emotional regulation
Regarding the observed methodological characteristics ( Table 4 ), in three of the publications the authors describe their work as observational – naturalistic, five studies claim to be longitudinal and six are defined as descriptive. Four of the studies propose observation in the natural context as the only form of evaluation; while the remaining investigations indicate this modality among other possibilities, such as the completion of questionnaires or tasks designed to provoke certain emotions or behaviors. The instruments reported to observe self-regulation/emotional regulation are mostly ad hoc observation instruments. The dimensions that the authors are interested in observing refer mainly to the interaction between children and adults.
Methodological characteristics declared by the authors.
References | Design | Data collection technique or instrument | Observed dimensions |
Naturalistic observational | Video recordings taken in homes and community settings | Mutual display of positive emotion, touch and joint leisure | |
Descriptive | Classroom observations and teacher questionnaires: Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale (PLBS); Social Competence and Bahavior Evaluation (SCBE-30); Teaching Rating Scale of School Adjustment (TRSSA); Student - Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) The Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA); PSRA-AR; CLASS | School Adjustment, Executive Control, Emotional Regulation, Emotional and Organizational Support | |
Descriptive | Observations of infantile behaviors. Teacher questionnaires (CBQ). Social competence teacher qualifications: Scale of Perceived Social Competence for Children. | Intensity of peer interaction Negative Emotions Positive or constructive social interactions | |
Observational naturalistic and Descriptive | Observation of the relational style of the adult: Coding Interactive Behavior (CIB). Observation of Mediational Interaction (OMI). Interviews with caregivers. Observation of child compliance and adult discipline: The Observer. Self-regulation observation of childhood emotion (cognitive tests). Quality observation of the caregiver’s relational style in the group. | Child Compliance Self-regulatory compliance of mothers and caregivers Childhood cognition and the regulation of emotions | |
Longitudinal | Video recordings of couple’s discussion tasks. Observations of video interactions in games and routines: child care scales (ICS), classification method by criteria, emotional abstinence scale. Observation of co-parenting conflict (CFRS), verbal sparring scale (ICC = 0.74), a measure of co-parenting conflict Observation of the emotional regulation of children | Negative marital affect observed before birth Parental emotional withdrawal Coparenting conflict Child regulation | |
Naturalistic observational | Observations in home visits Observations in visits to preschool centers | Prosocial socialization behaviors Socialization behaviors of emotions Peer episodes that caused emotion dysregulation | |
Descriptive | Observation of socio-emotional behavior: Minnesota Preschool Affection Checklist (MPAC-R/S). Teacher Qualifications: SCBE-30; PLBS; STRS; TRSSA | Child socio-emotional behaviors Attitudes toward school Positive relationships among teachers Cooperative participation | |
Longitudinal | Observation of breeding systems Self recognition: blush test. Observation of self-regulation: Fulfillment of requests and Fulfillment of the prohibition | Breeding systems Auto-recognition Self-regulation | |
Longitudinal | Observation of emotional regulation Video observation at bedtime: Emotional availability scales (EAS). Child attachment security: Strange situation. Childish temperament: Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ-R) and Early Infant Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) | Mothers’ emotional availability Child attachment security Emotional regulation strategies | |
Longitudinal | Observation of mother-child dyad Positive Emotionality Laboratory Procedures for Children Children’s Intellectual Functioning: WPPSI-R information scale Children’s impulsiveness: CBQ | Positive emotionality Self-regulation Intellectual functioning of the child | |
Longitudinal | Observation of emotional expression in social interaction. Observation of maternal behaviors. | Active child care Maternal gaze and facial behaviors | |
Descriptive | Parenting Practices Q-sort Parenting Questionnaire Observation of interactions between peers and friendship networks. Questionnaire for teachers and observers Q-Sort. Observation at home: Individual focal samples | Episodes of childhood distress Parents’ approach to distress Children’s social competence | |
Descriptive | Checklist of children’s behaviors in free play and emotional self-regulation | Self-regulation of emotions in students | |
Descriptive | Daily life reports. Perceptions questionnaire on sampling week Emotional regulation questionnaire: ERQ-CA. Positive and negative affect status questionnaire Self-observation of emotional regulation strategies | Emotional regulation strategies |
Regarding the methodological characteristics observed by GREOM –first part– ( Table 5 ), five publications justify the choice of a low intensity observation method. Regarding the study units, four publications indicate and apply inclusion criteria. Regarding the observed sessions, eight articles indicate the period of time in which it has been observed, seven specify the number of observation sessions carried out, seven publications mention the period of time elapsed between the observations, and eleven inform the method used for sampling. All publications describe the observation instrument used, six justify it, ten provide access to the instrument and one provides access to the coding manual.
Methodological characteristics observed through the Guidelines for Reporting Evaluations based on Observational Methodology -GREOM- (first part).
References | Observation method justification | Description of expected results | Design description | Inclusion criteria indicated and applied | Times | Contexts | Observation instrument | ||||||||||||
Informs observational design | Justify observational design | Participants you want to observe | Sequential data | Observation of common contexts | Specify the observation period | Specify number of observation sessions | Specifies the periodicity between observation sessions | Specify method used for sampling | Indicate WHAT is observed | Indicate WHO is being observed | Indicate CIRCUMSTANCES observed | Describe the observation instrument | Justify the observation instrument used | Provide access to the observation instrument used | Provide access to the encoding manual used | ||||
X | X | X | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
X | X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
X | X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
X | X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
X | X | Partial | Several | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
It is marked with an X when the criterion is met.
Regarding the primary recording parameters, all of them record frequency (GREOM second part, see Table 6 ), five record the duration of the behavior and three mention the behavioral sequences. The information is recorded mainly through videos and observed by trained personnel. In relation to data quality control, thirteen studies report concordance analysis of the collected data. Regarding the analysis of the data carried out, all of them made explicit the type of analysis used and thirteen of them justified it.
Methodological characteristics observed through Guidelines for Reporting Evaluations based on Observational Methodology -GREOM- (second part).
References | Primary recording parameters | Means of observation | Session acceptance criteria | Observer characteristics | Reliability | Flow of study units | Analysis | |||||||||
Frequency | Duration | Sequence | Justification of consistency between sessions | Justification of interruptions of the sessions | The observer is a close person | The observer has been trained | The observer is being evaluated | The observer receives a payment | Self-report | Report observation interruptions | Report withdrawals from participants | Data analysis used | Justify data analysis modality | |||
X | X | Video | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
X | Video | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
X | Video | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
X | X | Video | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
X | Video | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
X | X | Audio and pencil and paper | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
X | Pencil and paper | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
X | Video | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
X | Video | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
X | X | Video | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
X | X | X | Video | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
X | X | Video | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
X | Pencil and paper | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
X | X | Mobile | X | X | X |
Regarding the methodological characteristics observed through MQCOM (see Table 7 ), seven studies justify and support the observation methodology used based on the degree of perceptiveness of the information. In one of the investigations, software is used to record, control, and analyze the quality of the data, and in four investigations, the use of this tool was partial. Regarding the type of parameters recorded, in 10 studies the secondary record derived from the recording of a single category (for example: frequency or duration) was observed, in two studies the primary record of a single category was observed, and in the other two investigations the dynamic or transition recording between different observation parameters was used.
Methodological characteristics observed using the Methodological Quality Checklist for studies based on Observational Methodology (MQCOM).
References | Reference to the observation methodology | Delimitation of the study objectives | Referenced theoretical framework | Observation unit criteria | Temporal criteria | Dimensionality criteria | Inclusion/exclusion criteria | Adequacy of the observation instrument | Coding manual | Software usage | Data type specification | Parameters specification | Session delimitation | Inter-observer reliability | Type of data analysis | Interpretation of results in the discussion |
0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | – | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | – | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | – | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | – | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | – | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | – | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
1 = meets the criteria; 0.5 = partially complies; 0 = does not comply.
All the investigations indicate having carried out some inferential analysis to analyze the data. In 13 publications, the results are interpreted based on the objectives of the study and the scientific literature, while in the other study the results are interpreted based solely on the objectives of the study.
In the last 30 years, there has been a growing interest in the study of emotional self-regulation in older children and in different contexts and cultures, as suggested by Adrian et al. (2011) , Bai et al. (2016) , and Chervonsky and Hunt (2019) . Regarding the substantive characteristics of the works, it is observed that a large part of the studies consider adults linked to children or adolescents as participants, showing a greater interest in observing the interaction in emotional regulation processes.
The countries and universities that lead the research carried out, as pointed out by Sabatier et al. (2017) , correspond mostly to territories with higher income and quality of life, many of which have some tradition in studies of the evolutionary development of children. The influence of North American authors such as Claire Koop, Ross Thompson, James Gross, Susan Calkins, Pamela Cole or Nancy Eisenberg is observed, which could be related to having considered only works written in English and Spanish, suggesting that future studies incorporate written works in other languages.
Regarding the methodological characteristics, as strengths it was observed that most of the studies use different techniques or instruments for data collection; that the instruments designed ad hoc have a theoretical basis, are applied by properly trained personnel and have data quality control. In all the primary documents, situations typical of daily life are studied and analyzed, observing in all of them the use of the observational methodology, although there are some variants and diverse denominations, for which it is estimated as a weakness, that more than half of the studies do not propose the choice of a low intensity methodological design, with which they do not necessarily consider the richness involved in observing behaviors of daily life and detailing observation parameters such as duration and sequence of behaviors, aspects that are deemed necessary to observe in future research. In this sense, considering that the observational methodology constitutes a contribution to studies referring to evolutionary development in daily life, there is a need to highlight, in the preparation of future research, the review of the guidelines proposed by Chacón-Moscoso et al. (2019) and Portell et al. (2015) , in order to guarantee the methodological quality.
Finally, observing that the study of behaviors in daily life has been gaining space and value when questioning the impact of studies carried out in laboratories ( Compas et al., 2017 ), it is observed that, although every day there are older and better technological instruments that allow observing daily life and with people who are willing to comment on their experiences, it is necessary to regulate the ethical scope of the use of social networks in research, since they could affect the private and public life of the participants.
Author contributions.
MA-E and MTA: idea. MA-E and SS-C: literature review (state of the art). MA-E, SS-C, and SC-M: methodology, data analysis, and results. MA-E, MTA, PS, SS-C, and SC-M: discussion and conclusions. MA-E, PS, and MTA: newsroom (original draft). MTA, SS-C, and SC-M: final revisions. MTA and SC-M: project design and sponsorships. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
This work was made possible thanks to the National Research and Development Agency (ANID)/Scholarship Program DOCTORAL SCHOLARSHIPS CHILE/2016 – 72180000 to (MA-E). The collaboration of academics from the University of Seville was made possible thanks to the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development Regular FONDECYT, ANID, Government of Chile (ref. number 1190945); the PID2020-115486GB-I00 grant funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and the Andalusian ERDF Operational Program 2014–2020, Government of Andalusia, Spain (ref. US-1263096). We thank Rafael Ricardo Verdugo Mora, who collaborated in the coding of articles.
Print Resource
by Michael Fairbrother and Dr. Jessica Whitley
Self-regulated learning is a process that assists students in managing their thoughts, behaviours, and emotions in order to successfully navigate their learning experiences (Zumbrunn, Tadlock, & Roberts, 2011). According to Canadian researcher, Shanker (2012), “self-regulation refers to a child’s ability to deal with stressors effectively and efficiently and then return to a baseline of being calmly focused and alert” (p. 5).
According to many researchers (for e.g., Alexander, Entwistle, & Kabbani, 2001, and O’Shaughnessy et al., 2003) self-regulation (SR) is “absolutely critical for school readiness ” (Blair & Diamond, 2008, p. 906) and is often linked with meta-cognition. SR and meta-cognition are related but differing constructs. Whereas metacognition has to do with knowledge and awareness of one’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses, SR is the process that creates the conditions to guide this thinking: “the ability to regulate one’s cognitive activities, underlies the executive processes and functions associated with metacognition” (Montague, 2008, p. 37).
For those students entering school without strong SR skills, early intervention and instruction are essential . These students as a group are more likely to become increasingly resistant to school work , school in general and self-investment in school, resulting in a greater likelihood of dropping out (Blair & Diamond, 2008). Rimm-Kaufman, Pianta and Cox’s (2001) analysis of the National Center for Early Development and Learning’s Transition Practices Survey (1996) sampling kindergarten teachers across the United States found that 50% of their students were experiencing difficulties that limited their abilities to learn and that most difficulties dealt with SR: “particularly problems with following directions and controlling attention” (Blair & Diamond, 2008, p. 899).
Developing SR skills in students is not easy. It requires that teachers help students learn how to actively monitor their own thinking, to pause and check when needed, and to make their own decisions as they are engaged in their learning activities (Westwood, 2003). It is widely held view that many learning problems are a result of students’ lack of metacognitive skill/ability: “For self-regulated learning to develop teachers need to demonstrate convincingly how to use appropriate strategies, explain in ways that students can understand, and make frequent and consistent use of metacognition and strategy training in all parts of the school curriculum” (Westwood, p. 63).
There has been an explosion of research on SR over the last decade connected to various domains that affect students’ abilities to focus and achieve optimal learning in academic and social situations (Shanker, 2013). Zimmerman (1990) described self-regulated students as “distinguished by their systematic use of metacognitive, motivational, and behavioral strategies; by their systematic use of metacognitive, motivational, and behavioral strategies; by their responsiveness to feedback, regarding the effectiveness of their learning; and by their self-perceptions of academic accomplishment” (p. 14).
Shanker (2013) explored SR through five domains (biological, emotional, cognitive, social, and prosocial) which can be helpful in conceptualizing SR:
The list of elements related to each domain represents what students would present with if they reached optimal levels of SR (see Table 1). When students are not at these levels, it can be challenging for educators to optimize students’ learning.
Click here to access this list.
Creating a Nurturing Classroom Environment (Shanker, 2013) citing recent research, suggests that student academic success can be predicted based on their ability to self-regulate (Shanker, 2013 citing Blair & Diamond, 2008; Duckworth & Seligman, 2005). Many students lacking SR skills tend to have learning challenges that persist through their school years, and Bodrovan and Leong (2005) remark that children unable to self-regulate at age four will likely have difficulties following teacher directions at age six. It is a myth believed by many educators that these children are immature and will grow out of their impulsive behaviours; not only will students not learn or develop SR skills on their own but they will have more opportunities to practice dysregulating behaviours (Bodrovan & Leong, 2005, Shanker, 2013)[1]. Other myths include attributing lack of SR skills to conditions such as ADHD, and believing that dysregulating behaviours cannot be changed.
It is suggested that even when teachers are covering the curriculum at an appropriate pace, one factor that may contribute to many students not being able to process it efficiently is their inability to effectively self-regulate: they may be not paying attention, are unable to follow instructions, and may have a hard time remembering what they just heard (Bodrovan & Leong, 2005). Often these are the same children that have trouble building relationships with classmates. These difficulties result in teachers “spending more time on classroom management than teaching” (p.55).
As a teacher, focusing first on the biological domain sets the stage for learning by helping students be better prepared (Shanker, 2013) Addressing environmental variables that could cause students to be overly aroused adds an important calming element in the classroom. It is recommended that teachers reduce the stressors causing over arousal among students. The following table lists some suggestions for implementing classroom management strategies that may improve SR (see Table 2).
: |
Instructional strategies for promoting development of academic skills across the curriculum can easily incorporate those focused on developing SR. The following list of instructional strategies were compiled from Mason (2013) and Montague (2007):
In general, if instruction focuses on teaching strategies such as self-instruction, self-questioning, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement, SR instruction is being implemented. When it is done effectively, SR will “guide learners as they apply processes within and across domains, and regulate their application and overall performance of a task” (Montague, 2008, p. 37).
A whole class approach.
Souvignier and Mokhlesgerami (2006) were interested in the connection between teaching and using SR skills alongside strategy instruction for developing reading comprehension. Participants were 20 fifth-grade classes with 593 students in total (297 girls and 296 boys with a mean age of 11 years). Students were divided into three treatment groups and one control group:
All groups received twenty, forty-five-minute sessions. Results show that short-term gains in reading comprehension were largest for the second group (Strat + CSR) over the other three groups. However, on a year-end standardized reading comprehension test, the third experimental group (MSR + Strat + CSR) was the only group to outperform the control group, suggesting that a complete program incorporating cognitive and motivational aspects to self-regulated reading instruction lead to longer term gains in reading comprehension .
Research demonstrates that secondary students with, or at-risk for, LDs in math struggle with using developed problem-solving strategies, are unclear on the purpose of math as a field of study, and see math as a topic “requiring memorization and rote learning or application of algorithms” (Butler, Beckingham, & Novak Lauscher, 2005, p. 159). Butler et al. hypothesized that students that are taught strategies to learn more independently in the learning assistance classroom would be more likely to transfer these skills to general classroom instruction. Butler et al.’s case study research with three grade 8 students in an urban Canadian city indicated that students with LDs and learning difficulties can improve efficacy and abilities in math when taught to use SR strategies for approaching their math work . The three students were all close to 13 years old, were female, were of average intelligence but performing well below grade level in mathematics and were enrolled in a learning assistance classroom.
The students were taught math using Strategic Content Learning (SCL) to help develop SR skills for promoting independent strategic learning. SCL has shown to support self-regulated learning for post-secondary students and previous research has shown “positive gains associated with SCL intervention … across studies in students’ task performance, metacognitive knowledge about tasks and strategies, and self-perceptions of competence” (Butler et al., 2005, p. 159).
There are four principles of SCL that, when taken together, “suggest that mathematics instruction for students with LDs should promote students’ self-directed learning and problem solving in pursuit of important curricular goals” (p. 160). The principles are as follows[2]:
Findings demonstrated that the three students, one with LDs and two with math difficulties, were able to integrate self-regulated learning into mathematics instruction due to guided and explicit SR and strategy instruction. Students developed strategies for interpreting math problems, and developed cognitive and strategies for solving math problems and for learning from materials. They were also able to improve their organizational skills.
In a study conducted by Jitendra, Hoff and Beck (1999), four students with mathematics learning disabilities (2 boys, 2 girls in grade 6 and 7 working at an early third-grade level) were able to develop their problem-solving skills using an SR technique. The students were introduced to schema strategy instruction for one-step then two-step word problems and compared to a control group working at a similar grade level in math. Instruction took place in a resource room. Students in the treatment group received explicit instruction in rules , schema strategy modelling , guide practice , monitoring , corrective feedback and independent practice . For schema strategy training students were taught to distinguish the unique features of each problem type: schemata diagrams were provided for mapping features of story situation, instruction was explicit and modelled correct story mapping with guided practice for applying each strategy step along with frequent opportunities to exchange understanding with peers.
Once instruction for one-step word problems were understood, a second phase of training began for two-step word problems. Dependent measures were word problems tests (six one-step and four two-step problems requiring addition and subtraction operations with three different problem types). Students were also asked to rate students’ perceptions of strategy effectiveness, acceptability, and satisfaction in word solving problems and student’s ability to use schematic strategies was assessed by examining the use of diagram mapping and application of taught rules on students’ work sheets.
In comparison to the control group, the four students receiving strategy instruction out-performed them on one-step questions and were comparable on two-step questions. It was found that the 4 students in the treatment group answered more one- and two-step questions on post-tests compared to their baseline tests and applications of incorrect operations decreased. Following instruction on one-step word problems, the performance of the students increased by a mean of 43%. When inquiring into student strategy use, the authors remarked that at pre-instruction the students did not use any strategies but following strategy instruction all four students consistently used diagramming to map information, and that more diagramming was attempted for more complex questions. Finally, students stated that learning the strategies was a positive experience and agreed that they would recommend using these strategies to their peers.
Click here to access the article Cognitive Conditions and Self-Regulated Learning .
Click here to access the article Combining Writing and Self-Regulation Strategies: The SRSD Approach .
Alexander, K., Entwisle, D., & Kabbani, N. (2001). The dropout process in life course perspective: Early risk factors at home and school. Teacher College Record Volume, 103 (5), 760-822.
Blair, C., & Diamond, A. (2008). Biological processes in prevention and intervention: The promotion of self-regulation as a means of preventing school failure. Development and Psychopathology , 20 , 899-911.
Bodrova, E., & Leong, D. (2005). Promoting student self-regulation in learning. Education Digest, 71 (2), 54-57
Boekarts, M., & Cascallar, E. (2006). How far have we moved toward the integration of theory and practice in self-regulation? Educational Psychology Review , 18 , 199-210.
Butler, D., Beckingham, B., & Novak Laushcher, H. (2005). Promoting strategic learning by eighth-grade students struggling in mathematics: A report of three case studies. Learning Disabilities Practice, 20 (3), 156-174.
Duckworth, A.L., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2005). Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Psychological Science, 16 (2), 939-944.
Jitendra, A., Hoff, K., & Beck, M. (1999). Teaching middle school students with learning disabilities to solve word problems using a schema-based approach. Remedial and Special Education, 20 (1), 50-64.
Mason, L. (2013). Teaching students who struggle with learning to think before, while, and after reading: Effects of self-regulated strategy development instruction. Reading and Writing Quarterly, 29, 124-144.
Montague, M. (2008). Self-regulation strategies to improve mathematical problem solving for students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 31, 37-44.
National Center for Early Development and Learning (1996). Transitions practices survey. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.
O’Shaungnessy, T., Lane, K., Gresham, F., & Beebe-Frankenberger, M. (2003). Children placed at risk for learning and behavioral difficulties: Implementing a school-wide system of early identification and intervention. Remedial and Special Education, 24 (1), 27-35.
Rimm-Kaufman, Pianta, R., & Cox, M. (2001). Teachers’ judgements of problems in the transition to kindergarten. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, (15) 2, 147-166.
Shanker, S. (2013). Calm, alert, and learning: Classroom strategies for self-regulation . Toronto, ON: Pearson.
Shanker, S. (2012). Report of the 2012 thinker in residence: Self-regulation . Subiaco, Western Australia: Commissioner for Children and Young People Western Australia. Retrieved from http://www.self-regulation.ca/download/pdf_documents/Thinker%20in%20Residence%20report%202012.pdf
Souvignier, E., & Mokhlesgerami, J. Using self-regulation as a framework for implementing strategy instruction to foster reading comprehension. Learning and Instruction, 16, 57-71.
Westwood, P. Commonsense methods for children with special needs: strategies for the regular classroom . (4 th ed). London: Routledge-Falmer, 2004. Eric . Web. 29, April, 2014.
Zimmerman, B. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25 (1), 3-17.
Zumbrunn, S., Tadlock, J., & Roberts, E.D. (2011). Self-regulation and motivation: A review of the literature . Invited paper for the Metropolitan Educational Research Consortium, Richmond, VA.
The CanLearn Society has developed the “Take Ten Spotlight Series: Strategies & Tools for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities/ADHD”. Click here to visit the CanLearn Society website and click on the link to "Self-Regulation".
[1] Dysregulation: an impairment or interruption pf a regulatory system that interferes with a child’s ability to regulate him or herself in a domain (Shanker, 2013, p. 159).
[2] Principles directly quoted and paraphrased from (Butler et al., 2005, pp. 159/160).
Michael Fairbrother is currently in his first year of a doctoral program at the Faculty of Education at the University of Ottawa. His concentration is in Teaching, Learning and Evaluation, and his research goals are primarily focused on bridging the gap between research and practice for elementary students at-risk for learning difficulties in reading. It is Fairbrother’s hope to contribute to the creation of an effective framework involving parents, teachers and all other stakeholders directly connected to the learning experiences of young students before and upon their entry to school. Before beginning his PhD at UofO, Fairbrother graduated from the University of British Columbia with a B.Ed. in general elementary instruction in 2006. Fairbrother completed his M.Ed. concentrating in Special Education in 2011. Fairbrother has seven years’ experience teaching grades three through seven and two years’ experience as a special education resource teacher in British Columbia public elementary schools.
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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Homeostasis — Homeostasis: Understanding the Functioning of the Body’s Self-Regulation
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Introduction, the importance of homeostasis, the mechanisms of homeostasis, homeostasis and disease.
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Self introduction essay generator.
A Self Introduction Essay is a window into your personality, goals, and experiences. Our guide, supplemented with varied essay examples , offers insights into crafting a compelling narrative about yourself. Ideal for college applications, job interviews, or personal reflections, these examples demonstrate how to weave your personal story into an engaging essay. Learn to highlight your strengths, aspirations, and journey in a manner that captivates your readers, making your introduction not just informative but also memorable.
What is Self Introduction Essay? A self-introduction essay is a written piece where you describe yourself in a personal and detailed way. It’s a way to introduce who you are, including your name, background, interests, achievements, and goals. This type of essay is often used for college or job applications, allowing others to get to know you better. It’s an opportunity to showcase your personality, experiences, and what makes you unique. Writing a self-introduction essay involves talking about your educational background, professional experiences if any, personal interests, and future aspirations. It’s a chance to highlight your strengths, achievements, and to share your personal story in a way that is engaging and meaningful.
Do you still remember the first time you’ve written an essay ? I bet you don’t even know it’s called an “essay” back then. And back then you might be wondering what’s the purpose such composition, and why are you writing something instead of hanging out with your friends.
Download Self-Introduction Essay Bundle
Now, you probably are already familiar with the definition of an essay, and the basics of writing one. You’re also probably aware of the purpose of writing essays and the different writing styles one may use in writing a composition. Here, we will be talking about self-introduction essay, and look into different example such as personal essay which you may refer to.
Introduction.
Start with a hook: Begin with an interesting fact, a question, or a compelling statement about yourself to grab the reader’s attention. State your name and a brief background: Share your name, age, and where you’re from or what you currently do (student, job role).
Discuss your current or most recent educational experience: Mention your school, college, or university and your major or area of study. Highlight academic achievements or interests: Share any honors, awards, or special projects that are relevant to your personality or career goals.
Mention your current job or professional experiences: Briefly describe your role, company, or the type of work you do. Highlight relevant skills or achievements: Share experiences that showcase your abilities and contributions to your field.
Share your hobbies or interests: Briefly describe activities you enjoy or passions you pursue outside of work or school. Discuss your short-term and long-term goals: Explain what you aim to achieve in the near future and your aspirations for the long term.
Summarize your strengths and what makes you unique: Reinforce key points about your skills, achievements, or character. Close with a statement on what you hope to achieve or contribute in your next role, educational pursuit, or personal endeavor.
Hello! My name is Alex Johnson, a 21-year-old Environmental Science major at Green Valley University, passionate about sustainable living and conservation efforts. Raised in the bustling city of New York, I’ve always been fascinated by the contrast between urban life and the natural world, driving me to explore how cities can become more sustainable. Currently, in my final year at Green Valley University, I’ve dedicated my academic career to understanding the complexities of environmental science. My coursework has included in-depth studies on renewable energy sources, water conservation techniques, and sustainable agriculture. I’ve achieved Dean’s List status for three consecutive years and led a successful campus-wide recycling initiative that reduced waste by 30%. This past summer, I interned with the City Planning Department of New York, focusing on green spaces in urban areas. I worked on a project that aimed to increase the city’s green coverage by 10% over the next five years. This hands-on experience taught me the importance of practical solutions in environmental conservation and sparked my interest in urban sustainability. Beyond academics, I’m an avid hiker and nature photographer, believing strongly in the power of visual storytelling to raise awareness about environmental issues. My goal is to merge my passion for environmental science with my love for photography to create impactful narratives that promote conservation. In the future, I aspire to work for an NGO that focuses on urban sustainability, contributing to projects that integrate green spaces into city planning. I am also considering further studies in environmental policy, hoping to influence positive change on a global scale. My journey from a curious city dweller to an aspiring environmental scientist has been driven by a deep passion for understanding and protecting our natural world. With a solid educational foundation and practical experience, I am eager to contribute to meaningful environmental conservation efforts. I believe that by combining scientific knowledge with creative communication, we can inspire a more sustainable future for urban areas around the globe.
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A self-introduction essay, as the name suggest, is an part of an essay containing the basic information about the writer.
In writing a self-introduction essay, the writer intends to introduce himself/herself by sharing a few personal information including the basics (e.g. name, age, hometown, etc.), his/her background information (e.g. family background, educational background, etc.), and interesting facts about him/her (e.g. hobbies, interests, etc). A self-introductory essay primarily aims to inform the readers about a few things regarding the writer. You may also see personal essay examples & samples
A self-introduction essay is, in most cases, written using the first-person point of view. As a writer, you simply need to talk about yourself and nothing more to a specific audience. You may also like essay writing examples
A self-introduction essay can be easy to write, since all you have to do is to introduce yourself. However, one needs to avoid sounding like a robot or a person speaking in monotone. Of course, you need to make the composition interesting and engaging, instead of making it plain and bland. This is probably the main challenge of writing a self-introduction essay, and the first thing every writer needs to be aware of.
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A self-introduction essay might be one of the easiest essays to start. However, one needs to learn a few things to make the composition worth reading. You might find a lot of tips online on how to write a self-introduction essay, but here are some tips which you might find useful.
The first thing that attracts readers is an interesting title, so create one.
You can create some guide questions to answer like: Who are you? What are your interests? What is your story? Simply talk about yourself like you’re talking to someone you just met.
Your life story is too broad, so focus on something, like: What makes you unique?
For example, instead of saying: ‘I like listening to classical music’, you can say: ‘My dad gave me an album containing classical music when I was five, and after listening to it, I was really captivated. I’ve loved it since then.’ You may also check out high school essay examples & samples
Use simple words and language. Write clearly. Describe details vividly.
You cannot just plainly say ‘The End’ at the last part. Create a essay conclusion which would leave an impression to your readers.
After wrapping up, take time to review and improve your work. You may also see informative essay examples & samples
1. Choose a Theme or Metaphor:
Start with a theme or metaphor that reflects your personality or the message you want to convey. For example, you could compare your life to a book, a journey, or a puzzle.
2. Engaging Hook:
Begin with an attention-grabbing hook, such as a captivating anecdote, a thought-provoking question, a quote, or a vivid description.
3. Tell a Story:
Weave your self-introduction into a narrative or story that highlights your experiences, values, or defining moments. Storytelling makes your essay relatable and memorable.
4. Use Vivid Imagery:
Employ descriptive language and vivid imagery to paint a picture of your life and character. Help the reader visualize your journey.
5. Show, Don’t Tell:
Instead of simply listing qualities or achievements, demonstrate them through your storytelling. Show your resilience, creativity, or determination through the narrative.
6. Include Personal Anecdotes:
Share personal anecdotes that showcase your character, challenges you’ve overcome, or moments of growth.
7. Express Your Passions:
Discuss your passions, interests, hobbies, or aspirations. Explain why they are important to you and how they have influenced your life.
8. Reveal Vulnerability:
Don’t be afraid to show vulnerability or share setbacks you’ve faced. It adds depth to your story and demonstrates your resilience.
9. Highlight Achievements:
Mention significant achievements, awards, or experiences that have shaped your journey. Connect them to your personal growth and values.
10. Convey Your Personality:
Use humor, wit, or elements of your personality to make your essay unique and relatable. Let your voice shine through.
11. Share Future Aspirations:
Discuss your goals, dreams, and what you hope to achieve in the future. Explain how your experiences have prepared you for your next steps.
12. Conclude with a Message:
Wrap up your essay with a meaningful message or reflection that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
13. Revise and Edit:
After writing your initial draft, revise and edit your essay for clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Ensure it flows smoothly.
1. Start with a Hook:
Begin with an engaging hook to capture the reader’s attention. This could be a personal anecdote, a thought-provoking question, a quote, or a vivid description. The hook should relate to the essay’s theme.
2. Introduce Yourself:
After the hook, introduce yourself by stating your name and any relevant background information, such as your age, place of origin, or current location. This helps provide context.
3. Establish the Purpose:
Clearly state the purpose of your self-essay. Explain why you are writing it and what you aim to convey. Are you introducing yourself for a job application, a college admission essay, or a personal blog? Make this clear.
4. Provide a Preview:
Offer a brief preview of the main points or themes you will address in the essay. This helps set expectations for the reader and gives them an overview of what to anticipate.
5. Share Your Thesis or Central Message:
In some self-essays, especially in academic or personal development contexts, you may want to state a central message or thesis about yourself. This is the core idea you’ll explore throughout the essay.
6. Express Your Voice:
Let your unique voice and personality shine through in the introduction. Write in a way that reflects your style and character. Avoid using overly formal or stilted language if it doesn’t align with your personality.
7. Be Concise:
Keep the introduction relatively concise. It should provide an overview without delving too deeply into the details. Save the in-depth discussions for the body of the essay.
8. Revise and Edit:
After writing the introduction, review it for clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Make sure it flows smoothly and leads naturally into the main body of the essay.
Here’s an example of an introduction for a self-essay:
“Standing at the threshold of my college years, I’ve often found myself reflecting on the journey that brought me here. I am [Your Name], a [Your Age]-year-old [Your Origin or Current Location], with a passion for [Your Interests]. In this self-essay, I aim to share my experiences, values, and aspirations as I enter this new chapter of my life. Through personal anecdotes and reflections, I hope to convey the lessons I’ve learned and the person I’m becoming. My central message is that [Your Central Message or Thesis]. Join me as I explore the highs and lows of my journey and what it means to [Your Purpose or Theme].”
“Hello, my name is [Your Name], and I am [Your Age] years old. I grew up in [Your Hometown] and am currently studying [Your Major or Grade Level] at [Your School or University]. I have always been passionate about [Your Interests or Hobbies], and I love exploring new challenges and experiences. In my free time, I enjoy [Your Activities or Hobbies], and I’m excited to be here and share my journey with all of you.”
1. Greet the Audience:
Start with a warm and friendly greeting. This sets a positive tone and makes you approachable.
Example: “Good morning/afternoon/evening!”
2. State Your Name:
Clearly and confidently state your name. This is the most basic and essential part of any self-introduction.
Example: “My name is [Your Name].”
3. Provide Additional Background Information:
Depending on the context, you may want to share additional background information. Mention where you are from, your current location, or your job title, if relevant.
Example: “I’m originally from [Your Hometown], but I currently live in [Your Current Location].”
4. Express Enthusiasm:
Express your enthusiasm or eagerness to be in the situation or context where you are introducing yourself.
Example: “I’m thrilled to be here today…”
5. State the Purpose:
Clearly state the purpose of your self-introduction. Are you introducing yourself for a job interview, a social gathering, or a specific event? Make it clear why you are introducing yourself.
Example: “…to interview for the [Job Title] position.”
6. Offer a Brief Teaser:
Give a brief teaser or hint about what you’ll be discussing. This can generate interest and set the stage for the rest of the introduction.
Example: “I’ll be sharing my experiences as a [Your Profession] and how my background aligns with the requirements of the role.”
7. Keep It Concise:
Keep your introduction concise, especially in professional settings. You can provide more details as the conversation progresses.
8. Be Confident and Maintain Eye Contact:
Deliver your introduction with confidence and maintain eye contact with the audience or the person you’re addressing.
Hi, I’m [Your Name]. It’s a pleasure to meet all of you. I come from [Your Hometown], and today, I’m excited to tell you a bit about myself. I have a background in [Your Education or Profession], and I’m here to share my experiences, skills, and passions. But before I dive into that, let me give you a glimpse into the person behind the resume. So, here’s a little about me…”
For more insights on crafting a compelling self-introduction, the University of Nevada, Reno’s Writing & Speaking Center provides valuable resources. These can enhance your essay-writing skills, especially in crafting introductions that make a lasting impression.
Text prompt
Write a Self Introduction Essay that highlights your unique qualities.
Create a Self Introduction Essay outlining your academic interests.
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Reviewer 1 Report
Comments and Suggestions for Authors
Dear colleagues!
Thank you for the opportunity to review relevant research performed at a high level.
I have a few questions.
1. How did you calculate the sample size?
2. It will be useful in the discussion to develop the topic of epidemiology of the pathological process and the connection with your results
3. The list of references contains articles that are more than 20 years old. Should be updated
Author Response
We appreciate your positive evaluation of our research.
Response : The sample size was calculated through a power analysis (G*Power 3, Faul et al., 2007) with a medium effect of 0.5 and 80% power at an alpha level of 0.05. Accordingly, 27 participants were originally recruited, but 6 participants were eliminated during the preparation of the experimental stimuli, and 21 participants ultimately participated in the experiment. In the original manuscript, only these 21 participants were described, but in the revised manuscript, the initial number of participants, the method of calculating the sample size, and the reason for elimination were added as follows.
Revisions :
2.1. Participants:
A total of 27 healthy right-handed adults (12 males / 15 females) were initially recruited into the study. Sample size was calculated through a power analysis (G*Power 3) [49] with a medium-sized effect of 0.5 and 80% power at an alpha level of 0.05. Exclusion criteria included the presence of a neurological, psychiatric, or significant medical illness, current or past history of substance abuse or dependence, and participation in a psychotherapeutic setting. Due to technical difficulties in synthesizing the own voice during the process of generating audio-visual stimuli for fMRI scanning, the stimuli for six participants did not reach a level suitable for the experiment. Accordingly, the remaining 21 participants (8 males / 13 females, mean age ± standard deviation: 25.6 ± 4.3) for whom auditory-visual stimuli were successfully prepared, participated in the fMRI experiment.
Response : As suggested, we linked our results to the clinical significance of using one's own voice in pathological processes and added the following to the discussion.
4 th Paragraph of Discussion:
Previous literature has revealed that emotion regulation strategies, including mindfulness, are effective in controlling pathological factors, such as anxiety, depression, and stress, that underlie numerous clinical diseases [66,67]. Our findings may provide a brain basis for the effectiveness of using one's own voice to implement such strategies.
Response : Among the 61 references in the original manuscript, six were more than 20 years old. Among these six, the literature related to the self-esteem measurement scale was left alone as it was not appropriate to replace it with the latest one, and the remaining five were replaced with the latest literature as suggested.
References:
Reviewer 2 Report
Neural Effects of One’s Own Voice on Self-talk for Emotion Regulation
I read the manuscript with interest and the authors can find my suggestions, appraisal, and commentaries, section-by-section, as follows:
Introduction: According to me, the introduction needs to be restructured. The interesting topic about the voice and the self-talk emotion regulation is introduced sparsely. This is not a bad criticism. The authors should introduce the “own voice-listening effect”. We like our voice until we do not speak publicly in a microphone that amplifies it and we think “It is not my voice, it is horrible, etc.” This is a complex process, mainly analyzed by cognitive psychology, and a better explanation is needed. Then you can introduce the cerebral underpinnings. Moreover, the authors introduced ex abrupto emotion regulation. The link is not obvious and maybe this needs to be rewritten in a better way. The same is true for self-affirmation: the link is not clear and intelligible. Moreover, Self-talk: What is the difference between inner thoughts and self-affirmation talk?
Methods: participants. The authors need to add a wider description of the participants: past neuropsychiatric history, familiarization with psychotherapy settings, etc.
The RSES and LOSC (acronyms must be explained in the methods), need to be described in a better way. Similarly, Likert scale: specify, please, if they are Likert-like or Likert scales.
The procedure is interesting and well written, I recommend adding a schematic figure to facilitate the reading.
I invite the authors to add more information about the fMRI data analysis. In this way, I advise you to follow the COBIDAS checklist. Following the checklist, you can be sure to add all the relevant information, allowing replicability.
The results are interesting, but “flexible repeated-measures ANOVA” is not clear.
The fMRI results are also interesting. However, I advise you to discuss them with caution. Parahippocampus is also related to surprise, but, at same time is part of DMN and it is sensitive to the elaboration of naturalist content. The same for mPFC and precuneus.
These brain regions, part of DMN need to be discussed in a better way. DMN during the resting state works on the inner states, but during audiovisual stimulation, its activity (it is active during a naturalistic stimulation) is related to the specific content.
The authors can find here some insight: Yeshurun Y, Nguyen M, Hasson U. The default mode network: where the idiosyncratic self meets the shared social world. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2021 Mar;22(3):181-192. doi: 10.1038/s41583-020-00420-w. (not mine) and also take a look to : Brandman T, Malach R, Simony E. The surprising role of the default mode network in naturalistic perception. Commun Biol. 2021 Jan 19;4(1):79. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01602-z. (not mine) or simply read some papers from Uri Hasson.
Reviewer 2:
I read the manuscript with interest and the authors can find my suggestions, appraisal, and commentaries, section-by-section, as follows:
Response : We agree with the point that the introduction is not written systematically. To improve this, in the revised manuscript we changed the order of the descriptions to self-talk, voice effect, and emotion regulation. Additionally, as suggested, descriptions were added about the effects of listening to one's own voice, the inconvenience of listening to a recorded voice, the categories of emotion regulation, and the difference between self-talk and inner speech.
1 st – 3 rd paragraph of Introduction:
Self-talk is the way people talk to themselves, their inner voice. A functional description of self-talk includes self-directed verbal expressions, encompasses various dimensions, such as positive or negative, overt or covert, and instructional or motivational, and involves elements of interpretation linked to the context of the statements used [1]. While inner speech is an unstructured stream of mental activity that includes voluntary or involuntary thought and reflection, self-talk is an attempt at self-regulation that occurs in response to or anticipation of a specific event or situation [2]. In particular, positive self-talk for self-affirming may play a crucial role in influencing decision-making [3], facilitating emotion regulation [4], and adapting to challenges [5], and thus has been employed in a variety of activities, such as enhancing performance in sports [6,7], boosting academic involvement [8], and managing anxiety in public speaking [9].
Self-talk inevitably leads to hearing one's own voice. Individuals process their own voices differently from others' voices in ways that perceive them as more attractive [10,11]. This attractiveness can be explained by vocal implicit egoism, a form of self-enhancement driven by the familiarity effect and self-positivity bias [12]. Phonetic realizations of one's own voice significantly shape phonological contrasts, leading to more accurate recognition of words in one's own voice compared to the voices of others [13]. In addition, as individuals become accustomed to their own voices through lifelong exposure, hearing their own voice exhibits the phenomenon of neural sharpening, in which more common stimuli reduce neural responses to them, and thus it lowers the level of activation of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), which is involved in neural sharpening for voices [14]. Furthermore, a previous neuroimaging study have shown that hearing the own voice causes engagement of the self-referential network, including the medial prefrontal and parietal cortices [15], supporting that it is linked to self-awareness in speech processing. Since people listen to their own voices while speaking, they perceive their voices more deeply and richly through bone conduction and air conduction. Sometimes people listen to their own recorded voices, which they hear only through air conduction, making them feel uncomfortable because they are different from their familiar voices [16]. Therefore, if an experimental attempt is planned to investigate the effect of self-talk, it is preferable to listen to one's own recorded voice rather than someone else’s voice, and the process of converting this recorded voice into sound like the voice heard when speaking is first required. This kind of investigation may be possible by measuring electrodermal activity, a physiological signal for objective assessment of emotional states [17], or functional MRI, a powerful technique that captures brain responses to task-related activities with high spatial resolution [18].
Self-talk may be one of emotion regulation strategies. Emotion regulation is a process of controlling one’s own emotional state. A variety of emotion regulation strategies have been developed to improve mental health in several different categories, such as attention allocation, response regulation, reappraisal, and suppression [19,20]. These strategies have been reported to be associated with multiple cortical and subcortical activations in the brain [21,22]. Self-talk for self-affirming may be an ex-ample of practical regulatory attempts.
Response : Because the participants were all healthy volunteers, the exclusion criteria were described in the existing description. As suggested, participation in a psychotherapeutic setting was also added in the exclusion criteria in the revised manuscript.
2.1. Participants:
Exclusion criteria included the presence of a neurological, psychiatric, or significant medical illness, current or past history of substance abuse or dependence, and participation in a psychotherapeutic setting.
Response : As suggested, the full names of the two scales were specified in the methods section, and the specific details of the Likert scale and total scores were added.
2.2. Psychological Assessments:
They were the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), consisting of 10 items with 4-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree) and a total score range from 10 to 40 [50], and the Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LOSC), consisting of a 22-item 7-point Likert scale anchored by 1 (not at all) and 7 (very well) [51]. The LOSC includes two subscales: comparative self-criticism (12 items, total score range: 12-82) and internalized self-criticism (10 items, total score range: 10-70).
Response : As suggested, a new schematic figure of the experimental procedure was created and inserted into Figure 1B. Instead, the graph of behavioral outcome in previous Figure 1C was converted to Figure 2.
Figure 1. The experiment overview: (A) Four experimental conditions, such as the own voice and self-affirmation, the own voice and cognitive defusion, the other’s voice and self-affirmation, and the other’s voice and cognitive defusion, (B) schematic diagram of the experimental procedure, including participant visitation and preparation of experimental stimuli, and (C) screen composition and sequence in the emotional influence assessment task.
Figure 2. Behavioral responses in four experimental and two control conditions: the own voice and self-affirmation (Own-SA), the own voice and cognitive defusion (Own-CD), the own voice and neutral (Own-NU), the other’s voice and self-affirmation (Other-SA), the other’s voice and cognitive defusion (Other-CD), and the other’s voice and neutral (Other-NU). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
Response : Thank you for your valuable comment. As suggested, we referred to the COBIDAS checklist and tried to add as much image analysis content as possible without departing from the context.
2.6. Imaging Data Analysis:
Preprocessed functional data were analyzed using a general linear model at the single-subject level. Experimental trials were modeled separately using a canonical hemodynamic response function for individual data. Multiple linear regression was used to obtain parameter estimates using a least-squares approach. These estimates were further analyzed by testing specific contrasts using the participant as a random factor. Contrast images of four experimental conditions subtracted by the neutral control condition were created for each participant on the first-level analysis. Individual realignment parameters were entered as regressors to control for movement-related variance. In order to find brain activations in each experimental condition, the contrast images were entered into the one-sample t-test and the full factorial model across the participants. In addition, in order to find common activation areas of the two emotion regulation strategies, a conjunction analysis was performed between contrast images of the self-affirmation and cognitive defusion conditions.
Response : Thank you for pointing out our mistake. “Flexible” wasn’t a word that needed to be included. So we deleted it from the revised manuscript.
These brain regions, part of DMN need to be discussed in a better way. DMN during the resting state works on the inner states, but during audiovisual stimulation, its activity (it is active during a naturalistic stimulation) is related to the specific content.
The authors can find here some insight: Yeshurun Y, Nguyen M, Hasson U. The default mode network: where the idiosyncratic self meets the shared social world. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2021 Mar;22(3):181-192. doi: 10.1038/s41583-020-00420-w. (not mine) and also take a look to : Brandman T, Malach R, Simony E. The surprising role of the default mode network in naturalistic perception. Commun Biol. 2021 Jan 19;4(1):79. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01602-z. (not mine) or simply read some papers from Uri Hasson.
Response : We are very grateful to you for suggesting important implications about the role of the DMN. This has significant implications for interpreting our results. In the revised manuscript, we cited the two documents you suggested and included the following important concepts in the discussion.
3 rd Paragraph of Discussion:
The precuneus, along with the MPFC, is involved in self-referential processing as part of the default mode network [61,62]. This network is responsible for integrating moment-to-moment external information with prior information, and thus its activity is influenced by context and incoming input [63].
4 th Paragraph of Discussion:
A recent study reported that the default mode network including the precuneus may be involved in external naturalistic event processing and prediction-based learning [65], suggesting that this network can be changed by applying an appropriate learning strategy.
Reviewer 3 Report
1. The objective of the study is not clear. 2. Write separate Novelty (in a paragraph) and contribution (in bullet points) after the introduction. 3. What is the reason behind choosing fMRI over other methods? 4. The physiological methods EDA and EEG have shown significance accurately in emotion-related studies. Why did the authors consider fMRI over these methods? 5. The literature included in the manuscript needs to be improved. Including the current state-of-the-art works in emotion recognition such as: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3361832; https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3354553 will improve the readability of the paper. 6. Are stimuli induced randomly to the participants? 7. The reason behind choosing two-way ANOVA over other methods is not clear. Elaborate. 8. The results section starts with fMRI representative images in 4 experimental conditions and indicates the differences. 9. Can you extract features and classify the 4 experimental conditions? 10. Write limitations and future scope of the study in the discussion section.
Comments on the Quality of English Language
Reviewer 3
1. The objective of the study is not clear.
Response : In order to make the objective of the study clearer, the related sentences were rewritten as follows.
Revisions :
The last paragraph of Introduction :
The current study used a task of listening to sentences of the emotion regulation strategies and assessing their emotional influence while undergoing functional MRI. Given the uniqueness of one's own voice, it may be more efficient to perform this task by listening to one's own voice rather than listening to the voices of others, and this efficiency may vary in degree depending on the type of emotion regulation strategy. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate how the neural effects of one’s own voice differ from those of others’ voices on implementing the voice-listening emotion regulation strategies, such as self-affirmation and cognitive defusion.
2. Write separate Novelty (in a paragraph) and contribution (in bullet points) after the introduction.
Response : As suggested, we added the following to the introduction to highlight novelty and contribution.
To our knowledge, an fMRI study like this has not been conducted before, and will contribute to providing a foundation and understanding of the importance of using one's own voice in the development of emotion regulation strategies.
3. What is the reason behind choosing fMRI over other methods?
Response : A number of pros and cons of functional MRI compared to other imaging methods could be listed, but these are far from the focus of this study, so there is no need to describe them in detail in our paper. However, to emphasize that it is reasonable to use functional MRI for the purpose of our study, we briefly added one key advantage to the description of the revised manuscript as follows.
2 nd paragraph of Introduction :
This kind of investigation may be possible by measuring electrodermal activity, a physiological signal for objective assessment of emotional states [17], or functional MRI, a powerful technique that captures brain responses to task-related activities with high spatial resolution [18].
4. The physiological methods EDA and EEG have shown significance accurately in emotion-related studies. Why did the authors consider fMRI over these methods?
Response : As pointed out, it is clear that EDA and EEG are excellent means for studying emotions. However, as mentioned in the previous #3 answer, in this study to find neural substrates, functional MRI with high spatial resolution was used, and a brief description about this was added to the revised manuscript.
5. The literature included in the manuscript needs to be improved. Including the current state-of-the-art works in emotion recognition such as: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3361832; https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3354553 will improve the readability of the paper.
Response : Thank you for pointing out the excellent literature published recently. We quoted one of these for context as follows.
17. Veeranki, Y.R.; Diaz, L.R.M.; Swaminathan, R.; Posada-Quintero, H.F. Nonlinear signal processing methods for automatic emotion recognition using electrodermal activity. IEEE Sens. J. 2024 , 24, 8079-8093
6. Are stimuli induced randomly to the participants?
Response : Two sets of the randomly arranged stimuli were produced and presented alternately to the participants. This was added in the description of study design as follows.
2.3. Audiovisual Stimuli and Experimental Procedure :
In the sequence of the fMRI experiment, 120 pre-generated audio-visual stimuli were randomly placed, and each stimulus was presented for seven seconds at jittered intervals of one to seven seconds (Figure 1C). Two sets of these randomly arranged stimuli were produced and presented alternately to the participants.
7. The reason behind choosing two-way ANOVA over other methods is not clear. Elaborate.
Response : As suggested, the reason was clarified in the revised manuscript as follows.
2.5. Behavioral Response Analysis :
In order to assess the main effect of each of two categorical independent variables, voice identity and emotion regulation strategy, and the interaction effect between them, the emotional influence scores were compared in a 2 (identity: own and the other) × 3 (strategy: self-affirmation, cognitive defusion, and neutral) manner using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
8. The results section starts with fMRI representative images in 4 experimental conditions and indicates the differences.
Response : As suggested, we presented the results of the first-level analysis at the beginning of the imaging results in the revised manuscript. These results were presented in a table, but since they were not the core of our study, we did not present them in a figure.
9. Can you extract features and classify the 4 experimental conditions?
Response : The answer to this is the same to the answer to # 8.
10. Write limitations and future scope of the study in the discussion section.
Response : Since the limitations were described in a separate paragraph, future scope of the study was added to the conclusion as follows.
5. Conclusions :
These insights into brain responses may be important for developing personalized treatment approaches to improve mental health, taking into account individual differences and preferences. From this perspective, future research will be needed to determine how one's own voice affects the brain in emotional regulation strategies other than self-affirmation and cognitive defusion.
According to me, the manuscript has been improved.
The authors addressed all the issues that l have raised. However, the manuscript needs to check for typos. Please, check the English language
Authors have incorporated all my suggestions
Jo, H.-j.; Park, C.; Lee, E.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, J.; Han, S.; Kim, J.; Kim, E.J.; Kim, E.; Kim, J.-J. Neural Effects of One’s Own Voice on Self-Talk for Emotion Regulation. Brain Sci. 2024 , 14 , 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070637
Jo H-j, Park C, Lee E, Lee JH, Kim J, Han S, Kim J, Kim EJ, Kim E, Kim J-J. Neural Effects of One’s Own Voice on Self-Talk for Emotion Regulation. Brain Sciences . 2024; 14(7):637. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070637
Jo, Hye-jeong, Chanmi Park, Eunyoung Lee, Jee Hang Lee, Jinwoo Kim, Sujin Han, Joohan Kim, Eun Joo Kim, Eosu Kim, and Jae-Jin Kim. 2024. "Neural Effects of One’s Own Voice on Self-Talk for Emotion Regulation" Brain Sciences 14, no. 7: 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070637
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Undergraduate courses.
Composition courses that offer many sections (ENGL 101, 201, 277 and 379) are not listed on this schedule unless they are tailored to specific thematic content or particularly appropriate for specific programs and majors.
Dr. sharon smith.
In this online section of English 201, students will use research and writing to learn more about problems that are important to them and articulate ways to address those problems. The course will focus specifically on issues related to the body, the mind, and the relationship between them. The topics we will discuss during the course will include the correlation between social media and body image; the psychological effects of self-objectification; and the unique mental and physical challenges faced by college students today, including food insecurity and stress.
S06: MWF at 10–10:50 a.m. in Yeager Hall Addition 231
S11: MWF at 12–12:50 p.m. in Crothers Engineering Hall 217
English 201 will help students develop skills to write effectively for other university courses, careers, and themselves. This course will provide opportunities to further develop research skills, to write vividly, and to share their own stories and ideas. Specifically, in this class, students will (1) focus on the relationships between world environments, land, animals and humankind; (2) read various essays by environmental, conservational, and regional authors; and (3) produce student writings. Students will improve their writing skills by reading essays and applying techniques they witness in others’ work and those learned in class. This class is also a course in logical and creative thought. Students will write about humankind’s place in the world and our influence on the land and animals, places that hold special meaning to them or have influenced their lives, and stories of their own families and their places and passions in the world. Students will practice writing in an informed and persuasive manner, in language that engages and enlivens readers by using vivid verbs and avoiding unnecessary passives, nominalizations, and expletive constructions.
Students will prepare writing assignments based on readings and discussions of essays included in Literature and the Environment and other sources. They will use The St. Martin’s Handbook to review grammar, punctuation, mechanics, and usage as needed.
Required Text: Literature and the Environment: A Reader On Nature and Culture. 2nd ed., edited by Lorraine Anderson, Scott Slovic, and John P. O’Grady.
TuTh 12:30-1:45 p.m.
The South Dakota State University 2023-2024 Undergraduate Catalog describes LING 203 as consisting of “[i]nstruction in the theory and practice of traditional grammar including the study of parts of speech, parsing, and practical problems in usage.”
“Grammar” is a mercurial term, though. Typically, we think of it to mean “correct” sentence structure, and, indeed, that is one of its meanings. But Merriam-Webster reminds us “grammar” also refers to “the principles or rules of an art, science, or technique,” taking it beyond the confines of syntactic structures. Grammar also evolves in practice through application (and social, historical, economic changes, among others). Furthermore, grammar evolves as a concept as scholars and educators in the various fields of English studies debate the definition and nature of grammar, including how well its explicit instruction improves students’ writing. In this course, we will use the differing sensibilities, definitions, and fluctuations regarding grammar to guide our work. We will examine the parts of speech, address syntactic structures and functions, and parse and diagram sentences. We will also explore definitions of and debates about grammar. All of this will occur in units about the rules and structures of grammar; the application of grammar rhetorically and stylistically; and the debates surrounding various aspects of grammar, including, but not limited to, its instruction.
Jodi andrews.
Readings in fiction, drama and poetry to acquaint students with literature and aesthetic form. Prerequisites: ENGL 101. Notes: Course meets SGR #4 or IGR #3.
TuTh 9:30-10:45 a.m.
This course serves as a chronological survey of the second half of British literature. Students will read a variety of texts from the Romantic period, the Victorian period, and the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, placing these texts within their historical and literary contexts and identifying the major characteristics of the literary periods and movements that produced them.
Randi l. anderson.
A survey of the history of literature written for children and adolescents, and a consideration of the various types of juvenile literature.
In English 240 students will develop the skills to interpret and evaluate various genres of literature for juvenile readers. This particular section will focus on various works of literature at approximately the 5th-12th grade level.
Readings for this course include works such as Night, Brown Girl Dreaming, All American Boys, Esperanza Rising, Anne Frank’s Diary: A Graphic Adaptation, Animal Farm, Fahrenheit 451, The Giver, The Hobbit, Little Women, and Lord of the Flies . These readings will be paired with chapters from Reading Children’s Literature: A Critical Introduction to help develop understanding of various genres, themes, and concepts that are both related to juvenile literature, and also present in our readings.
In addition to exploring various genres of writing (poetry, non-fiction, fantasy, historical, non-fiction, graphic novels, etc.) this course will also allow students to engage in a discussion of larger themes present in these works such as censorship, race, rebellion and dissent, power and oppression, gender, knowledge, and the power of language and the written word. Students’ understanding of these works and concepts will be developed through readings, discussion posts, quizzes and exams.
April myrick.
A survey of the history of literature written for children and adolescents, and a consideration of the various genres of juvenile literature. Text selection will focus on the themes of imagination and breaking boundaries.
TuTh 11 a.m.-12:15 p.m.
This course surveys a range of U.S. literatures from about 1865 to the present, writings that treat the end of slavery and the development of a segregated America, increasingly urbanized and industrialized U.S. landscapes, waves of immigration, and the fulfilled promise of “America” as imperial nation. The class will explore the diversity of identities represented during that time, and the problems/potentials writers imagined in response to the century’s changes—especially literature’s critical power in a time of nation-building. Required texts for the course are The Norton Anthology of American Literature: 1865 to the Present and Toni Morrison’s A Mercy.
As an introduction to Women, Gender and Sexuality studies, this course considers the experiences of women and provides an overview of the history of feminist thought and activism, particularly within the United States. Students will also consider the concepts of gender and sexuality more broadly to encompass a diversity of gender identifications and sexualities and will explore the degree to which mainstream feminism has—and has not—accommodated this diversity. The course will focus in particular on the ways in which gender and sexuality intersect with race, class, ethnicity, and disability. Topics and concepts covered will include: movements for women’s and LGBTQ+ rights; gender, sexuality and the body; intersectionality; rape culture; domestic and gender violence; reproductive rights; Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW); and more.
MWF 1-1:50 p.m.
Students will explore the various forms of creative writing (fiction, nonfiction and poetry) not one at a time in a survey format—as if there were decisive walls of separation between then—but as intensely related genres that share much of their creative DNA. Through close reading and work on personal texts, students will address the decisions that writers in any genre must face on voice, rhetorical position, relationship to audience, etc. Students will produce and revise portfolios of original creative work developed from prompts and research. This course fulfills the same SGR #2 requirements ENGL 201; note that the course will involve creative research projects. Successful completion of ENGL 101 (including by test or dual credit) is a prerequisite.
This course introduces students to selected traditions of literary and cultural theory and to some of the key issues that animate discussion among literary scholars today. These include questions about the production of cultural value, about ideology and hegemony, about the patriarchal and colonial bases of Western culture, and about the status of the cultural object, of the cultural critic, and of cultural theory itself.
To address these and other questions, we will survey the history of literary theory and criticism (a history spanning 2500 years) by focusing upon a number of key periods and -isms: Greek and Roman Classicism, The Middle Ages and Renaissance, The Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism, Formalism, Historicism, Political Criticism (Marxism, Post-Colonialism, Feminism, et al.), and Psychological Criticism. We also will “test” various theories we discuss by examining how well they account for and help us to understand various works of poetry and fiction.
TuTh 8-9:15 a.m.
This course will focus on William Shakespeare’s poetic and dramatic works and on the cultural and social contexts in which he wrote them. In this way, we will gain a greater appreciation of the fact that literature does not exist in a vacuum, for it both reflects and influences contemporary and subsequent cultures. Text: The Riverside Shakespeare: Complete Works. Ed. Evans, G. Blakemore and J. J. M. Tobin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
MWF 11-11:50 a.m.
This course explores one of the most significant literary genres of the past century in fiction and in film. We will focus in particular on the relationship between science fiction works and technological and social developments, with considerable attention paid to the role of artificial intelligence in the human imagination. Why does science fiction seem to predict the future? What do readers and writers of the genre hope to find in it? Through readings and viewings of original work, as well as selected criticism in the field, we will address these and other questions. Our reading and viewing selections will include such artists as Ursula K. LeGuin, Octavia Butler, Stanley Kubrick and Phillip K. Dick. Students will also have ample opportunity to introduce the rest of the class to their own favorite science fiction works.
MWF 2-2:50 p.m.
Creative Writing I encourages students to strengthen poetry, creative nonfiction, and/or fiction writing skills through sustained focus on creative projects throughout the course (for example, collections of shorter works focused on a particular form/style/theme, longer prose pieces, hybrid works, etc.). Students will engage in small- and large-group writing workshops as well as individual conferences with the instructor throughout the course to develop a portfolio of creative work. The class allows students to explore multiple genres through the processes of writing and revising their own creative texts and through writing workshop, emphasizing the application of craft concepts across genre, but also allows students to choose one genre of emphasis, which they will explore through analysis of self-select texts, which they will use to deepen their understanding of the genre and to contextualize their own creative work.
Mondays 3-5:50 p.m.
In this course, students will explore the expansive and exciting genre of creative nonfiction, including a variety of forms such as personal essay, braided essay, flash nonfiction, hermit crab essays, profiles and more. Through rhetorical reading, discussion, and workshop, students will engage published works, their own writing process, and peer work as they expand their understanding of the possibilities presented in this genre and the craft elements that can be used to shape readers’ experience of a text. Students will compile a portfolio of polished work that demonstrates their engagement with course concepts and the writing process.
MW 8:30-9:45 a.m.
Since their beginnings in the 1920s and 30s, writing centers have come to serve numerous functions: as hubs for writing across the curriculum initiatives, sites to develop and deliver workshops, and resource centers for faculty as well as students, among other functions. But the primary function of writing centers has necessarily and rightfully remained the tutoring of student writers. This course will immerse you in that function in two parts. During the first four weeks, you will explore writing center praxis—that is, the dialogic interplay of theory and practice related to writing center work. This part of the course will orient you to writing center history, key theoretical tenets and practical aspects of writing center tutoring. Once we have developed and practiced this foundation, you will begin work in the writing center as a tutor, responsible for assisting a wide variety of student clients with numerous writing tasks. Through this work, you will learn to actively engage with student clients in the revision of a text, respond to different student needs and abilities, work with a variety of writing tasks and rhetorical situations and develop a richer sense of writing as a complex and negotiated social process.
Tuesdays 3-5:50 p.m.
In 1975, the United States officially included its involvement in the Vietnam War, thus marking 2025 as the 50th anniversary of the conclusion (in name only) of one of the most chaotic, confusing, and complex periods in American history. In this course, we will consider how literature and film attempt to chronicle the Vietnam War and, perhaps more important, its aftermath. I have designed this course for those looking to extend their understanding of literature and film to include the ideas of art, experience, commercial products, and cultural documents. Learning how to interpret literature and movies remains the highest priority of the course, including, for movies, the study of such things as genre, mise-en-scene (camera movement, lighting, etc.), editing, sound and so forth.
We will read Dispatches , A Rumor of War , The Things They Carried , A Piece of My Heart , and Bloods , among others. Some of the movies that we will screen are: Apocalypse Now (the original version), Full Metal Jacket , Platoon , Coming Home , Born on the Fourth of July , Dead Presidents , and Hearts and Minds . Because we must do so, we will also look at some of the more fascinatingly outrageous yet culturally significant fantasies about the war, such as The Green Berets and Rambo: First Blood, Part II .
TuTh 3:30-4:45 p.m.
Modern society’s fascination with mythology manifests itself in the continued success of novels, films and television programs about mythological or quasi-mythological characters such as Hercules, the Fisher King, and Gandalf the Grey, all of whom are celebrated for their perseverance or their daring deeds in the face of adversity. This preoccupation with mythological figures necessarily extends back to the cultures which first propagated these myths in early folk tales and poems about such figures as Oðin, King Arthur, Rhiannon, Gilgamesh, and Odysseus, to name just a few. English 492, a reading-intensive course cross-listed with History 492, primarily aims to expose students to the rich tradition of mythological literature written in languages as varied as French, Gaelic, Welsh, Old Icelandic, Greek, and Sumerian; to explore the historical, social, political, religious, and literary contexts in which these works flourished (if indeed they did); and to grapple with the deceptively simple question of what makes these myths continue to resonate with modern audiences. Likely topics and themes of this course will include: Theories of myth; Mythological Beginnings: Creation myths and the fall of man; Male and Female Gods in Myth; Foundation myths; Nature Myths; The Heroic Personality; the mythological portrayal of (evil/disruptive) women in myth; and Monsters in myth.
Likely Texts:
Erica summerfield.
This course aims to teach the fundamentals of effective scientific writing and presentation. The course examines opportunities for covering science, the skills required to produce clear and understandable text about technical subjects, and important ethical and practical constraints that govern the reporting of scientific information. Students will learn to present technical and scientific issues to various audiences. Particular emphasis will be placed on conveying the significance of research, outlining the aims, and discussing the results for scientific papers and grant proposals. Students will learn to write effectively, concisely, and clearly while preparing a media post, fact sheet, and scientific manuscript or grant.
Engl 575.s01 creative nonfiction.
In this course, students will explore the expansive and exciting genre of creative nonfiction, including a variety of forms such as personal essay, braided essay, flash nonfiction, hermit crab essays, profiles, and more. Through rhetorical reading, discussion, and workshop, students will engage published works, their own writing process, and peer work as they expand their understanding of the possibilities presented in this genre and the craft elements that can be used to shape readers’ experience of a text. Students will compile a portfolio of polished work that demonstrates their engagement with course concepts and the writing process.
Engl 704.s01 introduction to graduate studies.
Thursdays 3-5:50 p.m.
Introduction to Graduate Studies is required of all first-year graduate students. The primary purpose of this course is to introduce students to modern and contemporary literary theory and its applications. Students will write short response papers and will engage at least one theoretical approach in their own fifteen- to twenty-page scholarly research project. In addition, this course will further introduce students to the M.A. program in English at South Dakota State University and provide insight into issues related to the profession of English studies.
This online course will familiarize students with the language, rhetorical situation, and components of writing grant proposals. Students will explore various funding sources, learn to read an RFP, and develop an understanding of different professional contexts and the rhetorical and structural elements that suit those distinct contexts. Students will write a sample proposal throughout the course and offer feedback to their peers, who may be writing in different contexts, which will enhance their understanding of the varied applications of course content. Through their work in the course, students will gain confidence in their ability to find, apply for, and receive grant funding to support their communities and organizations.
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Self-regulation theory (SRT) simply outlines the process and components involved when we decide what to think, feel, say, and do. It is particularly salient in the context of making a healthy choice when we have a strong desire to do the opposite (e.g., refraining from eating an entire pizza just because it tastes good).
In addition, the study also investigated the relationship between writing task motivation, self-regulation, and essay scores at the beginning and end of the course. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was utilized. ... For example, in the teaching of introductions, a model introduction is provided, and the various moves of a typical ...
of autonomy as equivalent to self-regulation. In such cases, the term self-regulation has typically been used to refer to a sense of self-control, or as "the self alter-ing its own responses or inner states" (B. umeister, Schmeichel, & Vohs, 2007 , p. 517). Th is conceptualization tends to set self-regulatory abilities in opposition to ...
Self-regulation works to help a person to follow rules, pay attention even if distracted, be able to handle their anger, and to be patient enough to figure their way through challenging times. This is an ongoing life process that continues to change and develop. Not everyone handles the stresses of everyday life in the same manner (Lowry, 2016).
Self-regulation 1. Self-regulation. I. Introduction Definition of self-regulation Importance of self-regulation in psychology Overview of the topics that will be covered in the essay II. ... Conclusion Summary of the key points covered in the essay The importance of self-regulation in personal and social functioning Future directions for ...
Self-regulation is the ability to control one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts in the pursuit of long-term goals. More specifically, emotional self-regulation refers to the ability to manage disruptive emotions and impulses—in other words, to think before acting. Self-regulation also involves the ability to rebound from disappointment and ...
Self-Regulation Essays. Personal Rules, Self-Regulation, and Behavior Change ... Introduction Emotional intelligence is how an individual's detect, understand and control their emotional states to help them relieve stress, create empathy, boost communication, overcome challenges and solve conflicts. The concept of emotional intelligence is ...
Introduction Social learning theory introduced the crucial concept of self-regulation, which refers to the ability to monitor one's own behavior, judge the behavior based on one's own standards, and institute consequences of reinforcement or punishment. The ability to self-regulate is made of many strategies that once learned, can be. Get ...
Causes of Self-Regulation Problems . Self-regulation failure is common and both the causes and the consequences can be fairly trivial. One study looked at a number of self-regulation goals (healthy eating, saving money, staying calm) and found that in the preceding 24 hours, people experienced failure on about half of the five goals they said, on average, they were trying to meet.
1. Introduction. The Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications is a state-of-art coverage of discussion about self-regulatory operation. It introduces terminology, theoretical perspectives, methodological approaches, practical applications regarding the processes.
Self-regulation is the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts (Berk, 2003). In order for students to be self-regulated they need to be aware of their own thought process, and be motivated to actively participate in their own learning process (Zimmerman, 2001).
The government plays the role of governing by controlling and directing people on how to carry out their economic activities. Get a custom Essay on Business Regulation: Government or Self-regulation. The administration controls and guides various state parties or persons who have the power of developing the courses of action. Business entities ...
self- regulation has important implications for. individual trajectories of health and well-being. across the life course. Indeed, over a decade ago, it was suggested that "understanding self ...
Self-regulation is defined as the mental processes we use to control our mind's functions, states, and inner processes. Or, self-regulation may be defined as control over oneself. It may involve control over our thoughts, emotions, impulses, appetites, or task performance.Self-regulation is often thought to be the same thing as self-control (Vohs & Baumeister, 2004) and it usually involves ...
Introduction. Self-regulation refers to the ability to manage emotions, behavior, and thoughts. A person is considered self-regulated when one can control disruptive emotions and impulses to pursue long-term goals. Acting out of intuition is counterproductive as it can lead to violent behavior.
Self-regulation practices improve the encoding of knowledge and skills in memory, especially in reading comprehension and writing. [iii] Research has also identified that self-regulation strategies are associated with increased student effort and motivation, improved scores on standardised tests and general preparedness for class.
Learner autonomy, self-regulation skills and self-efficacy beliefs - How can students' academic writing skills be supported? December 2020 Language Learning in Higher Education 10(2):381-402
Introduction. Many of the adaptive challenges facing our earliest ancestors were social in nature, such as differentiating friends from foes, identifying and evaluating potential mates, understanding the nature and structure of group relations, and so on. ... Self-regulation involves both the initiation and maintenance of behavioral change in ...
Introduction. Emotional self-regulation, referring to the understanding, acceptance, and modulation of emotional responses, is a process that children and adolescents carry out in order to adapt to their psychosocial environment, orienting themselves toward the achievement of their evolutionary goals and favoring their mental health (Van Lissa et al., 2019).
Self-regulated learning is a process that assists students in managing their thoughts, behaviours, and emotions in order to successfully navigate their learning experiences (Zumbrunn, Tadlock, & Roberts, 2011). According to Canadian researcher, Shanker (2012), "self-regulation refers to a child's ability to deal with stressors effectively ...
Introduction Homeostasis refers to the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. ... This essay will discuss the importance of homeostasis which stems from its role in preserving normal body function. ... Understanding the Functioning of the Body's Self-Regulation. (2023 ...
between writing task motivation, self-regulation, and essay scores at the beginning and end of the course. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was utilized. Participants' ( = 64) n motivation and self-regulation were assessed at the beginning and the end of the month-long course using self-report questionnaires.
Begin with an attention-grabbing hook, such as a captivating anecdote, a thought-provoking question, a quote, or a vivid description. 3. Tell a Story: Weave your self-introduction into a narrative or story that highlights your experiences, values, or defining moments. Storytelling makes your essay relatable and memorable. 4.
Self-talk may be one of emotion regulation strategies. Emotion regulation is a process of controlling one's own emotional state. A variety of emotion regulation strategies have been developed to improve mental health in several different categories, such as attention allocation, response regulation, reappraisal, and suppression [19,20].
Undergraduate CoursesComposition courses that offer many sections (ENGL 101, 201, 277 and 379) are not listed on this schedule unless they are tailored to specific thematic content or particularly appropriate for specific programs and majors.100-200 levelENGL 201.ST2 Composition II: The Mind/Body ConnectionOnlineDr. Sharon SmithIn this online section of English 201, students will use research ...