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Introduction to Computer Network

Nov 06, 2019

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Introduction to Computer Network. Dr. Rania R Ziedan. Agenda. Introduction Network types Network topology Network connection models OSI model. Computer network. A collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share resources or files

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Introduction to Computer Network Dr. Rania R Ziedan

Agenda • Introduction • Network types • Network topology • Network connection models • OSI model

Computer network • A collection of computing devices that are connected in various ways in order to communicate and share resources or files • Wired network: the connections between computers in a network are made using physical wires or cables • Wireless network: the connections between computers in a network are made using radio waves or infrared signals

Computer network • Each computer in the network is known as: node or host • Data transfer rate: is the speed with which data is moved from one place on a network to another, which is a key feature in computer networks

Network Types • Local Area Network (LAN): two or more computers connected together, the computers are physically near each other (for example: in the same building) • LANs are inexpensive to install • LANs provide higher speeds

Network Types • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): usually span tens of kilometers (for example: in the same city) • The cost of installation and operation is higher. • MANs use high-speed connections such as fiber optics to achieve higher speeds

Network Types • Wide Area Network (WAN): is a connection of LANs (for example : the Internet) • WANs span a larger area than a single city. • These use long distance telecommunication networks for connection, thereby increasing the cost.

The Internet • It is a large group of computers that are connected to each other and used to send information quickly between computers around the world

Physical topology of a network • The term physical topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. • The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices • There are four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus, and ring

Physical topology of a network • Mesh Topology • In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. • The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects. • The number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with n nodes  n(n-1)/2 • The mesh topology used in the connection of telephone regionaloffices in which each regional office needs to be connected to every other regional office.

Physical topology of a network • Mesh Topology • Advantages: • Each link can carry its own data load, thus eliminating the traffic problems that can occur with shared links. • A mesh topology is robust. If one link becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system. • Every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended recipient sees it. Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages. • Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation easy. Traffic can be routed to avoid links with suspected problems. • Disadvantage: • The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required.

Physical topology of a network • Star Topology • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller, usually called a hub. • A star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices. • The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which then relays the data to the other connected device. • The star topology is used in local-area networks (LANs)

Physical topology of a network • Star Topology • Advantages: • less expensive than a mesh topology, each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it to any number of others. • Easy to install and reconfigure. • Robustness, if one link fails, only that link is affected, all other links remain active. • As long as the hub is working, it can be used to monitor link problems and bypass defective links • Disadvantage: • the dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead

Physical topology of a network • Bus Topology • A bus topology is multipoint connection. • One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. • Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. • There is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance between those taps. As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat. Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker as it travels farther and farther. • Bus topology was the one of the first topologies used in the design of early local area networks. • The cable has two end terminals that dampen the signal so that it does not keep moving from one end of the network to the other.

Physical topology of a network • Bus Topology • Advantages: • Ease of installation • Bus uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies. • Disadvantages: • Difficult reconnection and fault isolation. • Difficult to add new devices. • Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality. This degradation can be controlled by limiting the number and spacing of devices connected to a given length of cable. • Adding new devices may therefore require modification or replacement of the backbone. • In addition, a fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission, even between devices on the same side of the problem. The damaged area reflects signals back in the direction of origin, creating noise in both directions.

Physical topology of a network • Ring Topology • Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices on either side of it. • A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. • Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along

Physical topology of a network • Ring Topology • Advantages: • easy to install and reconfigure • Fault isolation is simplified. • Generally in a ring, a signal is always circulating . If one device does not receive a signal within a specified period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its location. • To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections. The only constraints are media and traffic considerations (maximum ring length and number of devices). • Disadvantages: • Unidirectional traffic • a break in the ring can disable the entire network. • This weakness can be solved by using a dual ring or a switch capable of closing off the break.

Network connection models • Networks can also be classified according to the roles that the networked computers play in the network’s operation. • Peer-to-peer, • server-based, • and client-based.

Network connection models Peer-to-peer model all computers are considered equal. Each computer controls its own information and is capable of functioning as either a client or a server depending upon the requirement. • Peer-to-peer networks are inexpensive and easy to install. • They are popular as home networks and for use in small companies. • Most operating systems come with built-in peer-to-peer networking capability. • The maximum number of peers that can operate on a peer-to-peer network is ten. • Each peer shares resources and allows others open access to them. • Shares can be document folders, printers, peripherals, and any other resource that they control on their computers.

Network connection models Peer-to-peer network

Network connection models • client-server model is a software that consists of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicate over a computer network

Network connection models • The client-server relationship describes the relation between the client and how it makes a service request to the server, and how the server can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the client

Page request How the Web Works? • WWW use classical client / server architecture • HTTP is text-based request-response protocol HTTP HTTP Server response Server running Web Server Software (IIS, Apache, etc.) Client running a Web Browser

Client/Server • There are two types of servers: • File serverA computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a network • Web serverA computer that responds to requests for web pages (from the browser client)

Web servers and browsers • web server: software that listens for web page requests • Apache • Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) (part of Windows) • web browser: fetches/displays documents from web servers • Mozilla Firefox • Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) • Apple Safari • Google Chrome • Opera

OSI Architecture The OSI 7-layer Model OSI – Open Systems Interconnection

Description of Layers • Physical Layer • Handles the transmission of raw bits over a communication link • Data Link Layer • Collects a stream of bits into a larger aggregate called a frame • Network adaptor and device drivers in OS implement the protocol in the datalink layer • Frames are actually delivered to hosts • Network Layer • Handles routing between nodes within a packet-switched network • Unit of data exchanged between nodes in this layer is called a packet The lower three layers are implemented on all network nodes

Description of Layers • Transport Layer • Implements a process-to-process channel • Unit of data exchanges in this layer is called a message • Session Layer • Provides a name space that is used to tie together the potentially different transport streams that are part of a single application • Presentation Layer • Concerned about the format of data exchanged between peers • Application Layer • Standardize common type of exchanges The transport layer and the higher layers typically run only on end-hosts and not on the intermediate switches and routers

Summary • A computer network consists of two or more computers that are connected and are able to communicate. • The basic purpose of networks is to enable effective communication, share resources, and facilitate centralized management of data. • Networks can be classified according to their geographical boundaries or their component roles. • The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices

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• Engineering Mathematics
• Discrete Mathematics
• Operating System
• Computer Networks
• Digital Logic and Design
• C Programming
• Data Structures
• Theory of Computation
• Compiler Design
• Computer Org and Architecture

Basics of Computer Networking

• Types of Network Topology
• Transmission Modes in Computer Networks (Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex)
• Manchester Encoding in Computer Network
• Difference between Broadband and Baseband Transmission
• What is OSI Model? - Layers of OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
• Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network
• Framing in Data Link Layer
• What is Ethernet?
• Ethernet Frame Format
• Token Ring frame format
• Difference between Byte stuffing and Bit stuffing
• Hamming Code in Computer Network
• Back-off Algorithm for CSMA/CD
• Collision Detection in CSMA/CD
• Efficiency of CSMA/CD
• Efficiency Of Token Ring
• Stop and Wait ARQ
• Sliding Window Protocol | Set 1 (Sender Side)
• What is MAC Address?
• Collision Avoidance in wireless networks
• Difference between Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast in Computer Network
• Collision Domain and Broadcast Domain in Computer Network
• Introduction of Classful IP Addressing

Computer Networking is the practice of connecting computers together to enable communication and data exchange between them. In general, Computer Network is a collection of two or more computers. It helps users to communicate more easily. In this article, we are going to discuss the basics which everyone must know before going deep into Computer Networking. 

Computer Networking

How Does a Computer Network Work?

Basics building blocks of a Computer network are Nodes and Links. A Network Node can be illustrated as Equipment for Data Communication like a Modem, Router, etc., or Equipment of a Data Terminal like connecting two computers or more. Link in Computer Networks can be defined as wires or cables or free space of wireless networks.

The working of Computer Networks can be simply defined as rules or protocols which help in sending and receiving data via the links which allow Computer networks to communicate. Each device has an IP Address, that helps in identifying a device.

Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks

• Network: A network is a collection of computers and devices that are connected together to enable communication and data exchange.
• Nodes: Nodes are devices that are connected to a network. These can include computers, Servers, Printers, Routers, Switches , and other devices.
• Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted over a network. Examples of protocols include TCP/IP , HTTP , and FTP .
• Topology: Network topology refers to the physical and logical arrangement of nodes on a network. The common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree.
• Service Provider Networks: These types of Networks give permission to take Network Capacity and Functionality on lease from the Provider. Service Provider Networks include Wireless Communications, Data Carriers, etc.
• IP Address : An IP address is a unique numerical identifier that is assigned to every device on a network. IP addresses are used to identify devices and enable communication between them.
• DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol that is used to translate human-readable domain names (such as www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand.
• Firewall: A firewall is a security device that is used to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic. Firewalls are used to protect networks from unauthorized access and other security threats.

Types of Enterprise Computer Networks

• LAN: A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that covers a small area, such as an office or a home. LANs are typically used to connect computers and other devices within a building or a campus.
• WAN: A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographic area, such as a city, country, or even the entire world. WANs are used to connect LANs together and are typically used for long-distance communication.
• Cloud Networks: Cloud Networks can be visualized with a Wide Area Network (WAN) as they can be hosted on public or private cloud service providers and cloud networks are available if there is a demand. Cloud Networks consist of Virtual Routers, Firewalls, etc.

These are just a few basic concepts of computer networking. Networking is a vast and complex field, and there are many more concepts and technologies involved in building and maintaining networks. Now we are going to discuss some more concepts on Computer Networking.

• Open system:  A system that is connected to the network and is ready for communication. 
• Closed system:  A system that is not connected to the network and can’t be communicated with.

Types of Computer Network Architecture

Computer Network falls under these broad Categories:

• Client-Server Architecture: Client-Server Architecture is a type of Computer Network Architecture in which Nodes can be Servers or Clients. Here, the server node can manage the Client Node Behaviour.
• Peer-to-Peer Architecture: In P2P (Peer-to-Peer) Architecture , there is not any concept of a Central Server. Each device is free for working as either client or server.

Network Devices

An interconnection of multiple devices, also known as hosts, that are connected using multiple paths for the purpose of sending/receiving data or media. Computer networks can also include multiple devices/mediums which help in the communication between two different devices; these are known as Network devices and include things such as routers, switches, hubs, and bridges. 

Network Topology

The Network Topology is the layout arrangement of the different devices in a network. Common examples include Bus, Star, Mesh, Ring, and Daisy chain. 

OSI Model  

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection . It is a reference model that specifies standards for communications protocols and also the functionalities of each layer. The OSI has been developed by the International Organization For Standardization and it is 7 layer architecture. Each layer of OSI has different functions and each layer has to follow different protocols. The 7 layers are as follows: 

• Physical Layer
• Data link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer

A protocol is a set of rules or algorithms which define the way how two entities can communicate across the network and there exists a different protocol defined at each layer of the OSI model. A few such protocols are TCP, IP, UDP, ARP, DHCP, FTP, and so on. 

Unique Identifiers of Network 

Hostname: Each device in the network is associated with a unique device name known as Hostname. Type “hostname” in the command prompt(Administrator Mode) and press ‘Enter’, this displays the hostname of your machine.   

IP Address (Internet Protocol address):   Also known as the Logical Address, the IP Address is the network address of the system across the network. To identify each device in the world-wide-web, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns an IPV4 (Version 4) address as a unique identifier to each device on the Internet. The length of an IPv4 address is 32 bits, hence, we have 2 32 IP addresses available. The length of an IPv6 address is 128 bits.

In Windows Type “ipconfig” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this gives us the IP address of the device. For Linux, Type “ifconfig” in the terminal and press ‘Enter’ this gives us the IP address of the device.

MAC Address (Media Access Control address):  Also known as physical address, the MAC Address is the unique identifier of each host and is associated with its NIC (Network Interface Card) . A MAC address is assigned to the NIC at the time of manufacturing. The length of the MAC address is: 12-nibble/ 6 bytes/ 48 bits Type “ipconfig/all” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this gives us the MAC address. 

Port:  A port can be referred to as a logical channel through which data can be sent/received to an application. Any host may have multiple applications running, and each of these applications is identified using the port number on which they are running. 

A port number is a 16-bit integer, hence, we have 2 16 ports available which are categorized as shown below: 

Number of ports: 65,536  Range: 0 – 65535  Type “ netstat -a ” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this lists all the ports being used. 

List of Ports

Socket:  The unique combination of IP address and Port number together is termed a Socket. 

Other Related Concepts 

DNS Server:   DNS stands for Domain Name System . DNS is basically a server that translates web addresses or URLs (ex: www.google.com) into their corresponding IP addresses. We don’t have to remember all the IP addresses of each and every website. The command ‘ nslookup ’ gives you the IP address of the domain you are looking for. This also provides information on our DNS Server. \

Domain IP Address

ARP:   ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol . It is used to convert an IP address to its corresponding physical address(i.e., MAC Address). ARP is used by the Data Link Layer to identify the MAC address of the Receiver’s machine. 

RARP:   RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol . As the name suggests, it provides the IP address of the device given a physical address as input. But RARP has become obsolete since the time DHCP has come into the picture.

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Releasing Windows 11, version 24H2 to the Release Preview Channel

• Windows Insider Program Team

Hello Windows Insiders!

Today, we are making this year’s annual feature update Windows 11, version 24H2 (Build 26100.712) available in the Release Preview Channel for customers to preview ahead of general availability later this calendar year.

Windows 11, version 24H2* includes a range of new features such as the HDR background support, energy saver, Sudo for Windows , Rust in the Windows kernel, support for Wi-Fi 7, voice clarity and more. It also includes many improvements across Windows. For example, we are introducing a scrollable view of the quick settings flyout from the taskbar, the ability to create 7-zip and TAR archives in File Explorer (in addition to ZIP), and improvements for connecting Bluetooth® Low Energy Audio devices. We will be sharing more details in the coming months on many of the new features and improvements included as part of Windows 11, version 24H2 leading up to general availability. Please note that the new AI features such as Recall announced earlier this week will not be available on your PC after installing this update today as they require a Copilot+ PC. For more information on those new AI features and Copilot+ PCs, see this blog post here .

As part of this update, we’re also evolving the Copilot** experience on Windows as an app that will be pinned to the taskbar. This enables users to get the benefits of a traditional app experience, including the ability to resize, move, and snap the window – feedback we’ve heard from users throughout the preview of Copilot in Windows. This model also allows Microsoft to more agilely develop and optimize the experience based on user feedback. This change will be making is way to Insiders in the Canary, Dev, and Beta Channels shortly.

Windows Insiders in the Release Preview Channel can install Windows 11, version 24H2 via our “seeker” experience in Windows Update. This means if you are an Insider currently in the Release Preview Channel on a PC that meets the Windows 11  hardware requirements , you can go to Settings and Windows Update and choose to download and install Windows 11, version 24H2 if you want. Once you update your PC to Windows 11, version 24H2, you will continue to automatically receive new servicing updates through Windows Update (the typical monthly update process). For instructions on how to join the Windows Insider Program and join your PC to the Release Preview Channel,  click here .

PLEASE NOTE: Windows Insiders in the Canary and Dev Channels will not be able to switch to the Release Preview Channel as they are on builds already based on Windows 11, version 24H2 but are on higher build numbers. These Insiders don’t need to switch. 

Commercial*** customers enrolled in the  Windows Insider Program for Business  can begin validating Windows 11, version 24H2 on PCs in their organizations. For these customers, the Windows 11, version 24H2 feature update is available through Windows Update for Business (WUfB) and Windows Server Update Service (WSUS). Azure Marketplace will be coming soon. You can learn more about deploying pre-release feature updates using  these deployment methods here . Should any issues arise, IT admins in organizations deploying Release Preview updates can request Microsoft Support .

And finally – ISOs are now available for download for Windows 11, version 24H2 via the Windows Insider ISO download page .

Thanks, Windows Insider Program Team

*Please note that Cortana, Tips, and WordPad are removed after upgrading to Windows 11, version 24H2. These apps are deprecated .

**Copilot in Windows is being rolled out gradually to Windows Insiders across our global markets. Customers in the European Economic Area will be able to download the Copilot in Windows experience as an app from the Microsoft Store (coming soon).

***We consider a device a commercial device if it is not running the Windows 11 Home edition AND is being managed by an IT administrator (whether via Microsoft Endpoint Manager or other management solution) or has a volume license key or commercial ID or is joined to a domain.

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Microsoft Copilot+ PCs: Finally, a reason to buy a new computer

Beyond the expansion of ai-based tools, expect huge improvements in battery life and performance..

“Why should I buy a new PC?”

Microsoft this week finally had an answer to that question with its new Copilot+ PCs . These computers boast a suite of new AI-based features that promise to transform how you work on your PC — while also delivering serious battery life and performance boosts.

Readers of my Windows Intelligence newsletter have often asked me why they should get a new PC. And that’s a totally valid question: Windows 11 on modern hardware is nice and fast, but if you have a Windows 10 PC that serves you well, what’s the draw? That’s especially true for businesses, which are often more interested in extended Windows 10 security updates than new Windows 11 features .

Make no mistake: The big changes Microsoft is showing off could easily be branded “Windows 12.” In fact, Copilot+ PCs seem like a bigger leap over Windows 11’s original release than Windows 11 was over Windows 10. Microsoft is showing off a lot of new things here. And it will all require new hardware, coming soon — not even the “AI PCs” on the shelf today will be able to deliver these features.

Want to stay up to date on the big changes in Windows? Sign up for my free Windows Intelligence newsletter — three things to know and try every Friday.

The dream of local AI is finally here

Until now, Microsoft’s AI features have relied on the cloud, with Microsoft’s data centers doing the heavy lifting: You can use Copilot on Windows 10 just like you can on a modern Windows 11 PC.

Microsoft’s big push here is all about running AI models locally on your PC’s hardware — and continuously in the background. With a fast neural processing unit (NPU) alongside the standard CPU and graphics processing unit (GPU) in a PC, your device can do a lot of genAI work that would normally have been offloaded to Microsoft or OpenAI’s data centers.

That means improved privacy, since your data stays on your computer and isn’t sent to another organization — that’s a big deal for businesses in general. (Many businesses have banned the use of tools like ChatGPT to keep control of their data, for example.)

It also means improved functionality: AI tools can be faster if the response is instantly generated on your PC. They can work offline. They can capture all sorts of data from your computer in real time and store it locally. Chatbots that generate and rewrite text, genAI tools that create images and help you tweak them, and real-time translation tools that work offline — that’s the vision Microsoft announced.

To accomplish this, PCs will need to have powerful hardware to run those AI models properly. While GPUs might be the fastest way to run AI models, they’re not very power efficient, and they would drain laptop battery life quickly. So it’s all about neural processing units.

Unfortunately, the NPUs Intel has been including in the first round of Meteor Lake -powered “AI PCs” already on the shelves aren’t good enough to be called Copilot+ PCs and power these experiences. (I recommended against buying one of those now-rather-outdated “AI PCs” due to the lack of software support earlier this year.)

Meet Copilot+ PCs: AI features, long battery life, and high performance

Microsoft announced “Copilot+ PCs” at an event Monday . PCs that are branded Copilot+ have a fast NPU to handle AI experiences locally, including a “Recall” feature that will have a photographic memory of everything you do on your PC and let you ask questions to find things.

Additionally, they’ll have long battery life and impressive performance. The first Copilot+ PCs will all use Qualcomm’s new Snapdragon X Elite or Snapdragon X Plus chips. These are the first ARM-based Windows PCs that truly seem compelling and competitive in performance. (Microsoft first started pushing ARM-based Windows PCs with the Surface RT back in 2012, so it’s taken a while to get here.)

Let’s be honest: Many existing Windows laptops don’t offer all-day battery life, and that’s an especially big deal for business users who need a full workday out of their laptop. Microsoft says Copilot+ PCs are faster than a MacBook Air (M3) and have longer battery life — delivering “up to 22 hours of local video playback or 15 hours of web browsing on a single charge.” (Apple’s latest MacBooks with its M-series chips are also ARM based.)

While Microsoft announced a new Surface Laptop and Surface Pro, it also announced new Copilot+ PCs from Acer, Asus, Dell, HP, Lenovo, and Samsung. This isn’t just a one-off Surface hardware project from Microsoft — nearly the entire PC industry is involved.

And while the first round of Copilot+ PCs omit Intel and AMD chips, they can still run traditional Windows desktop programs made for Intel-based computers. Microsoft says it has an improved “Prism” emulation layer that will let Windows run those apps with great performance, much like Apple’s Rosetta 2 emulation layer on Macs. That’s a big deal, especially for businesses who can keep using their tools on these new laptops. (Back in 2012, when Microsoft announced the Surface RT, businesses would have had to switch to Metro apps to take advantage of ARM hardware. Yikes. No wonder that didn’t pan out!)

Additionally, many of the applications you use every day are already natively available for ARM computers. Google Chrome was recently released for ARM, for example, and Adobe Photoshop also just arrived.

In the future, Copilot+ PCs will also be available with Intel and AMD hardware. It will require hardware these manufacturers haven’t released yet: Intel’s Lunar Lake and AMD’s Strix chips.

Recall is photographic memory for your Copilot+ PC

All hardware aside, the big new AI feature Microsoft announced is called Recall. Think of it as a “photographic memory” for your PC. The AI model continually watches your screen in real time and keeps track of everything you’ve seen. Then, you can ask it for “nearly anything you’ve ever seen or done on your PC” in plain language.

It’s exclusive to Copilot+ PCs, and it uses the NPU to do all the work locally — your PC remembers everything you’ve seen, stores it on your PC and doesn’t send it over the web. You can delete anything you like, stop Recall from remembering specific apps and websites, and the company said it will never use any of the associated information to train AI models.

Recall will let you search for web pages, messages, documents, emails, and nearly anything else you’ve ever done on your PC. It’s a superpowered search feature that could be a big help at work. Microsoft showed off the ability to find a PowerPoint presentation you’ve seen, for example — if you just remember that it had some purple writing on one of the slides, you can search for “chart with purple writing,” and Recall will find the PowerPoint presentation with that feature and let you open it.

Other new Copilot+ PC AI features

Microsoft announced a variety of AI features that will take advantage of Copilot+ PCs. For example, the Photos app will also use the Windows Copilot Runtime for genAI features that happen locally on your PC, allowing you to easily upgrade the resolution of older images.

On top of all that, Microsoft said it expects to see developers use the powerful hardware in these PCs to deliver their own AI features.

The hardware a “Copilot+ PC” requires

To be branded a Copilot+ PC, a PC will have to have an approved chip with an NPU that delivers 40 TOPS (trillion operations per second). That’s why they need those Snapdragon X Plus or Elite chips.

Additionally, these machines will require at least 16GB of RAM and 256GB of storage. It’s nice to see that these computers will have a decent amount of RAM and storage — there are still too many computers shipping with 8GB of RAM and less storage than that. No doubt, those AI models will surely use a good chunk of that RAM and storage as well.

What you need to know about buying a Copilot+ PC

Copilot+ PCs will be available on June 18 and start at $999. You can see all the available Copilot+ PCs on Microsoft’s Copilot+ PC website — Microsoft is promoting PCs from its hardware partners alongside its own Surface Laptop and Surface Pro hardware .

Should you buy one? They sound exciting, but I’m writing up Microsoft’s promises here — they’re not out yet, and we haven’t seen any proper hands-on reviews. You might want to wait until they’re out and you can read hands-on independent reviews to see how well they perform in the real world and whether there are any “gotchas.” But everything does sound impressive.

I’ll be picking up one of these new Surface Laptops soon. I need to see exactly what’s changing in Windows and experience the new AI features and architecture changes firsthand. I’ll be writing all about it here, of course, and in my free Windows Intelligence newsletter , so be sure to check it out to get my in-depth impressions along with all the other usual goodies.

If you want to join the bleeding edge and get your hands on these AI features, then jump right in along with me; But for most people, I’d recommend waiting to see reviews first.

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The best way to run private ai chatbots on your windows pc, arc browser for windows — better than chrome, 10 ways to turn off windows' worst ads, the webcam privacy guide for windows pcs, from our editors straight to your inbox.

Chris Hoffman is a tech journalist and columnist who's been writing about Windows for over a decade. His Windows Intelligence column helps you make the most of your Windows PC — and understand what Microsoft is up to.

Chris was formerly the Editor-in-Chief of How-To Geek, where he racked up over a billion page views to helpful tips, useful troubleshooting guides, and informative editorials — with Windows always as his main focus. Beyond that, he's also written for The New York Times, PCWorld, Reader's Digest, and more.

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An Enhanced DDoS Attack Detection in Software-Defined-Networks using Ensemble Learning

• Original Research
• Published: 23 May 2024
• Volume 5 , article number  580 , ( 2024 )

Cite this article

• Saumitra Chattopadhyay   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8990-015X 1 ,
• Ashok Kumar Sahoo 1 &
• Sanjay Jasola 1  

The rising danger of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environments stresses advanced detection strategies to safeguard network availability and service integrity. By utilizing ensemble learning techniques, this study offers a novel method for the DDoS attack identification. Through the utilization of a diverse range of datasets including CICIDS 2017, KDDCup99, NSL-KDD99, Nisha Ahuja's dataset, and a dataset from Mouhammd Alkasassbeh's paper, this study demonstrates the adaptability and efficacy of ensemble learning across varied network scenarios. Various detection models are combined using ensemble learning techniques to produce a reliable and adaptable detection mechanism. The results manifest the superiority of the ensemble approach, showcasing enhanced accuracy, reduced false positives, and improved generalization across the datasets. This research offers insights into the intrinsic strengths of ensemble learning for DDoS attack detection, highlighting its ability to address the diverse array of threats posed in SDN environments. The findings provide valuable contributions to the realm of network security, paving the way for more resilient DDoS detection strategies in the ever-evolving landscape of software-defined networks.

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Survey of intrusion detection systems: techniques, datasets and challenges

A systematic literature review for network intrusion detection system (IDS)

Deep learning approaches for detecting DDoS attacks: a systematic review

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Chattopadhyay S, Sahoo AK, Jasola S. Improvement in DDoS attack detection in software defined network using ML algorithm. J Discrete Math Sci Cryptogr. 2023;26(7):2025–44. https://doi.org/10.47974/JDMSC-1848 .

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First Author Saumitra Chattopadhyay: Creation of Concept, Methodology and First Draft. Second Author Ashok Kumar Sahoo: Creation of Concept, Methodology and Evaluating the First Draft. Third Author Sanjay Jasola: Creation of Concept, Methodology and Finalizing the Final Draft.

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Chattopadhyay, S., Sahoo, A.K. & Jasola, S. An Enhanced DDoS Attack Detection in Software-Defined-Networks using Ensemble Learning. SN COMPUT. SCI. 5 , 580 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-02938-7

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