a powerpoint presentation about the construction and use of binoculars

Mar 17, 2019

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Binoculars. TELESCOPES. Palomar 200-in. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. The Electromagnetic Spectrum. 0.0005 mm or 1/50000 in. 8.4-m Mirror Blank for Large Binocular Telescope. Polishing one LBT 8.4-m mirror. Functions of Telescopes. Collect more light --- depends on (diam) 2

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TELESCOPES Palomar 200-in

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum 0.0005 mm or 1/50000 in

8.4-m Mirror Blank for Large Binocular Telescope

Polishing one LBT 8.4-m mirror

Functions of Telescopes • Collect more light --- depends on (diam)2 • Resolve sources better (see more detail) • Magnify images (make larger)

Telescope “Objectives”: Specially Shaped Main Optical Element Purpose: form an accurate representation of original scene at a “focus” Lens ---> “refracting” telescope Mirror ---> “reflecting” telescope

Refraction: Bending of Light Rays at a Glass/Air Interface

Prism Refraction Animation

Reflection from a Smooth Surface

Refracting Telescope Minimum 2 lenses needed for visual use Place detector here

Image formation (Java demo)

Image Inversion in Simple Telescope

McCormick 26-in Refractor (1885)

McCormick 26-in Lens (Doublet)

Reflecting Telescopes

Isaac Newton -- Co-inventor of reflecting telescope

Modern Amateur Reflecting Telescopes

“Catadioptric” (Lens+Mirror) Design(= CPC 800)

Telescope Performance Characteristics • Focal Ratio (f/ number) • Magnification ("power") • Field of view • Light Gathering Power • Resolution

Focal Ratio (or f/number) • f/ number = Obj FL / Obj Diam • Smaller numbers give more concentrated light in focal plane (better for faint extended objects); allow shorter exposures with film/electronic detectors • Higher numbers have better image quality; better for high magnification (e.g. for planets)

Magnification • Defined to be ratio of apparent angular size of image to original angular size (without telescope) • Mag = FL (telescope) / FL (eyepiece) • For Celestrons, Mag = 2034 mm/FLE (mm) • Moderate magnifications (<150) best

Field of View • FOV = True angular diameter -- i.e. as viewed without telescope -- of field visible in eyepiece. • Usually quoted in degrees or minutes of arc • Depends on eyepiece used • Is smaller for higher magnification with given telescope

Light Gathering Power • Most important attribute of telescope • Light collected is proportional to the area of the objective, or to Dobj2 • If the pupil diameter of your eye is 5mm, an 8" telescope collects (203/5)2 = 1600x more light

AGAIN, JONES' SNEAKY COLLEAGUES AIMED THE TELESCOPE AT THE SUN

Table by D. Haworth

Image Quality (Resolution) • Design: configure optics to reduce inherent "aberrations" -- e.g. chromatic, spherical, etc. • Manufacture: figure optics to intended shape: must be better than “1/4 wavelength” • Physics: “diffraction” of light waves is reduced in larger telescopes • Atmosphere: turbulence in air strongly affects image blur. “Seeing” = size of blur. (Extrinsic)

Chromatic Aberration (present in any refracting element)

"Spherical Aberration" from Spherical Mirror

Parabolic Mirror: perfect paraxial focus

Parabolic Mirror: "coma" aberration off-axis

Longer focal lengths reduce chromatic & spherical aberration (Hevelius, ca. 1650)

“Schmidt-Cassegrain” design uses a thin refractive corrector to eliminate spherical aberration from a spherically-shaped primary

“Diffraction” of Light Waves Ideal case Real waves

Wave Tank Simulation

6" 20" Effects of diffraction on size of image of a double star in a telescope 200" 94"

“Seeing” Caused by Atmospheric Turbulence

Video of enlarged image of bright star in a large telescope. Image size/motion caused by Earth’s atmosphere.

Seeing Effects • Seeing Videos (P. van de Haar)

Telescope Designs: A Multitude • Optical design • Mounting design • Equatorial • Altitude-Azimuth

Royal Greenwich Observatory, ca. 1640

ReflectingTelescope Designs

“Catadioptric” (Lens+Mirror) Design= Celestron CPC 800 Finder scope Eyepiece Secondary Baffle Diagonal Primary "Corrector Plate"

ALL Large Telescopes areREFLECTORS • Why?

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PORTABLE Small Compact Lightweight Binoculars 8x21

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Global Digital Binoculars Market

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12.2: The Binocular Projector

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• Page ID 31576

• Daniel E. Barth
• University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

This activity does the exact same thing as our pinhole camera – it allows us to examine the surface of the Sun safely by looking at a projected image. There are some important differences however! Unlike the pinhole camera, the binoculars do not dim the brightness of the solar image – instead they concentrate the light and brighten it substantially. The binocular projector is easier to use, there is no construction needed and it becomes very easy to draw or photograph the image which we have seen. The increased brightness makes it more difficult to make out subtle features like sunspots on the solar disk, the glare of the intense image tends to obscure them. For eclipse viewing however, this is an excellent method requiring almost no setup time.

Academic Standards

Science and engineering practices.

• Developing and using models.
• Planning and carrying out investigations.
• Analyzing and interpreting data.
• Argument from evidence.

Crosscutting Concepts

• Systems and system models.
• Structure and function.

Next Generation Science Standards

• Space systems (K-5, 6-8, 9-12).
• Engineering and design (K-5, 6-8, 9-12).
• Waves and electromagnetic radiation (6-8, 9-12).
• The Earth-Moon system (6-8, 9-12).

For the Educator

Facts you need to know.

• NEVER look at the Sun directly!
• Using only one pair of binoculars which remain in the teacher’s hands at all times, this activity is perfectly safe for all ages.
• We will use the binoculars to project an image of the Sun on paper.
• The projected solar image will be large enough and bright enough for an entire class to view it at once.

Teaching and Pedagogy

Once again, every science teacher teaches safety first! This activity makes safe observation virtually automatic. When you use the binoculars to project a solar image onto a piece of paper, students must stand with their backs to the Sun in order to view the projected image.

Using a pair of binoculars to project a solar image is simple in principle, but it requires practice to learn how to line up the binoculars, the Sun, and the paper. You will need to practice this activity several times before you do it in front of your students!

Take the binoculars and focus them for a distant object such as a tree or building at least 300 meters away. Remember to keep one side of the binocular covered, and start with the binoculars just a couple inches from the paper, then pull the binocular back until you get a large, sharp image of the Sun!

The Sun is different every day, sunspots and other features move slowly across the Sun. If you have a chance to try this activity during a lunar or solar eclipse, the effect is quite spectacular!

Student Outcomes

What will the student discover.

• A solar eclipse is a rare and wonderful event that is not to be missed. For many students, this will be a once-in-a-lifetime experience – do not allow them to miss it!
• The new Moon will at times be perfectly lined up to allow it to pass in front of the disk of the Sun, causing an eclipse.
• In order to see a total eclipse, you must be in exactly the right spot! The shadow of the Moon on the Earth’s surface is usually not more than 50 miles wide, and the shadow traces a path across the Earth called the path of totality . You must be inside this narrow path to see a total eclipse!
• Most people will not see a total eclipse, instead we get to see a partial eclipse because we are on one side or the other of the path of totality. This is still a wonderful event and worthy of our observation and study.

What will your students learn about science?

• People have been predicting solar eclipses for several thousand years. Scientists and mathematicians today predict these events with marvelous precision.
• Predictions are still just that – predictions made using a scientific model much as we have been doing throughout this book. Modern predictions of the timing and extent of a solar eclipse are not exact. This is a chance for students to see the precision – and the uncertainty – of modern science in one magnificent activity.

Conducting the Activity

• One pair of binoculars. Larger binocular work better for this, a pair of 7×50 binoculars work perfectly.
• A sheet of white paper on a notebook or clipboard.

Exploring the Binocular Projector

• Put one of the lens caps on the binoculars so light only passes through one side. If lens caps are missing, use a piece of aluminum foil to tightly cap one side of the binoculars.
• Point the large end of the binoculars toward the Sun and hold the paper underneath the eyepiece. The paper may be anywhere from 1-4 inches away to give you the best image, this varies with styles and models of binoculars, so you will have to adjust this until you have the best view.
• You should now be able to observe the solar disk, sunspots, even an eclipse just as you can with the pinhole camera. The advantage of this method is that working with a partner, your students can easily draw directly on the paper they are observing and copy down what they see!

Discussion Questions

• Answer We never look directly at the Sun – only at its image projected on paper.
• Answer: The Sun has no solid or permanent surface. The sunspots we sometimes see are magnetic storms on the solar surface, they appear and disappear as conditions change on the Sun’s surface, much as thunderstorms appear and disappear on Earth.

Supplemental Materials

Going deeper.

The binocular projector is also an excellent method to use when trying your hand at imaging the Moon. Take your binoculars out on a night when the Moon is at least half-full and try setting up to project the image on a piece of paper just as you did with the Sun. You will need a dark place to do this properly, yard lights and street lights will interfere with the image substantially. You will find that the projected image is substantially dimmer than the solar image, and this makes it much easier to pick up things such as dark maria and even some of the larger craters in addition to the shape of the lunar phase that night!

If you have a chance, try this activity with both a telescope and a binocular. You will find that the binocular projects an image just as you see it in the sky, while the telescope flips the image from side to side or even upside down! (This depends upon the type of telescope you use.) Optics are fun and mysterious – something your students will have the chance to explore further as they get older and enter higher grades in school!

Being an Astronomer

There are dedicated solar telescopes which allow you to look directly at the Sun and see many amazing features on the solar surface. Solar telescopes are specially built, single purpose machines, and quite expensive – even for telescopes!

Once again, it is time to contact your local astronomy club and ask for their help. Many clubs have a member with a special interest in the Sun who may own their very own solar telescope; some larger clubs purchase one of these specifically for the club to take out to schools and outreach events. If your local club has such an instrument, your students are in for a real treat!

Being a Scientist

If you are lucky enough to observe a solar eclipse through a binocular projector, you will find that the image is bright and well-focused enough to be easily photographed.

If you are able to take a photograph of the Sun every 5-10 minutes during an eclipse, the pictures can be combined into a GIF or time-lapse video to show how the Moon moves in front of the solar disk and put the Sun into eclipse!

Following Up

There have been many famous eclipse events in history and literature. Columbus’ eclipse during his exploration of the New World and Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court both come to mind. How many others can you find?

Modern binoculars consist of two barrel chambers with an objective lens, eyepiece, and a pair of prisms inside. The prisms reflect and lengthen the light, while the objective lenses enhance and magnify images due to stereoscopic vision.

Man has been experimenting with glass since its advent sometime around 3500 B.C. These experiments soon became known for their ocular implications. The designs of early optical instruments, like the telescope, were not recorded. It is assumed that these instruments were studied and perfected by Galileo Galilei. Early binoculars were actually called binocular telescopes, and are thought to be based on Galileo's discoveries and designs of prisms.

Early telescopic lenses were full of bubbles and other imperfections. They were also slightly green due to the iron content in the glass. Polishing techniques were crude, and although lenses were of good quality in the center, the peripheral shape was poor resulting in a restricted aperture. As telescopes were improved, binoculars evolved. The first patent application for binocular telescopes was filed early in the seventeenth century by Jan Lippershey in present day Holland. Lippershey primarily used quartz crystal, which is hard to manipulate. The first hand-held binocular originated in 1702 with Johann Zahn's small binocular of two tubes with a lithe connection.

A patent application submitted in 1854 by Ignatio Porro began the use of the modern prism binocular called the Porro prism erecting system. This optical system consisted of an objective lens and ocular lens (eyepiece) with two facing, right angle prisms arranged to invert and correct the orientation of the image. The two most commonly used prism systems are the porro prism and the roof prism design. The roof system uses prisms positioned one over the other resulting in a more compact design.

An other major breakthrough occurred in 1894 when Carl Zeiss, a German optical specialist, developed binoculars with convex lenses and delta prisms to correct the inverted image. In a porro design, the light is bent in a "Z" shape before reaching the eye, allowing the distance between the eyepiece and the objective lens to be compacted. This enables the size and weight of binoculars to be reduced.

Reductions in the weight of the binoculars occurred with the use of aluminum or polycarbonate housings instead of the heavier metal alloys used in pre-civil war binoculars. Performance of smaller and larger binoculars has improved with the introduction of coatings to render the lenses non-reflective and reduce the amount of scattered light. The quality of prisms has also improved over the years, resulting in a reduction of the bubbling effect of optical glass. In the early 1970s, nitrogen filled, waterproof binoculars were developed. A decade later the arrival of infrared transmitters capable of seeing in the dark further transformed binocular technology. Variable magnification models were also developed allowing the user to adjust the level of magnification.

Raw Materials

Modern-day binocular tubes are primarily made out of aluminum coated with silicon or a leather-like material called gutta-percha. The lenses and prisms are made from glass and coated with an anti-reflective coating.

With the exception of the optical glass and some rubber seals, the majority of binocular component parts can be manufactured using a Computer Assisted Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system that downloads the designs to a variety of Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) devices (multi-axis mill turn and milling machines as well as vertical and horizontal machining centers, lathes, etc.). Using CAD software provides both drawing, dimensioning, and visualization capabilities. These lead to improvements in the binoculars final design.

The Manufacturing Process

• The lens material is poured into a lens mold, which has a spherical curved bottom. This results in a lens that is about 4 in (10.2 cm) in diameter and 1-1.5 in (2.4-3.8 cm) thick.
• The lenses are then removed from the molds and cut into specific pieces using a diamond saw to create the optical lenses.
• The lenses are placed into the grinding machine and polished.
• After they have been carefully machined, the lenses are anodized to reduce reflections in vacuum tanks. The more coatings applied, the less light absorbed.
• The ocular lenses (nearest the eyes) are also molded and carefully polished by auto-polish machines after which they are centered on diamond turning machines and finally cleaned by running through several different solvents in automated machinery.
• The objective lenses, those furthest from the eyes, are molded and then polished with polishing machines.
• These components are then manually assembled into a die cast body, which is often made from aluminum.
• Using a technique called physical vapor deposition, the optics are placed into a "plasma machine" and coated with dielectric coatings. The coatings are essential for high performance.
• The optics are then inspected and tested for clarity and defects using lasers in specially designed particulate free rooms.
• Next, the rod shaped prisms are cut by lasers into three-sided shapes depending on the type of prism being manufactured (i.e., roof prisms or porro prisms).
• The prisms are coated with dielectric materials (metal oxides) by physical vapor deposition inside a vacuum chamber.
• When all these components are assembled on a belt assembly line, the final assembly station collimates the binocular by hand, making the left side exactly parallel to the right, so only one image will be seen at a time.
• The binocular housing is then covered with a substance called gutta-percha, which looks like leather but is more durable and flexible. This covering is applied by hand using an adhesive and may be coated with a protective rubber covering.
• On the assembly line bare metal housing covers are covered with plastic or rubber.
• The prisms are placed by hand inside the binocular casing and manually screwed in place.
• The objective lenses are held in place by a metal or plastic ring and the eyepiece is fitted with a rubber eyecap.
• The focusing lenses are placed in the housing with screws mounted by hand.
• Waterproof binoculars must have orings at every orifice, be purged with nitrogen (injected through a seal), and sealed. The final step would be the packing of binoculars in cases with neck straps, most cases today being of a canvas-like material.

Quality Control

Binoculars that have been hermetically sealed (waterproof) and nitrogen charged (fogproof) are tested underwater. Most binoculars will withstand water immersion at 16.4(5 m) for five minutes. Both barrels of a binocular need to be optically parallel for the image to merge into one perfect circle and are carefully checked for alignment.

Byproducts/Waste

Lenses and prisms that have defects such as scratches or cracks are either discarded and melted down to be molded again, or they are recycled. If the casing is damaged during production, it is also either remolded or recycled.

Binoculars continue to advance with new technology. Their ability to see further with better focusing techniques enables the consumer to use the product for a wider variety of tasks. Binoculars are now tending to use the same stabilizing method used in video cameras that automatically stabilizes the prism system so that the image remains steady to the viewer. Some binoculars are also coming equipped with night scope vision. This would enable the consumer to see objects that are far away even at night. Technological advancements are continually made on these specialty binoculars, which are primarily used by the military or for surveillance.

Where to Learn More

Bell, Louis. The Telescope. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1922.

Von Rohr, Moritz. Die Binokularen Instrumente. Berlin: Springer, 1920.

The United States Patent Office Web Page. November 2001. < http://www.uspto.gov/patft >.

Van Helden, Albert. The Telescope. 1995. November 2001. < http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/GalileoiThings/telescope.html >.

Bonny McClain

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Binoculars - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Amount of light transmitted through the binoculars in millimeters (mm) ... http://www.meade.com/manuals/binoc/ Binoculars. Questions or Comments? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

• An Informative Insight to a Powerful Tool
• By Chris Robb
• Binoculars - An optical device designed for simultaneous use by both eyes
• Consists of two small telescopes joined with a single focusing device
• They are used to magnify a distant object
• Telescopes generally have inverted images
• Binoculars use prisms for image-erection
• Two Styles Roof and Porro
• Prisms overlap closely for straight alignment
• More costly due to need for precise alignment
• Objective lenses are offset from the eyepiece
• Greater 3-D view and image depth
• Power and Light 10X42
• Power 10X (Magnification)
• Light Collection 42mm Objective Diameter (OD)
• Exit Pupil OD/Power 4.2mm
• Amount of light transmitted through the binoculars in millimeters (mm)
• Pupil Diameter Noon 2-4mm Evening 7mm
• Larger exit pupil helps for twilight viewing
• Field of View (F.O.V)
• Side-to-side measurement of viewing field _at_ 1000 yards.
• Distance in millimeters (mm) a binocular can be held away from the eye _at_ full F.O.V.
• A large eye relief will reduce eyestrain and is ideal for a person that wears eyeglasses.
• Coated, Fully Coated, Multi-Coated, Fully Multi-Coated, and Phase Coated
• Fully Multi-coated will give better performance i.e. enhanced contrast light transmission
• Digital Information Systems
• Image Stabilization Technology
• Built-in Compass and Video Display Device
• Video, Snapshot and Sound Recording
• LIDAR Ranging
• Light Amplification i.e. Night Vision
• Light Frequency Tuning IR/UV/Visible
• Solar Cell Material Coating for Power Supply
• GPS Location Broadcasting for Lost/Found
• Large Binocular Telescopes
• Possibilities are Endless!!!
• LBT Telescope Video
• http//medusa.as.arizona.edu/lbtwww/ads/mplbt.mpg
• Binoculars Information
• http//www.prairieimages.com/binoculars.htm
• Pictures of Old Binoculars
• http//www.swanseaheritage.net/article/gat.asp?ART ICLE_ID633
• http//www.swanseaheritage.net/article/gat.asp?ART ICLE_ID634
• Victory 8x56 B T Cross-section
• http//www.zeiss.de/C12567A80033F8E4/allBySubject/ 67AE641BBE77EB6BC12569EC00487C27
• Prism Schematics
• http//www.birdwatching.com/optics/binoculars1.htm lHow20Binoculars20Work
• Meade Binocular Diagram Reference
• http//www.meade.com/manuals/binoc/
• Questions or Comments?

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Architecture and Environmental Design Major for College

Why are cities built the way they are? It's probably due to environmental design, combined with architecture. Sounds like a headache? For us, it sounds like a great degree to study! If you agree with us, download this template and prepare future students for what's to come! What will they...

Rural and Urban Areas

Download the "Rural and Urban Areas" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides and start impressing your audience with a creative and original design. Slidesgo templates like this one here offer the possibility to convey a concept, idea or topic in a clear, concise and visual way, by using different graphic...

Real Estate Open House Website Design

Come on in! It’s time to show everyone this house! When you're ready to show off your property, you want it to look its best. With a Google Slides or PowerPoint template presentation, you can create an engaging and inviting virtual open house experience for potential buyers. And with the...

Building Positive Relationships and Conflict Resolution - 4th Grade

Download the "Building Positive Relationships and Conflict Resolution - 4th Grade" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides and easily edit it to fit your own lesson plan! Designed specifically for elementary school education, this eye-catching design features engaging graphics and age-appropriate fonts; elements that capture the students' attention and make...

Construction Projects and Activities for Pre-K

Pre-K students are fascinated by construction work and construction equipment, and this template full of projects and activities takes advantage of this fact to help you put together a great lesson! Its colorful design is full of illustrations of people in hard hats and all the tools needed to design...

Science Subject for High School - 9th Grade: The Building Blocks of Life Infographics

Download the "Science Subject for High School - 9th Grade: The Building Blocks of Life Infographics" template for PowerPoint or Google Slides and discover this set of editable infographics for education presentations. These resources, from graphs to tables, can be combined with other presentations or used independently. The most important...

Construction of a Social Housing Urbanization Pitch Deck

Download the "Construction of a Social Housing Urbanization Pitch Deck" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Whether you're an entrepreneur looking for funding or a sales professional trying to close a deal, a great pitch deck can be the difference-maker that sets you apart from the competition. Let your talent...

Construction Project Proposal

Are you an architect? Do you like designing new buildings and supervising their construction? If you need to present a project proposal related to the construction industry, let Slidesgo help you with your slide deck.

Architecture Major for College: Landscape Architecture

Floor plans, rough lines, numbers and rulers… We’re talking about architecture! You can speak about this major with photos of awesome buildings and floor plans to inspire future architects! The soft colors with a pop of color green will make your presentation seem so professional and attractive. Write down all...

Architecture Studio

Designing new offices, skyscrapers, stadiums, bridges and any other kind of building is what architecture studios are about. Help spread the word giving a professional presentation thanks to this new free company profile template, totally customizable, formal and nicely designed.

Engineering Aesthetic Business Plan

Download the "Engineering Aesthetic Business Plan" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Conveying your business plan accurately and effectively is the cornerstone of any successful venture. This template allows you to pinpoint essential elements of your operation while your audience will appreciate the clear and concise presentation, eliminating any potential...

Traditional German Architecture

Get ready to dazzle the thesis committee with this Slidesgo template. It's perfect for you if your research is related to German architecture. We have included illustrations and images of typical buildings from the Central European country. Its design is elegant, with white background and wave shapes in brown tones....

Architectural Studies Degree for College

Attention! Dedicated template for all architects in the room! Slidesgo brings you this professional style design for you to make a presentation about Architecture university studies. This template fits perfectly with the theme, as it is full of isometric illustrations of buildings. Super cool! Also, at the end of the...

Spring Cleaning Tips!

Download the "Spring Cleaning Tips!" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides and start impressing your audience with a creative and original design. Slidesgo templates like this one here offer the possibility to convey a concept, idea or topic in a clear, concise and visual way, by using different graphic resources....

Civil Construction Company Profile

Download the "Civil Construction Company Profile" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Presenting a comprehensive company profile can be a game-changer for your business. A well-crafted profile connects with potential clients and vendors on another level, giving them a deep understanding of your organization. This company profile template can help...

Construction Engineering Business Plan

Do you need to bring order to your enterprise? If you answered yes, we have the solution for you: a business plan! This document is key to the good health of your company. In it you can always have at hand the market analysis, develop the operations plan, define marketing...

Cartoon Family House Minitheme

Download the Cartoon Family House Minitheme presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides and start impressing your audience with a creative and original design. Slidesgo templates like this one here offer the possibility to convey a concept, idea or topic in a clear, concise and visual way, by using different graphic...

Engineering Project Proposal

What is the best way to build your own successful future? Giving a presentation made thanks to our new free business template! Your audience will appreciate your engineering project proposal, paving the way for new deals and investments.

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