Was there any evidence of first-person pronoun usage and linguistic indicators of negative emotions that suggest suicidal risk factors?
Could linguistic evidence reveal suicidal ideation prior to his untimely death?
How triangulation is conducted depends on the type of triangulation.
It’s important to remember that triangulation can involve more than one type of triangulation, and this is often the case with mixed-methods research. For example, in mixed-methods research, methodological, investigator and data triangulation may be used to demonstrate the full findings of the research. While Table 28.1 has listed each type separately, examining some of the example papers will show that there is more than one type of triangulation in the studies. Strict adherence to only one triangulation type can make researching the phenomenon more difficult.
Comparing and contrasting theories, data sources, methods and data analyses can ensure strong reliability and validity in research results. However, this can also be time-consuming and resource-intensive. Attention needs to be paid to the nuances of the research, to provide holistic explanations. There are times when triangulation may not be considered necessary, and this also needs to be understood when addressing the research question. For example, if the purpose of the research is to develop a new theory, there may be no need to include more than one method, data point or theoretical foundation.
Triangulation is the use of more than one data source, investigator, theory or method in the same research. There are four main triangulation types: each provides a means for examining the research from different perspectives and for ensuring the rigour, validity and credibility of findings.
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Qualitative methods are sometimes criticised as being subjective, based on single, unreliable sources of data. But with the exception of some case study research, most qualitative research will be designed to integrate insights from a variety of data sources
Triangles are my favourite shape, Three points where two lines meet alt-J
Qualitative methods are sometimes criticised as being subjective, based on single, unreliable sources of data. But with the exception of some case study research, most qualitative research will be designed to integrate insights from a variety of data sources, methods and interpretations to build a deep picture. Triangulation is the term used to describe this comparison and meshing of different data, be it combining quantitative with qualitative, or ‘qual on qual’.
I don’t think of a data in qualitative research as being a static and definite thing. It’s not like a point of data on a plot of graph: qualitative data has more depth and context than that. In triangulation, we think of two points of data that move towards an intersection. In fact, if you are trying to visualise triangulation, consider instead two vectors – directions suggested by two sources of data, that may converge at some point, creating a triangle. This point of intersection is where the researcher has seen a connection between the inference of the world implied by two different sources of data. However, there may be angles that run parallel, or divergent directions that will never cross: not all data will agree and connect, and it’s important to note this too.
You can triangulate almost all the constituent parts of the research process: method, theory, data and investigator.
Data triangulation, (also called participant or source triangulation) is probably the most common, where you try to examine data from different respondents but collected using the same method. If we consider that each participant has a unique and valid world view, the researcher’s job is often to try and look for a pattern or contradictions beyond the individual experience. You might also consider the need to triangulate between data collected at different times, to show changes in lived experience.
Since every method has weaknesses or bias, it is common for qualitative research projects to collect data in a variety of different ways to build up a better picture. Thus a project can collect data from the same or different participants using different methods, and use method or between-method triangulation to integrate them. Some qualitative techniques can be very complementary, for example semi-structured interviews can be combined with participant diaries or focus groups, to provide different levels of detail and voice. For example, what people share in a group discussion maybe less private than what they would reveal in a one-to-one interview, but in a group dynamic people can be reminded of issues they might forget to talk about otherwise.
Researchers can also design a mixed-method qualitative and quantitative study where very different methods are triangulated. This may take the form of a quantitative survey, where people rank an experience or service, combined with a qualitative focus group, interview or even open-ended comments. It’s also common to see a validated measure from psychology used to give a metric to something like pain, anxiety or depression , and then combine this with detailed data from a qualitative interview with that person.
In ‘theoretical triangulation’, a variety of different theories are used to interpret the data, such as discourse, narrative and context analysis, and these different ways of dissecting and illuminating the data are compared.
Finally there is ‘investigator triangulation’, where different researchers each conduct separate analysis of the data, and their different interpretations are reconciled or compared. In participatory analysis it’s also possible to have a kind of respondent triangulation, where a researcher is trying to compare their own interpretations of data with that of their respondents.
While there is a lot written about the theory of triangulation, there is not as much about actually doing it ( Jick 1979 ). In practice, researchers often find it very difficult to DO the triangulation: different data sources tend to be difficult to mesh together, and will have very different discourses and interpretations. If you are seeing ‘anger’ and ‘dissatisfaction’ in interviews with a mental health service, it will be difficult to triangulate such emotions with the formal language of a policy document on service delivery.
In general the qualitative literature cautions against seeing triangulation as a way to improve the validity and reliability of research, since this tends to imply a rather positivist agenda in which there is an absolute truth which triangulation gets us closer to. However, there are plenty that suggest that the quality of qualitative research can be improved in this way, such as Golafshani (2003) . So you need to be clear of your own theoretical underpinning: can you get to an ‘absolute’ or ‘relative’ truth through your own interpretations of two types of data? Perhaps rather than positivist this is a pluralist approach, creating multiplicities of understandings while still allowing for comparison.
It’s worth bearing in mind that triangulation and multiple methods isn’t an easy way to make better research. You still need to do all different sources justice: make sure data from each method is being fully analysed, and iteratively coded (if appropriate). You should also keep going back and forth, analysing data from alternate methods in a loop to make sure they are well integrated and considered.
Qualitative data analysis software can help with all this, since you will have a lot of data to process in different and complementary ways. In software like Quirkos you can create levels, groups and clusters to keep different analysis stages together, and have quick ways to do sub-set analysis on data from just one method. Check out the features overview or mixed-method analysis with Quirkos for more information about how qualitative research software can help manage triangulation.
References and further reading
Carter et al. 2014, The use of triangulation in qualitative research, Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(5), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25158659
Denzin, 1978 The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Golafshani, N., 2003, Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research, 8(4), https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1870&context=tqr
Bekhet A, Zauszniewski J, 2012, Methodological triangulation: an approach to understanding data, Nurse Researcher, 20 (2), https://journals.rcni.com/doi/pdfplus/10.7748/nr2012.11.20.2.40.c9442
Jick, 1979, Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), https://www.jstor.org/stable/2392366
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Helping the Royal Navy maintain a skilled and capable workforce amid rapid technological advancements and demographic shifts.
The Royal Navy needs to maintain a skilled and capable workforce in the face of rapid technological advancements and demographic shifts so that it can draw on the right people with the right skills to meet the demands of modern warfare.
The Accelerated Capability Environment ( ACE ) was asked to explore how available data – including open-source datasets - could be used to understand what the Navy’s workforce will look like over the next five to ten years as well as to aid reduction of staff turnover. This would allow procurement strategies and recruitment campaigns to be proactively adapted to address any emerging talent gaps in critical areas such as engineering and digital skills as well as ensure skilled and experienced personnel stay as long as possible.
Over a seven-week commission, a joint team from Butterfly Data and Cranfield University were selected to conduct research into changing demographics. The team carried out interviews with Royal Navy human resources ( HR ) staff and analysed Navy and open-source data including the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) population and community data, ONS labour statistics, Ministry of Defence statistics and jobs and skills data from the Department for Education.
Analysis indicated several demographic and societal shifts impacting the potential Navy workforce. The population is aging, leading to a decline in individuals meeting eligibility requirements. Conversely, educational attainment is rising, with more individuals achieving GCSEs and A-levels. However, societal values are evolving, with job seekers prioritising meaningful work and environmentally responsible employers. The transformative nature of industries, such as the rise of autonomous vehicles, necessitates a higher skill set among future employees.
Recommendations for the Royal Navy to adapt to this include focusing recruitment on the eligible population, and widening recruitment focus beyond science, technology, engineering and maths ( STEM ) to the most popular subjects.
A second element of the commission focusing on whether machine learning ( ML ) could be used on Royal Navy personnel records was undertaken solely by Butterfly Data. The aim was to use data sources including exit interviews to explore whether these could explain common causes of people leaving.
Developing representative synthetic data and a proof of concept they were able to show it was possible to identify drivers for staff attrition using artificial intelligence/ ML , which would enable Royal Navy HR to see how staff could be better supported, and whether there are trends or trigger points where more effective intervention or greater support could make a difference.
This has enabled the Navy to take tangible steps towards ML use within the personnel and training area, as well as the opportunity to work with a small, non-traditional supplier who they were not familiar with.
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The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has previously described suicide as "an urgent and growing public health crisis."
During Suicide Prevention Month, the department is emphasizing its 2024 National Strategy for Suicide Prevention which outlines strategies for community-based suicide prevention, treatment and crisis services, surveillance and research and health equity in suicide prevention.
Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Andrea Palm appeared on Scripps News Morning Rush to talk about her department's national strategy on World Suicide Prevention Day.
RELATED STORY | Male construction workers face 75% higher suicide rate than general population
"There are lots of ways that we as the government are looking to lean in and we want to make sure we understand what works," Palm explained, adding that they want to support best practices that are evidence-based.
Palm said treating people like human beings and meeting individuals where they are at is a great place to start if you have a loved one who appears to be struggling.
"It's just as simple as 'I care about you. It seems like there's something going on. Can I help you?'" Palm explained. "It really doesn't have to be complicated."
This week is National Construction Suicide Prevention Week, and resources are available for free here . If you or someone you know needs help, call, text, or chat 988 for the Suicide and Crisis Prevention Lifeline .
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Examples: Triangulation in different types of research. Qualitative research: You conduct in-depth interviews with different groups of stakeholders, such as parents, teachers, and children. Quantitative research: You run an eye-tracking experiment and involve three researchers in analyzing the data. Mixed methods research: You conduct a ...
First, we extracted and summarized information about the case study design. Second, we narratively summarized the way in which the data and methodological triangulation were described. Finally, we summarized the information on within-case or cross-case analysis. This process was performed using Microsoft Excel.
A discussion and case study of the unplanned triangulation of quantitative and qualitative research methods. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1, 47-63. Crossref. Google Scholar. ... Sands R. G., Roer-Strier D. (2006). Using data triangulation of mother and daughter interviews to enhance research about families. ...
Definition: Triangulation is a research technique that involves the use of multiple methods or sources of data to increase the validity and reliability of findings. When triangulated, data from different sources can be combined and analyzed to produce a more accurate understanding of the phenomenon being studied.
Multiple triangulation strategies. Denzin describes four basic types of triangulation: 1) data triangulation with three subtypes of time, space and person; the person analysis, in turn, has three levels: aggregate, interactive and collective; 2) researcher triangulation that consists in using multiple observers, more than single observers of ...
Four types of triangulation are proposed by Denzin (p.301): 5 (1) data triangulation, which includes matters such as periods of time, space and people; (2) investigator triangulation, which includes the use of several researchers in a study; (3) theory triangulation, which encourages several theoretical schemes to enable interpretation of a ...
This case study also cautions researchers on pitfalls to avoid. This is important because the use of data triangulation can be a time-consuming endeavor that requires much planning to ensure that the multiple methods deployed add value to the study in the true meaning of data triangulation.
Conclusions: Various processes for methodologic and data-analysis triangulation are described in this scoping review but lack detail, thus hampering standardization in case study research, potentially affecting research traceability. Triangulation is complicated by terminological confusion.
We sought to explore the processes of methodologic and data-analysis triangulation in case studies using the example of research on nurse practitioners in primary health care. Design and methods: We conducted a scoping review within Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework, considering studies that defined a case study design and used ...
This case study provides a broad picture considering what triangulation in research really is; what sort of evidence can be used as a basis for practice; why triangulation is important in research and the researching process; and how triangulation would contribute to make research findings 'convincing'.
Methodological triangulation is the most common type of triangulation.2 Studies that use triangulation may include two or more sets of data collection using the same methodology, such as from qualitative data sources. Alternatively, the study may use two different data collection methods as with qualitative and quantitative.4 "This can allow the limitations from each method to be transcended ...
the importance of data triangulation in case studies to help promote proper use of the design. This paper addresses the need for data triangulation in case studies, particularly as it relates to qualitative studies. My purpose is not to make a case for using case study, but rather to convey the importance of correctly employing the design.
Uncover the power of triangulation in qualitative research. Learn what triangulation in qualitative research is, the 4 types of triangulation, and the 3 main methods of data collection in triangulation. Discover the definition of triangulation, the purpose of data triangulation and the best way to achieve it. Explore examples of studies using triangulation and its limitations. Dive into ...
The study examines the concept of the "triangulation approach" in the social research methodology. Triangulation is an innovative method, particularly in qualitative and multi-method research.
study database; and (3) maintain a chain of evidence. With regards to rigour and thoroughness in case study process, the elements of construct validity, internal validity, external validity and reliability is the strategy used to enhance the validity and reliability issue (Yin, 1994, 2009, 2012). 2.3 Triangulation in case study Triangulation is ...
Case study research features significantly in industrial marketing research so it seems a very fitting area to re-visit triangulation. The scenario for this study is set out with ten case study research papers published in industrial marketing journals as illustrations in Table 1.These papers do not form in any way a formally constituted selection or sample, they merely act as illustrations ...
Examples: Triangulation in different types of research. Qualitative research: You conduct in-depth interviews with different groups of stakeholders, such as parents, teachers, and children. Quantitative research: You run an eye-tracking experiment and involve three researchers in analysing the data. Mixed methods research: You conduct a ...
Data analyses might include data from both inductive and deductive perspectives. Data triangulation might also include different data sources, such as qualitative (e.g. interviews) and quantitative (e.g. surveys). In the BroSupPORT portal study 3 data were gathered at workshops, focus groups and interviews. Surveys, mind maps, River of Life ...
The purpose of this study is to delve into the role of triangulation in qualitative case study research in order to re-appraise its role. The study offers firstly, an inventory of triangulation categories for case study research in industrial marketing and secondly, a theoretical reframing of triangulation consisting of three modes ...
The study offers firstly, an inventory of triangulation categories for case study research in industrial marketing and secondly, a theoretical reframing of triangulation consisting of three modes ...
Triangulation is the term used to describe this comparison and meshing of different data, be it combining quantitative with qualitative, or 'qual on qual'. I don't think of a data in qualitative research as being a static and definite thing. It's not like a point of data on a plot of graph: qualitative data has more depth and context ...
What is triangulation. Triangulation is a method used to increase the cred-ibility and validity of research findings.1 Credibility refers to trustworthiness and how believable a study is; validity is concerned with the extent to which a study accurately reflects or evaluates the concept or ideas being investigated.2 Triangulation, by combining ...
Advantages of Triangulation in Qualitative Research. Triangulation in qualitative research is flexible and offers numerous advantages, including: : By corroborating findings, triangulation increases the credibility of your study and makes it more convincing to readers and other researchers. : Triangulation develops a deeper understanding of the ...
The article introduces triangulation to converge evidence from corpus and experimental data, by means of two case studies in second language (L2) learners of Greek. The first case study investigates the acquisition of gender agreement, while the second probes the development of relative clauses.
Case study Using data to predict and support the future Royal Navy Helping the Royal Navy maintain a skilled and capable workforce amid rapid technological advancements and demographic shifts.
Data and Research. We collect, analyse and publish data and information on work health and safety and workers' compensation. See our data. ... This case study highlights some of the key psychosocial hazards which retail workers may face and gives examples of ways to help manage these risks at the workplace. Download the case study to learn how ...
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has previously described suicide as "an urgent and growing public health crisis." During Suicide Prevention Month, the department is emphasizing its 2024 National Strategy for Suicide Prevention which outlines strategies for community-based suicide prevention, treatment and crisis services, surveillance and research and health equity in suicide ...