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ShareYourPaper is now built by OA.Works . Same people, new name! Read more about our rebrand .

Shareyourpaper.org is the simplest way to legally make your paper freely available on Google Scholar, Web of Science, your personal site and more to get a citation bump.

If the DOI gives you a paywalled paper: doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2019.106308 .

We help you free it: shareyourpaper.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2019.106308 .

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Shareyourpaper.org is open source and built by an academia-owned non-profit to make it easy, fast, and safe to freely share your paper. We’re funded by leading libraries and foundations , so we won’t sell your work, your data, or send you endless emails.

Behind the scenes, shareyourpaper.org works by gathering up information about your paper from the journal, checking copyright details, and seeing if it’s already freely available. We then figure out the simplest way you can share it, guide you through it, and double check what you actually upload is okay. Then it gets put in Zenodo, a non-profit multi-subject based repository operated by CERN that preserves your work, and makes it discoverable. Neat, right? At end of it all, you get a freely available version like the one . This means you can use shareyourpaper.org to build your personal archive, hosted alongside research from your discipline and others.

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The 5 Best Platforms to Publish Your Academic Research

Academic research is a central component of scientific advancements and breakthrough innovations. However, your research journey is complex and ever-changing. You must take into consideration funding options, how to securely store your information, choosing where to publish your research, finding manuscript peer reviewers, and many more.

To keep up with the change, you and other researchers require modern, easy-to-navigate research platforms to help you uncover, store, verify, compile, and share content, data, and important insights to continue to carry out breakthrough research.

This article explains how to identify the best platforms for publishing your research and gives you a list of five platforms to help you publish. Towards the end, you’ll also see a mention of how Orvium can further assist you with publishing.

How to Identify the Best Platforms for Publishing

When trying to identify the best platforms for publishing your research, you have to consider several factors, including:

• Does the platform support your research journey ? Can you collaborate with other authors and researchers, discover public groups and research papers and manuscripts (including Open Access work), view interactive graphs, images, tables, etc., track citations, and build a professional research profile?
• Is the platform easy to use ? Does it offer rich functionalities that are easy to understand, and if so, which ones?
• Does it use artificial intelligence and machine learning ? Automated actions (email alerts, etc.) can help you unlock breakthroughs faster and deliver deeper insights.
• What security and governance does it have ? Platforms must be secure and compliant according to local regulations since researchers often deal with sensitive data.

The 5 Best Platforms to Publish Academic Research

Researchgate.

ResearchGate is a platform hosting over 135 million publication pages with a community of 20 million scientists. The platform allows you to show off your work, access papers and advice from other researchers, make contacts and even find jobs. Some of its more prominent features include:

• Dedicated Q&A section with searchable keywords to target experts in your particular field or area of study
• Ability to create a personal profile page where you can display all research-specific details about yourself, including up to five pieces of work (including datasets and conference papers)
• In-depth stats on who reads your work and the ability to track your citations
• A private messaging service that allows you to send messages to other researchers
• A comments section to provide feedback when viewing a paper
• A “projects” section to tell others about your upcoming work.

In addition, it's completely free to use!

Academia is a research-sharing platform with over 178 million users, 29 million papers uploaded, and 87 million visitors per month. Their goal is to accelerate research in all fields, ensure that all research is available for free and that the sharing of knowledge is available in multiple formats (videos, datasets, code, short-form content, etc.). Some of their more prominent features include:

• Mentions and search alerts that notify you when another researcher cites, thanks, or acknowledges your work, and automatic reports of search queries
• Ability to create a personal profile page
• “Profile visitor” and “readers” features let you know the title and location of those who visit your profile or read your papers so you can learn about their research interests and get in touch
• A “grants” feature to allow you to find new grants and fellowships in your field
• Advanced research discovery tools allow you to see full texts and citations of millions of papers.

The platform is based on a “freemium” business model, which provides free access to research for everyone, and paid capabilities to subscribers.

ScienceOpen

ScienceOpen is a discovery platform that empowers researchers to make an impact in their communities. The platform is committed to Open Science, combining decades of experience in traditional publishing, computing, and academic research to provide free access to knowledge to drive creativity, innovation, and development. Some of their more prominent features include:

• You can publish your most recent paper as a preprint that’s citable and includes a DOI to share with peers immediately and enhance visibility
• A multidimensional search feature for articles with 18 filters and the ability to sort results by Altmetric scores , citations, date, and rating
• Ability to create a personal profile with minimal upkeep necessary
• Access to a suite of metrics (usage, citations, etc.) of your publications
• Ability to follow other researchers to stay up-to-date on their work and expand your network.

The platform is free to use, although some features (like publishing your preprint) may cost money.

IOPscience is a platform that embraces innovative technologies to make it easier for researchers to discover and access technical, scientific, and medical content while managing their own research content. They participate in several programs that offer researchers in developing countries several ways to gain access to journals at little or no cost. Some of their other features include:

• An enhanced search filtering feature allows you to find relevant research faster
• A social bookmarking feature allows you to interact with other researchers and share articles
• Ability to create a personal profile, customize your alerts, view recently published articles within your field or area of interest, and save relevant papers or articles
• Ability to receive email alerts and RSS feeds once new content is published.

IOPscience is free to use and functions on an Open Access policy, which you can check here .

Orvium is an open, community-based research platform that allows researchers, reviewers, and publishers to share, publish, review, and manage their research. Orvium protects your work with built-in blockchain integration to ensure that you maintain the copyright of your work and not only. Some of our more notable features include:

• Access to a modern web platform with Google indexing, notifications, and mobile-ready features
• Ability to manage your entire publication process, with control over when you submit, receive peer reviews, and publish your paper
• “Collaboration” and “full traceability” features allow you to track your profile impact, get in touch with other researchers, and have ownership over your work
• Recognition badges or economic rewards are given when you peer-review.

Orvium is completely free to use.

Orvium Makes Choosing a Platform Easy

No matter what platform or community you choose to be a part of, you now know what you need to look for when choosing one. You also learned about five excellent platforms where you can publish your academic research. Orvium will remain your one-stop-shop platform for all your research needs. Do you want to know how Orvium and our communities work? Check out our platform or contact us with any questions you may have.

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Data Sharing

6 repositories to share your research data.

Dear Diary, I have been struggling with an eating disorder for the past few years. I am afraid to eat and afraid I will gain weight. The fear is unjustified as I was never overweight. I have weighed the same since I was 12 years old, and I am currently nearing my 25th birthday. Yet, when I see my reflection, I see somebody who is much larger than reality. ‍ I told my therapist that I thought I was fat. She said it was 'body dysmorphia'. She explained this as a mental health condition where a person is apprehensive about their appearance and suggested I visit a nutritionist. She also told me that this condition was associated with other anxiety disorders and eating disorders. I did not understand what she was saying as I was in denial; I had a problem, to begin with. I wanted a solution without having to address my issues. Upon visiting my nutritionist, he conducted an in-body scan and told me my body weight was dangerously low. I disagreed with him. ‍ I felt he was speaking about a different person than the person I saw in the mirror. I felt like the elephant in the room- both literally and figuratively. He then made the simple but revolutionary suggestion to keep a food diary to track what I was eating. This was a clever way for my nutritionist and me to be on the same page. By recording all my meals, drinks, and snacks, I was able to see what I was eating versus what I was supposed to be eating. Keeping a meal diary was a powerful and non-invasive way for my nutritionist to walk in my shoes for a specific time and understand my eating (and thinking) habits. No other methodology would have allowed my nutritionist to capture so much contextual and behavioural information on my eating patterns other than a daily detailed food diary. However, by using a paper and pen, I often forgot (or intentionally did not enter my food entries) as I felt guilty reading what I had eaten or that I had eaten at all. I also did not have the visual flexibility to express myself through using photos, videos, voice recordings, and screen recordings. The usage of multiple media sources would have allowed my nutritionist to observe my behaviour in real-time and gain a holistic view of my physical and emotional needs. I confessed to my therapist my deliberate dishonesty in completing the physical food diary and why I had been reluctant to participate in the exercise. My therapist then suggested to my nutritionist and me to transition to a mobile diary study. Whilst I used a physical diary (paper and pen), a mobile diary study app would have helped my nutritionist and me reach a common ground (and to be on the same page) sooner rather than later. As a millennial, I wanted to feel like journaling was as easy as Tweeting or posting a picture on Instagram. But at the same time, I wanted to know that the information I  provided in a digital diary would be as safe and private as it would have been as my handwritten diary locked in my bedroom cabinet. Further, a digital food diary study platform with push notifications would have served as a constant reminder to log in my food entries as I constantly check my phone. It would have also made the task of writing a food diary less momentous by transforming my journaling into micro-journaling by allowing me to enter one bite at a time rather than the whole day's worth of meals at once. Mainly, the digital food diary could help collect the evidence that I was not the elephant in the room, but rather that the elephant in the room was my denied eating disorder. Sincerely, The elephant in the room

Why share research data?

Sharing information stimulates science. When researchers choose to make their data publicly available, they are allowing their work to contribute far beyond their original findings.

The benefits of data sharing are immense. When researchers make their data public, they increase transparency and trust in their work, they enable others to reproduce and validate their findings, and ultimately, contribute to the pace of scientific discovery by allowing others to reuse and build on top of their data.

"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants." Isaac Newton, 1675.

While the benefits of data sharing and open science are categorical, sadly 86% of medical research data is never reused . In a 2014 survey conducted by Wiley with over 2000 researchers across different fields, found that 21% of surveyed researchers did not know where to share their data and 16% how to do so.

In a series of articles on Data Sharing we seek to break down this process for you and cover everything you need to know on how to share your research outputs.

In this first article, we will introduce essential concepts of public data and share six powerful platforms to upload and share datasets.

What is a Research Data Repository?

The best way to publish and share research data is with a research data repository. A repository is an online database that allows research data to be preserved across time and helps others find it.

Apart from archiving research data, a repository will assign a DOI to each uploaded object and provide a web page that tells what it is, how to cite it and how many times other researchers have cited or downloaded that object.

What is a DOI?

When a researcher uploads a document to an online data repository, a digital object identifier (DOI) will be assigned. A DOI is a globally unique and persistent string (e.g. 10.6084/m9.figshare.7509368.v1) that identifies your work permanently. 

A data repository can assign a DOI to any document, such as spreadsheets, images or presentation, and at different levels of hierarchy, like collection images or a specific chapter in a book.

The DOI contains metadata that provides users with relevant information about an object, such as the title, author, keywords, year of publication and the URL where that document is stored. 

The International DOI Foundation (IDF) developed and introduced the DOI in 2000. Registration Agencies, a federation of independent organizations, register DOIs and provide the necessary infrastructure that allows researchers to declare and maintain metadata.

Key benefits of the DOI system:

• A more straightforward way to track research outputs
• Gives certainty to scientific work
• DOI's versioning system tracks changes to work overtime
• Can be assigned to any document
• Enables proper indexation and citation of research outputs

Once a document has a DOI, others can easily cite it. A handy tool to convert DOI's into a citation is DOI Citation Formatter . 

Six repositories to share research data

Now that we have covered the role of a DOI and a data repository, below is a list of 6 data repositories for publishing and sharing research data.

1. figshare

Figshare is an open access data repository where researchers can preserve their research outputs, such as datasets, images, and videos and make them discoverable. 

Figshare allows researchers to upload any file format and assigns a digital object identifier (DOI) for citations. 

Mark Hahnel launched Figshare in January 2011. Hahnel first developed the platform as a personal tool for organizing and publishing the outputs of his PhD in stem cell biology. More than 50 institutions now use this solution. 

Figshare releases' The State of Open Data' every year to assess the changing academic landscape around open research.

Free accounts on Figshare can upload files of up to 5gb and get 20gb of free storage. 

2. Mendeley Data

Mendeley Data is an open research data repository, where researchers can store and share their data. Datasets can be shared privately between individuals, as well as publicly with the world. 

Mendeley's mission is to facilitate data sharing. In their own words, "when research data is made publicly available, science benefits:

- the findings can be verified and reproduced- the data can be reused in new ways

- discovery of relevant research is facilitated

- funders get more value from their funding investment."

Datasets uploaded to Mendeley Data go into a moderation process where they are reviewed. This ensures the content constitutes research data, is scientific, and does not contain a previously published research article. 

Researchers can upload and store their work free of cost on Mendeley Data.

If appropriately used in the 21st century, data could save us from lots of failed interventions and enable us to provide evidence-based solutions towards tackling malaria globally. This is also part of what makes the ALMA scorecard generated by the African Leaders Malaria Alliance an essential tool for tracking malaria intervention globally. ‍ If we are able to know the financial resources deployed to fight malaria in an endemic country and equate it to the coverage and impact, it would be easier to strengthen accountability for malaria control and also track progress in malaria elimination across the continent of Africa and beyond.

Odinaka Kingsley Obeta

West African Lead, ALMA Youth Advisory Council/Zero Malaria Champion

There is a smarter way to do research.

Build fully customizable data capture forms, collect data wherever you are and analyze it with a few clicks — without any training required.

3. Dryad Digital Repository

Dryad is a curated general-purpose repository that makes data discoverable, freely reusable, and citable.

Most types of files can be submitted (e.g., text, spreadsheets, video, photographs, software code) including compressed archives of multiple files.

Since a guiding principle of Dryad is to make its contents freely available for research and educational use, there are no access costs for individual users or institutions. Instead, Dryad supports its operation by charging a $120US fee each time data is published.

4. Harvard Dataverse

Harvard Dataverse is an online data repository where scientists can preserve, share, cite and explore research data.

The Harvard Dataverse repository is powered by the open-source web application Dataverse, developed by Insitute of Quantitative Social Science at Harvard.

Researchers, journals and institutions may choose to install the Dataverse web application on their own server or use Harvard's installation. Harvard Dataverse is open to all scientific data from all disciplines.

Harvard Dataverse is free and has a limit of 2.5 GB per file and 10 GB per dataset.

5. Open Science Framework

 OSF is a free, open-source research management and collaboration tool designed to help researchers document their project's lifecycle and archive materials. It is built and maintained by the nonprofit Center for Open Science.

Each user, project, component, and file is given a unique, persistent uniform resource locator (URL) to enable sharing and promote attribution. Projects can also be assigned digital object identifiers (DOIs) if they are made publicly available. 

OSF is a free service.

Zenodo is a general-purpose open-access repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN. 

Zenodo was first born as the OpenAire orphan records repository, with the mission to provide open science compliance to researchers without an institutional repository, irrespective of their subject area, funder or nation. 

Zenodo encourages users to early on in their research lifecycle to upload their research outputs by allowing them to be private. Once an associated paper is published, datasets are automatically made open.

Zenodo has no restriction on the file type that researchers may upload and accepts dataset of up to 50 GB.

Research data can save lives, help develop solutions and maximise our knowledge. Promoting collaboration and cooperation among a global research community is the first step to reduce the burden of wasted research.

Although the waste of research data is an alarming issue with billions of euros lost every year, the future is optimistic. The pressure to reduce the burden of wasted research is pushing journals, funders and academic institutions to make data sharing a strict requirement.  

We hope with this series of articles on data sharing that we can light up the path for many researchers who are weighing the benefits of making their data open to the world.

The six research data repositories shared in this article are a practical way for researchers to preserve datasets across time and maximize the value of their work.

Cover image by Copernicus Sentinel data (2019), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IG .

References:

“Harvard Dataverse,” Harvard Dataverse, https://library.harvard.edu/services-tools/harvard-dataverse

“Recommended Data Repositories.” Nature, https://go.nature.com/2zdLYTz

“DOI Marketing Brochure,” International DOI Foundation, http://bit.ly/2KU4HsK

“Managing and sharing data: best practice for researchers.” UK Data Archive, http://bit.ly/2KJHE53

Wikipedia contributors, “Figshare,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figshare&oldid=896290279 (accessed August 20, 2019).

Walport, M., & Brest, P. (2011). Sharing research data to improve public health. The Lancet, 377(9765), 537–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62234-9

Foster, E. D., & Deardorff, A. (2017). Open Science Framework (OSF). Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA , 105 (2), 203–206. doi:10.5195/jmla.2017.88

Wikipedia contributors, "Zenodo," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenodo&oldid=907771739 (accessed August 20, 2019).

Wikipedia contributors, "Dryad (repository)," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dryad_(repository)&oldid=879494242 (accessed August 20, 2019).

“How and Why Researchers Share Data (and Why They don't),” The Wiley Network, Liz Ferguson , http://bit.ly/31TzVHs

“Frequently Asked Questions,” Mendeley Data, https://data.mendeley.com/faq

Dear Digital Diary, ‍ I realized that there is an unquestionable comfort in being misunderstood. For to be understood, one must peel off all the emotional layers and be exposed. This requires both vulnerability and strength. I guess by using a physical diary (a paper and a pen), I never felt like what I was saying was analyzed or judged. But I also never thought I was understood. ‍ Paper does not talk back.Using a daily digital diary has required emotional strength. It has required the need to trust and the need to provide information to be helped and understood. Using a daily diary has needed less time and effort than a physical diary as I am prompted to interact through mobile notifications. I also no longer relay information from memory, but rather the medical or personal insights I enter are real-time behaviours and experiences. ‍ The interaction is more organic. I also must confess this technology has allowed me to see patterns in my behaviour that I would have otherwise never noticed. I trust that the data I enter is safe as it is password protected. I also trust that I am safe because my doctor and nutritionist can view my records in real-time. ‍ Also, with the data entered being more objective and diverse through pictures and voice recordings, my treatment plan has been better suited to my needs. Sincerely, No more elephants in this room

Diego Menchaca

Diego is the founder and CEO of Teamscope. He started Teamscope from a scribble on a table. It instantly became his passion project and a vehicle into the unknown. Diego is originally from Chile and lives in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

More articles on

How to successfully share research data.

When you choose to publish with PLOS, your research makes an impact. Make your work accessible to all, without restrictions, and accelerate scientific discovery with options like preprints and published peer review that make your work more Open.

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How to Share Your Research

From preregistration, to preprints, to publication—learn how and when to share your study

When should you start to share results, and what are the best formats? Are there advantages or risks associated with sharing early or late?

Publishing your study

A published, peer-reviewed research article is the primary way that scientists communicate the results of their investigations. Once formally published in a journal, your article is indexed and archived, becoming a permanent part of the scientific record.

Tip: Choosing where to submit

There are many considerations to weigh when choosing where to submit your research. Consult our guide to choosing the journal that’s right for you.

The benefits to sharing more, sooner

There is much more to conducting research than can be conveyed in a traditional research article. Through Open Science practices like sharing detailed protocols and methods, data and code, sharing work early with preprints, and publishing peer reviews, researchers can communicate their science more fully.

There are four main arguments in favor of sharing research prior to publication, and making more of the background and supporting materials available alongside published articles.

• Accelerating discovery – when new information is available to the research community earlier, other scientists can begin iterating on and incorporating it into their work sooner. That helps knowledge progress more quickly.
• Reproducibility – making supporting materials and background information available alongside a published article ensures that the work can be reproduced and reanalyzed.
• Demonstrated validity – sharing the data and documentation behind the research article is also a statement of confidence on the part of the researchers, a way of standing behind the work and asserting its quality. 
• Credit – publishing research articles is seen as the capstone of a scientific study…but there’s so much more that goes into each discovery, from research design and collecting and analyzing data to writing a peer review or serving as an editor. When more of the scientific process becomes public, researchers get academic credit for the work they do behind the scenes.

The many other ways to share your science

A published, peer-reviewed research article is the gold standard in scientific communications—but there are many different ways to communicate your research. Here are some of the methods researchers are choosing to communicate their work beyond publication.

Preregistered study design protocols  can be deposited with a registration service or submitted to a journal prior to conducting the investigation.

Preprints  can be posted in databases like bioRxiv prior to peer review and formal publication in a journal.

Data & code can be entered into repositories, where other researchers can reference your results, conduct re-analyses or meta-analyses, or replicate and validate your work. 

Peer reviews and your responses can be published alongside journal articles, demonstrating the validity of your research and giving readers access to more expert opinions and a deeper understanding of the work.

When not to share early

There are cases when sharing results prior to peer review can be dangerous. Some examples include:

• Medical research that might include identifying personal information about a patient
• Research with implications for public health
• Dual use research of concern

Common concerns answered

I am concerned that other publishers won’t consider a paper that’s already been posted as a preprint.

Preprints have taken hold in some research areas more than others. Today, most top-tier biomedical journals happily consider submissions with preprints. In fact, more than 40 major publishers have policies welcoming preprints in all subject areas, including all journals under the umbrellas of: BMJ, Sage, Elsevier (including Cell and The Lancet ), Springer (including the Nature and BMC journals), Taylor & Francis, Wiley, and of course, PLOS. Lots of major society publishers also consider preprinted submissions.

There are some notable exceptions though: certain medical journals, such as the New England Journal of Medicine and JAMA network journals will not consider preprints.

Our advice: if you have your eye on a particular journal, check their website for guidelines—especially if you’re in a medical field. Wikipedia also offers a nice list of preprint-compatible publishers .

I’m concerned that another research group might scoop my study if I make protocols or preprints public too soon.

Depositing your protocol in a database doesn’t necessarily mean it has to be made public immediately. Using the Center for Open Science , you have the option to keep the protocol private until your final article is published.

With that said, both preprints and protocols can be used to establish priority, staking your claim earlier in the research process. And if you’re publishing with PLOS, all of our selective journals offer six months of scooping protection under our complementary research policy .

Our advice: protocols and preprints can both be used to time-stamp your discoveries and showcase your most current work for review boards and tenure committees—but they’re just options . Do what makes you most comfortable.

Questions? Share them with us at [email protected] .

The contents of the Peer Review Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

The contents of the Writing Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

There’s a lot to consider when deciding where to submit your work. Learn how to choose a journal that will help your study reach its audience, while reflecting your values as a researcher…

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Research Impact

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Researcher Academic Networking Sites

Research blogs, mendeley and zotero communities, sharing and promoting your research.

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You may wish to create an account on some of the sites below as these often allow you to promote your research and potentially extend your impact and reach as a researcher.

Blogs are useful to express your own opinions and to promote your research. You may wish to have your own blog- see . You can follow other researchers' blogs and see their new postings and some blogs are interactive and allow comments and discussion. Useful research blogs include:  The Thesis Whisperer  and  PhD life.

Your University or institution might have its own blog platform which you could use or there are many free ones available such as  WordPress  and  Blogger.  

Mendeley  and  Zotero  are free bibliographic management tools which you can use  to create a library of references of articles, book chapters, books, reports and conference papers.

These sites also encourage sharing and collaboration and you can do this by joining various Special Interest Groups.

Sharing and actively promoting your research will lead to more people reading it and hopefully, more people citing it in their own papers. You can connect your research with people outside of academia, too, increasing its impact and connecting with more readers in industry, in the media, and around the world. See our guidance on How to Share and Promote your Research. 

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ScienceOpen provides researchers with a wide range of tools to support their research – all for free. Here is a short checklist to make sure you are getting the most of the technological infrastructure and content that we have to offer. What can a researcher do on ScienceOpen? Continue reading “What can a Researcher do on ScienceOpen?”   

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Sharing versions of journal articles

If you’ve published in a Taylor & Francis or Routledge journal, there are many ways that you can share the different versions of your article with your contacts.

Sharing different versions of your article

From the manuscript you first submit to a journal, through peer review and revisions, to the final article that’s published on the website, there can be several versions of your paper. Find out how these different versions are defined and how you can share them.

Author’s Original Manuscript (AOM)

What is it.

This version, sometimes called a “preprint”, is your paper before you submitted it to a journal for peer review.

The AOM is defined by the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) as:

“Any version of a journal article that is considered by the author to be of sufficient quality to be submitted for formal peer review.”

How can I share it?

You can share your AOM as much as you like , including via social media, on a scholarly collaboration network, your own personal website, or on a preprint server intended for non-commercial use (for example arXiv, bioRxiv, SocArXiv, etc.).

Posting on a preprint server before you submit to a journal is not considered to be duplicate publication and this will not jeopardize consideration for publication in a Taylor & Francis or Routledge journal.

If you do post your AOM anywhere, we recommend that, after it’s been published in a journal, you add a link to the final version on Taylor & Francis Online:

“This is an original manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in [JOURNAL TITLE] on [date of publication], available at: https:// doi.org / [Article DOI].”

Research impact

Accepted Manuscript (AM)

This is the version of your manuscript after it’s been through peer review, including any improvements resulting from that process, and has been accepted by the journal’s editor.

When you receive the acceptance email from the Editorial Office, keep a copy of your AM for any future posting.

NISO definition: “The version of a journal article that has been accepted for publication in a journal.”

As a Taylor & Francis author, you can post your Accepted Manuscript (AM) on your personal website at any point after publication of your article (this includes posting to Facebook, Google groups, and LinkedIn, plus linking from Twitter).

Embargoes usually apply if you are posting the AM to an institutional or subject repository, or to a scholarly collaboration network such as ResearchGate. (Embargo periods for all our journals are listed in the open access cost finder .) If your article has been published gold open access in a Taylor & Francis journal you can deposit the final article (Version of Record) or the Accepted Manuscript in the repository as soon as your work is published.

To encourage citation of your work (and to help you measure its impact with article metrics), we recommend that you insert a link from your posted AM to the published article on Taylor & Francis Online with the following text:

“This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in [JOURNAL TITLE] on [date of publication], available at: https:// doi.org / [Article DOI].”

Version of Record (VOR)

This is the final, definitive, citable version of your paper, which has been copyedited, typeset, had metadata applied, and has been allocated a DOI (Digital Object Identifier).

For Taylor & Francis and Routledge journals, this is the version published on Taylor & Francis Online .

NISO definition: “ A fixed version of a journal article that has been made available by any organization that acts as a publisher by formally and exclusively declaring the article ‘published ‘.”

If you’ve chosen to publish your article open access there are no restrictions on how or where you share your article’s VOR. For example, you can deposit the VOR or the Accepted Manuscript in a repository as soon as your work is published.

If your article isn’t open access, the VOR can be shared using your 50 free eprints and you can also use the sharing link function of our eReader .

You can access and print the PDF of your VOR direct from the authored works section of your account on Taylor & Francis Online. These printed copies can be used at conferences, meetings, and in teaching.

Even when you share your AOM or AM, we recommend that you also include a link to the VOR using its Digital Object Identifier (DOI). This means that downloads, Altmetric data , and citations can be tracked and collated – data you can then use to assess the impact of your work.

Sharing your article in repositories

A repository is a digital platform used to host and preserve scholarly outputs. If you’re based at a research institution, you’re probably required to place a version of your article in their repository.

If your article has been published gold open access in a Taylor & Francis journal you can deposit a PDF of the VOR (or the Accepted Manuscript) in the repository as soon as your work is published.

If your article hasn’t been published gold open access then you’ll need to archive a copy of either the AOM or the AM.

For most Taylor & Francis and Routledge journals there is an embargo period during which the AM should be a closed deposit.

The length of each journal’s embargo is available on the OA Cost Finder . The embargo period begins when the final version of your article is published online.

What is a ‘closed deposit’?

This is when you post your AM to your institutional repository so that it’s available for those within your institutional network to access.

You (or repository staff) can make this an open deposit after the relevant embargo period has passed. AMs can be posted at any point to repositories as closed deposits.

Which license should I use to share the AM in a repository?

We suggest that you apply a license to this version to make it clear to others how they can reuse your work. We recommend the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) license, which allows anyone to reuse your work, provided they credit you and don’t reuse your work for commercial reasons.

As an alternative, if you have concerns around adaptation of your work, you can apply a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license. This means that you have to be credited, any reuse of the work has to be on non-commercial terms, and the work has to be used in full.

You should include a statement when posting your AM:

CC BY-NC statement

“This is an Accepted Manuscript version of the following article, accepted for publication in [JOURNAL]. [INCLUDE CITATION]. It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.”

What is an ‘open deposit’?

This is when you post your AM to your institutional repository so it’s freely available for anyone to access.

All authors should respect embargo periods before making AMs available as an open deposit. You can check the embargo period on all journals in the open access cost finder .

CC BY-NC-ND statement

“This is an Accepted Manuscript version of the following article, accepted for publication in [JOURNAL]. [INCLUDE CITATION]. It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.”

Your AM might be posted on our platform before the VOR is published, as part of the Accepted Manuscript Online (AMO) service. In this case, this AMO version will have the same license terms as your VOR.

Sharing your article on social media and websites, at conferences, and in teaching

If you choose open access , you can share your article’s VOR immediately, in any way you want. However, even if your article isn’t open access, there are many options for sharing versions of your article in the following venues.

My article has been published in a Taylor & Francis journal and I want to…

Post my article on my personal website or blog, present my article at a meeting or conference, use my article in my teaching, post about my article on social media (twitter, facebook, linkedin etc.), post about article on scholarly collaboration networks (researchgate, academia.edu etc.), deposit my article in an institutional or subject repository, eprints and sharing links, using your free eprints to share your article.

An eprint is a free, online link you can use to give others access to your article if it isn’t already open access. You’ll be sent this link via email as soon as your article is published. You can also access it at any time from the Authored works section of your Taylor & Francis Online account.

Your eprint link can be used up to 50 times and each of your co-authors will also have their own separate 50 eprints. So, if you collaborated on a paper with three other researchers, you’ll be able to share free access with 200 different contacts.

eReader sharing links

Our new eReader also enables you to easily share free access to your article with friends and colleagues. Read the guide to creating sharing links using the eReader .

Each eReader sharing link works for the first 100 clicks and will expire 90 days after it was generated. However, once the access or time limit is reached, you can generate a new sharing link using the same process.

Share your research to increase its impact

For more tips on increasing the reach of your research, read our guide to research impact and download your free guide to research impact .

7 Websites where you can upload your research papers

As students, teachers, and professors, it becomes really challenging for them to publish their work , especially research that took a lifetime of effort to complete. Due to the unavailability of funds to publish them as a book, or due to a lack of people’s interest in the topic at that time, it even happens due to a lack of proofreaders or staff in publishing offices , and the digital media affecting the print media too. To avoid all these hassles and problems, many research papers websites provide great viewership platforms based on either subscription, free based on views, or even charging the public for them. For example, these platforms let the user upload research papers , thesis , and portfolios for the rest of the public to gather and gain knowledge.

1. Google Scholar | Research Papers Websites

Google Scholar is a free search engine that gathers the complete text or information of scholarly literature from a wide range of publishing formats and fields. It focuses on academic research. Not everything on Google Scholar will be publicly available in its entirety. However, if you’re searching for a particular document, it’s a wonderful place to start, and many papers may be downloaded free of charge.

2. Research Gate

ResearchGate is a commercial networking site in Europe where academics and researchers may exchange articles, ask, and answer questions, and discover colleagues. According to 2014 Nature research and a 2016 Times Higher Education article, it is the largest academic social media platform in terms of active members. ResearchGate releases an author-level indicator in the form of an “RG Score.” The RG rating is not a measure of citation effect. RG Scores have been shown to relate to existing author-level measures, but they have also been challenged for their uncertain dependability and unclear calculating process. ResearchGate does not charge a premium to post articles on the site, and they do not need peer review.

3. Microsoft Academia | Research Papers Websites

Microsoft Academic was a public, free online search engine for research papers and literature created by Microsoft Research. It highlighted authors, organizations, keywords, and periodicals. The search engine identified nearly 260 million items, nearly 88 million of which were journal articles.

The CORE is a research aggregator that is available to the public . This implies that it acts as a search engine for freely accessible research published by organizations all around the globe, all of which are freely available. It is also the world’s largest open-access aggregator, making it an invaluable resource for scholars!

5. DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Publications) | Research Papers Websites

DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Publications) was founded in 2003 and currently contains 300 open access journals. Today, this independent index includes about 17,500 authors , open-access publications from all disciplines of science, technology, health, social sciences, arts, and humanities. For indexing, freely accessible journals from all nations and languages are accepted.

Issuu, a genuinely contemporary media firm, allows anybody with digitally bound material to publish and spread their publications globally. In a matter of minutes. and as frequently as they want. Creators all around the world like to publish on Issuu because it provides them with the tools they need to thrive, such as collaboration tools, extensive analytics, and the possibility to charge for publications. And their customers are compensated with the finest possible reading experience—irrespective of platform or device.

7. Scribd | Research Papers Websites

Scribd is the best digital reading subscription service! Members get access to the greatest audiobooks, eBooks, magazines , and more, which are available at any time and on any device connected. We make it simple for readers to remain informed, find new interests and become their greatest selves. If you want to publish any work on Scribd, you will be placing it on a platform with over 100 million unique users every month from all over the world.

Anukriti is enthusiastic about her subjects and is a conscientious individual who takes deadlines very seriously. She handles her groups extremely effectively due to her excellent listening skills and leadership potential. She is a good learner and a self-assured individual. She enjoys exploring the world to broaden her horizons and become a better person.

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Identifying Platforms to Share Your Research

You put a lot of time and effort into your research. Once you complete it — or if you already have — share it! We’ve compiled a comprehensive list of publications, databases, and research publication repositories — or, Scholarly Collaboration Networks (SCNs) — to provide you with concrete resources for submitting an article or paper/presentation on your research. Elsevier has a resource for determining which journal would be a good fit for a particular article.  Inside Higher Ed also has some tips on sharing your research for reaching a broader audience.

Choosing a Publication Medium

When you submit an article for publication, you have two choices:

• Subscription-based publications
• Open access publications

Whether your research is published in a subscription-based publication or openly online, disseminating it to SCNs, such as Academia.edu and ResearchGate , and databases, such as Google Scholar , as well as via social media, such as LinkedIn and Twitter , will result in wider awareness of your work.

Submitting to Subscription-based Journals 

The publisher provides guidance on permissible ways to share articles they publish, such as The American Journal of Distance Education , published by Taylor & Francis Online , or The Internet and Higher Education , published by Elsevier . 

Open Access Publications

Follow the guidance of the particular journal, such as the Journal of Online Learning Research and Practice . 

Sharing with Scholarly Collaboration Networks and Databases

• Academia.edu - To get started, visit the Academia website and sign up using Google, Facebook, or your email.  Once you have signed up, log in to the site where you will see an Upload option on the menu bar. Select that option to begin the upload process. This article has detailed guidance on the uploading process. 
• ResearchGate - To publish on the ResearchGate website, start by creating a free account .  You may also use your existing LinkedIn or Facebook accounts .  Once registered, browse this ResearchGate article that explains how to add a publication to your profile. 
• Google Scholar - To use Google Scholar, click the My Profile link at the top of the page. This will bring you to a screen where you add your institutional affiliation. Then, complete your profile by adding publications and making your profile public.

Sharing on Social Media

• Make your profile as complete as possible, including a photo of yourself
• Include a picture with your post
• Judiciously use applicable hashtags such as #edtech, #education, #elearning, #mlearning, #video, #digitaleducation, #onlinecourses, #online, #learning, #onlinelearning, and #training
• Mention others with the @ sign such as @QMProgram
• Set up a professional Twitter handle such as @QMProgram, including a photo of yourself
• Include a picture, GIF, or video with your post
• Shorten any URL you are sharing with Bitly to save characters for the rest of your post 
• Use applicable hashtags such as #edtech, #education, #elearning, #mlearning, #video, #digitaleducation, #onlinecourses, #online, #learning, #onlinelearning, and #training

Sharing With Quality Matters

Research is at the heart of what we do, so keeping abreast of the latest online learning research is important. Help us by contacting our research team and sharing your research. Depending on the focus of your research, we may want to add it to our extensive Research Library or share it on our own social networks.

Stack Exchange Network

Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.

Q&A for work

Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.

Is there a good site for holding online discussions of scientific papers?

Many of my computational scientist colleagues used to use Google Reader to share and discuss new journal articles. The loss of Reader's social features killed that, and we have subsequently tried Google+ and Reddit, but neither seems to work nearly as well as Reader did for holding this kind of discussion. Does anyone have experience using a site they like for this purpose?

I'm aware of a few options, like http://annotatr.appspot.com/ , that seem promising but appear not to be actually used much.

• publications
• collaboration

• 1 There was a site called Phygg that aimed to do this for papers on arXiv, but it shut down due to low participation. –  David Z Commented Feb 1, 2012 at 22:06
• Can you describe a little better how the discussion went on Reader and what Google+ is lacking? –  Bill Barth Commented Feb 1, 2012 at 22:49
• 1 With Google Reader you'd get tightly connected groups wherein one person in the group would share a paper from the journal/arxiv RSS feed and then a number of people would comment on it, often prompted by questions posited by the original sharer. These comments would be semi-private based upon how many people the original poster shared it with. –  Peter Brune Commented Feb 2, 2012 at 2:05
• 1 There have been quite a few attempts at providing a comment/review system overlay on top of the arXiv, including scirate.com (defunct) and science-advisor.net . –  ihuston Commented Feb 3, 2012 at 12:03
• 2 Why not use blogs? You can make them private if you want only group members to have access. –  Artem Kaznatcheev Commented Jul 10, 2012 at 17:38

8 Answers 8

Might I suggest http://scicomp.stackexchange.com ?

While the StackExchange system isn't the best - and indeed isn't designed - for "discussion", I've found that many "What did you think of this paper" type questions can be phrased in SE-compatible formats. CrossValidated has a semi-periodic "Journal Club" bit, and questions and musings about scientific papers come up a fair amount there.

I think if framed correctly, they might find a useful home here.

Generally though, I think the online discussion of scientific papers suffers from a few problems. Generally, the two I find the most problematic:

• Lack of a clear community to talk about papers in. Essentially, the problem your question is looking for an answer to. I haven't found a really good general purpose one, though I would love to if I did find it. There's blogs and the like, but even the ones talking about peer-reviewed papers are somewhat one sided in terms of their communication, and not great for anything but transient chatter.
• A hesitation to talk about that online. Among colleagues, it seems somewhat easier to summarize things like "Bad paper is bad", or slice apart someone's methodology. I'd be somewhat more hesitant to do that anywhere where my identity is both traceable and the conversation is saved for eternity (the internet).

• 8 There is value in being able to be blunt with colleagues about your opinions on papers and techniques. I don't think that SciComp is the right place for that. –  Jack Poulson Commented Feb 2, 2012 at 0:26
• 5 I think the lack of anonymity in a public forum will be a deal-breaker for many due to academic politics and fear of reprisal, even if a review is balanced, tactfully pointing out both strengths and weaknesses. People prefer closed fora to avoid this drawback. –  Geoff Oxberry Commented Feb 2, 2012 at 6:13
• 1 @JackPoulson I think that it depends on what you mean by 'discussion'. SciComp is probably the right place for certain types of discussion. Things like 'In the paper by EpiGrad et al., can someone explain to me what they mean by X'? –  Fomite Commented Feb 2, 2012 at 7:14
• 6 @Epigrad: I think the idea is to do a serious discussion of the intellectual merits and disadvantages of individual papers, as well as areas of research. That's somewhat orthogonal to the goal of SE. –  aeismail Commented Feb 2, 2012 at 9:41
• 2 It is my impression that the Scicomp SE is for specific questions pertaining to (mostly) objective technical knowledge and not for subjective value judgments journal papers or research programs. –  Paul Commented Jul 13, 2012 at 14:58

I haven't used it personally so I can't vouch for its quality, but I know several people in another research group using a site called Journal Fire for this purpose. Might want to check it out.

Also, I think the citation manager and social network Mendeley has some limited discussion capabilities, but I prefer to manage my references with BibDesk so I haven't use it much.

• +1 for JournalFire -- it looks good, if I can just get my collaborators to use it too. I use Mendeley, but not for discussions; its interface is not well-suited. –  David Ketcheson Commented Jul 12, 2012 at 6:22
• 7 "After five years of connecting researchers at hundreds of universities and research institutes, we regret to announce that JournalFire has shutdown permanently as of October 15th, 2013." - from Journal Fire website –  mhwombat Commented Jul 8, 2014 at 17:38
• JournalFire is dead now. –  Scientist Commented Jul 11, 2019 at 16:20

For public discussions on arXiv preprints there is SciRate .

For general discussions, also private, there is PeerLibrary .

We have just extended BibBase.org to allow papers to be discussed in a fashion heavily inspired by StackExchange: http://bibbase.org/blog/stackoverflow-inspired-scientific-discourse

What's different about BibBase compared to several other sites is that authors integrate bibbase directly into their own homepage. It keeps links to collaborators up to date, and it links to pages on bibbase.org for keywords, and now also for discussion. We want it to be the unobtrusive research network that just helps scientists show their publications online on their own pages as they normally would, but with additional features that make it more than that. We think that it is important to facilitate discussion about one's own papers, and therefore this is now a feature provided by bibbase.

[This is an old question, but it seems that most listed solutions have been shutdown by now one way or another.]

The Selected Papers Network is a new effort in this direction that intends to federate content from all over the web. To post something to it, just write a Google+ post with #spnetwork and the paper's arxiv ID or DOI in the body. You can also post things directly at the site. The developers are working on interfacing with other social tools like Twitter.

You can read more about the thinking behind it here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3264905/ .

Edit: The site was shut down several years ago.

• 2 This site isn't working for me. After clicking the link it just redirects to a page that says 'site is starting... click here' in the top left corner. Clicking that link just reloads that page. –  NauticalMile Commented Jan 13, 2017 at 17:00
• 1 Google+ being defunct, not sure this is useful now. –  Scientist Commented Jul 11, 2019 at 16:22

I use I, Librarian . It is a reference manager, kind of like Mendeley but with a free option.

They have both a paid service option and a free self host option (like wordpress).

It can be private and they have per paper discussion capability.

For a private/semi-private group of collaborators I think it is quite decent.

For theoretical physics (or closely related) papers, one possibility is to use the Reviews section of PhysicsOverflow (note that it is possible for the registered PO users to submit there papers for review).

Wikiversity has useful technical features (the same as Wikipedia): collaborative editing, referencing tools, discussion pages, version control, email alerts, etc. It can very well be used for discussing scientific papers.

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15 Best Free Web Tools to Organize Your Research

How to stay organized when researching and writing papers

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Organizing research is important not only for your own sanity, but because when it comes time to unfold the data and put it to use, you want the process to go as smoothly as possible. This is where research organizers come in.

There are lots of free web-based organizers that you can use for any purpose. Maybe you're collecting interviews for a news story, digging up newspaper archives for a history project, or writing a research paper over a science topic. Research organizers are also helpful for staying productive and preparing for tests.

Regardless of the topic, when you have multiple sources of information and lots to comb through later, optimizing your workflow with a dedicated organizer is essential.

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Many of these tools provide unique features, so you might decide to use multiple resources simultaneously in whatever way suits your particular needs.

Research and Study

You need a place to gather the information you're finding. To avoid a cluttered space when collecting and organizing data, you can use a tool dedicated to research.

• Pocket : Save web pages to your online account to reference them again later. It's much tidier than bookmarks, and it can all be retrieved from the web or the Pocket mobile app .
• Mendeley : Organize papers and references, and generate citations and bibliographies.
• Quizlet : Learn vocabulary with these free online flashcards .
• Wikipedia : Find information on millions of different topics.
• Quora : This is a question and answer website where you can ask the community for help with any question.
• SparkNotes : Free online study guides on a wide variety of subjects, anything from famous literary works of the past century to the present day. 
• Zotero : Collect, manage, and cite your research sources. Lets you organize data into collections and search through them by adding tags to every source. This is a computer program, but there's a browser extension that helps you send data to it.
• Google Scholar : A simple way to search for scholarly literature on any subject.
• Diigo : Collect, share, and interact with information from anywhere on the web. It's all accessible through the browser extension and saved to your online account.
• GoConqr : Create flashcards, mind maps, notes, quizzes, and more to bridge the gap between your research and studying.

Writing Tools

Writing is the other half of a research paper, so you need somewhere useful to go to jot down notes, record information you might use in the final paper, create drafts, track sources, and finalize the paper.

• Web Page Sticky Notes : For Chrome users, this tool lets you place sticky notes on any web page as you do your research. There are tons of settings you can customize, they're backed up to your Google Drive account, and they're visible not only on each page you created them on but also on a single page from the extension's settings.
• Google Docs or Word Online : These are online word processors where you can write the entire research paper, organize lists, paste URLs, store off-hand notes, and more.
• Google Keep : This note-taking app and website catalogs notes within labels that make sense for your research. Access them from the web on any computer or from your mobile device. It supports collaborations, custom colors, images, drawings, and reminders.
• Yahoo Notepad : If you use Yahoo Mail , the notes area of your account is a great place to store text-based snippets for easy recall when you need them.
• Notion : Workflows, notes, and more, in a space where you can collaborate with others.

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Which websites have biggest database of scholar/research/academic papers ?

Which websites have biggest database of scholar/research/academic papers for engineering /science discipline? There are so many scholar /academic papers databases like Scopus, WOS Here is list of databases https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines Are there any website(s) that aggregate all these databases so that we can search for papers just from 1 website? Instead of having to search over many different websites

Introducing Apple’s On-Device and Server Foundation Models

At the 2024 Worldwide Developers Conference , we introduced Apple Intelligence, a personal intelligence system integrated deeply into iOS 18, iPadOS 18, and macOS Sequoia.

Apple Intelligence is comprised of multiple highly-capable generative models that are specialized for our users’ everyday tasks, and can adapt on the fly for their current activity. The foundation models built into Apple Intelligence have been fine-tuned for user experiences such as writing and refining text, prioritizing and summarizing notifications, creating playful images for conversations with family and friends, and taking in-app actions to simplify interactions across apps.

In the following overview, we will detail how two of these models — a ~3 billion parameter on-device language model, and a larger server-based language model available with Private Cloud Compute and running on Apple silicon servers — have been built and adapted to perform specialized tasks efficiently, accurately, and responsibly. These two foundation models are part of a larger family of generative models created by Apple to support users and developers; this includes a coding model to build intelligence into Xcode, as well as a diffusion model to help users express themselves visually, for example, in the Messages app. We look forward to sharing more information soon on this broader set of models.

Our Focus on Responsible AI Development

Apple Intelligence is designed with our core values at every step and built on a foundation of groundbreaking privacy innovations.

Additionally, we have created a set of Responsible AI principles to guide how we develop AI tools, as well as the models that underpin them:

• Empower users with intelligent tools : We identify areas where AI can be used responsibly to create tools for addressing specific user needs. We respect how our users choose to use these tools to accomplish their goals.
• Represent our users : We build deeply personal products with the goal of representing users around the globe authentically. We work continuously to avoid perpetuating stereotypes and systemic biases across our AI tools and models.
• Design with care : We take precautions at every stage of our process, including design, model training, feature development, and quality evaluation to identify how our AI tools may be misused or lead to potential harm. We will continuously and proactively improve our AI tools with the help of user feedback.
• Protect privacy : We protect our users' privacy with powerful on-device processing and groundbreaking infrastructure like Private Cloud Compute. We do not use our users' private personal data or user interactions when training our foundation models.

These principles are reflected throughout the architecture that enables Apple Intelligence, connects features and tools with specialized models, and scans inputs and outputs to provide each feature with the information needed to function responsibly.

In the remainder of this overview, we provide details on decisions such as: how we develop models that are highly capable, fast, and power-efficient; how we approach training these models; how our adapters are fine-tuned for specific user needs; and how we evaluate model performance for both helpfulness and unintended harm.

Pre-Training

Our foundation models are trained on Apple's AXLearn framework , an open-source project we released in 2023. It builds on top of JAX and XLA, and allows us to train the models with high efficiency and scalability on various training hardware and cloud platforms, including TPUs and both cloud and on-premise GPUs. We used a combination of data parallelism, tensor parallelism, sequence parallelism, and Fully Sharded Data Parallel (FSDP) to scale training along multiple dimensions such as data, model, and sequence length.

We train our foundation models on licensed data, including data selected to enhance specific features, as well as publicly available data collected by our web-crawler, AppleBot. Web publishers have the option to opt out of the use of their web content for Apple Intelligence training with a data usage control.

We never use our users’ private personal data or user interactions when training our foundation models, and we apply filters to remove personally identifiable information like social security and credit card numbers that are publicly available on the Internet. We also filter profanity and other low-quality content to prevent its inclusion in the training corpus. In addition to filtering, we perform data extraction, deduplication, and the application of a model-based classifier to identify high quality documents.

Post-Training

We find that data quality is essential to model success, so we utilize a hybrid data strategy in our training pipeline, incorporating both human-annotated and synthetic data, and conduct thorough data curation and filtering procedures. We have developed two novel algorithms in post-training: (1) a rejection sampling fine-tuning algorithm with teacher committee, and (2) a reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) algorithm with mirror descent policy optimization and a leave-one-out advantage estimator. We find that these two algorithms lead to significant improvement in the model’s instruction-following quality.

Optimization

In addition to ensuring our generative models are highly capable, we have used a range of innovative techniques to optimize them on-device and on our private cloud for speed and efficiency. We have applied an extensive set of optimizations for both first token and extended token inference performance.

Both the on-device and server models use grouped-query-attention. We use shared input and output vocab embedding tables to reduce memory requirements and inference cost. These shared embedding tensors are mapped without duplications. The on-device model uses a vocab size of 49K, while the server model uses a vocab size of 100K, which includes additional language and technical tokens.

For on-device inference, we use low-bit palletization, a critical optimization technique that achieves the necessary memory, power, and performance requirements. To maintain model quality, we developed a new framework using LoRA adapters that incorporates a mixed 2-bit and 4-bit configuration strategy — averaging 3.5 bits-per-weight — to achieve the same accuracy as the uncompressed models.

Additionally, we use an interactive model latency and power analysis tool, Talaria , to better guide the bit rate selection for each operation. We also utilize activation quantization and embedding quantization, and have developed an approach to enable efficient Key-Value (KV) cache update on our neural engines.

With this set of optimizations, on iPhone 15 Pro we are able to reach time-to-first-token latency of about 0.6 millisecond per prompt token, and a generation rate of 30 tokens per second. Notably, this performance is attained before employing token speculation techniques, from which we see further enhancement on the token generation rate.

Model Adaptation

Our foundation models are fine-tuned for users’ everyday activities, and can dynamically specialize themselves on-the-fly for the task at hand. We utilize adapters, small neural network modules that can be plugged into various layers of the pre-trained model, to fine-tune our models for specific tasks. For our models we adapt the attention matrices, the attention projection matrix, and the fully connected layers in the point-wise feedforward networks for a suitable set of the decoding layers of the transformer architecture.

By fine-tuning only the adapter layers, the original parameters of the base pre-trained model remain unchanged, preserving the general knowledge of the model while tailoring the adapter layers to support specific tasks.

We represent the values of the adapter parameters using 16 bits, and for the ~3 billion parameter on-device model, the parameters for a rank 16 adapter typically require 10s of megabytes. The adapter models can be dynamically loaded, temporarily cached in memory, and swapped — giving our foundation model the ability to specialize itself on the fly for the task at hand while efficiently managing memory and guaranteeing the operating system's responsiveness.

To facilitate the training of the adapters, we created an efficient infrastructure that allows us to rapidly retrain, test, and deploy adapters when either the base model or the training data gets updated. The adapter parameters are initialized using the accuracy-recovery adapter introduced in the Optimization section.

Performance and Evaluation

Our focus is on delivering generative models that can enable users to communicate, work, express themselves, and get things done across their Apple products. When benchmarking our models, we focus on human evaluation as we find that these results are highly correlated to user experience in our products. We conducted performance evaluations on both feature-specific adapters and the foundation models.

To illustrate our approach, we look at how we evaluated our adapter for summarization. As product requirements for summaries of emails and notifications differ in subtle but important ways, we fine-tune accuracy-recovery low-rank (LoRA) adapters on top of the palletized model to meet these specific requirements. Our training data is based on synthetic summaries generated from bigger server models, filtered by a rejection sampling strategy that keeps only the high quality summaries.

To evaluate the product-specific summarization, we use a set of 750 responses carefully sampled for each use case. These evaluation datasets emphasize a diverse set of inputs that our product features are likely to face in production, and include a stratified mixture of single and stacked documents of varying content types and lengths. As product features, it was important to evaluate performance against datasets that are representative of real use cases. We find that our models with adapters generate better summaries than a comparable model.

As part of responsible development, we identified and evaluated specific risks inherent to summarization. For example, summaries occasionally remove important nuance or other details in ways that are undesirable. However, we found that the summarization adapter did not amplify sensitive content in over 99% of targeted adversarial examples. We continue to adversarially probe to identify unknown harms and expand our evaluations to help guide further improvements.

In addition to evaluating feature specific performance powered by foundation models and adapters, we evaluate both the on-device and server-based models’ general capabilities. We utilize a comprehensive evaluation set of real-world prompts to test the general model capabilities. These prompts are diverse across different difficulty levels and cover major categories such as brainstorming, classification, closed question answering, coding, extraction, mathematical reasoning, open question answering, rewriting, safety, summarization, and writing.

We compare our models with both open-source models (Phi-3, Gemma, Mistral, DBRX) and commercial models of comparable size (GPT-3.5-Turbo, GPT-4-Turbo) 1 . We find that our models are preferred by human graders over most comparable competitor models. On this benchmark, our on-device model, with ~3B parameters, outperforms larger models including Phi-3-mini, Mistral-7B, and Gemma-7B. Our server model compares favorably to DBRX-Instruct, Mixtral-8x22B, and GPT-3.5-Turbo while being highly efficient.

We use a set of diverse adversarial prompts to test the model performance on harmful content, sensitive topics, and factuality. We measure the violation rates of each model as evaluated by human graders on this evaluation set, with a lower number being desirable. Both the on-device and server models are robust when faced with adversarial prompts, achieving violation rates lower than open-source and commercial models.

Our models are preferred by human graders as safe and helpful over competitor models for these prompts. However, considering the broad capabilities of large language models, we understand the limitation of our safety benchmark. We are actively conducting both manual and automatic red-teaming with internal and external teams to continue evaluating our models' safety.

To further evaluate our models, we use the Instruction-Following Eval (IFEval) benchmark to compare their instruction-following capabilities with models of comparable size. The results suggest that both our on-device and server model follow detailed instructions better than the open-source and commercial models of comparable size.

We evaluate our models’ writing ability on our internal summarization and composition benchmarks, consisting of a variety of writing instructions. These results do not refer to our feature-specific adapter for summarization (seen in Figure 3 ), nor do we have an adapter focused on composition.

The Apple foundation models and adapters introduced at WWDC24 underlie Apple Intelligence, the new personal intelligence system that is integrated deeply into iPhone, iPad, and Mac, and enables powerful capabilities across language, images, actions, and personal context. Our models have been created with the purpose of helping users do everyday activities across their Apple products, and developed responsibly at every stage and guided by Apple’s core values. We look forward to sharing more information soon on our broader family of generative models, including language, diffusion, and coding models.

[1] We compared against the following model versions: gpt-3.5-turbo-0125, gpt-4-0125-preview, Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct, Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2, Mixtral-8x22B-Instruct-v0.1, Gemma-1.1-2B, and Gemma-1.1-7B. The open-source and Apple models are evaluated in bfloat16 precision.

Related readings and updates.

Advancing speech accessibility with personal voice.

A voice replicator is a powerful tool for people at risk of losing their ability to speak, including those with a recent diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other conditions that can progressively impact speaking ability. First introduced in May 2023 and made available on iOS 17 in September 2023, Personal Voice is a tool that creates a synthesized voice for such users to speak in FaceTime, phone calls, assistive communication apps, and in-person conversations.

Apple Natural Language Understanding Workshop 2023

Earlier this year, Apple hosted the Natural Language Understanding workshop. This two-day hybrid event brought together Apple and members of the academic research community for talks and discussions on the state of the art in natural language understanding.

In this post, we share highlights from workshop discussions and recordings of select workshop talks.

Discover opportunities in Machine Learning.

Our research in machine learning breaks new ground every day.

Work with us

Search the Research Collection

Early registration is now open for the 2024 convention in Minneapolis.

This Week in SABR: June 21, 2024

Welcome to “This Week in SABR” on Friday, June 21, 2024. Click here to view this newsletter on the web .

SABR 52: Deadlines approaching for hotel, convention merch More highlights from Jerry Malloy Negro League Conference Call for papers: Women in Baseball Conference In Memoriam: Willie Mays New SABR biography: Joe Mauer

SABR 52: Deadlines approaching for hotel, convention merch

Join us in Minneapolis for SABR’s 52nd annual convention! SABR 52 will be held on August 7-11, 2024, at the Hyatt Regency Minneapolis. All baseball fans are welcome to attend.

The special SABR group rate at the Hyatt Regency Minneapolis of $219/night plus tax (single/double occupancy) is only available to registered convention attendees. Please note: The cut-off date to book your room at the SABR group rate is July 5, 2024 . 

Avoid the rush at registration, and pre-order your SABR 52 convention logo polo shirt, T-shirt, baseball cap, or lapel pin online! Deadline to pre-order is also July 5, 2024.

• Register now: Click here for complete details on SABR 52 registration and optional sessions, including a Minnesota Twins game, St. Paul Saints game, and Target Field ballpark tour.
• Featured Speakers: Click here to learn more about our Featured Speakers .
• Research Presentations: Click here to view the full list of Research Presentations .
• Poster Presentations: Click here to view the full list of Poster Presentations .

Visit SABR.org/convention to learn more.

More photos and highlights from the Jerry Malloy Negro League Conference

SABR’s annual Jerry Malloy Negro League Conference was held June 6-9 at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York. Panels and presentations were also livestreamed from the Grandstand Theater for virtual attendees.

The conference was highlighted by a panel discussion on SABR’s Special Negro Leagues and Teams Committee with James Brunson III, Phil S. Dixon, Kevin Johnson, Philip Lee, Adam Darowski, and Gary Gillette; and a panel on the Hall of Fame’s new Souls of the Game: Voices of Black Baseball exhibit featuring Tom Shieber, Mary Quinn, and Cassidy Lent.

Visit SABR.org/malloy to view photos and highlights.

Call for papers: 2024 SABR/IWBC Women in Baseball Conference

SABR and the International Women’s Baseball Center have announced a call for papers for the sixth annual SABR/IWBC Women in Baseball Conference , scheduled as a virtual event for September 20-22, 2024.

Please submit abstracts of approximately 200 words, along with contact information and a short biography, by July 1, 2024 , to Leslie Heaphy .

Registration information will be available soon at SABR.org/women-in-baseball-conference .

In Memoriam: Willie Mays

The actress and noted Giants baseball fan Tallulah Bankhead once said, “There have only been two geniuses in the world – Willie Mays and Will Shakespeare.”

In baseball’s never-ending attempts to somehow order its gods, Willie Mays is the only contender whose proponents rarely use statistics to make their case. It is as if Mays’ 660 home runs and 3,293 hits somehow sell the man short, that his wonderful playing record is almost beside the point, as John Saccoman writes in his SABR biography of the “Say Hey Kid.”

With Mays it is not merely what he did – but how he did it . He scored more than 2,000 runs, nearly all of them, it would seem, after losing his cap flying around third base. He is credited with more than 7,000 outfield putouts, many exciting, some spectacular, a few breathtaking. How do you measure that? An artist and a genius, for most of his quarter-century in the major leagues, you simply could not keep your eyes off Willie Mays.

Mays died at the age of 93 on Tuesday, June 18, just two days before his San Francisco Giants were scheduled to play a major-league game at Rickwood Field in Mays’ home state of Alabama. The game was designed to be a tribute to the Negro Leagues, where Mays got his start as a teenager with the Birmingham Black Barons.

Click here to read the full announcement at SABR.org .

Member Benefit Spotlight: Getting Started at SABR.org

As a SABR member, you have vast resources and benefits at your disposal. With so much information at your fingertips, we realize it can be overwhelming to absorb it all! To highlight key benefits, read on for a SABR Member Benefit Spotlight , an email series that identifies and explains some of the most valuable features of your membership. We hope this allows you to take full advantage of all SABR has to offer.

Our website at SABR.org is a wealth of information, whether you’re doing baseball research, looking for ways to get involved with the organization, or studying up on your analytics skills with our certification courses. Here’s a short video to help you navigate SABR.org.

April 6-7 Board minutes posted

Minutes from the Board of Directors meeting on April 6-7, 2024, in Minneapolis have now been posted on the SABR website.

Click here to view all past minutes of SABR Board meetings.

Find new updates to the SABR Research Collection below, including the Baseball Biography Project, Games Project, and Oral History Collection.

2 new stories published at SABR Biography Project

• Joe Mauer , by Joseph Wancho
• Nyls Nyman , by Michael Trzinski

Visit SABR.org/bioproject to learn more about the SABR BioProject or to get involved.

7 new stories published at SABR Games Project

• May 6, 1925: Ty Cobb, Harry Heilmann both reach 100 career homers as Tigers dominate Browns , by Alan Stowell
• June 28, 1955: Cardinals coach Lou Kahn earns ‘permanent record’ with ejection , by Kurt Blumenau
• July 2, 1961: Yankee bats pummel Senators on way to home run records , by John P. Tierney (first-time author)
• June 2, 1989: Cincinnati’s Eric Davis knocks in 6 runs as he hits for the cycle , by Mike Huber
• September 20, 1991: David Cone pitches his second 1-hitter against the Cardinals in a week , by Thomas J. Brown Jr.
• June 23, 2009: Red Sox beat Nationals in first DC appearance in 38 years , by Christopher D. Chavis
• July 2, 2018: Rare RBIs from Rick Porcello help Red Sox take over first place for good , by Bill Nowlin

Visit SABR.org/gamesproject to learn more about the SABR Games Project or to get involved.

The 1939 Baltimore Elite Giants Edited by Frederick C. Bush, Thomas Kern, and Bill Nowlin

Visit SABR.org/ebooks to download the free e-book edition or save 50% off the paperback edition of all Digital Library books.

Here are some SABR headlines from recent weeks that we don’t want you to miss:

• SABR special committee: 1949-50 Negro American League, independent Black teams are major-league caliber
• SABR Defensive Index rankings released through June 9
• Read articles online from Spring 2024 Baseball Research Journal
• Check out highlights, photos, and stories from the 2024 SABR Analytics Conference
• 2024 Henry Chadwick Award recipients announced
• SABR Digital Library: 1939 Baltimore Elite Giants
• Learn more about recipients of SABR Local Grants in 2024
• SABR announces partnership with Alzheimer’s Association
• Find complete collection of SABR-Rucker Archive baseball images online
• Historical Black Newspapers Collection added to SABR Research Resources
• Get a gift for baseball fan in your life with the SABR Store @ CafePress

Please give a warm welcome to all new SABR members who joined this week! View more Members-Only resources at members.sabr.org or click here to download the Membership Handbook. Find contact information for any SABR member in the online Membership Directory .

• Events Calendar: Find details of all upcoming SABR events .
• Video Replays: This week, we heard from the Bay Area/Sacramento Chapters on “Remembering Cuno Barragan.” Click here to view video replays of virtual SABR events .

Upcoming Virtual Meetings

• June 23: Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Committee meeting (12:00 p.m. EDT)
• June 24: Clyde Sukeforth (ME/NH) Chapter meeting with Bob Fitzpatrick (7:00 p.m. EDT)
• June 25: Games and Simulations meeting with Larry Schechter (8:00 p.m. EDT)
• June 26: Quarterly Chapter Leaders Meeting (8:00 p.m. EDT)
• June 27: 19th Century Baseball Book Club (8:00 p.m. EDT)
• June 29: Jack Graney (OH) Chapter meeting with Stephanie Liscio , Brian Powers , Ken Krsolovic , and Brian Fritz (10:00 a.m. EDT)
• June 30: Baltimore Babe Ruth (MD) Chapter meeting with Steve Dittmore (7:00 p.m. EDT)

Upcoming In-Person Meetings

• June 22: Lajoie-Start (RI) Chapter spring meeting (N. Attleborough, MA)
• June 24: Seymour-Mills SW Florida Chapter meeting (Fort Myers, FL)
• June 29: Connecticut Smoky Joe Wood Chapter breakfast (Middletown, CT)
• June 29: Kekionga Chapter of Fort Wayne meeting (Fort Wayne, IN)
• June 29: Ted Williams Chapter meeting (San Diego, CA)
• June 29: Allan Roth Chapter meeting (Placentia, CA)
• June 29: Bay Area/Sacramento Chapter ballgame/meet-up (Oakland, CA)
• June 30: Bethesda Big Train ballgame/meet-up (Rockville, MD)
• June 30: Philadelphia/Baltimore Chapter ballgame/meet-up (Reading, PA)

To add your SABR event to our calendar listings, please contact Jacob Pomrenke .

• Baseball and the Arts: June 2024 newsletter

Sign up for SABR research committee announcements at SABR.org/research/committees .

• Mathewson-Plank Chapter: June 13 meeting recap (Harrisburg, PA)

Sign up for SABR chapter announcements at SABR.org/chapters .

Click here to learn more about SABR chartered communities.

Here are some recent articles published by and about SABR members:

• Adam Darowski: Negro Leagues Data: Frequently Asked Questions (Baseball-Reference.com)
• Jay Jaffe: Saying Goodbye to the Say Hey Kid, Willie Mays (1931–2024) (FanGraphs)
• Tyler Kepner: ‘He was Willie Mays’: Remembering the best player of the generation that electrified baseball (The Athletic)
• Mark Simon: The Legacy of Willie Mays (Sports Info Solutions)
• William C. Rhoden: Willie Mays and the birth of cool in sports (Andscape)
• John McMurray: Why Baseball Legend Willie Mays, Dead at 93, Will Never Be Forgotten (Smithsonian Magazine)
• Duke Goldman: Celebrating the Greatness of Willie Mays (Seamheads.com)
• Grant Brisbee: When Willie Mays became a superstar and an American icon (The Athletic)
• Charles P. Pierce: There Will Never Be Another Willie Mays (Esquire)
• Brian Gross: The legacy of Willie Mays through his iconic baseball cards and career numbers (Washington Post)
• Dave Overlund: Willie Mays’ Play In Minneapolis Was A Major Step To His Eventual MLB Greatness (KRFO Radio)
• Clinton Yates: Reggie Jackson reminds us that MLB’s Rickwood Field game isn’t a kumbaya moment (Andscape)
• Bob Kendrick: Negro Leagues baseball was even greater than the record books can say (Washington Post)
• Deesha Thosar: How MLB’s Rickwood Field game will make huge statement in community — and baseball (Fox Sports)
• Creg Stephenson: Birmingham’s 99-year-old Bill Greason one of last living links to Rickwood Field’s glory days (AL.com)
• Dayn Perry: Rickwood Field’s legendary history: How Willie Mays and the Negro Leagues made the iconic stadium home (CBS Sports)
• Dan Cichalski: 6 Negro Leagues (and Major League) ballparks you can still visit (MLB.com)
• Anthony Castrovince: Rickwood Field’s renewal tied to Hollywood (MLB.com)
• Derrick Goold: Cardinals to run basepaths blazed by Negro League pioneers at Rickwood Field (St. Louis Post-Dispatch)
• Louis Moore: Juneteenth Celebrates Freedom And The Power Of Black Baseball (First And Pen)
• John Sharp: Masyn Winn, Cardinals rookie and its lone Black player, on Rickwood game: ‘Pretty special to me’ (AL.com)
• William Weinbaum: On Father’s Day, David Robinson remembers Jackie Robinson’s commitment to family (Andscape)
• Jayson Stark/Eno Sarris: MLB offense is nearing all-time lows — and hitters have theories (The Athletic)
• Daniel R. Epstein: Corbin Burnes is Leaning Into the Curve—and the Slider (Baseball Prospectus)
• Lindsey Adler/Andrew Beaton: He’s Baseball’s Hottest Pitcher—Because He Prepares Like a Quarterback (Wall Street Journal)
• Stephanie Apstein: The Baltimore Orioles Have a ‘Type’ (Sports Illustrated)
• Davy Andrews: Bat Tracking Shows That Hitting Is Reacting (FanGraphs)
• Meghan Montemurro: Cody and Clay Bellinger in rare MLB father-son company (Chicago Tribune)
• Craig Brown: Removing Ads From Uniforms: It Happened in 1895 (Threads of Our Game)
• Howard Megdal: The Heroes Behind The Grimace Mets (Forbes.com)
• Jim Albert/Alan Nathan: Balls are Traveling Further in 2024 in Progressive Field (Baseball Prospectus)
• Ryan Fagan: Will Charlotte Ever Land an MLB Team? (Charlotte Magazine)
• David Laurila: Matt Blake and Nestor Cortes Detail a Starting Pitcher’s Pregame Routine (FanGraphs)
• Andrew Lawrence: MLB has integrated Negro Leagues stats. Is it too little, too late? (The Guardian)
• John Thorn: Baseball Pioneers: John B. Holway (Our Game)
• Frank V. Phelps: Macmillan: A researcher’s fond, tough look at The Baseball Encyclopedia (Our Game)
• Michael Clair: Ah-Seop Son breaks KBO all-time hits record (MLB.com)
• Gary Cieradkowski: Julio Bonetti: Four balls and you’re out! (Infinite Baseball Card Set)
• Roy Carlson: Funny Business: Second Chance 1966 Topps Baseball Cartoons (Sports Collectors Daily)
• Harry Deitz: The Tragic Career of Jake Daubert (Sports’ Forgotten Heroes)
• Juan Pereira: The Back of a Baseball Card (SABR Baseball Cards)
• Joe Costa: 1919 American League Replay (SABR Games and Simulations)

Please note: Some articles may require a separate subscription to view online. SABR does not endorse, and is not responsible or liable for, any content that appears on a third-party website.

This Week in SABR is compiled by Jacob Pomrenke. If you would like us to include an upcoming event, article, or any other information in “This Week in SABR,” e-mail [email protected] . To find past editions of TWIS, click here .

Are you receiving our e-mails? “This Week in SABR” goes out by e-mail to all members on Friday afternoons. If they’re not showing up, try adding “[email protected]” to your contact list to ensure they show up in your inbox.

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Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO) will present a research paper at CVPR2024

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO) will present a research paper at CVPR2024 on multiple object detection and tracking using automotive millimeter-wave imaging radar. CVPR2024 is the premier international conference in the field of computer vision and artificial intelligence, to be held in Seattle, United States from June 17 to 21.

The paper is the result of joint research between MELCO and Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), MELCO's US corporate research and development organization located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The paper reports an innovative object detection and tracking method that exploits scalable temporal attention over radar frames and outperforms conventional methods over large-scale open-sourced automotive radar datasets.

Research Paper https://www.merl.com/publications/TR2024-041

SIRA: Scalable Inter-frame Relation and Association for Radar Perception Ryoma Yataka (*1)(*2) , Pu(Perry) Wang (*2) , Petros Boufounos (*2) , Ryuhei Takahashi (*1)

*1 　Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

*2 　Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL)

CVPR(Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference) https://cvpr.thecvf.com/

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Sharing research data

As a researcher, you are increasingly encouraged, or even mandated, to make your research data available, accessible, discoverable and usable.

Sharing research data is something we are passionate about too, so we’ve created this short video and written guide to help you get started.

Research Data

What is research data.

While the definition often differs per field, generally, research data refers to the results of observations or experiments that validate your research findings. These span a range of useful materials associated with your research project, including:

Raw or processed data files

Research data  does not  include text in manuscript or final published article form, or data or other materials submitted and published as part of a journal article.

Why should I share my research data?

There are so many good reasons. We’ve listed just a few:

How you benefit

You get credit for the work you've done

Leads to more citations! 1

Can boost your number of publications

Increases your exposure and may lead to new collaborations

What it means for the research community

It's easy to reuse and reinterpret your data

Duplication of experiments can be avoided

New insights can be gained, sparking new lines of inquiry

Empowers replication

And society at large…

Greater transparency boosts public faith in research

Can play a role in guiding government policy

Improves access to research for those outside health and academia

Benefits the public purse as funding of repeat work is reduced

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The good news is it’s easy.

Yet to submit your research article?  There are a number of options available. These may vary depending on the journal you have chosen, so be sure to read the  Research Data  section in its  Guide for Authors  before you begin.

Already published your research article?  No problem – it’s never too late to share the research data associated with it.

Two of the most popular data sharing routes are:

Publishing a research elements article

These brief, peer-reviewed articles complement full research papers and are an easy way to receive proper credit and recognition for the work you have done. Research elements are research outputs that have come about as a result of following the research cycle – this includes things like data, methods and protocols, software, hardware and more.

You can publish research elements articles in several different Elsevier journals, including  our suite of dedicated Research Elements journals . They are easy to submit, are subject to a peer review process, receive a DOI and are fully citable. They also make your work more sharable, discoverable, comprehensible, reusable and reproducible.

The accompanying raw data can still be placed in a repository of your choice (see below).

Uploading your data to a repository like Mendeley Data

Mendeley Data is a certified, free-to-use repository that hosts open data from all disciplines, whatever its format (e.g. raw and processed data, tables, codes and software). With many Elsevier journals, it’s possible to upload and store your data to Mendeley Data during the manuscript submission process. You can also upload your data directly to the repository. In each case, your data will receive a DOI, making it independently citable and it can be linked to any associated article on ScienceDirect, making it easy for readers to find and reuse.

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Data statements offer transparency.

We understand that there are times when the data is simply not available to post or there are good reasons why it shouldn’t be shared.  A number of Elsevier journals encourage authors to submit a data statement alongside their manuscript. This statement allows you to clearly explain the data you’ve used in the article and the reasons why it might not be available.  The statement will appear with the article on ScienceDirect. 

View a sample data statement opens in new tab/window  (just select the  Research Data  link in the left-hand bar or scroll down the page).

Showcasing your research data on ScienceDirect

We have 3 top tips to help you maximize the impact of your data in your article on ScienceDirect.

Link with data repositories

You can create bidirectional links between any data repositories you’ve used to store your data and your online article. If you’ve published a data article, you can link to that too.

Enrich with interactive data visualizations

The days of being confined to static visuals are over. Our in-article interactive viewers let readers delve into the data with helpful functions such as zoom, configurable display options and full screen mode.

Cite your research data

Get credit for your work by citing your research data in your article and adding a data reference to the reference list. This ensures you are recognized for the data you shared and/or used in your research. Read the  References  section in your chosen journal’s  Guide for Authors  for more information.

Ready to get started?

If you have yet to publish your research paper, the first step is to find the right journal for your submission and read the  Guide for Authors .

Find a journal by matching paper title and abstract of your manuscript in Elsevier's  JournalFinder opens in new tab/window

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Already published? Just view the options for sharing your research data above.

1 Several studies have now shown that making data available for an article increases article citations.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / MLA Website Citation

How to Cite a Website in MLA

If you are a student faced with creating an MLA website citation for the first time, you may be confused about where to begin. This guide is here to answer all of your questions and take the guesswork out of creating an MLA citation for websites.

All academic fields require students and researchers to document their sources. Those studying the humanities, including fields in language literature, will typically follow MLA format when structuring their papers as well as when documenting sources.

Citing your sources is a necessary part of any research paper or project. This element serves both to give credit to the researchers and authors whose work informed yours, as well as to preserve academic integrity. Any source that provided you with ideas or information that you have included in your work and which are not considered common knowledge must be included, including websites.

The Modern Language Association is not associated with this guide. All of the information, however, is based on the MLA Handbook, Ninth Edition as well as the MLA website, and is presented as guidance for students writing in this style.

If you are looking for help with APA format , our reference library can provide you with guidance for this and more styles .

What You Need

To cite a website, you should have the following information:

• Title of source.
• Title of the container ,
• Other contributors (names and roles),
• Publication date,
• Location of the source (such as DOI, URL, or page range).

The Modern Language Association refers to these guidelines as “core elements” on page 105 of the Handbook. If your teacher has asked you to cite your sources in this format, these elements will form the foundation for each MLA website citation included in your MLA Works Cited list, as well as the entries for sources in any other format.

If one of the elements does not apply, students may omit it. Supplemental items may also be included when necessary. In addition to the supplemental details discussed below, a list of additional supplemental components can be found on the MLA website.

If it’s an APA citation website page or an APA reference page you need help with, we have many other resources available for you!

Table of Contents

This guide includes the following sections:

• MLA9 Changes
• Citing websites with an author
• Citing websites with no author
• Citing websites with no formal title
• Citing social media websites
• In-text citations

Changes to MLA Citation for Websites in Ninth Edition

In previous editions, students and researchers creating an MLA website citation were not required to include the URL. However, beginning with MLA 8, it is recommended that you include the URL when creating a citation for a website unless your teacher instructs you otherwise. Even though web pages and URLs can be taken down or changed, it is still possible to learn about the source from the information seen in the URL.

When including URLs in a citation, http:// and https:// should be omitted from the website’s address ( Handbook 195). Additionally, If you are creating a citation that will be read on a digital device, it is helpful to make the URL clickable so that readers can directly access the source themselves.

If the website’s publisher includes a permalink or DOI (Digital Object Identifier), these are preferable as they are not changeable in the same manner as URLs. Whether you include a URL, permalink, or DOI, this information should be included in the location portion of your citation.

Another change that occurred with the eighth edition that impacts how to cite a website in MLA is the removal of the date the website was accessed. While you may still find it useful to include this information or your teacher may request it, it is no longer a mandatory piece of your citation. Should you choose to add this optional information, you may list it after the URL in the following manner:

• Accessed Day Month Year.
• Accessed 2 May 1998.
• Accessed 31 Apr. 2001.
• Accessed 17 Sept. 2010.

For an overview of additional formatting changes in the ninth edition, including resources to help with writing an annotated bibliography , check out the rest of EasyBib.com’s writing and citation guides, and try out our plagiarism checker for help with grammar and to avoid unintentional plagiarism.

MLA 9: Citing Websites With an Author

To make an MLA 9 citation for a website, you will need the following pieces of information:

• author’s name
• title of the article or page
• title of the website
• name of the publisher (Note: Only include the name of the publisher when it differs from the name of the website.)
• date the page or site was published (if available)

Citing a Website in MLA

Place the author’s name in reverse order, the last name first, followed by a comma, and then the first name followed by a period. The title of the web page or article is placed in quotation marks, with a period before the end quotation. The title of the website is written in italics followed by a comma. If the name of the publisher differs from the name of the website, include it after the title. Immediately following the publisher is the date that the page or article was published or posted. Finally, end with the URL, permalink, or DOI, followed by a period.

View Screenshot | Cite your source

In-text website citation with one author

The in-text citation for a website with an author is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. Unless the website includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you should not include any additional information. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

Cite your source

An APA parenthetical citation is similar, except it also includes the year the source was published.

To learn more about formatting MLA in-text & parenthetical citations , be sure to check out the rest of EasyBib.com’s resources and citation guides.

How to cite a website with two authors in MLA 9

According to Section 5.7 of the Handbook , for a website with two authors, place the authors’ names in the same order as the source (similar to an APA citation ). The first name should be formatted in reverse order as was done for a single author. The second name, however, is written as First Name Last Name and is followed by a period, as demonstrated in the template that follows:

In-text website citation with two authors

The in-text citation for a website with two authors should include both authors’ last names, in the order in which they are listed in the source and your works cited:

How to cite a website with three or more authors in MLA 9

For a source with three or more authors, you should place the authors’ names in the same order as the source. The first name is listed in reverse order and is followed by a comma and et al. Et al is the abbreviation for et alia, a gender-neutral Latin phrase meaning “and others.”

In-text website citation with 3+ authors

The in-text citation for a website with three or more authors should contain only the first author’s last name, followed by et al. ( Handbook 232):

Click on this page if you’re looking for information on how to create an APA in-text citation .

MLA 9 Citation for Websites with No Author

Sometimes, websites do not state who wrote the information on the page. When no author is listed, you may omit the author information from the MLA citation for the website and begin, instead, with the title ( Handbook 108).

Note about web pages by organizations/corporations:  Often, web pages are published by organizations or corporations with no author indicated. In these cases, you can assume that the publisher also authored the web page (like the example above). Since the author and publisher are the same in these cases, you can skip showing an author and just indicate the organization /corporation as the publisher ( Handbook 119 ).

In-text website citation with no author

The in-text citation for a website without an author is noted with the first noun phrase or words in the title in quotations and parenthesis, followed by a period. Unless the website includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you should not include any additional information. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

MLA 9 Citation for Websites Without a Formal Title

When citing a web page that does not include a formal title, it is acceptable to include a description of the page. Do not place the description in italics or quotation marks. Follow the description with the name of the website.

In-text website citation without a title

The in-text citation for a website without a formal title uses a shortened version of the webpage description for the in-text citation. Use the first noun phrase of the description from your Works Cited citation in parenthesis, followed by a period. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

MLA 9 Citation for Social Media Websites

In an increasingly digital world, social media platforms have become one of the most popular sources students turn to when writing a research paper. From Black history facts , to quotes from notable people, such as Martin Luther King and Winston Churchill , social media has become a mega influence in our world.

When citing social media in your work,  follow the same format as an MLA citation for a website. Here are some examples of ways you can cite various social media platforms in your work:

How to cite Twitter in MLA 9

Many notable individuals use Twitter as a platform to share intriguing ideas. It’s a shame Twitter was unavailable to long-gone scientists, authors, and presidents such as Albert Einstein , Mark Twain , and Abraham Lincoln . Luckily, we have the Twitter profiles of today’s great minds at our fingertips!

To cite a tweet, you will begin with the account holder’s name and their Twitter handle in square brackets, followed by a period ( Handbook 118). After this, in quotations, you should enter the full text of the tweet, including any hashtags. The publisher, Twitter, is then listed in italics, followed by the date the tweet was posted in day, month, year format. Finally, include a URL to the tweet followed by a period.

Note:  When the account name and username are similar, the username can be excluded from the citation. For example, if the account’s username was @FirstNameLastName or @OrganizationName.

In-text website citation of a Twitter post

The in-text citation for a Twitter post is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. For the tweet used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

How to cite Instagram in MLA 9

To cite an Instagram post, begin with the account holder’s name and their username in square brackets. In quotations, list the title of the photo, if it is given. If there is no title, write a brief description of the picture but do not place it in italics or quotation marks. The publisher, Instagram, is then listed in italics. Any other contributors (such as the photographer, if it is not the same as the account holder) are then listed, after which you will add the date the photo was published and the URL.

In-text website citation of an Instagram post

The in-text citation for an Instagram post is reflected as the author’s last name or the name of the account in parentheses, followed by a period. For the Instagram post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

How to cite Facebook in MLA 9

To cite a Facebook post, begin with the account holder’s name or username. In quotations, list the title or caption of the post, if it is given. If there is no title or caption, write a brief description of the post, but do not place it in italics or quotation marks. Examples: Image of Malcolm X, or, Muhammed Ali headshot.

The publisher, Facebook, is then listed in italics, after which you will add the date posted and URL.

In-text website citation of a Facebook post

The in-text citation for a Facebook post is reflected as the author’s last name or the name of the account in parentheses, followed by a period. For the Facebook post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

Social media and website comments

Citing the comments left on social media or a website begins with the commenter’s name or username. To indicate that you are citing a comment, follow the name with a period and then the words Comment on , followed by the title of the source (for example, the name of the article) in quotation marks. This is then followed by the title of the website in italics, and the publisher, if applicable. The date is then listed, followed by the URL, permalink, or DOI.

In-text citation of a social media comment

The in-text citation for a social media comment is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. For the post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:

In-text Citations for Websites

In-text citations generally consist of parentheses and the last names of the authors or the first few words of the web page title.

Since there are no page numbers, unless the web page includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you don’t need to include any additional information.

When you have multiple authors, place them in the same order they are listed in the source.

If what you really need is an APA book citation or a reference for an APA journal , there are more guides on EasyBib.com for you to explore.

Visit our EasyBib Twitter feed to discover more citing tips, fun grammar facts, and the latest product updates.

Troubleshooting

Solution #1: when and how to reference entire websites versus specific pages in mla.

Reference an entire website when your information comes from multiple pages or if you are describing the entirety of the website. If your information is only from one page, only cite the singular page.

Whole website, author known

• Write the author’s name in last name, first name format with a period following.
• Next, write the name of the website in italics.
• Write the contributing organization’s name with a comma following.
• List the date in day, month, year format with a comma following.
• Lastly, write the URL with a period following.

Works cited example:

Night, Samuel. Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021,                 www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

In-text example:

Whole website, author unknown

• If there is no specific author, begin the citation by writing the website name in italics.

Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

( Food Creations )

Webpage, author known

If information is from only a few pages or the pages cover multiple topics, reference each page

• If an author is named, write the author’s name in last name, first name format.
• If a title is not provided, create your own description of the page.
• List the title of the website in italics with a comma following.
• Write the date that the page was created followed by a comma.
• Lastly, list the URL followed by a period.

Blake, Evan. “Best Southern Macaroni Recipe.” Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

Webpage, author unknown

If an author is not named, write the name of the page in quotation marks with a period following.

“Best Southern Macaroni Recipe.” Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.

(“Best Southern Macaroni Recipe”)

Solution #2: Referencing a conversation on social media in MLA

The in-text citation should identify the author and talk about the format (e.g., video, post, image, etc.) in prose.

Lilly West’s photo of traditional Japanese sweets shows an example of nature influencing Japanese design.

The basic structure of a works-cited reference for social media stays the same no matter the format or the social media service (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). Here are works- cited-list entry guidelines:

• The name is listed in last name, first name format with a period following. If an organization, just write the organization’s name as it’s usually presented.
• If the username is very different from the author’s real name, include it in brackets after the user’s real name but before the period.
• Write the title, post text, or description of the post in quotation marks. End it with a period.
• Write the website name in italics with a comma afterward.
• List the day, month, and year that the post was created followed by a comma.
• List the URL followed by a period. Leave out “https://” and “http://”.

Facebook example:

West, Lily. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Facebook , 30 May 2021, www.facebook.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.

Twitter reference example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Twitter, 30 May 2021, www.twitter.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.

Instagram reference example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Instagram , 30 May 2021,            www.instagram.com/hypotheticalexample/thisphotoisnotreal.

Solution #3: How to cite a social media post without a title or text

If there is no text or title where the title element usually goes, instead describe the post without quotation marks. Example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. Photo of traditional Japanese sweets on a green plate. Instagram , photographed by Bethany Lynn, 30 May 2021,   www.instagram.com/hypotheticalexample/thisphotoisnotreal.

Solution #4: How to cite a social media post with a long title or text

If the text is very long, you can shorten it by adding ellipsis at the end of the text. Example:

West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Nothing is better in life than feeling like all of the effort you’ve invested has finally. . . .” Twitter, 17 Feb. 2021, www.twitter.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.

• Works Cited

MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

Published October 31, 2011. Updated June 5, 2021.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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No matter what citation style you’re using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.), the EasyBib Citation Generator can help you create the right bibliography quickly.

Yes, there’s an option to download source citations as a Word Doc or a Google Doc. You may also copy citations from the EasyBib Citation Generator and paste them into your paper.

Creating an account is not a requirement for generating MLA citations. However, registering for an EasyBib account is free, and an account is how you can save all the citations you create. This can help make it easier to manage your citations and bibliographies.

Yes! Whether you’d like to learn how to construct citations on your own, our Autocite tool isn’t able to gather the metadata you need, or anything in between, manual citations are always an option. Click here for directions on using creating manual citations.

If any important information is missing (e.g., author’s name, title, publishing date, URL, etc.), first see if you can find it in the source yourself. If you cannot, leave the information blank and continue creating your citation.

It supports MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and over 7,000 total citation styles.

If there is no author, the title becomes the website page’s identifier.

In-text example (no author): ( Honey Bee Medley )

Works cited example (no author): Honey Bee Medley . Hivemind Press, 2018, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees.

If there is no publication date, include an accessed date instead.

Works cited example (no author, no date): Honey Bee Medley . Hivemind Press, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees. Accessed 17 Nov. 2020.

If there is no title, briefly describe the source.

Works cited example (no author, no date, no title): Collage of honey bees. Hivemind Press, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees. Accessed 17 Nov. 2020.

To cite a website that has no page number in MLA, it is important that you know the name of the author, title of the webpage, website, and URL. The templates for an in-text citation and works-cited-list entry of a website that has no page number, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

You can use a time stamp if you are referring to an audio or video. Otherwise, use only the author’s surname.

(Author Surname)

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

Author or Organization Name. “Title of the Webpage.” Website Name . Publication Date, URL.

Dutta, Smita S. “What is Extra Sensory Perception?” Medindia . 16 Nov. 2019, www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/extra-sensory-perception.htm#3 .

Abbreviate the month in the date field.

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A technique for more effective multipurpose robots

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Let’s say you want to train a robot so it understands how to use tools and can then quickly learn to make repairs around your house with a hammer, wrench, and screwdriver. To do that, you would need an enormous amount of data demonstrating tool use.

Existing robotic datasets vary widely in modality — some include color images while others are composed of tactile imprints, for instance. Data could also be collected in different domains, like simulation or human demos. And each dataset may capture a unique task and environment.

It is difficult to efficiently incorporate data from so many sources in one machine-learning model, so many methods use just one type of data to train a robot. But robots trained this way, with a relatively small amount of task-specific data, are often unable to perform new tasks in unfamiliar environments.

In an effort to train better multipurpose robots, MIT researchers developed a technique to combine multiple sources of data across domains, modalities, and tasks using a type of generative AI known as diffusion models.

They train a separate diffusion model to learn a strategy, or policy, for completing one task using one specific dataset. Then they combine the policies learned by the diffusion models into a general policy that enables a robot to perform multiple tasks in various settings.

In simulations and real-world experiments, this training approach enabled a robot to perform multiple tool-use tasks and adapt to new tasks it did not see during training. The method, known as Policy Composition (PoCo), led to a 20 percent improvement in task performance when compared to baseline techniques.

“Addressing heterogeneity in robotic datasets is like a chicken-egg problem. If we want to use a lot of data to train general robot policies, then we first need deployable robots to get all this data. I think that leveraging all the heterogeneous data available, similar to what researchers have done with ChatGPT, is an important step for the robotics field,” says Lirui Wang, an electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) graduate student and lead author of a paper on PoCo .      

Wang’s coauthors include Jialiang Zhao, a mechanical engineering graduate student; Yilun Du, an EECS graduate student; Edward Adelson, the John and Dorothy Wilson Professor of Vision Science in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and a member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL); and senior author Russ Tedrake, the Toyota Professor of EECS, Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Mechanical Engineering, and a member of CSAIL. The research will be presented at the Robotics: Science and Systems Conference.

Combining disparate datasets

A robotic policy is a machine-learning model that takes inputs and uses them to perform an action. One way to think about a policy is as a strategy. In the case of a robotic arm, that strategy might be a trajectory, or a series of poses that move the arm so it picks up a hammer and uses it to pound a nail.

Datasets used to learn robotic policies are typically small and focused on one particular task and environment, like packing items into boxes in a warehouse.

“Every single robotic warehouse is generating terabytes of data, but it only belongs to that specific robot installation working on those packages. It is not ideal if you want to use all of these data to train a general machine,” Wang says.

The MIT researchers developed a technique that can take a series of smaller datasets, like those gathered from many robotic warehouses, learn separate policies from each one, and combine the policies in a way that enables a robot to generalize to many tasks.

They represent each policy using a type of generative AI model known as a diffusion model. Diffusion models, often used for image generation, learn to create new data samples that resemble samples in a training dataset by iteratively refining their output.

But rather than teaching a diffusion model to generate images, the researchers teach it to generate a trajectory for a robot. They do this by adding noise to the trajectories in a training dataset. The diffusion model gradually removes the noise and refines its output into a trajectory.

This technique, known as Diffusion Policy , was previously introduced by researchers at MIT, Columbia University, and the Toyota Research Institute. PoCo builds off this Diffusion Policy work. 

The team trains each diffusion model with a different type of dataset, such as one with human video demonstrations and another gleaned from teleoperation of a robotic arm.

Then the researchers perform a weighted combination of the individual policies learned by all the diffusion models, iteratively refining the output so the combined policy satisfies the objectives of each individual policy.

Greater than the sum of its parts

“One of the benefits of this approach is that we can combine policies to get the best of both worlds. For instance, a policy trained on real-world data might be able to achieve more dexterity, while a policy trained on simulation might be able to achieve more generalization,” Wang says.

Because the policies are trained separately, one could mix and match diffusion policies to achieve better results for a certain task. A user could also add data in a new modality or domain by training an additional Diffusion Policy with that dataset, rather than starting the entire process from scratch.

The researchers tested PoCo in simulation and on real robotic arms that performed a variety of tools tasks, such as using a hammer to pound a nail and flipping an object with a spatula. PoCo led to a 20 percent improvement in task performance compared to baseline methods.

“The striking thing was that when we finished tuning and visualized it, we can clearly see that the composed trajectory looks much better than either one of them individually,” Wang says.

In the future, the researchers want to apply this technique to long-horizon tasks where a robot would pick up one tool, use it, then switch to another tool. They also want to incorporate larger robotics datasets to improve performance.

“We will need all three kinds of data to succeed for robotics: internet data, simulation data, and real robot data. How to combine them effectively will be the million-dollar question. PoCo is a solid step on the right track,” says Jim Fan, senior research scientist at NVIDIA and leader of the AI Agents Initiative, who was not involved with this work.

This research is funded, in part, by Amazon, the Singapore Defense Science and Technology Agency, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Toyota Research Institute.

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Related links.

• Project website
• Edward Adelson
• Russ Tedrake
• Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
• Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
• Department of Mechanical Engineering
• Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
• Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences

Related Topics

• Artificial intelligence
• Computer science and technology
• Mechanical engineering
• Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL)
• Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (eecs)
• Aeronautical and astronautical engineering
• Brain and cognitive sciences
• National Science Foundation (NSF)

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AI helps robots manipulate objects with their whole bodies

Soft robots that grip with the right amount of force

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