programmed cell death (PD-1). Research on PD-1 has the potential to revolutionise how we treat cancer and other diseases by understanding, and then manipulating, the immune system’s response. The U.S. National Institute of Health provides more funding for life science and health research than all other civilian research funding agencies of the country. U.S. researchers are also devoting attention to astronomy and astrophysics, presumably because they enjoy greater access to the data produced by NASA missions.

Chart 2 | The chart ranks the five topics under which the highest number of papers were published (2004- 2023) in select nations.

India’s nano focus

The single largest fraction of India’s research output is focused on nanotechnology. In particular, nanofluids have applications in heat transfer; silver nanoparticles have applications in antimicrobial and anticancer therapy; and zinc oxide nanoparticles are essential semiconductor materials with applications in electronics, optoelectronics, ceramics, and cosmetics.

The large volume of papers about nanotechnology can be attributed at least in part to the success of the Nano Mission that the Indian government launched in 2007 with the aim of making the country a top research destination on this topic. Other research focus areas are deep learning, photocatalysis, and coronavirus.

India’s significant focus on nanotechnology is a sign of a concentrated allocation of resources in areas that may not directly address the immediate needs in health or climate change — at least not yet. Policymakers may examine the agenda-setting process in Indian research or, alternatively, guide nanotechnology towards solutions more closely related to India’s Sustainable Development Goals and energy-transition targets.

Suryesh Kumar Namdeo is a Senior Research Analyst, Avinash Kumar is a Project Scientist, and Moumita Koley is a Research Associate at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru

Source: Web of Science

Also read: For India’s scientists, academic publishing has become a double-edged sword

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India's research output grows, but quality of papers remains a challenge

However, the country trails neighboring China, which experienced a growth rate of just over 60% between 2017-22. However, the gap between the two countries appears to be closing as, between 2019 and 2022, India’s research output grew by 20% while China’s grew by 24%.

Mumbai: Indian entries in QS 2023-24 subject rankings saw an 18.7% rise making India the second most represented Asian country with 66 ranked universities and the fourth most represented country for the overall number of entries across the 54 narrow subjects.

The rankings also observed that between 2017 and 2022, India's research output grew by around 54%, taking it to the fourth position globally in producing academic papers, a recent study has found.

However, the quality and relevance of many of these papers remain questionable, as only 15% of them have been cited in top academic journals, revealed the study.

The report, released on Wednesday, was conducted by the British higher education analyst Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) with the help of data from the research analytics platform SciVal.

According to the report, the growth in India's research output is more than double the global average and far greater than that of its more academically established western counterparts.

China also continues to be the World leader in the total number of research papers published ((4.5 million) in the five-year period, followed by the United States (4.4 million) and the United Kingdom (1.4 million). However, the study predicts India is poised to surpass UK in the near future, due to the country's higher growth rate.

But when it comes to citations generated by the research work, India at the ninth place globally. According to QS, this indicates that the country should focus on high-quality, relevant research and ensuring this research is disseminated among the scholarly community.

"India’s challenge of generating high-impact research is made more apparent by its percentage of research papers to receive citations in top global journals. From 2017 to 2021, India saw 15% of its publications cited in top journals. Meanwhile, its closest competitors in terms of research output volume, the United Kingdom and Germany, boast top journal citation percentages more than double that, 38% and 33% respectively," reads the report.

India’s leading field of research is Engineering & Technology, accounting for 52.6% of total research output. Within the broader faculty, the primary focus of scholarly work is evenly split between Petroleum Engineering and Computer Sciences (24% of research output within the field).

The country's next predominant research fields are split between Natural Sciences (36%) and Life Sciences & Medicine (35%).The study also found that India produces 19% of its research output alongside cross-border collaborators, in keeping with the global average of 21% and aligned with that of its closest competitors. This is one of the key indicators considered by QS in its annual ranking of higher education institutes and courses.

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India is world's third largest producer of scientific articles: Report

The other countries which made it to the top 10 list are Germany (1,04,396), Japan (98,793), UK (97,681), Russia (81,579), Italy (71,240), South Korea (66,376) and France (66,352).

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With over 1.35 lakh scientific papers published, India has become the world's third largest publisher of science and engineering articles, according to a US government agency data, topped by China.

As per the statistics compiled by the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the number of scientific papers published worldwide increased from 17,55,850 in 2008 to 25,55,959 in 2018.

The global research output, as measured by peer-reviewed science and engineering (S&E) journal articles and conference papers, grew about four per cent annually over the last 10 years.

The data, which was released on Tuesday, stated that in 2008, India published 48,998 science and engineering articles. This increased to 1,35,788 articles in 2018 at an average annual growth rate of 10.73 per cent and the country now accounts for 5.31 per cent of the total world publications in science and engineering.

China, which accounts for 20.67 per cent of all global publications in scientific articles, is at the top position, followed by the US at 16.54 per cent.

In China, the number of global scientific publications increased from 2,49,049 in 2008 to 5,28,263 in 2018, at a growth rate of 7.81 per cent per annum.

The US, the total global publications in science and engineering articles grew at a rate of 0.71 per cent from 3,93,979 in 2008 to 4,22,808 in 2018.

Though a long way to go, as compared to the US and China in terms of the number of scientific article publications, India's emergence as third largest publisher is mainly due to a phenomenal double-digit growth rate in the last one decade from 2008 to 2018, the report noted.

According to the report, China's rate of research output has grown almost twice as fast as the world's annual average for the last 10 years, while the output of the US and the European Union (EU) has grown at less than half the world's annual growth rate.

Research papers from the US and the EU continue to have the most impact; however, China has shown a rapid increase in producing impactful publications, as measured by references to journal articles and conference papers.

Specialisation in scientific fields differs among countries, with the US, the EU and Japan more specialised in health sciences and China and India more specialised in engineering, as measured by journal articles and conference papers.

"China and India have increased their share of the growing world output," the report said.

China produced five per cent of the global output in 2000 and grew to 21 per cent in 2018; India's share rose from two per cent to five per cent during this period.

In the News • December 13, 2023

How high-impact papers from indian researchers are shaping science.

AQLI data ranks India as the second-most-polluted nation in the world in terms of air quality, behind only Bangladesh, and refers to Delhi as “the most polluted city in the world”.

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India was the world’s third-most-prolific publisher of research papers in 2022, but it was ranked only 153rd for the number of citations it received per paper. Indeed, in 2020, about 30% of papers from India were not cited at all, compared with 20% in both the United States and China. These trends are mirrored in many other low- and middle-income countries whose researchers struggle to get published in high-impact journals.

But despite this challenging publishing environment, some Indian scientists have produced influential, highly cited studies in a number of fields in the past few years. Here  Nature  highlights several of these key areas of research that have the potential to improve public health and quality of life both domestically and globally.

Strategies to reduce air pollution

Many parts of India have highly polluted air. The University of Chicago’s Air Quality Life Index ranks India as the second-most-polluted nation in the world in terms of air quality, behind only Bangladesh, and refers to Delhi as “the most polluted city in the world”.

The countries with the highest share of articles published in scientific journals according to the Nature Index 2024, which is valid for the calendar year 2023. The "count" is the total number of articles to which nationals of the country have contributed.

search from Indian s. it was ranked only 153rd for the number of citations it received per paper. Indeed, in 2020, about 30% of papers from India w. re not cited at all, compared with 20% in both...

Chart 1 | The chart ranks the five topics under which the highest number of papers were published (2019- 2023) in select nations. Some of the other topics that are widely researched are...

India was the world’s third-most-prolific publisher of research papers in 2022, but it was ranked only 153rd for the number of citations it received per paper. Indeed, in 2020, about 30% of...

India’s 11 public and private Institutes of Eminence have produced more than 1 , 50,000 academic papers , generated 1.4 million citations and recorded an average research growth rate of 35% since 2017.

Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents research outputs by institution and country. Use the Nature Index to interrogate publication patterns and to benchmark research performance.

From 2017 to 2021, India saw 15% of its publications cited in top journals. Meanwhile, its closest competitors in terms of research output volume, the United Kingdom and Germany, boast top...

With over 1.35 lakh scientific papers published, India has become the world's third largest publisher of science and engineering articles, according to a US government agency data, topped by China.

India was the world’s third-most-prolific publisher of research papers in 2022, but it was ranked only 153rd for the number of citations it received per paper . Indeed, in 2020, about 30% of papers from India were not cited at all, compared with 20% in both the United States and China.

Research Publication. CSIR has published 5769 research papers during 2021 in SCI journals of repute. The new knowledge generated from CSIR laboratories is reflected in terms of high average Impact Factor (5.401).

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How To Transform Your Sales Strategy To Make A Lot Of Money

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The opinions expressed in this article are not intended to replace any professional or expert accounting and/or tax advice whatsoever.

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